GUIDELINES ON THE CHOICE AND PLANNING OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION (eu posing & postage)feted ees (nigh of bition on of Troan are ere) Pe oD Kay Pie, New Dei - 110015 ‘din exi) FOREWORD The resources for the developmeat of roids continae to be limited and far short ofthe demand bestute ofthe phenomena aomh of trifle on our roads. Highway. Engineers are thes Prtied to eval the most economia! “deign aad contasion| rastios to match the specie Techical roqicerments compete With the overall socowconomle seeds, Though ther have bees femarkable advancement ia the ure of equipment based technclogy {be fil of rnd construction, such technclogy may not be su abl for wen eaticety in our country in slew of the rae tps Imaapower avalible wih vs. Hence, there ie need ft golog In for intermediate echnology which perhaps bet suited 0" out ‘The Highay Engineers have been quite concious: of this equtement and. keeping this Ja view, the “Guidelines on the Choice ané Planing of Approprinte Tecbeoogy in Road Construce tia” have been eveived by te Indien Rouds Congrert through o Special Commitee. ‘These guidelines were epprevee by "ihe ‘Council ia their 109 meeting held at Nagpar on the Sth January, 1984 for being ined a Special Publication ofthe Lasian Rosde Congress ‘hope that thi publication wil prove to be & very wefut ide to the Highvay Eaginers of our county. We woul howe ver, weleome fed back dat fromthe bed engineers im onde to sow thir dificult, if ay, so that th sme cou be. ea Gos New Deth KK.SARIN Sane, 1984 Ditecior General (Rosd Development) & ‘Aadl.Seretary tothe Govt. of Indiacontents Introduction Site Planing Considerations in the Chee ofthe Appropriate Construction Method Ait. General 42. Technint Feasibility 43, Beonomie Viability 44. Social Desirabiiy 45. Comput ie Working 46. Overall Phlospby isthe Choice of ‘Approptinte Teehalogy Guidelines on Panning and Organisation of LabourBased Methods SA. General 52. Laboor 53. Sie Clearance S54. Earthwork 5.5. Road Conrructon Aggregates 5. Compaction 81. Soi Stabilisation ‘8, blcuninous Works Guidelines oo Panning and Orgaiaticn of Eguipmentltensve Metbods Gi, Gener 62 General Pensiples Governing ot Machinery 6.3, Equipment Suitable or Earthwork: Page 8 »64, Output of Earthmoving Equipment 6.5. Other Road Consraction Equipment 1. Cost Caeuations TA. General 12. Costing af Labour-besed Methods 13. Costing of Equipmestintensve Methods 14. Coraariton of Cost of Rend Construction Se by siferet Methods List OF TABLES Wo. 1. tng of Tasks and Avalable Comraction Meds 2 Process of Choosing Optimum Consrecton Method 5. Break-Even Wage Rats for Steted Tock 44 Productivity Data for Manual Excavation Using Hind Tools 5 Productivity Bat for Manual Loudg or Cnousing 6 Producinty Data for Manon! Spreding in Banhworts 17 Productivity Data for Manual Houl and Unload Operation 8. Productivity Data for Manual Spreading of Pavement Material 9, Productivity Det for Manual Production of ‘erent 10. Cateuations for Number of EAeetie Days for tour ka Exstepie 11. Guog Balance Calslasions for Earthwork by Frendonaket 12. Gang Bilance Calseatons for Earthwork Using Fined Troe for Havinge ge a 8 » a Sheraton and Output of $107 ‘Threcubecled lee Resource Culeulatons fr 20 mm Thick Premix Carper Work Using Mit Hot 3B Plant Sample Catelations for Earthwork with Front End Usador ano Dump Teva Sample Caleulations for Working of Tractor Brno Water Tasker an Farner Job Sample Calelatins for Paving $9 mm Thick Bhamieous Macadam Nor or Colcaaing Usage Charges of Machines Usage Charze for rome Earthinovog Equipment Cont of Earthwork by Manual Methode ont of Beton by Egsinment—intensne Shoo ” LIST OF FIGURES. Coat of Bartbwork Task in Rorron-to-l (Buse om World Bank tod) Sequence of Borrow Excavation Short Hauls by Testetet Method Sepuye.gzoror xtoe Hole by Balancing of Cut and Fil in Road Constrcton Productivity of Bulldozer Produetvty of Towed Seraper Productviy of Motorited Scraper Productivity of Frost End Loader/Exeavator Posescenmnns OF THs SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON MECHARED ah Gen 8a 2 sek Mabe x. Suayamantay Mn Sia Deosty Seeaicy (Remy alan Rosse Sepia Ege, Mabasirs P... Speiening Enger Meena PD, Dirtr (Tse, Comin Connroine Chie eee AL Sey. (etd) Rajan ole gi (Be), CPD, hi Eger (ate, oon pcg ae, tn bey Cit ose, Pret Opinion, amen Cont Eetoe feces, Mayet Sie {Ge Tansy (hats im) ‘Suvecnnding Fier (© Diese Geer Dinelrfao, Ceae! Wate Commis Dieser Grn Rend Devlrnea) & Ah GUIDELINES ON THE CHOICE AND PLANNING OF ‘APPROPRIATE. TECHNOLOGY IN ROAD ‘CONSTRUCTION 1.1, The fundamental principle of ligament, design and soastston of any rondo achive Ihe last overall est of {Ganeportaton faving repard to the cost of lal comsrcton of the fvty, tr period maintenance and vehicle operation, whe tthe same ke tating the. soc an environmental