Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn

trn a bn thnh ph Lt
MC LC
DANH MC CH VIT TT .................................................................................... 3
DANH MC CC BNG ............................................................................................ 4
M U......................................................................................................................... 5
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti ........................................................................................ 5
2. Mc tiu nghin cu .............................................................................................. 5

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN .......................................................................................... 7

1.1 Khi nim ............................................................................................................. 7
1.1.1 Khi nim cht thi ......................................................................................... 7
1.1.2 Khi nim cht thi rn................................................................................... 7
1.2 Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn trn th gii ......................................... 10
1.3 Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn Vit Nam .............................................. 11
1.4 Tnh hnh nghin cu v qun l v cc gii php cht thi rn trn th gii
................................................................................................................................... 13
1.5 Tnh hnh nghin cu v qun l v cc gii php qun l cht thi rn
Vit Nam ................................................................................................................... 16
1.5.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu.................................................................................... 16
1.5.2 Tnh hnh qun l CTR ti mt s tnh Vit Nam ........................................ 19
1.6 nhim mi trng do cht thi rn .............................................................. 20
1.6.1 nh hng ca cht thi rn n mi trng t ......................................... 20
1.6.3 nh hng ca cht thi rn n mi trng khng kh .............................. 21
1.6.4 Cht thi rn lm gim m quan th ........................................................ 21
1.6.5 Cht thi rn nh hng n sc khe con ngi ........................................ 21
1.7 T ng quan v thnh ph Lt ....................................................................... 22
1.7.1V tr a l ..................................................................................................... 22
1.7.2 c im a hnh ......................................................................................... 22
1.7.3 c im a cht ......................................................................................... 23
1.7.4 c im kh hu .......................................................................................... 23
1.7.5 c im thy vn ........................................................................................ 24

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Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

1.7.5.1 Ngun nc mt .................................................................................... 24

1.7.5.2 Ngun nc ngm ................................................................................. 25
1.7.6 Ti nguyn t .............................................................................................. 25
1.7.7 Ti nguyn khong sn ................................................................................. 27
1.7.8 Ti nguyn sinh vt v h sinh thi .............................................................. 27
1.7.8.1 H thc vt............................................................................................. 27
1.7.8.2 H ng vt............................................................................................ 28
1.7.9 c im kinh t - x hi ............................................................................. 29
1.7.9.1 Dn c ................................................................................................... 29
1.7.9.2 Kinh t ................................................................................................... 30
1.7.9.3 Du lch ................................................................................................... 30
1.7.9.4 Gio dc ................................................................................................ 31
CHNG 2 I TNG VA PHNG PHAP NGHIN CU ....................... 33
2.1. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ................................................................... 33
2.1.1 i tng nghin cu ca ti .................................................................. 33
2.1.2 Gii hn phm vi nghin cu ....................................................................... 33
2.2 N i dung nghin cu.......................................................................................... 33
2.3 Phng php nghin cu .................................................................................. 33
2.3.1 Khung tin trnh thc hin ti .................................................................. 33
2.3.2 Phng php nghin cu c th ................................................................... 34
2.3.2.1 Phng php iu tra thu thp ti liu, s liu ..................................... 34
2.3.2.2 Phng php d bo dn s, d bo lng CTRSH pht sinh ............. 35
2.3.2.3 Phng php xc nh lng rc thi c thu gom ........................... 36
2.3.2.4 Phng php phn tch v tng hp ..................................................... 36
2.3.2.5 Phng php so snh ............................................................................ 36
2.3.2.6 Phng php kho st thc t kt hp vi phng vn .......................... 36
2.3.2.7 Phng php tham kho kin ............................................................. 37
CHNG 3 D KIN KT QU T C ..................................................... 38
CHNG 4 TIN THC HIN ........................................................................ 39
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................... 40
2
Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

DANH MC CH VIT TT

CDM C ch pht trin sch

CTR Cht thi rn
CTRSH Cht thi rn sinh hot
IRR Ch s phn tch ti chnh
LPSCTRT Lng pht sinh cht thi rn th
MTV Mt thnh vin
TNHH Trch nhim hu hn
TP Thnh ph
URENCO Cng ty TNHH MTV mi trng th H Ni
VSMT V sinh mi trng
WB Ngn hng th gii
XQ Tranh thu XQ

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Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1: CTR theo cc ngun pht sinh khc nhau....................................................... 9
Bng 1.2: Lng pht sinh cht thi rn th mt s nc ..................................... 10
Bng 1.3: Lng cht thi pht sinh nm 2003 v nm 2008 ....................................... 11
Bng 1.4: CTR pht sinh ti mt s tnh, thnh ph nm 2010 .................................... 12
Bng 1.5: c tnh lng CTR th pht sinh n nm 2025.................................... 13
Bng 1.6: T l CTR x l bng cc phng php khc nhau mt s nc ............. 13
Bng 1.7: Bng bin thin nhit thnh ph Lt .................................................. 23
Bng 1.8: Din tch nhm t TP Lt ................................................................... 25
Bng 1.9: T l din tch t phn theo tng dy .......................................................... 26
Bng 1.10: T l din tch t phn theo dc ........................................................... 27
Bng 1.11: S liu dn s thnh ph Lt t nm 2005 2011 ................................ 29
Bng 1.12: Cc trng i hc, cao ng v trung cp chuyn nghip ti Lt ....... 31

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Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi c nc, thnh ph (TP) Lt cng ang
trn pht trin mnh m. Song song vi s pht trin l s gia tng vi tc
nhanh chng v s lng v thnh phn cc loi cht thi rn (CTR), gy nh hng
nghim trng ti mi trng. V vy, vic qun l CTR mt cch hiu qu l mt trong
nhng nhim v u tin hng u ca chnh quyn TP Lt.
Cng tc qut nht, thu gom, x l CTR trn a bn TP Lt gp phn gi
gn v sinh mi trng (VSMT) bo v sc khe cng ng, m bo ng ph sch
p, nht l trong ngy l Tt, Festival. T nng cao thc ngi dn trong vic
thc hin b rc ng gi v ng ni quy nh. Ngy 23/08/2011 Th tng Chnh
ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 1462/Q-TTg ph duyt Quy hoch tng th pht trin
kinh t x hi tnh Lm ng n nm 2020. C th: n nm 2015 thu gom v x
l 100% cht thi c hi v 85 90% rc thi sinh hot; n nm 2020 ton b rc
thi cc loi c thu gom v x l t tiu chun trc khi thi ra mi trng.
Tuy nhin, cng tc qun l CTR trn a bn TP hin nay cn nhiu bt cp:
cha ng b, thiu s quan tm v u t c s h tng ca chnh quyn a phng,
cha coi trng n cng tc bo v mi trng, mt b phn ngi dn thc km.
Chnh v vy, t c mc tiu pht trin bn vng, nng cao cht lng mi
trng, to thun li cho pht trin kinh t - x hi ca TP cn thit phi tin hnh
kho st hin trng thc t cng tc qun l CTR c ci nhn tng qut v hin trng
CTR t xy dng cc gii php ph hp v kh thi vi iu kin ca TP nhm qun
l hiu qu CTR pht sinh. ti Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php
qun l hiu qu cht thi rn trn a bn thnh ph Lt c ra vi mc
ch ny. Hy vng kt qu nghin cu ca ti s gp phn vo cng tc qun l
CTR hin ti ca TP, t gp phn vo vic bo v mi trng chung, nng cao cht
lng sng ca ngi dn v to cnh quan cho TP.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Mc tiu nghin cu tng qut:

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Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

- Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu CTR trn a
bn TP Lt.
Mc tiu nghin cu c th:
- Tm hiu hin trng pht sinh CTR trn a bn TP Lt.
- nh gi hin trng qun l CTR cc n v qut nht, thu gom, x l CTR
trn a bn TP Lt.
- xut gii php qun l hiu qu cho CTR.

