EE670 Mid-Semester Exam §.2.10 Anh \ z ‘R in Fading Channels A wireless mobite-is-in an environment such is receiving e::actly 4 independently Rayleigh faded multipath signal components. The average power of each component is —1 dB. Let the signal Power be P = 15 dB and noise power 0? = 3 dB. Consider different scenarios 4 as given below for BPSK transmission. Zz & (a) Scenario 1: The user is mobile and the delay spread is much smaller than the symbol time. What is the exact probability of bit error in this case ? (2) (b) Scenario 2: The user is mobile and the delay spread is much larger than the symbcl time and each of the multipath components can be resolved, , ke. the receiver can detect the signal corresponding to each multipath ‘component: What is the approximate BER in this case? (3) (c) Scenario 3: Subsequently, the user arrives at a position where the chan- J uel coefficicnts corresponding to the different multipath components are 0.9 + 0.13, 9.75 -- 0.24, -1.1 - 0.157,-0.6 +0.5j. After this point, there is no motion and the transmitter, receiver and scatterers are static. What is the exact BER from this point onwards for each of the scenarios above {ie small and large delay spreads)? (242) Delay Spread and Coherent Bandwidth a wo aror? “SS eOS . oe ee SN ~~ Arse” 2 vu@ = 3B and f = lus. What is the RMS delay spread for this channel? (2) d= Be | we ~\(b) For the above channel, what is the 3 dB coherence bandwidth? Oy S) Consider a channel with the power delay profile P (7) = ae-7/8, where Consider a scheme that transmits the vector x = R(t, |”, over two symbol _ times, where Ris the standard rotation matrix parameterized by 6 = 30° and Ded tnsta ae independent BPSK symbols, each of energy 15 dB. Assume the / ic fast fading, so that the channel coefficients for these two symbol v\ J -< sgdependent-This is an instance of time diversity. Let the noise power be 3 = Me = 3 dB. Systematically derive the probability of error for this system. (3)ys EE670 Mid-Semester Exam 5.2.10 Complete the statements below (5 pts). (a) An example ofa Ist Generation wireless cellular standard is AMPS (b) GSM has a per-user raw data rate of _ 22-$ Kbps (c) The technicel name for the CDMAOne standard is 2-458 (4) The acronym UMTS stands for Maly. Mpb. Tel. Sys (c) HSDPA included in the 3GPP Release 5 has a peak data te or 1Y-y MbPS (£) The multiple access technology used in LTE is__QPDMA (g) 802.11b operates in the frequency band (h) One wireless standard that uses MIMO is CIB RPA (i) The acronym GMSK stands for Mow PH Spbpecho [f)) AFHLSS used in Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1-2005) PHY stands for Adaphy+ jeamforming: Consider the receive (Rx) diversity systea described in the class which is given as, y(k) = ha(k) + n(k), \ where y(k),h,n(k) are complex L dimensional vectors and x(k) is the trans- tees mitted scalar complex symbol. The signal power is B{ic(e)*} =Pandthe = ) noise n(k) is AWG with covariance E{n(k)n(k)*} = o31. Each entry of bisTID Rayleigh with E {|l? i = 1. Consider an L dimensional complex receive beamforming vector w applied at the recelver. ak cic p ‘er fors seneral Rx beamformer elucidate the signal and noise compo 2 vpl-P ee cide Tecelver aril give the expressions for the signal and noe eer ywl7e powers after beamforming. (1 pt.) pre \ GY Give the step by step derivation of the optimal beamformer we that uaximizes the SNR at the receiver. (2 pts.) “¢ \Wp¥ Consider a system in which the receive aymbol vector y ts pre-processed 2% ty employing an Ly L complex unitary matrix U (ie. UU" = UNU = ~ Y 1) as F = Uy. Give the expression for the receive SNR maximizing Ayioue ies beamformer for this Rx symbol vector and justify your answer ~ pts.) ‘SNR requirements in Wireless Channels: wee _g_ (0) Derive the exact 3B difference between the SNR required to achieve » yell Ga Pe =107? for BPSK in an AWGN channel and that of o Rayleigh fading 7 & ‘oS ‘wireless channel with no Rx diversity. (1.5 pts) _, O(+ (b) Consider an Rx diversity system with L = 30 receive antennas. Let the aystem be # normalized one in which the average receiver SNR equals the transmit SNR. What does that mean? “Without using the high asm) 1 \e SNR Pr sun nt IR. P, epproximation, (sia) ). but some other intelligent 1,4 , compute the P, for this‘system for BPSK transmission approximation, st SNR = 3 4B. (1.5 pts) (©) What is the approximate P, for the same system above, but un-normalized 2. B{ {uP} = 1). Amin, do NOT we the high SNR approximation of (str): (2p) sf an ye n Tit Lo SHE, 2 wel eS arp he, cs @ yen J x - ee ee oF: 1 EE670 Mid-Semester Exam 26.2.10 y BER in Fading Channels q \ (a) Extend the principle of non-coherent detection proposed for‘differential Princip! : i BPSK modulated data in assignment #1 to a receiver with L receive antennas, i.e. outline the detector operation and compute the SNR at the cutput. (2) (b) What is the diversity order of this system ? Derive an approximate aa expression for the BER of this system at high SNR (P/aq). Assume \r \ the channels across receive antennas to be indenendent Rayleigh Fading a | channels of average power unity. \ (c) Compute the approximate BER at SNR = 25 dB with an array of L = 3 receive antennas at the receiver. (2) 2. Channel Estimation JC) Below are the vectors corresponding to the transmitted pilot symbols and ( received outputs across the standard Rayleigh fading wireless channel (Single Rx/Tx antenna) as per the channel estimation mode! discussed in class. 