neque: Imente" Once» soad projet hasbeen prepared om hi peel the pine bjecins of the Ste Eopncer wil be to complete the Cousrocion othe slated requemenis athe mieten cot, Seavwithin theme stbedule, Fulflmeat of this objective wil favolee teveral step. which wil ooede, inter ala he shoe of he appropdate eootracton technslogy’ which economically Mabie und lehnicaly stable for the typeof werk and for whe {he aeceory input sesoucen ae readily availabe or canbe ade halale In time. Onoe the constuction method chose, what rer mod it my be, the Sie Engineer should actange forthe de rvoures tina an@ ake al matures for ther flee ‘ronomial working 1.2, 1 the itores of teter planning of works at site and cconomical exevation of highway peeents,thi publication provider {vidlne forthe choice of uppropiac construction, methods oder diferent sivas, and dicones the ways aad ines for Improving the elles od productivity sf here methods. A large numberof worked ott examples have been Socladed Tor amting the Sis Bapoeers i regard 1.3, These guidelines mere inily prepared by K. Aruae- slam, Deputy ‘Secretary {Rerenreh, Indin Reeds. Congres: ‘These were considered and approved by the Special Commitee for Macaoied. Road. Construction i thee meting beld at New Delton the 2od December, 1983. These Wete later approved by ibe Executive Comittee by ctcalaton and then ty the Counc2 {in thelr meeting held a Nagpur om the Sth January, 1984 for ing insu ata Svea Pabiention ofthe Tada Ronds Conrees 2 The hie ote sproprint connection method for a work or tnt ir governed tps air mc rly Site, autbie evo techie embers of Sperone andrei ceonmy. Whe or some ops re San be more tha ne toa ta ld be ete a te eee wil mot becca the sry oft ncceé ees Forsome ter techie require oe tin fer i tte he adopson of cay om pe oftaeied. Fer comets npetn saga for WBM arn Se done any Oy eet ister even neater thr the apps nc cee and aa Sita wot by prey asl ata Sy eves ey the mami metioge might oe mont sermon mera fe tives witin sat iace,eqpaceinemie mete’ mh ive"to bo trrted to none wer te af conga Was 2.2, ‘This document gives gudeines for helping the Site eginerin choosing te appropriate methods for the various take involved in road construction ender diferent station ad dit fuses the ways and. means of jpoving the eficeney end Drogustty of these methocs. I shouldbe tndersoed tht these ‘iene are neither absolute nor sate and would need changes ‘tom mete. time dependiog om the relaie sea of materiel, ‘auipment ang servies involved, Tt, therefor stggeated that {ead eonstraction deprtsnents shou aly {he productivity data along wit the governing parameters tert for major rondtonrtracon project so that the Buide could be updated in the year to come, 23, The contruction methods are generally classed ito three eatepories, namely (tater eds wha mot on ene ea (festering men wt pat ne “Thos for any tak, + broad epectrim of methods is aylabe trith the Isboursntersive aed egtipmentintenive methods fling her extreme sud th nero code lig taceteee In etal practi, bowerer, or cerain ranges of st, prascer, 10S hi ce fr rine Gitice of ovr 100m for which pack sms crt andthe Srnec ave to be indoted though om of sated boar Tr te" precominint Sich une nimout serge wih te fers Tedate methode beeaue of iia! ineviubliy. From this omieration si fo avoid any consion In the’ clean Sf the dierent methods, oth the atoor intense andthe eter: tril be eal with tgsber i these gly wader the bros Heading ‘Laboursed methods Site pansing forms the forerunner to the starting of any onstruction orerstion, It Wat ths tage tat the st engineer Gecdes on the appropiate construction metbod for the yatows tusks to beaccompliied, plas the tended resources and taket tenses for Improving the productivity at taejaciity level for Economia working. “Al hi fvelver a step By wep procedare ich wil include te flowing 6 ing co 8 i og wh eng © Fle gia a ena fy, som lyn sce Site ond saci ae(0° eee mih he aut escenario {he tras rodcion he work pln ea be anid sere {erin Se ape tld spre th fy a broad terms, the choice of approprinte construction method should be bcd onthe allowing considerations (6 Sen vias “Tis would show that the choice of the appropiate constr: flow method sould be used not oma Ste consideration or fotation bu lathe ight of + combination of hetrk. AMO, the ovening teciere will not have tbe sane importance for each ond Every tack A reaitic approseh in this regard. would be 10 ‘Senty in she ie nance the wehnclly feauble methods or ach major sk withowt regprd to cost of eonstretion wd then howe he. mont eppropriate method though framework of ational sod spre mic elimination. For this purpre, t would be ef to make ling ofthe spe shown in Table 1. The step by ep procedute for elimination of the inappropine ethoes 28 iterated in Table 2 ‘can thon be followed for choosing he 5. Labourer or tobe esa