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Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

1.1 Khi nim
1.1.1 Khi nim cht thi
Theo khon 10 iu 3 Lut bo v mi trng ngy 29/11/2005:
- Cht thi l vt th th rn, lng, kh c thi ra t sn xut, kinh doanh,
dch v, sinh hot hoc hot ng khc.
1.1.2 Khi nim cht thi rn
Khi nim CTR c s dng trong bo co c hiu l cht thi th rn,
c thi ra t qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot hoc cc hot ng
khc. Cht thi rn bao gm cht thi rn thng thng v cht thi rn nguy hi.
Theo iu 3 Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09/04/2007 v qun l cht thi
rn:
- Hot ng qun l cht thi rn bao gm cc hot ng quy hoch, qun l,
u t xy dng c s qun l cht thi rn, cc hot ng phn loi, thu gom, lu gi,
vn chuyn, ti s dng, ti ch v x l cht thi rn nhm ngn nga, gim thiu
nhng tc ng c hi i vi mi trng v sc kho con ngi.
- Cht thi rn l cht thi th rn, c thi ra t qu trnh sn xut, kinh
doanh, dch v, sinh hot hoc cc hot ng khc.
- Cht thi rn sinh hot l cht thi rn pht sinh trong sinh hot c nhn, h
gia nh, ni cng cng.
- Ph liu l sn phm, vt liu b loi ra trong qu trnh sn xut hoc tiu dng
c thu hi ti ch, ti s dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut sn phm
khc.
- Thu gom cht thi rn l hot ng tp hp, phn loi, ng gi v lu gi
tm thi cht thi rn ti nhiu im thu gom ti thi im hoc c s c c quan
nh nc c thm quyn chp nhn.
- Lu gi cht thi rn l vic gi cht thi rn trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh ni c quan c thm quyn chp nhn trc khi chuyn n c s x l.

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Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

- Vn chuyn cht thi rn l qu trnh chuyn ch cht thi rn t ni pht

sinh, thu gom, lu gi, trung chuyn n ni x l, ti ch, ti s dng hoc chn lp
cui cng.
- X l cht thi rn l qu trnh s dng cc gii php cng ngh, k thut lm
gim, loi b, tiu hu cc thnh phn c hi hoc khng c ch trong cht thi rn.
- Chn lp cht thi rn hp v sinh l hot ng chn lp ph hp vi cc yu
cu ca tiu chun k thut v bi chn lp cht thi rn hp v sinh.
- Phn loi rc ti ngun l vic phn loi rc ngay t khi mi thi ra hay gi l
t ngun. l mt bin php nhm thun li cho cng tc x l rc v sau.
- Rc l thut ng dng ch cht thi rn hnh dng tng i c nh, b vt
b t hot ng ca con ngi. Rc sinh hot hay cht thi rn sinh hot l mt b
phn ca cht thi rn, c hiu l cc cht thi rn pht sinh t cc hot ng sinh
hot hng ngy ca con ngi.
- Cht thi l sn phm c sinh ra trong qu trnh sinh hot ca con ngi,
sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng, dch v, thng mi, sinh hot gia
nh, trng hc, cc khu dn c, nh hng, khch sn. Ngoi ra, cn pht sinh trong
giao thng vn ti nh kh thi ca cc phng tin giao thng, cht thi l kim loi
ho cht v t cc vt liu khc.
- Ti ch cht thi thc cht l ngi ta ly li nhng phn vt cht ca sn
phm hng ha c v s dng cc nguyn liu ny to ra sn phm mi.
- Ti s dng cht thi c hiu l c nhng sn phm hoc nguyn liu c
qung i s dng ko di, ngi ta c th s dng c nhiu ln m khng b thay
i hnh dng vt l, tnh cht ha hc.
C rt nhiu cch phn loi cht thi khc nhau. Vic phn loi cht thi hin
nay cha c nhng quy nh chung thng nht, tuy nhin bng nhng nhn nhn thc
tin ca hot ng kinh t v ngha ca nghin cu qun l i vi cht thi, c th
chia ra cc cch phn loi sau y:
- Phn loi theo ngun gc pht sinh:
Cht thi t cc h gia nh hay cn gi l cht thi hay rc thi sinh hot
c pht sinh t cc h gia nh.

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Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

Cht thi t cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, thng mi: l nhng cht
thi c ngun gc pht sinh t cc ngnh kinh t nh cng nghip, nng nghip, dch
v.
- Phn loi cht thi theo thuc tnh vt l: cht thi rn, cht thi lng, cht thi
kh.
- Phn loi cht thi theo tnh cht ha hc: theo cch ny ngi ta chia cht
thi dng hu c, v c hoc theo c tnh ca vt cht nh cht thi dng kim loi,
cht do, thy tinh, giy, ba
- Phn loi theo mc nguy hi i vi con ngi v sinh vt: cht thi c
hi, cht thi c bit. Mi cch phn loi c mt mc ch nht nh nhm phc v
cho vic.
Bng 1.1: CTR theo cc ngun pht sinh khc nhau
Rc thc phm, vi, da, rc vn, g, thy tinh, kim
Thng thng
loi...
CTR sinh hot in, in t h hng, nha, ti nylon, pin, sm
Nguy hi lp xe, son tha, n neon hng, bao b thuc dit
chut,...
Thng thng Vt liu xy dng t xy sa nh,...
CTR xy dng
Nguy hi
Thng thng Phn ng vt,...
CTR nng
Chai l ng thuc BVTV, thuc tr su, thuc dit
nghip Nguy hi
cn trng,...
Rc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn trong qu trnh sn
Thng thng
CTR cng xut v sinh hot,...
nghip Kim loi nng, gi lau my, cao su, bao b ng ha
Nguy hi
cht c hi,...
Cht thi nh bp, cht thi t cc hot ng hnh
Thng thng
chnh, bao gi thng thng,...
CTR y t
Ph thi phu thut, bng, gc, cht thi bnh nhn,
Nguy hi
cht phng x, ha cht c hi, thuc qu hn,..

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Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

1.2 Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn trn th gii

Mc th ha cao th lng cht thi tng ln theo u ngi, v d c th
mt s nc hin nay nh sau: Canada l 1,7kg/ngi/ngy; Autralia l
1,6kg/ngi/ngy; Thy S l 1,3 kg/ngi/ngy; Trung Quc l 1,3 kg/ngi/ngy.
Vi s gia tng ca rc th vic thu gom, phn loi, x l rc thi l iu m mi quc
gia cn quan tm.
Dn thnh th cc nc pht trin pht sinh cht thi nhiu hn cc nc
ang pht trin gp 6 ln, c th cc nc pht trin l 2,8kg/ngi/ngy. cc nc
ang pht trin l 0,5kg/ngi/ngy. Chi ph qun l cho rc thi cc nc ang pht
trin c th ln n 50% ngn sch hng nm. C s h tng tiu hy an ton rc thi
thng rt thiu thn. Khong 30 60% rc thi th khng c cung cp dch v
thu gom.
Mc pht thi rc trung bnh theo u ngi i vi tng loi cht thi mang
tnh c th ca tng a phng v ph thuc vo mc sng, vn minh, dn c mi
khu vc. Tuy nhin, d khu vc no cng c xu hng chung ca th gii l mc
sng cng cao th lng cht thi cng nhiu. Theo bo co ca Ngn hng Th gii
(WB, 2004), ti cc TP ln nh New York t l pht sinh CTR l 1,8kg/ngi/ngy,
Singapore Hng Kng l 0,8 1 kg/ngi/ngy.
Bng 1.2: Lng pht sinh cht thi rn th mt s nc
Dn s th hin nay LPSCTRT hin nay
Tn nc
(%tng s) (kg/ngi/ngy)
Nc thu nhp thp 15,92 0,40
Nepal 13,70 0,50
Bangladesh 18,30 0,49
Vit Nam 20,80 0,55
n 26,80 0,46
Nc thu nhp trung bnh 40,80 0,79
Indonesia 35,40 0,76
Philippines 54,00 0,52
Thi Lan 20,00 1,10