0.7850 + 0.36314 “143 _ | 0.4072 + 0.77578 ee eee, \ ¥e=| 9.8004 ~ 0.4359 | 7? Ya} 1-5 | 0.4464 + 0.82224 14g \ wt rk) 1 1 P. tigiy wee Ve.Give that the noise is AWGN, what is the maximum-likelihood ap b (2.5) , __ Sstimate of the fading channel conficient? \ Gor If the carrier frequency of the above system is 2.5 G) of 200 KHz and framelength 250 symbols, what is the maximum tolerable SS mobile terminal velocity in Kmph? (Hint: The channel is estimated once every frame) . (25) e2umis es if - 3. Okumura Model 6 Kw (a) Employing the Okumura Model, compute the median path loss for d = 10 Km, hig = 60 m and hipe = 8 m, at fe = 600 MHz, in a suburban ares (Gt=G,=L=1). (2.5) (b) If the noise power at the receiver is -175 dB, what is the exact EIRP (elfective isotropic radiated power) in Watts required at the transmitter to decode QPSK with a BER of 10-4 at 95% of the ensemble locations? Assume Xz = 6 dB, the small scele fading is Rayleigh in nature, and that path loss is the only loss factor in the system. (2.5) a (ee vp batke st ve (ag yewtiz ae O[Tkge") = a6, oe (95) ROB AB = Pe —— ee 5) fee 2 q Ha, with abandwidth ) g.r(><éEE670 End-Semester Exam ft 5 30.4.10 Instructions 1. Please make sure that the question paper has 6 full questions and 8 printed ‘pages. . 2. Write your name and roll number legibly on, your answer sheet and cheat sheets. 3. Please begin the answer to each full question on a fresh sheet. Questions e 3 1. Fill in the blanks below. , (0.5 8 =4) (2) The downlink data rate of LTE is roughly —!OO- 'SD BRS “(B) 3G cellular uses CDMA for multiple aécess while 4G uses “uione cor OND Qa wireless channel is termed underspread if_t.22% {d) At 2 GHz and v = 30 Km/Hr, the coherence time is ——_—__________. (e) Alamouti scheme belongs to a class of codes known as OSTt> UUIF: (f) At low SNR, the performance of the MIMO MMSE receiver is equivalent to that of {g) The number of bits of feedback required, te achieve full rate and full diversity inal x16 MISO systemis__® 4 (h) FDM results in inefficient spectrum usage compared to OFDM due to the presence in FDM of_ Figure 1: Delay Profile. 2. Answer the questions below. (15 x2=3) _ @a corporate headquarters has 50 leased telephone lines. For an average a per employee talk time of 1 minute 20 seconds per hour, what is the employee strength that can be supported for a blocking probability of + 2%? ((b) Compute the RMS delay spread for the channel power profile given in Fig.1. . . 3. Consider a WCDMA system (bandwidth = 5 MHz) in a large city with Rx antenna gain § dB, cabling losses of 3 dB, Tx antenna gain 12 dB and process- ing gain 21 dB. The system has a noise figure of 15 dB. Answer the questions that follow. : : (a) Employing the Hata model, compute the median pathloss so at the cell edge of a cellular system with a cell radius of 8 Km, -f; = 2.1GHz, om hte = 40m, hee = 2m. ne : @) (w)vsng en appropriate approximation, compute the average SNR at the receiver required to decode Alamouti coded QPSK symbols with a BER of Pe= 10%. —— + () (c) Finally, compute the transmitter power in Watts required to support the above decoding at a minimum of 85% of the cell edge locations given a variance of X, «= 6 B for the log-normal shadowing. Assume a temper. ature of 27°C and an interference level equal to the noise level. (3) (4. Answer the questions below. , (5x2=5) SS) (0) What le the output ofthe MATLAB code given below and ina ' 7) how you arrived at the answer. iene Sieplttn \— o /\ A L ;Xe 2.3 (randn(1, 100000)+Jerandn(1,100000)) ; . Kava U = abs (X)+ randn(1, 100000) ; , wir <¥ = sum((U<0)) (/ \ing the properties of singular values or otherwise, compute the singular ‘values of the channel matrix below. 12 35 H=]|1 2 35]. [ 12 35 i c ch (h(0),0,4(2)] (ie. (1) = 0) with 5,/Consider a three tap wireless channel [f(0),0,4(2)] ( Les each tap a unit-norm Rayleigh fading channel coefficient. n channel assumption. Let an OFDM system with 256 subcerriers in the 2.1 GHz band be implemented over this channe] with delay spread Ty = 8s. ‘The DFT operation at the receiver is given 8s, w= SF 08 F(k)= roetr. We (a) With a bare minimum cyclic prefix duration, the system has a useful bit rate of 8.6486 Mbps for QPSK transmission. What is the bandwidth of the system? * (2.5) (b) For a cyclic prefix of duration 12s, what is the loss in spectral efficiency ~’” for this system? . @) ° (c) Consider the channel coefficients H (0) and H (64) at the 0% and 64% subcarriers respectively. What is their joint distribution? * (2.5) (d) It is not difficult to see that every OFDM system must satisfy a very im- portant constraint that the wireless channel is constant during the trans- mission of the total OFDM symbol (i.e. useful plus cyclic). Assuming a system with 20% loss of spectral efficiency and an extreme vehicle mov- ing at 200 Km/Hr,what is the maximum possible number of subcarriers? @) nsider the MIMO channel matrix given below and o2 = 3 dB for the system. 130 H=/130 002 (8) Compute the SVD of the sbove MIMO channel matrix. (2.5) (b) What is the capacity optimal transmit scheme for « transmit power of 3.4B? x (25) Axe & J 3 VEN MSEE670 Mid-Semester Exam 44.11 0 Multiuser CDMA: Consider-e#¢= 2 user uplink CDMA system. Let the users channel profiles be given as, ho = [1 + 0.67, 0.6 - 0.25)” hy = (1 - 0.2), 0.8 + 0.47, -0.2 + oj” where each element is the channel coefficient corresponding to some multipath delay. Consider spreading sequences of length N = 64, and user powers Fy = -3 dB,P, = —3 dB and noise power 0, = 3 dB. (a) Compute the corresponding rake SNRs for the desired user 0 correspond- ing to both an asynchronous and chip aligned multipath synchronous uplink. (2.0+2.0) (b) What is the diversity order of for user 0 in both the above modes? (1.0) ® (c) What is the approximate BER of user 0 for QPSK transmission cor XN sponding to both the above modes. (1,041.0) (2 pane Decoding: Consider the MIMO channel matrix below. 1 -08 He ie -1 | Consider a transmit power of P = —34B on each transmit antenna, ie E{jx,?