a Range ote 1. Lita bey oi node Te) ade metas obo ‘muna of cons 5. Check cman of te sealing methods ith hoe comet 6 Eatmate taj cot for ach remsinng etd. Tabu the ‘feel een 42, Teboiea Fesitty Many ofthe sks iavoled. in road contrection canbe sxected citer by labour or eulpmestiotenrve methods. How fren there ave some others which ean Be sccomplisbed by eter there methods sone. with. 90. other arma. "TAS sua tion may arte beeae ofthe following fctore ©) Stnienngrena-t n eve ia oetea et ache trea ries crea ay Seater ete of a uhh ee ae Sones ners Eom Gaye you coool te oer te Bde 43. Reoromie Visity 461 4. Boonomie wily ian portant itr in the eoice among techesly feeble coestoction methods. The eee Totter ihe eomparon of cos bythe vriws posible methods sn ehcotng te tat cout alternative. The Wabi of any method Si ependlon te productivity snd he tent prices of boar Se equipment. On wets of comparing ere sonny sees tac sume ask trough the concept of bresk-even TEAS cor ined ubour Toists done by calculating the ost of cess by assuming diferent wage rates fr bow and comparing {he sume wih that by the equipment tense aeatn, Brake hen mage tent wage st which tbe com fearing ox «a fp tabour ie equal tothe cart by equipment. A tbour method ‘tbe economical hen te steal abour fae is Jere than the Treakeven nage re, 432. ‘The basic dats equted for cost comparton is the produciviy by the diferent methods for varius tart. The ‘etal World Rank Study" conducted i the county ding cay Seventies nd showe thst lobour productivity can vary in age Iinge, depending on putetetets sue method of payment (dally Dad taskvork o plecewort), snd the quoiy) of superon and te orgarisaien. For cramp, the productivity on an earthwork job was. 3:4 nes phen te incentive piecesork payment method Vw adopied compared to dalypaid wage method. Titik ot 10 fy thatthe ocework mebod mill be cheaper by 2-4 times nee he Decoworter Wil be eucaiagsimost two times that of ealy-pi Inboare, Revers supervision wl alto involve some nddtenl 433. The odin have also shown tat beds the fventive wage ssl, futher improvement the produstinty could. Se feeved tbroagh improved. tole, project organation abd ste Imabagement. Example inthis repiré are svoiéance of ovble Innaling sleacing of oe and abou ganged aking mesures, for teducing bomen efor ke peerpyiog tnd pre-weliog of ar sal pir to excnaton 44. Soci Desay In a developing country ke Indi, provion of sinful employment toa” Inige- numberof people som impotant matter focal deviaility which cannst be overlooked Ia Tord eomsrace Vion which kaon tobe capable of engging large Inbour Toes For this reton, it rs commom practice nthe economic algis ‘of development projet inthe country to sbadom price the cast of fsb labour io the. extent of $0 percent. This feature, i taken Jota account athe choles of the "method, Wil show bbe bythe tnlan Ronde Congres November 7a Fee Peet (0 Sod, 1K, Hel, C0. & Cosi, RP, Seoe tor te Station of [Eno ed usen n Convene (Gu, PA Bro Pete D Some Ase ef he Uf Lab0 labour methods fn beter colour fr most ofthe road constuction task 4.5. Campin Working ‘The tris involved in cond eonstruation cam be_accomplsted opting wide range of methods fom the post labournteasine {ote most equpmsat intensive, bat the_method eho fr one tank may dicta oe ue. of sila techoology for some of all Str ust in the projet, For example, loading of large ap ly domp tock. shouldbe by mecbascal loners, a8 resorting 0 {abour Tending, even ess cosy fr ths atv, will esti ile tine forthe expensive dump tick sed consequently ressit 8 an fverall useconomi operation: 46, Overall Philosphy i the Choice of Apropite ‘Tecnology Paras 4 through 45. nave broadly dissed the should be considered inthe cole of the most appo- (fist, methoa() for. road construction projects. OF thee, Peonome bil among the teckel feasible mehodsemergts 38 ‘he ment important paraneter. Am objective exercise for evslating this peimcter wil require realistic. proguctity norms ofthe cease snctiods under difewnt site conditions Productivity Tels adopt bythe dierent State P.W.Ds inthe county fo SGrking ow the schedule of nes vay considerably ftom place to hae td cannot therefore be generalised 462. Factual productivity data qosliled by site and monagement parameter for rosd pojets the country ate not vutste except inthe cite of aboot methods obterved inthe World Bank Stedy" “The. picture of relative economy ofthe WOE methods (oth labourintenrive aad equipmentintenshe) Ta the carbons operations enersing from tbe Sady is shows Ie Fip While he data forthe Inbour ‘methods were tetually ‘Reutered,thove for equpmentinensive method® where derived ftomabe ical productivity norms given in manuactrers* mal Tee cquipment cont weve, a 1976 prices andthe wages for Gaile fobour were. taken to be Rs4.5 for dall-pad worker SEER 9 for peceworker.Brcakeeven wage sates (Gee pif 43. for deBiiion) for ome tolested tarks a emerging from the Study Geet rea n oes an a Say) uae nied ste ly g(t) fo 4 My a: () Di done fort edes SPEER oat, Belpnctatod Lome toyiog eae, ann excron, (9 Setatid tots coi a en 52 save glvenin Table 2. Til ore cette ind TSafbte, tee con be consulted 2 gear iy fesile eto feoous dat re fond Hes on Oe 4483, aides tnomledge about te most economic! meth te She Boginecr will benteesed io working 0M he aan aerator he ati tasks Fortis porpose, the aie eg norman caing to eva morta es REC pro er Ban Sut ae sven in Tables through 9. sree or example, the producti wil depen (iinebardoes of soihthe payment met Wy ones sexs teadonal sil, bea Spout tessin soa lia con tod: the pe. of oa eee andsopevion, te. Sima, for working wih anagemes ne Pe puramciersMfecing.prodecity are the est gard of wnatnane ofthe equiped he operat eae te Job efseney 1a view of the aterpay of several * inepeerinons nthe progutinty from ste ea fen to expreete_produenity the 1 is a Siggy line, he ope one ine A) repreventing form te rable condone (ee igh ince wages, g008 eee dire) andthe tone oe line B) deoong poor cond een Case peor, supervision, te) 10 Tables 4103 WRigg to nbenebasee methods, The input oselsents which re {clog > Medustvny ave given fr bo ine-A and ine B” con lwrerts © Praag considerations, produciiy of equipment can wane, OnimiCatcrms of ives Ane Bat distsnd io para parameters and fost wll 8 “46s, The selection of tbe ost appropriate method for we eee ond constevetion ‘ane not jst Ulin #0 ise Ateconomel compleuon of road preest the cera oooh for mprevementn pnuing 208 0 Eogines ie. Guile et tegrd ace gen i pr a ee seperho and spa 6 for equipment-ntes saehods. eaten) | 30) » a of dyad mae rte. Congo poe cate caries sve 2. Rrewpectyo ans irre eid pce mt wi pone pein. Arend ee, ‘ss Tea a alry an ie | Bete : ae = TN Se La raapetn a a 2. Wael Saou : sige cine sy ant 99 ‘tr. Sratng ne ei iors ter senso caer sr nn ii oe 2. Ouptie ce mesure ins ins ores6 Sieuseee wale 2, capt oeticet ty ben a mets conan ree a =| aR Jj ts “er 3 Tour Fordcatn ofA Band Wives potersadr TS 4 1 Spunding dct oot cde anced feo a8 Ms om sets i ea ‘Ainge suber of sources wil be require for executing = road pret. The Sie Engineer should. range fo thee lathe feted quantities and in time. so that the work eoule be completed mtn the ime. schedsle, The major resoutes for labour based constuetion methods are (i eno Besides these, tool and smal equipment forthe. dlereat opera tons and water wil be eegured, a these ave discussed sloth the sbove resources as relevant. Provison of crosedennage ‘Nveture ave aot deat wth thie publication 52. Labowr 521. The number of labourers requiced fr a task i given vot Number oflnbourers— rapageatctve apt % PSBRETTS “Whace progestin i mesured is terms of pat pr day pee person." 52:2. The labour efecive daye ate alltted by « number of factor och a8 (0 Len cotati (i. tna Ysa of et oa osetia aveing Whi items (10 i) c40 be estinsted to = reasonable degre of csuncy bved oo local experience, some ad fo allowance wll, fave tobe proved forthe ater twe ems 523, Ideally, constant number of labour should work together in perfec lance to. meximie wiliation of resource “This, oever, net generally posible fm awal practice a there trl be bulldip of labour tthe start of job anda run-down Toward the cod. Taking ll thee slo. eezouat, 8 extmpe fF Working ou he eesive labour days for typical roxd project it ilutated in Table 10. Oace ths calculate, the average mer of labour to be employed ia a. tsk can be computed by formula piven pra 5.2.1. tn eases, were «work a vequted tavbe speeded up or where addtional work Yolumet aot orsiaaly tiiated crop up the Inbour resources should be augmented in the aomagreutural pviods where labour can be mebilted With S24, Inbarveat and other petiods specie to the sry navy run-down of Inbouravalaiy wil bea general fentre, On ‘orks whore equipment like tks, fe are wed longi labour, Uy iliog ofthe equlpment during sock periods would aad tothe Couof the poet One. way to sold thi to tke vay ‘Nobabe Inbour fom the iat beg ereled out by Inbourlooe pot them to work withthe eqhlpment for casring thei fal ulation, Altetaatively, import of Inbour from outside by bpoving Higher wages cold be considered. However, tha meatore ‘Moped should be bated on the relative conte of paying higher trast or of having te equipment sanding ile. (6 Numer of woniag apse he pton = tox $ (© Lia tu of owing aurea Redan ft = 2832 0% (© Bator in four (0 nee cue obo tse () Lom ofan = ee 08 53, Ste Charance £24. Site learn whlch forms theft stags of any onstracton acy ney ons af fesoviag and aon ‘storing/stacking of one oF more of the following Sa {9 oe, ered a (09 Tops rom embankment cut and beoW att Groveland ited terete foes onFy Se clenrance should proceed. well ahead of constuction so thatthe costrusion lines cen be tout andthe pie ature of the round canbe knowe for plang tbe earthwork operatons. I trill bes good practice to cary ut all major clearance work s0d (Get out ligemens et fora whole season's work Before cont ‘eta begin. 