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Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

Dn s th hin nay LPSCTRT hin nay

Tn nc
(%tng s) (kg/ngi/ngy)
Malaysia 53,70 0,81
Nc c thu nhp cao 86,3 1,39
Hn Quc 81,30 1,59
Singapore 100,00 1,10
Nht Bn 77,60 1,47
(Ngun: B mn sc khe mi trng 2006)
1.3 Hin trng pht sinh cht thi rn Vit Nam
Hin trng cht thi rn c nh gi thng qua lng cht thi rn pht sinh
trong thi gian va qua, t l cht thi rn c thu gom v x l theo cc khu vc.
Pht sinh CTR th ch yu l CTR sinh hot chim khong 60 70%
lng CTR pht sinh, tip theo l CTR xy dng, CTR y t,...CTR th bao gm:
- CTR sinh hot: pht sinh ch yu t cc h gia nh, cc khu tp th, cht thi
ng ph, ch, cc trung tm thng mi, vn phng, trng hc,...
- CTR xy dng: pht sinh t cc cng trnh xy dng, sa cha h tng,...
- CTR cng nghip: t cc c s cng nghip nm trong th hoc t cc khu
cng nghip,...
- CTR y t: pht sinh t cc bnh vin, cc c s khm cha bnh,...
Bng 1.3: Lng cht thi pht sinh nm 2003 v nm 2008
Loi CTR n v tnh Nm 2003 Nm 2008
CTR th tn/nm 6.400.000 12.802.000
CTR cng nghip tn/nm 2.638.400 4.786.000
CTR y t tn/nm 21.500 179.000
CTR nng thn tn/nm 6.400.000 9.078.000
CTR lng ngh tn/nm 774.000 1.023.000
(Ngun: Bo co Din bin Mi trng Vit Nam nm 2004; Vin Quy hoch
th - Nng thn, B Xy dng, 2010).
Kt qu iu tra tng th cho thy, lng CTR th pht sinh ch yu tp
trung hai th c bit l H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh, chim ti 45,24% tng

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Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

lng CTR sinh hot pht sinh t tt c cc th tng ng khong 8.000 tn/ngy
(2,92 triu tn/nm).
Bng 1.4: CTR pht sinh ti mt s tnh, thnh ph nm 2010
Lng CTR
Lng CTR sinh Loi
Loi th - n v hnh n v hnh sinh hot
hot pht sinh th -
Vng chnh chnh pht sinh
(tn/ngy) Vng
(tn/ngy)
Th H
6.500 Bnh Phc 158
th loi c Ni
bit TP.H Ch
7.081 Ty Ninh 134
Minh
ng
TP. Nng 805 Bnh Dng 378
Nam B
th loi I TP. Hu v
225 ng Nai 773
huyn
B Ra
Qung Nam 298 456
Vng Tu
Qung Ngi 262 Long An 179
Bc Trung B
Bnh nh 372 Tin Giang 230
v Duyn hi
Ph Yn 142 Bn Tre 135
min Trung
Khnh Ha 486 Tr Vinh 124
Ninh Thun 164 ng Vnh Long 137
Bnh Thun 594 bng ng Thp 209
Kon Tum 166 sng An Giang 562
Cu Kin Giang 376
Gia Lai 344
Long Cn Th 876
Ty Nguyn kLk 246 Hu Trang 105
Sc Trng 252
k Nng 69
Bc Liu 207
Lm ng 459 C Mau 233
(Ngun: Tng cc mi trng tng hp, 2011)

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Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

C s ca vic c tnh CTR th l tc tng dn s t nhin v tng dn

s c hc, tc tng GDP hng nm. Lng CTR th ngy cng tng nht l cc
thnh ph ln c kinh t pht trin nh H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh,... c tnh ch s
pht sinh CTR th trung bnh Vit Nam trong nhng nm 2015, 2020, 2025 vo
khong 1,2; 1,4; 1,5 kg/ngi/ngy
Bng 1.5: c tnh lng CTR th pht sinh n nm 2025
Nm 2015 2020 2025
Dn s th (triu ngi) 35 44 52
% dn s th so vi c nc 38 45 50
Ch s pht sinh CTR th
1,2 1,4 1,6
(kg/ngi/ngy)
Tng lng CTR th pht
42.000 61.600 83.200
sinh (tn/ngy)
(Ngun: Tng cc mi trng tng hp, 2011)
1.4 Tnh hnh nghin cu v qun l v cc gii php cht thi rn trn th gii
Trn th gii, cc nc pht trin c nhng m hnh phn loi v thu gom
rc thi rt hiu qu: California M, Nht Bn, M, Php, Singapore.
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php khc nhau x l rc thi. T l rc thi c x
l theo phng php khc nhau ca mt s nc trn th gii theo bng 1.6.
Bng 1.6: T l CTR x l bng cc phng php khc nhau mt s nc
Ch bin
STT Nc Ti ch Chn lp t
phn vi sinh
1 Canada 10 2 80 8
2 an Mch 19 4 29 48
3 Phn Lan 15 0 83 2
4 Php 3 1 54 42
5 c 16 2 46 36
6 3 3 74 20
7 Thy in 16 34 47 3
8 Thy S 22 2 17 59

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Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

Ch bin
STT Nc Ti ch Chn lp t
phn vi sinh
9 M 15 2 67 16
(Ngun: i hc Thi Nguyn)
- Seosomu dong, Jung ku (2000) s lc v m hnh qun l cht thi rn
Hn Quc l m hnh h thng ngi gy nhim phi tr tin cng c xy dng
da trn c im ca a phng. Bn cnh m hnh , Hn Quc cn ban hnh cc
lut lin quan n vic phn loi cht thi. Do , h thng qun l cht thi rn Hn
Quc c nhng thnh cng nht nh nh thay i c thc ngi dn, gim
thiu, ti ch v ti s dng cht thi.
- Ti Nht Bn, nguyn tc thnh cng u tin trong qu trnh xy dng h
thng qun l cht thi rn chnh l lut l v h thng qun l cht thi rn c xy
dng trn c im ca a phng.
- Qun l cht thi rn c p dng nguyn tc 3R trong qun l cht thi rn
tng hp v l nguyn tc trong cc chnh sch v lut php ca c v qun l cht
thi rn. c rt ch trng quy c k thut trong vic vn hnh bi chn lp v mc
tiu chnh ca quy trnh x l cht thi ti bi chn lp chnh l lm gim hay lm cho
mi trng ti bi chn lp trong sch hn.
- Ti Thy in, nhng thnh ph t tr chu trch nhim thu gom v x l cht
thi rn sinh hot v cc loi cht thi tng t. Tr cht thi rn sinh hot m cc nh
sn xut chu trch nhim (nh bao b ng gi, giy bo, lp xe, t v cht thi t
cc sn phm in v in t). i vi cht thi khc, trch nhim ty thuc vo ch
c s sn xut, kinh doanh ni pht sinh cht thi. H thng thu gom ph bin nht
cho nhng ngi nh ring l 2 thng rc khc nhau, mt ng cht thi sinh hc v
mt ng cht thi khc. H thng thu gom ph bin tip theo l phn loi bng trc
quan, cc ti nilng c mu sc khc nhau c ng trong nhng thng rc tng t,
thng t trong 3 thng khc nhau. Cht thi sinh hc c em i phn, cn cc
loi cht thi khc c a vo cc nh my thiu t, bin cht thi thnh nng
lng nhit v in nng. Sau qu trnh thiu t, phn cn li gm x t l t v tro