} = -3dB on each transmit antenna. Let the transmit constella- tion be BPSK on each transmit antenns. guts WAIL, Spachvosene 2 ps -39R. nrb4, bar g98 /@)(a) Derive the ZF receiver’ decoding matrix for the above MIMO system (2.0) (b) Let a received noisy output vector of the above MIMO channel be given as, -1.50 = 1 ¥ [ 0.27 ] : om Employing ZF decoding, compute the linear estimate and the decoded transmitted symbols on each transmit antenna. (2.0) (c) What is the vector transmit constellation corresponding to BPSK? (1.0) {d) Employ the optimal ML decoder and compute the decoded vector be- ionging to the transmit constellation above corresponding to the received vector in equation (1). Iustrate the steps clearly (Hint: Mind the trans- mit power on each antenna). (2.0) (e) Of both the decoded vectors above, which one do you think is the correct transmit vector? (1.0)EE670 Mid-Semester Exam 29.4.11 Q Approximate BER of Fading Channels: Answer the questions that follow S er Tsing the result y? > (y ~ z)?+22, prove the following inequality for the Gaussian Q funetion, (2) 0 272 for > 0. (zt) <€ x Snsider the Rayleigh fading wireless channel characterized by the fading coefficient h such that E we} = 1 and noise power 02. Employing the Y, above result. for Q(z), derive a bound on the probability of bit-ertor for : BPSK modulated symbols (average power P) across the Reyleigh fading wireless channel modeled 6s, , yo y(h) = Az (k) +14) Bek 3 med deduce the diversity order of the above chi m_the asymp> ility of bit-error. pz} qQ (c) Hence, ~_totie behavior of the probabi 2, OFDM System Design: Consider an OFDM syste ‘with N = 256 sub- Jearriers over a bandwidth of B = MHz. Let the corresponding frequency s¢- Jective fading channel have an impulse response ‘with 3 multipath components at delays of {0,0.40, 1.0] 3, with each component of average power ~3 dB. By) 5 @Noise power at the receiver is o? = 3 dB. Assume that the IFFT and FFT operations are given respectively as, Not N=) (mn) = HD X (Ry eM, x(k) = a(n) e-rIN k=O n=O In that case, the system model after FFT at the receiver becomes ¥ (k) = H(k) X (k) + V (k), where V (k) is the FFT of the AWGN. Answer the fol- lowing questions. (a) Describe the time-domain model of the above frequency selective chase! qa) \o) What is the minimum number of samples required in the cyclic prpix? Q) (c) What is the duration of this minimum eyctic prefix? ~~ a) (d) If the actual cyclic prefix employed is twice the minimum length required with QPSK modulated subcarriers, what is the effective bit rate of the ! OFDM system? (2) (e) What is the bit-error rate across each subcarrier if the total transmit power of 70 dB is distributed equally across the subcarriers? (3) (f) What is the reduction in SNR across each subcarrier in the presence of a 5% carrier frequency offset relative to the subcarrier bandwidth? (3) Cellular CDMA: Consider an IS-95 based CDMA system (bandwidth = 1.25 MHz) in a large city with Rx antenna gain 3 dB, cabling losses of 6 dB, Tx antenna gain 7 dB and processing gain 24.08 dB. The system has a noise figure of 4dB. Assume an ambient temperature of 27°C and answer the questions that follow. (a) What is 1V, the length of the spreading code? (1) (b) Employing the Hata model, compute the median pathloss Lso at the cell edge of a cellular system with a cell radius of 7 Km, fe = 2.3 GHz, ee = 35m, hire = 6m, i) (c) Assuming that on an average 10 users interfere with any given user and further, each user has a voice activity factor of 50%, compute the SNR at the receiver required to decode QPSK modulated symbols with a BER of P, = 10-3. Assume a simplistic line-of-sight unity gain AWGN baseband channel model for each user and that all cell-edge users (desired and interferers) have the same SNR. ‘ (4)! (a) Finally, compute the average total transmit power of the bese station in Watts if 100 users are connected to the base station on an average and the above decoding is supported at a minimum of 85% of the cell edge locations given a variance of Xz = 6 dB for the log-normal shadowing (Make sure you do NOT double count the processing gain). (4) 4 MIMO and Games: Consider an r x t flat-fading MIMO system character- ized by the channel matrix H. Assume that the transmitter has to select one transmit antenna for transmission and the receiver has to select one receive antenna for reception. Answer the questions that, follow. ‘») What is the diversity order of a co-operative transmit/receive antenna es \aon scenario in which the receive and transmit antennas are chosen such that, (2) i,j = argmax|hi5l- i (b) Consider a game in which the (disruptive) transmitter is trying to choose the worst possible antenna for transmission while the (angel) receiver is _ trying to choose the best possible antenna. What is the diversity order of the resulting system, if it can be shown that an equilibrium (because it is not the equilibrium) selection strategy in this scenario is given by the minimax rule, (3) 4,9 = argmin max|hy,|- i (c) Repeat the above problem with a disruptive receiver and angel transmit- ster. (2) hannel Estimation in Alamouti Coded Systems: Consider the follow- ing QPSK modulated pilot symbols which are Alamouti coded and transmitted across a 1 x 2 MISO system. 1 sell+ dy P49, -1 5, bas yalits i KH Compute the least-squares estimate of the channel coefficients, if the total transmitter power is 20 GB and the received pilot outputs corresponding to the Alamouti coded pilot inputs are, (4) [11.15 - 0.66), ~2.23 + 2.70j, -13.54 + 0.997, 3.03 — 2.443].6. Cellular Capacity: Cénsider a CDMA operator who operates with spreading codes of length 64. If each user on an average makes 3 calls per hour of average duration 2 minutes per call, what is the total number of users that can be supported per cell with a blocking probability of 1%? Assume each user is @) allocated one spreading code for a voice call and that the users are perfectly orthogonal (i.e. neglect the effect of interference). What is the number of users for a tolerable blocking probability of 5%? (2.0+1.0) IMO Capacity: Consider the MIMO channel with channel matrix H given , 2-6 0 H 38 404. 