53.2 The project deamigs would. generaly show the leaseg limits. tot, the limite should. extend over the aren whieh one way or the other affect he contruction vive, Ta iter eke the following. guidelines say be bepfal during th eperations (0 Alans soy ‘ft ii te xan oe th (W) inate eae, te vention wie pete the round 0 (i) Renewal ap wl seal be 0 te dep contig ole S03, Latour methods are well sited forsite clearance works" Labour cam datingish between the treet an plants fo be femored and te lel apace andthe actual” dept of orgie top ilto be clesed. ‘They should. be. proviéed with good qniy axes saws and grobbing maticls, portable tee palling ‘sic lte winches, ete “Animals or tactrecan Be aed for Femoving the fll trees to the stackyard S41. General connitter« major component ia the cost of ‘any rnd project and onthe overall an the cost of earmark fnuy nm fo 2530 per cent af the petjoct co Fer lower negory rds, ie percentage wil Be even more. Careel plening Sndetuot operition of the dovaived scien de therfore ecatary for eoonomiing road contruction cos. 2) Earthwork can be broken down into the activites of tipping WC sequires), excavation, londng of excavted. mater {nto the Hauge echenism, bavling, unloscings spreading sed ampacton, although more than ons ofthese aciviies ca be combined into single operation All the operations ean be economically performed by Iabour-based meibods, which neues eof ome inne equipment ie tetova, Butea esky 54.2. Bxeaation (Excavation in oad construction may te for euting the ‘satura pound fr endnay or drsin construction, of for wining arth rom borrow areas for embankments, o for founding ghey fHroctace, In ll cates excavation can be combined wit lend. ing the combined operation becomes more eficent. However in ard materi Tike moorom, sf rock, ete. excavation tnd Toning eerily wil have to be done epaaily in abour sed methods (@) The hardoes ofthe material encaveted isan inportant factor afin procaciviy of excvaton ots. The Minty ot ‘Teamport Spcicntion svider sll inte to caterer, ute, cdinay sil and ard soil wit she following deneapion © saa con : ( tera (i pve aud cose none vin inns data ty one (in wong tons ptt, an a ee {veto sua hn wet toed and ese band (© incomes, one mye me a so a (09s congomert tere oe anes nay be Etched fom the Stee pan yay ei ish ets te, aetna inbatore ‘Available date show that bard site rquie 2.3 times the manpower inpte compared to that for softer sll Er required for ard aol an be reduced and the producti inreated fo he extent of $000 percent 89 (0 Prema. ond @) Presipring may be by teatorfanimal drawa ploughs Ripping i sorted en a astrow stip which afer the proces is rented andthe material removed to form working space wth ‘Stacl faces, The adjoining tripe then ipped andthe excat ‘ont continied om the vets! facet whis has the advanage {Gat the cit material falls away from the foce aided by provi. At, the vera face reduces drying cut and herding of so Hot climates (4) Wettig prior to excavation softens the material and snakes the excavation atk aver” However, overetig of eay foil shoulé be guarded agaist ae thir may moke the mutes Tiusiy and answorkable tt will be advantageous (0 time the anthwork operation when the coil i faily mit 0 that-not oly the excuvation ert isles but also not much water wil be required ote adged for compaction. The best time for the porpot is At the. beginning of eoastuction eason, Le. soon afer the Inonseont mhen every opportunity shoslé be taken to lan the bk of the carbo (9) The higher the material bas tbe lied for loading, the rete will be the amouat of fort expended ee Table A {ow or negative Juding beight il make the operation muck fauler The esstration should be x0 ongened that ax far at powible, all haulage containers exp. be lonced. within ematl is, FPrenative lite ate not poruble. For this porpse, stip of tid ullet to pat the haulage vehicle et cut Excavation proceeded. with onthe veri faces so thatthe bangs stem Coa belonded-withowt much it. Fig 2, lentes the Sequence ‘of mortal exethwork by headbasket method While Fig. 3, ows posible arangement for medium hauls wing cativehice, 2, Soe ofr scan (ele loo” 543, Tastes ()_ A vaaty of labor based methods ar posible for bl ngs Yoctattwors tn gost the choke of the method and The eon of hang are governed by ange cance (8 kira nthe sorcoto po eonon ci gra oo ota (a For embankment consration, the sit it sear ‘ound either from roncmay ama drainage aration oF orew shi eee both, Ar te sage of devigning the grade ie for Beg a weeapested tha the cit and A qamaties ave the road tS anima eatent posible, Bensngi posible balanced coal