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 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
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do qu trnh x l kh thi ng khi. Hu ht x c em i chn lp, nhng tro y

li c s dng, v d dng lm vt liu xy dng ng x.
Bn cnh , cc nc pht trin c nhng m hnh phn loi v thu gom rc
thi rt hiu qu:
- California: Nh qun l cung cp n tng h gia nh nhiu thng rc khc
nhau. K tip rc s c thu gom, vn chuyn, x l hoc ti ch, rc c thu gom 3
ln/tun vi chi ph phi tr l 16,39 USD/thng. Nu c nhng pht sinh khc nhau
nh: Khi lng rc tng hay cc xe ch rc phi phc v tn su trong cc ta nh
ln, gi phi tr s tng thm 4,92 USD/thng. Ph thu gom rc c tnh da trn khi
lng rc, kch thc rc, theo cch ny c th hn ch c ng k lng rc pht
sinh. Tt c cht thi rn c chuyn n bi rc vi gi 32,38 USD/tn. gim gi
thnh thu gom rc, thnh ph cho php nhiu n v cng u thu vic thu gom v
chuyn ch rc.
- Nht Bn: Cc gia nh Nht Bn phn loi cht thi thnh 3 loi ring bit
v cho vo 3 ti vi mu sc khc nhau theo quy nh: rc hu c, rc v c, giy, vi,
thy tinh, rc kim loi. Rc hu c c a n nh my x l rc thi sn xut
phn vi sinh. Cc loi rc cn li: giy, vi, thy tinh, kim loi,... u c a n c
s ti ch hng ha. Ti y, rc c a n hm c np y v c chy trong
mt dng nc c thi kh rt mnh vo cc cht hu c v phn gii chng mt cch
trit . Sau qu trnh x l , rc ch cn nh mt ht ct mn v nc thi gim
nhim. Cc cn rc khng cn mi s c em nn thnh cc vin gch lt va h rt
xp, chng c tc dng ht nc khi tri ma.
- M: Hng nm, rc thi sinh hot ca cc thnh ph M ln ti 210 triu tn.
Tnh bnh qun mi ngi dn M thi ra 2kg rc/ngy. Hu nh thnh phn cc loi
rc thi trn t nc M khng c s chnh lch qu ln v t l, cao nht khng phi
l thnh phn hu c nh cc nc khc m l thnh phn cht thi v c (giy cc
loi chim n 38%), iu ny cng d l gii i vi nhp iu pht trin v tp qun
ca ngi M l vic thng xuyn s dng cc loi hp, thc phm n sn cng
cc vt liu c ngun gc v c. Trong thnh phn cc loi sinh hot thc phm ch
chim 10,4% v t l kim loi cng kh cao l 7,7%. Nh vy rc thi sinh hot cc

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loi M c th phn loi v x l chim t l kh cao (cc loi kh hoc khng phn
gii c nh kim loi, thy tinh, gm, s chim khong 20%).
- Php: nc ny quy nh phi ng cc vt liu, nguyn liu hay ngun
nng lng nht nh to iu kin d dng cho vic khi phc li cc vt liu thnh
phn. Theo c cc quyt nh cm cc cch x l hn hp m phi x l theo
phng php nht nh. Chnh ph c th yu cu cc nh ch to v nhp khu khng
s dng cc vt liu tn dng bo v mi trng hoc gim bt s thiu ht mt vt
liu no . Tuy nhin cn phi tham kho v thng lng c s nht tr cao ca
cc t chc, nghip on khi p dng cc yu cu ny.
- Singapore: y l nc th ha 100% v l th sch nht trn th gii.
c c kt qu nh vy, Singapore u t cho cng tc thu gom, vn chuyn v
x l ng thi xy dng mt h thng lut php nghim khc lm tin cho qu
trnh x l rc thi tt hn. Rc thi Singapore c thu gom v phn loi bng ti
nilon. Cc cht thi c th ti ch c, c a v cc nh my ti ch cn cc loi
cht thi khc c a v nh my khc thiu hy. Singapore c 2 thnh phn
chnh tham gia vo thu gom v x l cc rc thi sinh hot t cc khu dn c v cng
ty, hn 300 cng ty t nhn chuyn thu gom rc thi cng nghip v thng mi. Tt
c cc cng ty ny u c cp giy php hot ng v chu s gim st kim tra trc
tip ca S Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng. Ngoi ra, cc h dn v cc cng ty
ca Singapore c khuyn khch t thu gom v vn chuyn rc thi cho cc h dn
vo cc cng ty. Chng hn, i vi cc h dn thu gom rc thi trc tip ti nh phi
tr ph 17 la Singapore/thng, thu gom gin tip ti cc khu dn c ch phi tr ph 7
la Singapore/thng.
1.5 Tnh hnh nghin cu v qun l v cc gii php qun l cht thi rn Vit
Nam
1.5.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu
Trong nm 2007, trong nghin cu Nghin cu nh gi hin trng, d bo
khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot pht sinh v xut gii php qun l ti th x Ty
Ninh, tnh Ty Ninh tc gi Ng Th Minh Thy v L Th Hng Trn bng cc
phng php iu tra trc tip v kho st thc a, phng php tnh ton v d bo

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khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot(CTRSH) pht sinh theo m hnh Euler ci tin
m t c thc trng qun l CTRSH ti th x Ty Ninh: h thng thu gom v vn
chuyn, phng thc thu gom, tn sut thu gom, tuyn thu gom, phng thc vn
chuyn v x l, ph thu gom, thnh phn CTRSH, d bo c khi lng CTRSH
pht sinh trong giai on 2008 2030. Qua hin trng thc t, cc tc gi xut
cc gii php qun l nh sau:
(1) Chng trnh phn loi ti ngun: chia lm 2 loi: cht thi rn thc phm
ng trong ti mu xanh, thng nha mu xanh; cht thi rn cn li ti v thng mu
xm. Tnh ton s lng thng rc, dung tch, v tr b tr ti h gia nh, cng s,
trng hc, ch, trung tm thng mi, siu th, nh hng, khch sn, bnh vin, khu
cng cng, ng ph. H thng phn loi theo 2 cp: cp 1 (phn loi s cp) ngay
ti ngun thi, p dng i vi cc i tng ch ngun thi bt buc phi thc hin
phn loi rc ti ngun v khuyn khch p dng ti khu vc cng cng; cp 2 (phn
loi th cp) phn loi cc thnh phn ring bit cho mc ch ti ch cht thi i
vi cc thnh phn cn li ngoi rc hu c sai khi phn loi cp 1 ti trm phn
loi ph liu tp trung. Cc gii php thc hin phn loi ti ngun bao gm: ci tin
h thng thu gom: p dng 2 h thng thu gom tch bit, tng tn sut thu gom , vch
tuyn thu gom v vn chuyn; x hi ha cng tc thu gom rc.
(2) Ci thin h thng qun l CTR cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thc t v ngn
sch a phng.
(3) Gim thiu, ti ch, ti s dng v thu hi CTRSH.
(4) Xy dng chng trnh quan trc cht lng mi trng khu vc bi chn
lp cht thi rn hp v sinh Ty Ninh.
(5) xut k hoch qun l CTRSH trn a bn th x Ty Ninh bao gm:
nhim v, c quan ch tr, c quan thc hin, c quan phi hp v thi gian thc hin.
M hnh qun l cht thi rn sinh hot p dng ti x Kim Chung, H Ty: Rc
thi c phn loi s b ti cc h gia nh lm 2 loi ra 2 thng khc nhau: rc hu
c v rc v c khng phn hy c. Hng ngy, cng nhn ca i thu gom a v
sn tp kt. y, rc c tip tc phn loi loi b cht v c. Phn hu c c
trn ln vi ch phm BioMicromix ri a vo b (xy dng 4 b , dung tch 30