0 v2 (a) Compute the SVD of the above matrix and illustrate how you would do maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) in this scenario. (3) (b) Compute the capacity and optimal power allocation for a total transmit power Pr = —1.25 dB and noise power a2 = 3 dB. (3)EE670 Mid-Semester Exam 2.3.12 y yD} | Beamforming with Colored Noise Consider the receive (Rx) diversity “ system described in the class which 1s given as, y (a) = bx (i) + (8) a) _~ where y(k), hy n(&) are complex L dimensional vectors and (A) is the trans- )) mitted scalar complex syimbol. The signal power is E {is?} P and the noise n(k) 1s AWG with covariance E {(k)n(k)"} = a31. Each entry of his UD Rayleigh with E {|hy/?} = 1. Consider an £ dimensional complex receive beamfornung vector w applied at the receiver 4 ce 7 , (a) For a general Rx beamformer w, elucidate the signal and noise compo- Gy nents at the receiver and give the expressions for the signal and noise) h)-- powers after beamforming. (1.0) . / (>) the step by step derivation of the optimal beamformer wo that Ae) Now consider a seenarie in which the noise covariance E {n(¢) 0(&)!"} = Lf f axumizes the SNR at the receiver (2.0) ' R,,, where R., is not necessarily proportional to identity. In other words the output noise process is spatially colored. In general Rn can be any , positive definite matrix Derive the optimal beausformer w that maxi-/”7 090 mizes the SNR at the output for this scenario (Hint: Any such positive.|_—a definite matrix R,, can be decompose as Ry ‘hte) — LLM, where L 1s mivert aa (3.0) 9 Delay Spread: Consider the following outdoor wireless channel delay PFo- files given in Fig 1 below and answer the following questions (a) What is the most logical unit of time on the x-axis? 0.0) a (b) For the delay profile, compute ymax the maximum delay spread (1 0) Gs >| (©) For the delay profile, compute trms, the RMS delay spread. (2.0) | (a) Employing the average RMS delay spread as the metric Ta, what is the ms \ maximum possible symbol rate for ISI free communication? (1.0) @ __(e) Can GSM system (B = 200K Hz) work in the above environment with, - *) out an equalizer? ity : owe a0, \ ~ 000 | | | | eo: a 86 . \ Figure 1 Delay Profile Po ‘Consider a mobile moving at 80 Kmph in a 3G WCDMA system at 2GHz. ‘The chipping rate in WCDMA 1s 3.84 Mchips/sec. Let T, denote the slot time, where the number of chips in a slot is 2560. Let the vector h be defined as Aa) 1-280 cvs | pe | hte by 2 thts [ =| ron | ‘ = (ars) 2k c Jos where h(t) denotes the channel at time t, Compute the covariance matrix hh employing the tables attached and using linear interpolation where necessary. chy cctewad (3.0) ons = ay i id geese eumz ext) HHO Fee 4. Beamforming in Multiple Antenna CDMA Receivers: Consider an M antenna SIMO CDMA system, where the frequency’ selective fading channel between the transmit antenna and i receive antenna is given as the FIR Bilter with channel taps hy (0), (1).-.-./u(L = 1) (a) Derive the optimal SNR maximizing receiver structure for the above sys tem and clearly describe each step in the derivation (3.0) {b) What is the SNR at the output of the above system and the associated diversity order. (2.0) (c) Consider a two antenna system with channel taps, {0.51 + 0.991, ~0.04 + 1.007,0.50-+0.47%), [-0.14 - 0.85i, ~0.08 + 0.502, 1.05 + 1.15i] for the first ‘ud second antennas respectively. What is the instantaneous bit-error rate of the system at transmit SNR P/23 = —20 dB and spreading length N = 2567 (3.0) (d) What is the average BER of the system if each tap is Rayleigh of average power unity 7 (2.0) (— Y Answer the questions that fllow \ (a) Derive the exact dB difference between the SNR required to achieve P. =" 5 x 1073 for BPSK in an AWGN channel and that of a Rayleigh fading wireless channel with no Rx diversity (20) Derive the dB difference between the SNR required to achieve P, = 5 x 10-3 for BPSK in an AWGN channel with 2 Rx antennas and that of a Rayleigh fading wireless channel with 2 Rx Antennas. ‘You can use the “approximation for BER developed in the class for the diversity system, (2.0) =—— \ — (@} What is the SNR required to achieve P, = 5 « 1079 for BPSK in a ( Rayleigh fading wireless channel with 30 Rx Antennas. (1.0) oe EST ie Yes i- fe a eee ne or” Poe diye twee DUN. pet 1: \EEE670 Mid-Semester Exam II 1. Multi-user CDMA: Consider an multi-user CDMA scenario with K = 15 users and noise power 72 = 0 dB. Let all users have equal received power P and the wireless channel of each user is a multipath channel with L = 4 independent multipath components of unit-power each. Answer the questions below. Let the tolerable BPSK BER required for voice communication be 10-3. Assume spreading length N = 256 and ignore multipath interference. (a) For a downlink scenario and stationary users compute the power P re~ quired for voice calls. (2.0) (b) For a downlink scenario and mobile users compute the power P required for voice calls (Hint: Use the appropriate diversity BER approximation). (2.0) (c) For an uplink asynchronous scenario and mobile users compute the power P required for voice calls (2.0) (4) For an uplink asynchronous scenario and mobile users with voice activity factor 50% compute the power P required for voice calls. (2.0) v Alamouti Coded CDMA: Consider a single-user CDMA scenario t = 2 transmit antennas and r = | receive antenna. Let the multipath channel be- tween the i‘* transmit antenna i = 1,2 and the receive antenna be given as (f (0), he (1) .