and longitudinal decors ae depicted in Fi. bot i cing wees alt, half cto section with ate easing wal, ot tit wil not be Teasble when the noe cin we, see fmm ate the oud may Bae C0 Fen a ecating, Lateral balancing. where posible wil set Je lsc heaage, but longi balancing be ia0 {0g, dumping, turning, parsing, seceeatog, ee @ In prodection operations the inbour and equipment do ‘ot wor all she 6 minster in an hour, wads value of 48-30 mi hel be appropriate for day working snd 0-45 mia for night ‘operation. The ecle time wil therefore. need wo be cored fr taking hi arpect into account” Besides thi the output it aso sed by job and management factors Te jb factors wich are Inherent ate ob ial elteto ste topography avaiable working pe, climatic condons, geology ofthe area sfectng method of rcavation speciation ofthe. mork, ete. Manogement fotert Serta t efilency ofthe organization and operating sta appeo- ing, spervon. atenance of plants 2b(9). The ouput of carthmovig equlpment i general exer: 24 ia tarmt of “tank measure” whi ta mesure of te sol fio, ‘When the oll exeavated, fr volume iereses aad iii Toots state thatthe machines hae to move te arth. The ity ratings of achive, stuck or hesped, relate to. ooee fieevaed mater. The Tooee vouine cau be, converted into ‘unt measure 87 applying tbe en factor which wren by # Sra cor = 9g Oa ‘The swell tor may vary from 0.75 0 08S depending on the ype ofthe weil and compacts oat 642. edeme: The lots volume excivateoned pet rip canbe estimated by ‘mearoriag the aren of the fad pele fn rot of the blade and multipying ty the blades length The ‘uipat may be etinated fon = (Loot volume) 3 eval fator nip (bak relays = —— 80 eens ‘The eBcencyfoetor in the equation bas three component, ately, ‘pertoreMiney (06-09, ob efiseny (06-08) and al bard neo Generally manufetorcr ofthe equipment indkate te. pro Soctviy of the machines under iden! condons, Taking the fefiency faciors Tato secount, i wll genealy be seen te Seta! productiviy wl be bewten 30 per eet (ne B for poorly ‘managed obs) and 50 pr cot (Line A fr well managed job) of the iden roduciiviy. The corresponding values (Lines Band A) for dozers of 3 iferentcapacins ae plated aginst hou ieee {pte 100 m ia Fig 5. Mean of tho values could bendoped for ioaingporposes wile the ttompt during stun! wevting sould eto achieve roductisies corresponding to Line Ax 643. Serapers—General (Scrapers ae ated according to volume capaci, sree for heaped volume, aad ths load capability. Two scraper bow Ivig He seme struck capacity may bave. dient Beaped capes ratvigy daeeged FS Prods of tone is, depending upon the ratio ofthe base aren ofthe bowt to its eh @_& rj share of cyte sme for srapes goes for scale ting, Proper malotenance of haa! onde i thecfoe of plo Importance for beter productivity and reded mainecence Sor“4 (0) In rraprloaing, the rae of filing the bow diminishes rapily mits tbe quantity ofsready lode materia, an Jil be preferable to Heep che loading time tof ban one minute (4) The output can be determined fom the flowing equation Optimum (lose) load x sell fctor rie eo ac elcensy “Teale ne win ‘ups (bank measureir m= In the cle sme, the Bed tne includes the time of loading and Inoacing (dome at the Best gear) torn, gent shi, worl ‘ion and dencclraion, al etliing to #5 aonues. Variables ie Sea tuncton of spect ofthe anit and el tance. ‘The speed Spends onthe avaiable eramtbar pull siair the regted pull ‘Heh cepencs om rolling renatnce and grade 644 Tamed serper: Ar inthe cae of donee, the actos! ouipt il be 30-50 per cent of ideal output incicated by the Sunvtacaters depending 08 the jobjoperatr efBeency and sll rsh. These Ylues ae plod (lines and B) for scrapere ‘tthrce seach capac, Mas 9.2 chy 113 etm and 138 xm, Ii Pie Average of these nes may be ed for panning pare 6.45, Motaised scape (0), Motorised srapers are amie by pusher ctor daring oasing operation, The combines testi efor st he Seraper yer = Total eel ime of sraper No. ofscrager per puster = Foust time f sera, ‘ora seraper londing te of | minute, the punter cycle te_ will atthe order of 22 minutes, depending upon the eper volume hd pb conditions (2) Preccal productivton of scrapers of 7, 12and 128 ‘usm, bowl (true) capacity corresponding to 30 pr cent (ine B) 3d 30_per cen (Lise. A) ofthe del productivies are poted fgnnet hal datance in Figs. Average ofthe Lines A and B tay ‘be aed fr planning purpose.6:46, Shovlirent ed loeder—domp tuck () Shoveifont end loader—domper combination cin be sed for picking up Dssecexeavated materi ln suo be oo for Feeding bopper of hot x pants with egare> in a 2) Peodvetviy of font end londers depends onthe bucket she an bl Stance, ot (Lie plouedl in Fig.8. The mean of lig A and Diny beaker fot Poon purpoes,4“ (2) The oxematojlonder nd the alg. ane shold be opery mniched ize and wamber for optinam woking, Att Tourh guide, the