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40 m3), thi gian ln men trong b ko di t 40 50 ngy, lm y b cn khong 10

ngy, chiu cao khi 1,2 1,5m c o trn to iu kin cho vi sinh vt hiu kh
pht trin. Khi qu trnh kt thc, ng xp xung, nhit xung di 4000C rc
c chuyn ra sn phi cho kh, sau c a vo nghin v sng phn loi. Phn
hu c (mn) tn dng lm phn bn. Nc rc c thu gom vo b cha qua h
thng rnh, khi khi b kh dng nc ny b sung. Cc cht v c c phn
loi: phn c th ti ch c bn cho c s ti ch; phn khng ti ch c em i
chn lp. Gch, ngi v dng san nn hay b tng ha, lt k ng i, xy mng.
Nm 2011, trong nghin cu M hnh x l cht thi rn sinh hot cho cc
th ln theo hng pht trin bn vng tc gi Nguyn Vn Phc v Nguyn Th
Thy Dim trn c s nghin cu, phn tch cc cng ngh x l cht thi rn th
khc nhau: chn lp, khng v c thu kh pht in, t kt hp pht in, sn xut
phn compost bng phng php hiu kh, phn hy k kh, thu mtan pht in v
phn bn cht lng cao, theo cc tiu ch k thut, kinh t nh vn u t, qu t
s dng, thi gian thu hi vn,v c bit l trn quan im gim pht thi kh nh
knh, ti chn cng ngh ln men mtan. Kt qu tnh ton theo cng ngh ln
men mtan cho thy vi lng cht thi rn pht sinh cc th ln nc ta khong
21.500 tn/ngy nh hin nay, trong thnh phn hu c chim 70 85 % s gim
thiu c 5.430.470tCO2eq/nm gp phn kim hm bin i kh hu v lng in
thu c khong 4.816MWh/ngy, gip hn ch vic s dng nhin liu ha thch,
tnh theo than l 2.000 tn/ngy. Bn cnh vic thc hin CDM t phng php
ny s lm tng tnh kh thi v mt ti chnh vi ch s IRR >12%. Ngoi ra, gii php
ny cn cho php tit kim c din tch khong 540 m2/ ngy (20 ha/nm) chn
lp rc.
Ngoi ra, hin nay ti Vit Nam mt s cng ngh x l c p dng thnh
cng ti cc a phng nh cng ngh Dano System ti Hc Mn, thnh ph H Ch
Minh; cng ngh ng tnh c thi kh ti nh my phn hu c, Cu Din, H Ni;
cng ngh Seraphin ti nh my x l rc ng Vinh, thnh ph Vinh, Ngh An; cng
ngh ASC ti nh my x l rc Thy Phng, thnh ph Hu,

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1.5.2 Tnh hnh qun l CTR ti mt s tnh Vit Nam

- Ti H Ni: Theo tnh ton ca Cng ty TNHH Nh nc mt thnh vin Mi
trng th (URENCO), mi ngy H Ni thi ra khong 3.000 tn rc thi sinh
hot, tc mt nm c trn di mt triu tn. Hin nay, ngoi URENCO cn c nhiu
n v khc cng tham gia thu gom rc nh Cng ty c phn Thng Long, Cng ty c
phn Ty , Cng ty c phn Xanh, Hp tc x Thnh Cng... nhng tt c vn
khng th thu gom ni v lng rc thi sinh hot ang ngy mt tng nhanh. Chnh v
vy m t l thu gom rc thi sinh hot cc qun ni thnh hin t khong 95%, cn
cc tuyn ngoi thnh mi ch khong 60%. Hin nay, H Ni vn cn 66% s x cha
c ni chn lp hoc x l rc thi. Khu vc ngoi thnh c 361/435 x, th trn
thnh lp t thu gom rc; trong c 148 x t chc chuyn rc i x l, chn lp
ti bi rc tp trung ca thnh ph (t t l 34%).
- Ti Cn Th: c tnh ton thnh ph thi ra khong 650 tn cht thi rn
sinh hot mi ngy, nhng t l thu gom t thp (khong 63% vo nm 2008, n
nm 2009 t l ny nng ln khng ng k), lng rc cn li c ngi dn thi
vo cc ao, sng, rch... Nng lc qun l cht thi rn sinh hot ti a bn cc qun
ni thnh nhn chung kh tt; nhng i vi cc qun, huyn ngoi thnh (C ,
Tht Nt, Vnh Thnh...) vic qun l cht thi rn sinh hot hiu qu cha cao.
- Ti TP. H Ch Minh: L mt th ln nn mc pht sinh cht thi rn
th hng nm ti TP.H Ch Minh rt cao. Theo s liu ca S Ti nguyn - Mi
trng, mi ngy trn a bn TP.H Ch Minh ra khong 5.800 - 6.200 tn rc thi
sinh hot, 500 - 700 tn cht thi rn cng nghip, 150 - 200 tn cht thi nguy hi, 9 -
12 tn cht thi rn y t. Ngun cht thi rn sinh hot chim t trng cao nht, ch
yu pht sinh t cc ngun: h gia nh, trng hc, ch, nh hng, khch sn.
- Ti ng Nai: Hin nay ton tnh c 4/7 khu x l rc thi sinh hot ang
trong qu trnh trin khai thc hin a vo s dng v 03 khu x l tp trung lin
huyn, lin th ang trong giai on lp d n u t. Theo S Ti nguyn v Mi
trng ng Nai, t l thu gom cht thi sinh hot ng Nai mi ch t 71%, cn
29% rc thi sinh hot ang thi ra mi trng cha c x l. Trong , tng khi
lng cht thi sinh hot pht sinh trn a bn ton tnh khong 1.167 tn/ngy, bao

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gm 1.080 tn cht thi sinh hot ngoi khu cng nghip v 87 tn rc trong khu cng
nghip. Tnh trng x l rc thi sinh hot gp nhiu kh khn do cha c nhiu bi
cha rc, khng c cc im trung chuyn rc.
- Ti Hng Yn: Theo thng k ca ngnh mi trng tnh Hng Yn, trung
bnh mi ngy mt ngi dn c 0,5 kg rc thi sinh hot, vi dn s hin nay ca tnh
khong 1,2 triu ngi th mi ngy ton tnh c ti 600 tn rc. Tnh n nm 2009,
ton tnh quy hoch c 627 bi rc thi sinh hot quy m thn, x. Tuy nhin,
theo thng k cha y ca ngnh th mi ch thu gom, x l c gn 70% lng
rc thi. Nh vy, mi ngy vn cn hng trm tn rc thi sinh hot b x trc tip ra
mi trng.
1.6 nhim mi trng do cht thi rn
1.6.1 nh hng ca cht thi rn n mi trng t
- t b nhim bi cc nguyn nhn ch yu sau:
Do thi vo t mt khi lng ln cht thi cng nghip nh x than, khai
khng, ha cht Cc cht nhim khng kh lng ng trn b mt s gy nhim
t, tc ng n cc h sinh thi t.
Do thi ra mt t nhng rc thi sinh hot, cc cht thi ca qu trnh x l
nc.
Do dng phn hu c trong nng nghip cha qua x l cc mm bnh k
sinh trng, vi khun ng rut gy ra cc bnh truyn t t cho cy sau
sang ngi v ng vt
- Cht thi rn vt ba bi ra t hoc chn lp vo t cha cc cht hu c
kh phn hu lm thay i pH ca t.
- Rc cn l ni sinh sng ca cc loi cn trng, gm nhm, vi khun, nm
mc... nhng loi ny di ng mang cc vi trng gy bnh truyn nhim cng ng.
- Cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t hot ng sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip
khi a vo mi trng t s lm thay i thnh phn cp ht, tng cht, gim tnh
thm nc, gim lng mn, lm mt cn bng dinh dng... lm cho t b chai cng
khng cn kh nng sn xut.Tm li rc thi sinh hot l nguyn nhn gy nhim
t.