---s 4s (L — 1)]. Consider the following Alamouti CDMA trans- mission scheme with spreading sequence c(k),1 < k < N, of spreading length N. Symbol vector [z1,22]" is transmitted for the first N chips on code c(k)followed by {-z2,71|" for the next NV chips. Ignore multipath sfterference and answer the questions below (a) Clearly describe the system model for the above syste (20) (b) Describe the optimum decoding rule at the receiver (3.0) (c) What is the associated decoding SNR. (20) (d) What is the diversity order associated with this scheme? (10) 3. Optimal MIMO Power Allocation: Consider the MIMO channel matrix H given below and answer the questions that follow (a) Compute the SVD of H. (2.0) (b) Only for this part assume a transmit power of 10 dB at the transmitter ‘and a receiver noise power 02 = 0dB. Compute the optimal power allocation and the optimal transmit scheme for spatially multiplexing streams 21,22, 3. (3.0) (c) Assume BPSK modulation and unit power loading on each mode corre: sponding to each vj. Let the received vector be (36,16, 13]. Decode the transmitted BPSK symbol vector. (3.0) 4. MIMO SIC Receiver: Consider the MIMO channel H given below and answer the questions that follow. 1 1 4 “| (a) Derive the MIMO Zero-Forcing receiver. (3.0) (b) Consider BPSK symbol transmission with unit power for each symbol and received vector (0.8622, -0.6812, -0.3077|. Decode the transmitted BPSK vector employing VBLAST SIC and clearly illustrate the process (3.0) \ » Ub oe bs \ “é = sUued x a Peete dL % < - p veo 5 eo) vem ulye hse 40) Li se] e @im wD tee\(" ee zu LX) Ses ioe 4) lan « Zee t Ly) COBY ees \tis') ey Ce Cm BY Oe 2 tyEE670 End-Semester Exam 2.5.12 Beamforming with Colored Noise: Consider the receive (Rx) diversity system described in the class which is given as, y (k) = hx (k) + 0(k), where y(k),b,7(k) are complex L dimensional vectors and x(k) is the trans- mitted scalar complex symbol. The signal power is E {|z(k)|?} = P and the noise n(k) is AWG with covariance E{n(k)n(k)"} = o,1. Each entry of h is ID Rayleigh with E {|A,{?} = 1. Consider an L dimensional complex receive beamforming vector w applied at the receiver: (a) For a general Rx beamformer w, elucidate the signal and noise compo- nents at the receiver and give the expressions for the signal and noise powers after beamforming, (1.0) (b) Give the step by step derivation of the optimal beamformer w. that maximizes the SNR at the receiver. (2.0) (Dow consider a scenario in which the noise covariance E {(k) 1k)" } R,, where R,, 1s not necessarily proportional to identity. In other words the output noise process is spatially colored. In general Rn can be any positive Uehuite matrix, Derive the optimal beamformer w that maxi- izes the SNR at the output for this scenario (Hint: Any such positivedefinite matrix Rj can be decomposed as Rn = LL”, where E is invert- ible). (3.0) 2. Okumura Model: Answer the questions below on the basis of the Okumura model for pathloss in wireless transmission, Consider a WCDMA system of bandwidth = 5 MHz, with Rx antenna gain 5 dB, cabling losses of 3 dB, Tx antenna gain 12 dB and processing gain 21 dB. The system has a noise figure of 15 dB. Assume a temperature of 27°C and an interference level equal to the noise level. (a) At fe = 1.8GHz, find the median path loss usisig for d = 20Km, hte = 60m and hye = 2m in a suburban area. (3.0) (b) If this needs to be supported at a minimum of 85% of the cell edge locations given a vaste of 0 = 10 dB for the log-normal shadowing, compute the power margin required. (1.0) (c) Compute the total sum noise and interference power (7 +1) at the re ceiver. (2.0) (8) Using an appropriate approximation, compute the average SNR at the receiver required to decode 1 x 2 Alamouti coded BPSK symbols with a BER of P, = 10~ if the channel between each transmit and receive antenna is Rayleigh of average power unity. Ignore the multi-user inter- ference in CDMA systems (2.0) (e) Finally, compute the transmitter power in Watts required to support the above decoding. (2.0) eo Alamouti Coded CDMA: Consider a single-user CDMA scenario t = 2 transmit antennas and r = 2 receive antennas. Let the multipath channel between the j transmit antenna j = 1,2 and the i‘ receive antenna i = 1,2 be given as [hay (0) iy (1) --../u,j (L — 1)]. Consider the following Alamouti CDMA transmission scheme with spreading sequence c(k),1 < k < N, of spreading length N. Symbol vector (7,72|? is transmitted for the first N chips on code ¢(k) followed by |-22.71]"! for the next N chips. Ignore multipath interference and answer the questions below. (a) Clearly describe the system model for the above system. (2.0) (b) Describe the optimum decoding rule at the receiver. (3.0) (c) What is the associated decoding SNR. (2.0) (d) What is the diversity order associated with this scheme? (2.0)4. Optimal MIMO Power Allocation: Consider the MIMO channel matrix H given below and answer the questions that follow. 