sze of Being uit ay be Bed to provide & hye of 4106 tes the capacity of the fonder bucket Alter Sly tao ice poses the nmber of bani per Tone othe witcut ot bad the jb ste slated for ‘footing tbe most econreal alert. (Sample calewatios for dig he matching number of havlge ier job of enh excevatin from side snd dus ping over distinc of 3k ave piven in Table 1S. Soap see ate canada es ores 2 Pity hat meet A888) =e) Tinton mie) = 3 <= 1 ‘rave ie etc) = 60 = a vty fen ak = 227 3.76 ~ Nace anh) 5: apm ce erie 65. Otter Road Contraction qpment 65:1 Compaction plant (2) Whether the job nbour-bsed or equipment intensive, power tlle tv reqared. For mechanization a major pboy ‘ralied joe, i vil be advrtageous to gon for heavier end higher eicencycompection pant lo place ofthe ratinal threes Ibecles sate rollers, for achieving beter censpaction nd bigher (2) One such plate he 8:10 tonne vibeatory roller which ie quivalent in compactive effort 0 2-25 tonne sae role. The Principe stat the vibration impartee by the roller rum cabs fhe pales of materi) to shift themselves ito the phar rangement. Thirty of ler ie soable for compacting rene ally rantlar bare and b-bosesaterse ania the trek dowe reling cf Bitminoar miner. Becraee ‘of they higher compacting stiency, higher depres of compaction ean be athiee wed, onn Sper hit im be constricted with the same number of (0). Another apeciglted compaction plant is the pneumatic. lgred roller which compte by the principle of koadig sti, ‘The typeof caller geaealy has (wo sales wih four fo sing wheels ach. "The wheel are atrangod so the the rear ones run i the paces betwern th font one, hs leaving no rate, The chat ot fhe eile it also = comsiner for wold ar igh ballast The rollers which may be towed or selepropelied can be of diferent treigbie A E10 tonne eaprelty roller Sealy eited for com Treting tarface. diesings whoutcrutiog the geregoes At curate ted rollers wil workon ot types of sole except avy claja A Revie 0-50 tonne role i Spproprete for sebieiog higher denies coreesponcng. to mod fe AASHO county ti tequlred for sic nd alo for proot (For compacting cobesive wil, sbeepfot roller the sible equpmest. It cn be towed or selfpropelleg, andthe i range ln weight fot 21 20 tones wih fet praecting. fons 175 to 235 sum, Compaction srt rom lower ISere and prtede0 upwards and be rller i cemaved when the compaction it complet ‘oat 1, Sug Carzacne ot Wong or Tir: ‘The maximum depth which the voll ean sompact about 5c ot Water Tate om Bans Son thowe than the legth ofthe feet Oo (8) For optim ulation ofthe compaction plan, i ie ‘sean thet he eapacier of she baling nd spending plane thos Ye minted and be adequate 0 at gone of the equipment (Qnniy af erthvrk = Deum ay ask vlan) 652. Wotseg for compaction Sea acon fod 08 uae cote of ow = Opn serena = 13% (0). Foreath competion and conpaction ef sar mates tke mori, the moire content of te material Keorecompac tion ‘wil have tbe tdjned ao as to ring itnearabext tbe caxcutanions ‘il requite ® lot of water during compaction for diving i the Gating cnr or eenporation owes) = 156 + 1 = OH, Bier ates This water wil have. he avranged “by poping Aes from sate lessons and beoaght tt forsaking. the ee HO £10 so nne seilmneril 4 Be compacted. en (2) Unaly, wo types of water tankers are ated track 2. Length of en over one on er for smovoted and uricr mounted. ‘The tankers may fw of 000-5000 aoee ened snes neraeene ” Sop ede lite capac fted with spriler arrangement. Where water ito asco berecd continuous, recknounled tankers which have ipher 4, open ot stor ttwve speeds may be convenient. Teller mounted pe hee tbe rte ee tdvantage tht the Gactor can be wed in conjncion wit 20f3 a * ‘The tractor eam also be pa to some other we at ines when Wate Heattawemry = Fx = 15m Ing i not required Soetine |= yas ole BRUM ~ (2) Productivity of water tankers can be cleats from the ei ee anit capatty and eyte me. "Ar in the ee of other heing Eien ae Equipment the cycle ae comprica two components, fixed time Tole iing 4 408 42 =A sd spetyng, and vera ne wich a 2 epeed tad nul aitance 5. rnd ot ctor = $2 8 = S50 et Table ISttrates the working of tmetrdraw, water 4 Yonme fen ted tanker for earthwork job forby over nbs = 2224 25 08 = 2RS cum at) 6.5.3, Alt compreetor * Sores ~ eames (1) Aicconiprestos of 45 casm/min onpacy opertig © rahe tole ck ee mill Be very wef or explretry wort2 ill ond consrection, ‘Tht wit can be transported by manual Tabour or by atime from onesie Co another For avbaquest evelopment work, ale eompressors of 610 eum)mia capacity ‘operating two jack hammers would be found suite, 2). The output ofa compressor and the aie consumption of peomatic ools are affected by alte and bum, mile yor- formance i aeted by the out of presse inthe. Pplinets ‘Adegonte care shold be tken to ear that ll the connections se ight and there no leakage inthe