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1.6.2 nh hng ca cht thi rn n mi trng nc

- Nc ngm xung t t cc cht thi c chn lp, cc h phn, nc lm
lnh tro x, lm nhim nc ngm.
- Nc chy khi ma to qua cc bi chn lp, cc h phn, chy vo cc
mng, rnh, ao, h, sng, sui lm nhim nc mt.
- Nc ny cha cc vi trng gy bnh, cc kim loi nng, cc cht hu c, cc
mui v c ho tan vt qu tiu chun mi trng nhiu ln.
1.6.3 nh hng ca cht thi rn n mi trng khng kh
- Rc thi hu c phn hy to ra mi v cc kh c hi nh CH4, CO2, NH3,...
gy nhim mi trng khng kh.
- Kh thot ra t cc h hoc cht lm phn, cht thi chn lp cha rc cha
CH4, H2S, CO2, NH3, cc kh c hi hu c...
- Kh sinh ra t qu trnh thu gom, vn chuyn, chn lp rc cha cc vi trng,
cc cht c ln trong rc.
1.6.4 Cht thi rn lm gim m quan th
- Cht thi rn, c bit l cht thi rn sinh hot nu khng c thu gom, vn
chuyn, x l s lm gim m quan th.
- Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do thc ca ngi dn cha cao. Tnh
trng ngi dn vt rc ba bi ra lng l ng v mng rnh h vn cn ph bin
gy nhim ngun nc v ngp ng khi ma.
1.6.5 Cht thi rn nh hng n sc khe con ngi
- Vit Nam ang i mt nhiu nguy c ly lan bnh truyn nhim, gy dch
nguy him do mi trng ang b nhim c t, nc v khng kh.
- Cht thi rn nh hng rt ln n sc khe cng ng, nghim trng nht
l i vi dn c khu vc lng ngh, gn khu cng nghip, bi chn lp cht thi v
vng nng thn nhim cht thi rn n mc bo ng. Nhiu bnh nh au mt,
bnh ng h hp, bnh ngoi da, tiu chy, dch t, thng hn,do loi cht thi
rn gy ra.
- i vi loi hnh cng vic tip xc trc tip vi cc loi cht thi rn, bn
cn (kim loi nng, hu c tng hp, thuc bo v thc vt, cha vi sinh vt gy hi...)

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s gy nguy hi cho da hoc qua ng h hp gy cc bnh v ng h hp. Mt s

cht cn thm qua m m i vo c th gy tn thng, ri lon chc nng, suy nhc
c th, gy ung th.
1.7 T ng quan v thnh ph Lt
1.7.1 V tr a l
Thnh ph Lt rng 394,64 km2 nm trn cao nguyn Lm Vin, ni c
cao khong 1.500 mt so vi mc nc bin, v pha ng Bc tnh Lm ng, a
gii hnh chnh c xc nh nh sau:
- Pha Bc gip huyn Lc Dng.
- Pha Nam gip huyn c Trng.
- Pha ng v ng Nam gip huyn n Dng.
- Pha Ty v Ty Nam gip huyn Lm H.
Sau t iu chnh a gii hnh chnh gn y nht vo nm 2009, Lt bao
gm 12 phng, c nh danh bng s th t t 1 n 12, v bn x Xun Th,
Xun Trng, T Nung v Trm Hnh.
a hnh Lt c phn thnh hai dng r rt: a hnh ni v a hnh bnh
nguyn trn ni. a hnh ni phn b xung quanh vng vao nguyn trung tm thnh
ph. Cc dy ni cao khong 1.700 mt to thnh mt vnh ai chn gi che cho vc
lng cho trung tm. T thnh ph nhn v hng Bc, dy Lang Biang nh mt tng
thnh theo hng ng Bc Ty Nam, ko di t sui Sar n h Dankia. Hai
nh cao nht ca dy ni ny c cao 2.167 mt v 2.064 mt. n ng pha ng v
ng Nam Lt l hai dy Bidoup v Cho Proline.
1.7.2 c im a hnh
Do nm trn cao nguyn nn a hnh ca thnh ph Lt a phn c cao
trung bnh t 1.300 1.550mt v c chia thnh 2 khu vc r rt:
Khu vc i thp: chim khong 15% tng din tch t nhin vi cc di i thp t
dc ( dc di 200), cao t 1.500 1.550 mt, y l a bn ch yu pht
trin kinh t x hi.
Khu vc ni cao chim 85% tng din tch t nhin cao ph bin t 1.300
1.500 mt, hu ht din tch c dc ln. Hin trng ch yu l t lm nghip.

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1.7.3 c im a cht
Thnh ph Lt c hnh thnh trong lch s vi nhiu loi m khc
nhau theo thi gian phong ha hnh thnh nhng lp ph th nhng vi cc loi
t khc nhau. c xp vo loi t feralit, c mu t nu , n nu vng,
vng, vng v vng do s hin din ca oxyt st trong t. Cng ln cao qu trnh
feralit cng yu i, trong t ch thy tch ly nhm m t tch ly st; v vy t l
SiO2/Al2O3 trong cp ht st cao hn vnh ai t di 1.000 mt.
1.7.4 c im kh hu
Do nm cao 1.500 mt v c cc dy ni cng qun h thc vt rng,
c bit l rng thng bao quanh, nn i lp vi kh hu nhit i gi ma ca min
Trung v kh hu nhit i xavan min Nam, thnh ph Lt c mt kh hu min
ni n ha du mt quanh nm.
Nm trong vng nhit i gi ma cn xch o nhng b chi phi bi quy lut
cao v nh hng ca a hnh nn kh hu ca Lm ng c bit l Lt c
nhng im c bit so vi vng xung quanh: mt lnh quanh nm, ma nhiu, ma
kh ngn, lng bc hi thp, khng c bo, to cho Lt c nhng li th ni tri
v mt s hn ch trong pht trin kinh t ni chung v s dng qu t ni ring.
Bng 1.7: Bng bin thin nhit thnh ph Lt
Kh hu Lt
Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nm
Trung bnh
22,3 24,0 25,0 25,2 24,5 23,4 22,8 22,5 22,8 22,5 21,7 21,4 20,6
ti cao (0C)
Trung bnh
11,3 11,7 12,6 14,4 16,0 16,3 16,0 16,1 15,8 15,1 14,3 12,8 14,3
ti thp (0C)
Lng ma
11 24 62 170 191 213 229 214 282 239 97 36 1.739
(mm)
(Ngun: Cc thng k Lm ng, nm 2011)
Li th:
- Rt thun li cho pht trin du lch v ngh dng, li th ny c pht huy
cao hn nhiu so vi ni khc nh u th v cnh quan v v tr a l.