1-1 -1 -1 1-2 11 Beli a =i i 12 1-1 (a) Compute the SVD of H. (2.0) (b) Only for this part assume a transmit power of 2 dB at the transmitter and a receiver noise power 02 = 0dB. Compute the optimal power cation and the optimal transmit scheme for spatially multiplexing streams 21,22, 73- (3.0) (c) Assume QPSK modulation and unit power loading on each mode cor- responding to each vj. Let the received vector be [490 + 1967, 196 + 4903, -294, -294j]”. Decode the transmitted QPSK symbol vector. (3.0) (d) Derive the MMSE-ZF receiver for the above MIMO channel in terms of the SVD component matrices (Hint: Employ properties of the SVD for implification). (2.0) oouo wooo coon — eon I wre 1 vow 5. OFDM System Design: Consider a mobile OFDM profile with N = 512 subcarriers over a bandwidth of B = 10MHz. Let the corresponding frequency selective fading channel have an impulse response with 4 multipath components at delays of 0 1s.0.60 us, 1.248, 2.4s, with each component of average power =3 dB. Noise power at the receiver is o2 = 3 dB per sample (i.e. before FFT). ‘Assume that the IFFT and FFT operations are given respectively as, iat wet rin= SX (hye, X (k) = SO a(n) eI 0 n=O In that case, the system model after FFT at the receiver becomes ¥ (k) = H (k) X (k) + W(k), where W (k) is the FFT of the AWGN. Answer the following questions. (a) Describe the time-domain model of the above frequency selective channel i.e. what is the length of the channel impulse response filter and what is the number of non-zero channel taps? (2.0) (b) What is the miniroum number of samples required in the cyclic prefix in this system? (1.0) (c) What is the duration of this minimum cyclic prefix? (1.0) w> palin?(4) If the actual cyclic prefix emploged is three times the minimum length required with QPSK modulated subcarriers, what is the effective bit-rate of the OFDM system? (2.0) (e) What is the QPSK bit-error rate across each subcarrier if the total trans, rit power of 80 dB is distributed equally across the subcarriers? (3.0) (f) What is the reduction in SNR across each subcarrier in the preseno® of ‘8 8% carrier frequency offset relative to the subcarrier bandwidth? (3.0) (e) Let the above user u; be at a distance of 500m. Consider a user 2 who is at the distance of 5Km. If delay spread of uz is 3ys, what is the range of permissible offset for transmission of OFDM symbol of uz with respect to OFDM symbol of uy. Assume that the CP calculated in part (4) is the standard CP length used across all users. (3.0) : Liversity Order Computation: Answer the questions that follow assuming elements of channel matrices H are independent Rayleigh fading. OY ‘(e) Only for this part, consider a 2 x 2 MIMO channel matrix Hi and each \. transmit symbol of the vector x (k) derived from a BPSK constellation of power P. Clearly describe the ML decoder and employing the pairwise \\ error probsbility for the nearest. neighbor decoding criterion, derive the \_probobility of error and diversity order for this decoder. (3.0) (b) Consider a limited feedback scheme described as follows. Let H be an rxt MIMO channel matrix and U = (uy, u2,.-.,ue] be a ¢ x ¢ orthonormal matrix. The matrix U constitutes the codebook which is also known at//) the transmitter. The receiver estimates the channel matrix H and feeds\ back the index k such that k = arg max; ||Hujl|’. The transmitter the beamforms along the vector us. What is the number of feedback bits, ~ required for this scheme and what is the associated diversity order? (2.0) ules bytEE670 Mid-Semester Exam 20.2.13 //1. Wireless BER: Answer the questions that follow \ (a) Derive the exact dB difference between the SNR required to achieve R= 5.x 10-4 for BPSK in an AWGN channel and that of a Rayleigh fading — wireless channel with no Rx diversity. (2.0) rele \ IY Derive the UB difference between the SNR required to achieve P, = 5 x Qe *” 10-4 for BPSK in an AWGN channel with 2 Rx antennas and that of @ _ Piet fading wireless channel with 2 Rx Antennas. You can use the approximation for BER developed in the class for the diversity systern. (20) \L) What is the SNR required to achieve P, = 5 x 10-4 for BPSK in a * Rayleigh fading wireless channel with L = 30 Rx Antennas. (1.0) 2. Multi-Antenna CDMA: Consider the receive (Rx) diversity system de- scribed in the class which is given as, y(n) = hr(n)+w(n), where y(n),h,w(n) are complex L dimensional vectors and z(n) is the trans- mitted scalar complex symbol, The noise w(n) is AWG with covariance E{w(n)w(n)"} = 021. Bach entry of h is 1D Rayleigh with E {imi?} =1 Consider now a K user scenario, with signal x, (n), the signal of the i" user 1O< i < K-Lgivenas 2, (n) = axe, (n), where c, (1) denotes the spreading code a of user 1, The signal power is E {|a,[?} = P andl each c,(n) = #1, Consider exactly orthogonal spreading codes of length Ni ¢ ex(n)ey(n) = 0 Let the composite signal x(n) transmitted on the downlink (DL) be given as, ka ka zn) = Vai = Vani) = =o Answer the questions thit follow. th (a) Consider decoding at user 0, What is the test statistic rr at the antenna of user 0? (2.0) (b) What is the noise power associated with r;? (1.0) (©) What is the optimal combiner w and the SNR at the output of the ‘optimal combiner? (1.0) (d) What is the instantaneous and average BER at the receiver? (20) (c) Compute the average BER at SNR & = 20 dB, for spreading length N = 256 and number of antennas L = 4 (2.0) sad: alti-path channel with the power delay profile 4 3 Delay Spread: Consider a multi-path channel with the power delay pr wet . : , P= Tae, ( Ferdoy Co =o i \ where a4, 6,01 ¢ N-1 are parameters. What is the RMS delay spread | = for this channel? 