sytem, 6.54, sie cri nat: For podson of wage ape of prodecing M18 toner are tae” Oranlatore snes 30mm 178 met and 300 mm 100 mm ate castle of ‘sling 5-8 tones. and ate suitable for procucing sale sae Zeurepsten For major consrtion jobs egg ings quote Steprenstes,t wil be. advantogeour to lata 100150 the ‘expacty tne erste amd £0100 ihr secondary eters 655. Hot mix plants Hotomix,plants of 20—20 tonoefbr or 30-45 ten eapcty can be wied for. wtconised. paving Stork. ie conjunction with ipper tricks and. pavernisher Tenerlly. sack plane one location can enter for 2030 bm of toadon cider side. Por opium morking of the system, the Followieg pots need etenton (0 Althea meal or plant ut te eae ae (69 Frontend lade of deg cpa sould Decale or Sample calelaons for paving 50mm thick bitaminoss smacadam sing 30-48 tonne capacity hon Tibet s ova pot pet Tetons deren om Te 1 Ma fort nic pate pone 2. Prac of type = gx to cree 2m = et onsey7 1 et pray gary = Moran Inet foes a ao656, Sol saben: Single pase sabizer capable of ating the wit te dese depth, puters and mining Ii {he stair and lying the mito lve ad vegulaiy insole ts can be ted fr so stabistion Ftc Cort cxicutions im road construction projets are, necessity Tor the flowing purposes (© omcomparsonat the fk eel fore deed echy (Goat compan forth ine. pavenent et (a) Conigo et 74.2, For all he purposes miatoned above, the_tartng pole wil be the unit cost The unit cost of tk en be clelated ‘multiplying the input coeclent for the resarce performing {he tank By the eae for the resprce. The rite i the_sost of the fesouree per unit of times eg. et hour or perdy, except in the uae of contruction materials when ti the sort per ems tones fe. woot more resources ae involved inthe ta the prod of npot coefficient and rate shouldbe ealelaed pare. for ch Hem end the product des, 7.2, Costing of Labour hsed Metinds 22. Tables 4 ehrough 9 give the input cousins for ferent nbour-based activities ae Geived from the, Wort Bani Study. The input coeticiete neta. terms. of working time in ‘urs, and thst reciprocel ive the output per mon hou (working Lie). “The cup per mance cam be ealtlted by Koo sorking Bourse» ay which may be 3.36. hour for daly: pald ‘wage system and 8 hous forthe nceative plecework stem. 8 122, Th eto nota of an ev ca compe ming te Input covet andthe ate per working ho. Toefl pis oar sch oy Ea greed ‘Ey saery mine wager The day. wage. canbe coneted isto merlin owrly wags by dding the former by the efesine wethng hous ins ay. For snap, wit enw of xcavaton ca Teale a tows (ly abate 8) ~ 08 ne CT. ‘Woking hs rate Faeoner 123, Fortasts involing ore than one resource, e tor sie the, kc foreach ae Caleulted and added togeber for nding the teal vit ox AN Sram of excvionsendig, slg Sod lng earth ese nim ear Mustated below Carte Gs iver) RSET 1, Costing of Egeipmen-tesne Methods 13.1 The com of wing cai equipment foto four brosd bese, namely (© Omani caret 1h cov of espa outta aly divides56 i) Reni ro. (3 Ramig at WAS ew of ee ad co of (Oven. ‘The wally accepted norms for cleulaing the uege charges of equipment ate given in Table 18 0 Ci nce st fel tenn ae Say See rat in ied Eeutoo ad soolg (a) Deena an @ 1 of & ~oasa (0) Hsoomi eh mai (ens oie) = by of oT5i0e (Seager (1% 01 () Tessar shares = E+ (i Rep eee Wwe Op HSS USS Reinet cou byt wel (0) Dsl oi nmumton BP end a1 (09295. 95 peo 0184 BRP Heer cpr) ( tatecaog il ensrapton (o Serr tev es se 13.2. Tae mage charg for some of the commonly vied ‘arth meving equipment ae wonked out in Table 19. or ether auipment to, the shares tn be computed ou sna Tins 1A, Compucinon of Cast of Real Coostacion Jobs by 74.1. The folowing eves of earthwork bave been ken fo (Short had of 20 (@)_Laboorintenrive method of headbssket (©) Equipment itesive method ugg 90 HP dover (Lang hal of 3k (@) Mapusl excavation, loading, wing by Aat-bge seus and manta) vnloading peeingse * (1) .1Scam. bucket Josdrfescavator,spper uackt fr uling sat sprSeding by 90 A doer The eat pour and equiment methods ate given uae oma forth = Re he con per nm (ot mene = 66 = aeSede” eats ray ty eer (Greer cotton ig 38004 Ccatiatee tiny atone amp (om Fe 9 Eee ase ceanonin ‘Soe ofpresdig (aig Tulse Sit ‘hit would show that while the laboar methods wil be generally cheaper for shorter “haus, equipment methods would ke mote Economia for longer hat 742. As dcomed jn detil in the enli sections, each sed has sts own advantages and deadvanages, nod the chee Isto be jicious tating al the factors nto account. Whatever ‘be the method chosen, he objective shouldbe to loa for menses for improving the productivity through orgniantioal kad man pela meanares. While motiation of Lage labour force for Improved producti willbe x erocil factor fr Tnbour method forequpment intensive. methods i willbe beter teaming ef ‘opesator and prompt and better’ maintenance fais forthe pment