3.0)" _ pve Coding: Consider a scheme that transmits the vector x = Ru, 7 Gver two symbol times, where the vector u and the matrix Rare, 1 3 | ug and uj, uz are BPSK symbols, each of power P. Assume the scenario is fast fading, so that. the channel cocfficients for these two symbol times are inde- | pendent. This is an instance of time diversity. Let the noise power be o?. the confusion probability Px,x9, where x4, Xp are defined as, [Fhe \ XA{b) Employing an appropriate bound, of error for this system. (c) Compute this probability of error for 30 dB and 0 = 3 dB. systematically derive the probability (2.0) (1.9)EE670 End-Semester Exam 20.4.13 1, OFDM System Design: Consider a mobile OFDM profile with N = 1024 subcarriers over a bandwidth of 8 = 10MHz. Let the corresponding fee ed multi- selective fading channel have an impulse response with 4 uncorrelat path components #t delays of 01s, 0.40 js.0.8 us, 1.8 48, with each component Rayleigh of average power -1.5 dB. Noise power at the receiver is oy, = 3 dB per sample (i.e. before FFT). Assume that the IFFT and FFT operations are given respectively as, 1a Not (mn) = DX (ayePl™, X (hy) Soe (nye tn i=0 a0 In that case, the system model after FFT at the receiver becomes Y (k) = H (k) X (k) + W (k), where W/(k) is the FFT of the AWGN. Answer the following questions. (a) Describe the time-domain model of the above frequency selective channel ie. what is the length of the channel impulse response filter and what is the number of non-zero channel taps? (2.0) (b) What is the minimum number of samples required in the cyclic prefix in this system? (1.0) (c) What is the duration of this minimum cycliv prefix? (1.0) | 1(d) If the actual cyclic prefix employed is three times the minimum length required with BPSK modulated subcarriers, what is the effective bit-rate of the OFDM system (2.0) (e) What is the BPSK bit-error rate across each subcarrier if the total trans- mit power of 90 dB is distributed equally across the subcarriers? (3.0) (£) What is the reduction in SNR across each subcarrier in the presence of a 1% carrier frequency offset relative to the subcarrier bandwidth” (3.0) _2(Callular MIMO: Answer the questions below on the basis of the Okumura model for pathloss in wireless transinission. Consider a SEE wireless system of bandwidth = 200 KHz, with Rx antenna gain 8 dB, cabling losses of 5 dB, Tx antenna gain 5 dB. The system has a noise figure of 10 dB. Assume a temperature of 20°C and an interference level equal to 3 of noise level (a) At fo = 1.5GHy, find the median path loss using for d = 5Km, fye = 30m and hye = 1.5m in a suburban area. (3.0) (b) If this needs to be supported at a minimum of 95% of the cell edge locations given a variance of ¢ = 8 dB for the log-normal shadowing, compute the power margin required. (1.0) = Compute the total sum noise and interference power (1) +1) at the re- ceiver. (2.0) Using an appropriate expression, compute the average SNR at the re- ceiver required to decode BPSK symbols with a BER of P, = 104 if the channel between each transmit and receive antenna is Rayleigh of average power unity. (2.0) (e) Finally, compute the transmitter power in Watts required to support the above decoding. (2.0) ulti-Antenna CDMA: Consider a frequency selective multiple receive an- tena system with M receive antennas and a single transmit antenna which is given as, bea y(n) = bY r(n-H+ win), = where y(n),h (1) ,w(n) are complex M dimensional vectors and x(n) is the transmitted scalar complex syinbol, The noise w(n) is AWG with covariance E{w(n)w(n)"} = 021. Each entry of h (1) is IID Rayleigh with E {iru wP}= 1, Consider now a K user scenario, with signal x; (n), the signal of the i 11 given as 2 (n) = ac, (nx), where ¢; (n) denotes the spread- ing code of user &, The signal power is E fla? = P and each q(n) = +1. Consider exactly orthogonal spreading codes of length NV for all users i,j and shifts Lie. CXS a(n - Og (n-v) #0 only ifi = j and! = v. Let the Composite signal 2 (n) transmitted on the downlink (DL) be given as, ka k-1 r(n)= So a(n) = SX ae (n) += i=0 user OSS Answer the questions that follow. (a) Consider decoding at user 0. Verbally describe how many test statistics are there at each antenna and what they are. (1.0) (b) What are these test statistics at the mt antenna of user 0? (2.0) (c) What is the noise power associated with each test statistic? (1.0) (a) What is the optimal combiner w of all these statistics and the SNR at the output of the optimal combiner? (1.0) (e) What is the instantaneous and average BER at the receiver? (2.0) (Compute the average BER at SNR 4 = —20 dB, for spreading length N = 256 and number of antennas M = 4 and L = 4. (2.0) Opt H nal MIMO Power Allocation: Consider the MIMO channel matrix ven below and answer the questions that follow. 1 1 1)7020 2 2-1 2 Oo -1 3.00 2-1 2 1-1 1flooiajl-1 2 2 (a) Compute the SVD of H (2.0) (b) Only for this part assume a transmit power of -3 dB at the transmitter and a receiver noise power o2 = 0dB. Compute the optimal power allocation (3.0) (c) Demonstrate the optimal transmit precoding scheme for spatially multi- plexing streams .ty (1.0) (&° MIMO Receivers Consider a 3x 2 MIMO system with total transmit power P = 10 dB and per receiver noise variance 02 = 3 dB. Answer the questions that follow for the MIMO channel matrix be as given below. H= 12 21 1 3(a) Derive the MIMO-2F receiver matrix (2.0) (b) The SNR at the receiver for decoding, each symbol ay (kK). 2 Ck) at the receiver, (1.0) (c) Mlustrate the MIMO V-BLAST receiver procedure Le, the beamformer at each stage. (2.0) (a) Calculate the SNR at the receiver for the symbol decoded at each stage, (2.0) ersity Coding and CDMA: Consider a sch x(n) = Ru cg (n), over two spreading cor Rare, 1 ~ u=["]ie i i]: uw 13 Q\ ) ) and wu,uz are BPSK symbols, each of power P. Assume the scenario is fast / fading, so that the frequency selective channels fy (0), hy (1). ..+. fu (L = 1) for these two spreading code times i = 0,1 are independent. Also assume that the code cp and its shifts are exactly orthogonal. This is an instance of tame ) and multipath diversity. Let the noise power be of. If yo (nm), yi (m) are the received signal for the first and second intervals of length N chips, essentially the model for this system is given as, — [ima] ELMO A, Jramin-ne [200 ‘20 win) ne that transmits the vector he vector wand the matrix e times. (a) Demonstrate that the decorrelated statistics do (1) , dy (1) for time instants 0, 1 respectively corresponding to decorrelation with co (n ~ l) are given as, (2.0) do(t) | _ [ ho) 0 to (0) [e O70 mo] tla | (b) Employing the statistics corresponding to all ! above ie. 0 <1 < L— 1, derive the average confusion probability Py, xy, where xq, xg are defined as. (2.0) P = wal] (c) What is the diversity order of this system? (1.0) (a) Coiapas this average confusion probability for L = 30 4B and a2 =34B. : (1.0)EE670 End-Semester Exam 29.4.14 1, Consider an OFDM system with total passband bandwidth B = 5 MHz with N = a subcarriers. The channel has a maximum delay spread of Ty = 4us- Answer questions that follow. (a) What is the symbol time of a corresponding single carrier system? (1.0) (b) What is the sample time of the OFDM system ‘and the raw symbol time without the cyclic prefix? (1.0 + 1.0) (c) What is the minimum number of samples required in the cyclic prefix? (1.0) “(d) Af the length of the cylic prefix is twice the required minimum calculated above, what is the total OFDM symbol time ? (1.0) (e) What is the loss in efficiency due to the overhead of the cyclic prefix? (1.0) (f) If the modulation employed is 16-QAM, what is the effective bit-rate of the above OFDM system. (2.0) (g) Consider two users in the above OFDM system situated at distances of 0.56 Km ~~ and 4.5 Km respectively, with delay spreads of 1.5us and 0.5ys respectively. What is the range of possible timing offsets for user 2 for an uplink OFDMA scenario. (2.0) Lo At a carrier frequency of f. = 2.4GHz, what is the maximum possible velocity of a mobile for the system to be able to function? (2.0) ~f Alamouti Coded OFDM: Consider an Alamouti coded OFDM system with two transmit and one receive antenna. Consider symbols X; (k), X2(k) loaded onto transmit antennas 1,2 respectively on the k** subcarrier of the OFDM system in the first OFDM symbol. Consider a frequency selective channel with channel taps (0), (1), ..-,A{L 1). Answer the questions that follow. aie fa) Describe the operation of the Alamouti coded OFDM system above, i.e. the transmission on each subcarrier and the decoding operation at the receiver. (2.0)(b) If the transmit power is P per subcarrier, noise power 0, find the instantaneous receive SNR expression for each symbol. (10) (©) Considering the channel taps to be IID Rayleigh random variables of average power unity, derive the average symbol error rate (SER) expressions for BPSK and 16-PSK modulation. (1.0 + 1.0) Compute the average SER above for both BPSK and 16-PSK for P = 35 dB, number of subcarriers N = 128, L = 5 and noise power #3 = -3 dB. (1.0 + 1.0) (c) Considering the channel taps to be independent Rayleigh random variables of average power o?, 0< 1 < L— 1, derive the average SER expressions for BPSK and 16-PSK modulation. (1.0 + 1.0) (£) Compute the average SER above for both BPSK and 16-PSK for P = 35 dB, number of subcarriers N = 128, o? = 1 dB for 0.< 1 < 4 and noise power o2 =-3 4B (L.0 + 1.0) 3. MIMO System: Consider the instantaneous MIMO channel matrix H given below and answer the questions that follow. 1-2 2 H=|2 -1 -2]. tee 22 1 KS Ae What property do the columns ¢1, ¢2, ¢3 of this matrix satisfy? ~ (1.0) {bY Compute the SVD of the above channel matrix. — (2.0) Ae) What is the corresponding MIMO Zero-Forcing receiver matrix ? - (2.0) _(@YIf the transmit power of BPSK modulated symbols is P = 5 dB per transmit antenna and noise power ¢3 = 3 dB, what is the instantaneous bit error rate for the zero forcing decoder? — \——_ (2.0) ff the transmit power of BPSK ited symbols is P = 5 dB per transmit antenna and noise power 2 = 3 dB, what is the instantaneous bit error rate for the second decoded stream in the V-BLAST decoder, assuming the decoding operation proceeds in the order of the transmit antennas ? Make the simplifying assumption that there is no error propagation.'~ 7 (2.0) o(f) If the transmit power of BPSK modulated symbols is P = 5 dB per transmit antenna and noise power 07, = 3 dB, what is the exact (NOT PEP) instanta- neous bit error rate for the maximum likelihood decoder? (2.0) dering a transmit power of P = 30 dB, o? = -3 dB, and BPSK what is the average BER for zero-forcing with elements of the cecal ae oe IID Rayleigh of average power unity? (2.0) Considering @ transmit power of P = 30 dB, 0? = -3 dB, and 5, what is the average BER for the second decoded stream in se aera coder, sseuuning the decoding operation proceeds in the order of the transmit any? Nani, clements of the channel matrix H ID Rayleigh of average power ty? Make the simplifying assumption that there is no error propagation. (2.0) °The coherent performance of antipodal signaling based Rake receiver has been dis- cussed in class. Now consider a binary orthogonal modulation based DS spread spec- trum system: we either transmit 24 = VPca(n) or rg = VPcg(n) which are both orthogonal and their shifts are also orthogonal with each other. Calculate the average error probability expression with the coherent Rake for this case considering an L tap frequency selective channel with IID Rayleigh taps of average power unity, noise power o2 and spreading length N. (4.0) _-* Considering space-time block code matrices VPX4, VPXg and L transmit anten- nas with IID Rayleigh fading channel coefficients of average power unity, derive the determinant criterion discussed in class for space-time code design as, K SNR det (Ka —X5)(Ka— Xa)") P{X4 4 Xa} < where K is an appropriate constant. (4.0) _ 6. The Moment Generating Function (MGF) for a nonnegative random variable -y with pdf p,(1), 7 > 0, is defined as, Male) = [ pylnderay (a) Demonstrate that the moment. generating function of the Rayleigh random chan- nel with distribution Le7# is, (1.0) M,(s) = (1— 87)", Ab) Derive the average BER for BPSK transmission chant _ \ over the Raylei < ploying the moment generating function approach. For fees can wee ‘the alternative definition of the Q-function, Q(z) = 2 [ exp (- ) a a o