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trn a bn thnh ph Lt

- Pht trin tt cc loi cy trng, vt nui c ngun gc nhit i v n i

ngay trong vng c kh hu nhit i cn xch o.
- Lng nc ti cho cy trng trong ma kh thp hn nhiu so vi cc vng
khc ng Nam B v Ty Nguyn.
- Kh nng ti sinh ca rng kh cao, thi gian bo qun nng sn v nht l
vi cc loi rau hoa qu kh di.
1.7.5 c im thy vn
1.7.5.1 Ngun nc mt
Lt nm v tr u ngun ca h thng sng ng Nai, thuc lu vc ca
4 nhnh sng sng ln l: a Nhim, a Tam, Cam Ly, Sui Vng.
- Sng a Nhim: Sng a Nhim nm pha ng thnh ph Lt l hai
nhnh chnh ca h thng sng ng Nai thuc a phn Lm ng; phn lu vc
nm trong a phn Lt c din tch khong 116km2.
- Sui Prenn: Nm khu vc pha Nam, c hai nhnh chnh l Datanla v
Prenn, din tch lu vc phn nm trn a phn Lt khong 121km2, hin c 2 thc
ni ting (Datanla, Prenn) v h Tuyn Lm, c vai tr quan trng trong pht trin du
lch v cung cp nc ti cho khu vc pha Bc huyn c Trng.
- Sui Cam Ly: Sui Cam Ly bt ngun t cc dy ni pha ng Bc ca
thnh ph, chy qua khu vc trung tm, sau v sng a Dng qua a phn T
Nung v khu vc Nam Ban thuc huyn Lm H. Din tch lu vc trong a phn
Lt khong 150km2, l ngun cung cp nc chnh v ng thi l trc tiu chnh cho
khu vc trung tm ca thnh ph. Hin nay, trn lu vc ny xy dng nhiu h
nc c vai tr quan trng trong pht trin kinh t - x hi ca thnh ph nh Xun
Hng, a Thin, Chin Thng, Than Th, Thi Phin,...
- Sui Vng: Sui Vng l mt nhnh ca sng a Dng, bt ngun t khu vc
pha Ty dy Liang Biang, lu vc ch yu nm trn a phn huyn Lc Dng, hin
c 2 h ln nm pha Ty Bc thnh ph l h Sui Vng v h an Kia, l ngun
cung cp nc sinh hot ch yu cho thnh ph, c vai tr quan trng trong pht trin
du lch v th mi ca Lt.

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 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

Nhn chung, sng sui trn a phn Lt c bc thm hp, sn dc, nhiu
thc ghnh, dng chy mnh v phn b khng u trong nm.
Lt c nhiu v tr thun li cho xy dng h cha nc iu tit dng
chy v gi nc li cho ma kh, nhng cng c hn ch l a hnh b chia ct nn
chi ph cho xy dng cng trnh dn nc kh tn km.
1.7.5.2 Ngun nc ngm:
Mc d l min ni, nhng Lt c tr lng nc ngm tng i kh, bao
gm:
- Nc ngm tng nng: Nc ngm tng nng ph thuc cht ch vo cc hot
ng khai thc ti nguyn trn b mt, ngng nc ngm tng nng ch dao ng
trong khong 3 7mt, tr lng trung bnh khong 0.1 1.01 l/s cht lng tt.
- Nc ngm tng su: Nc ngm tng su Lt c pht hin bi 2 tng
cha nc:
Tng cha nc l hng: Phn b ri rc khu vc C Giang, Thi Phin,
Cam Ly, Nam Thin vi din tch hp, b dy khng qu 10m, lu lng mch nc
t 0.1 0.2l/s, thnh phn ha hc thuc kiu Bicarbonat, khong ha t 0.08
0.1g/l.
Tng cha nc phun tro, trm tch axit, riolit, cui kt, sn kt..., su
tng nc tnh khong 30 50mt, mc giu ca nc tng ny khng u, lu
lng t 0.1 1.01 l/s, nu khoan su hn cng ch t 0.5 2.0 l/s, cht lng tt,
hin cha c khai thc.
1.7.6 Ti nguyn t
Theo bn t thnh ph Lt t l 1/25.000 ton thnh ph c 5 nhm vi
12 n v phn loi t.
Bng 1.8: Din tch nhm t TP Lt
Hng mc K hiu Din tch (ha) T l (%)
Tng din tch t nhin 39.106 100
I. Nhm t ph sa 414 1,06
1. t ph sa chua P-c-h 284 0,73
2. t ph sa gley P-gl-h 130 0,33

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Hng mc K hiu Din tch (ha) T l (%)

II. Nhm t gly 409 1,05
3. t gley chua Gl-c-h 409 1,05
III. Nhm t 1.060 3,48
4. t chua giu mn F-c-hu 284 0,73
5. t chua tng mt giu hu c F-c-um 561 1,43
6. t chua ngho Baz F-c-vt 515 1,32
IV. Nhm t en 558 1,43
7. t en giu mn R-hu-h 558 1,43
V. Nhm t xm 35.789 91,52
8. t xm X-cn-h 3.415 8,73
9. t xm rt chua si sn X-cn-skl 420 1,08
10. t xm vng X-cr-h 21.635 55,33
11. t xm giu mn tch nhm X-hu-nh 8.834 22,59
12. t xm tng mt giu mn rt
X-um-nn 1.484 3,79
chua
Sng, sui 576 1,47
(Ngun: Cc thng k Lm ng, nm 2011)
Qua so snh c im cc loi t Lt vi c im t ai ca Lm ng
cng nh tiu chun nh gi chung ca Vit Nam, c th rt ra nhn xt nh sau:
- ph nhiu t ai Lt tng i kh, din tch t b thoi ha chim
t l nh.
- Cc loi t thch hp cho pht trin nng nghip v i th l phn b kh tp
trung, thun li cho t chc khai thc v bo v.
- Tng dy t kh su, th hin:
Bng 1.9: T l din tch t phn theo tng dy
Hng mc n v Ton quc Lm ng Lt
Tng din tch % 100 100 100
Tng dy trn 100 cm % 48,01 59,46 72,50
Tng dy t 50 100 cm % 23,55 28,73 26,91

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Hng mc n v Ton quc Lm ng Lt

Tng dy di 50 cm % 27,44 11,80 2,04
(Ngun: Cc thng k Lm ng, nm 2011)
- dc ln, cng vi lng ma v cng ma ln nn t d b ra tri
v xi mn, tim n nguy c thoi ha nu khng c bo v tt v s dng hp l.
Bng 1.10: T l din tch t phn theo dc
Hng mc n v Ton quc Lm ng Lt
Tng din tch % 10.040 100 100
dc <80 % 46,30 20,66 2,53
dc t 8 200 % 11,65 16,56 27,22
dc >200 % 42,05 62,78 70,25
(Ngun: Cc thng k Lm ng, nm 2011)
- Kh nng gi nc v dinh dng ca t khng cao, k c t Bazan, cn
c bit ch trng bin php bo v v nng cao hm lng hu c trong t.
1.7.7 Ti nguyn khong sn
Trn phm vi Lt c cc loi khong sn chnh nh sau:
- Thic: Gm thic gc v thic sa khong, phn b cc khu vc chair, ni
arahoa (Lc Dng), cch trung tm Lt 15 30 km; khu vc Thin, Mng
Lin, Thi Phin, tr lng khong 16.000 tn.
- Cao lanh: Ton tnh c tr lng 520 triu tn, tp trung ch yu 2 m trn
a bn Lt l Tri Mt thuc x Xun Th v Prenn thuc phng 3.
- xy dng: Tp trung khu vc T Nung, Cam Ly, Lc Tin, Sui Vng,
Tri Mt.
Nhn chung, ngoi tr khai thc Cao lanh khu vc chn o Prenn v xy
dng khu vc T Nung, vic khai thc cc loi khong sn cc khu vc khc cn
c s cn nhc k lng, nht l gc bo v mi trng v cnh quan.
1.7.8 Ti nguyn sinh vt v h sinh thi
1.7.8.1 H thc vt
- Pha Bc: tip gip rng thng, y l rng trng ch yu cy thng 3 l
(PinuskesiyaRoyle ex Gordon), c cu trc hn giao theo tng. Bao gm 2 tng chnh:

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tng trn ch yu l cy thng 3 l c tui 10 20 nm, cao trung bnh 10

12m. Tng di l tng thm c cy bi nh chim khong khng gian 3 3.6m trn
mt t v 2 0.5mt n mt t. T thnh loi cy rt phong ph. H Ha Tho
(Poaceae) c s loi nhiu nht v chim u th, ngoi ra cn c nhiu bi c nh m
cc loi u th l Aristidacumingiana,...
thm c, c lu nm gi v tr quan trng, c 2 l mm xut hin vi s loi
kh nhiu, nhng lng c th ca tng loi t, mc ri rc vi nhng loi 1 l mm.
Thc vt pht trin theo ma: ma ma c pht trin mnh, n ma kh cy cht to
thnh thm kh d bt la gy chy rng.
- Pha Ty v pha Nam tip gip khu vc bi rc thnh ph.
- Pha ng tip gip rng cy tp vi mt phn b trung bnh.
Rng c 2 tng, khng c tng vt tn, tng cao bao gm cc cy h D
(Fagaceae), h Re (Lauraceae), h Ch (Theaceae), h Mc Lan (Magnoliaceae)
chim u th r rt. Cy thng c tm vc trung bnh cao, 8 12mt.
Tng cy di tn khng lin tc v c chiu cao khc nhau, bao gm cc c
th ca nhng loi cy chu bng, xen ln vi cy con ca nhng loi tng trn.
Tng cy bi thp, kh dy gm c cc loi thuc cc h Rubiaceae, Theaceae,
Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae. Trong tng cy bi thp nhiu loi tre mc ring r tng
cy thuc cc chi Arundinaria v Phyllostachys, mc (Caryotaocflandra). Tng c gm
c cc loi dng x ca cc chi: Asplenium,... ra rng xut hin mt loi gut l to
(Dieranopterissplendida). Nhng thc vt ph sinh gm c nhiu loi dng x thuc
cc chi: Trichomanes,...
1.7.8.2 H ng vt
Xung quanh tip gip rng thng 3 l non v rng tp ti sinh nn h ng vt
ch yu mt s loi chim nh s nh (Passer montanus), qu (Corvusmacrorhynchos),
cho mo (Pycnonotusjocosus), tro bo (Dicrurusmacrocercus), g rng
(Gallusgallus),...

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1.7.9 c im kinh t - x hi
1.7.9.1 Dn c
Theo s liu nm 2011, Lt c 191.803 c dn thnh th, tng ng 90%.
Cu trc theo gii tnh, thnh ph c 100.520 c dn nm v 111.176 c dn n. Cng
nh cc th khc, mt dn s ca Lt khng ng u, dn c tp trung nhiu
nht cc phng trung tm nh phng 1, phng 2, phng 6. ngoi thnh, c
dn sng ch yu bng nng nghip, lm nghip v tiu th cng nghip, trong
nng nghip chim mt phn quan trng. Khu vc ngoi thnh ca Lt r nt nht
l cc x Xun Trng, Xun Th v T Nung.
Bng 1.11: S liu dn s thnh ph Lt t nm 2005 2011
Nm 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Tng s dn
189.523 193.253 197.013 201.300 206.105 209.301 211.696
(ngi)
Mt dn s
485 491 489 512 524 532 536
(ngi/km2)

Nam gii (ngi) 92.542 94.465 95.017 96.500 99.508 99.581 100.520

N gii (ngi) 96.981 98.788 100.684 104.800 107.597 109.720 111.176

Dn s thnh th
170.188 174.878 176.563 181.200 185.509 188.225 191.803
(ngi)
Dn s nng thn
19.335 18.375 20.450 20.100 20.596 21.076 19.893
(ngi)

T l sinh (%) 17,48 17,34 - 17,9 16,31 14,87 14,76

T l cht (%) 5,61 3,61 - 3,71 3,61 3,28 3,27

T l tng t
11,87 13,73 - 14,19 12,7 11,59 11,49
nhin (%)
(Ngun: Cc thng k Lm ng, nm 2011)

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1.7.9.2 Kinh t
Lt c mt nn kinh t thin v cc lnh vc du lch, dch v v nng
nghip. Vo nm 2007, cc ngnh du lch v dch v chim n 70% tng sn phm
ni a ca thnh ph. Gi tr sn xut cng nghip theo gi thc t ca Lt nm
2011 t 2.047.400 t ng, tng ng vi Bo Lc.
Trong lnh vc cng nghip, thu ht nhiu lao ng nht l cc ngnh cng
nghip ch bin. Mt s sn phm ca Lt nh ru vang, tr Atis hay mt tri
cy t lu c bit n rng ri. Nh iu kin kh hu v th nhng thch hp,
Lt cn l vng t trng ch v c ph, cng l hai sn phm quan trng trong lnh
vc cng nghip ch bin ca thnh ph. Mt ngh mi pht trin trong nhng nm
cui th k 20 ti Lt l ngh thu, ni bt hn c l nhng sn phm tranh thu
ca Cng ty XQ Lt.
Trong thnh ph, cn c th thy s hin din ca cc Cng ty in n, may mc,
dt, ch bin tinh du, sn xut lm sn,... Nm 2011, thnh ph Lt c tc tng
trng kinh t t 17% tng gi tr kim ngch xut khu t 42,7 triu USD v thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi khong 26,6 triu ng.
1.7.9.3 Du lch
Vit Nam, Lt t lu l mt thnh ph du lch ni ting. Kh hu mt
m, ti nguyn thin nhin v nhn vn phong ph gip thnh ph mi nm thu ht
hng triu du khch ti thm ving v ngh dng. n nm 2009 s c s lu tr ti
Lt ln n 673 c s vi hn 11.000 phng v sc cha trn 38.000 ngi. Tuy
vy, phn ln cc c s lu tr ca thnh ph c quy m trung bnh hoc nh, mang
tnh c nhn, gia nh v thiu chuyn nghip. Trong 673 c s, ch 85 khch sn t
tiu chun 1 n 5 sao v 11 khch sn t 3 dn 5 sao. Cc khch sn ln tp trung ch
yu khu vc phng 1 v phng 2. Hiu sut thu phng ca cc khch sn ti
Lt khong 30 n 35% v phn b khng u trong nm, tp trung vo cc ngy l v
k ngh h.
Vi tui i ch hn mt th k, Lt khng c nhng l hi truyn thng lu
i. V th, t nm 2005, thnh ph bt u t chc Festival Hoa Lt, mt l hi
vi nhiu s kin cng cc hot ng ngh thut nhm gii thiu cc loi hoa a

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 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
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phng cng nh t nhng vng min khc. Nm 2007, d cha thc s c t chc
tt, Festival Hoa Lt ln th hai thu ht khong 120 ngn du khch ti thm.
Nm 2010 v 2012 c gn 300 ngn du khch n vi Lt trong sut 4 ngy ca
l hi. Trong nhng nm gn y, s lng khch du lch ti Lt vn tip tc tng.
1.7.9.4 Gio dc
Ngy nay, Lt vn l mt trung tm gio dc ca min Nam Vit Nam. Nm
2011, bc gio dc tiu hc v ph thng, ton thnh ph Lt c 44 trng, 1.763
gio vin v 37.71 hc sinh, trong 16.712 hc sinh tiu hc, 12.311 hc sinh trung
hc c s v 8.688 hc sinh trung hc ph thng. Thnh ph cng c 25 trng, 417
gio vin v 8.972 hc sinh bc mu gio.
Ti Lt cn c th thy s hin din ca hai trng i hc, 4 trng cao
ng cng cc trung tm gio dc thng xuyn, cc trng gio dc chuyn nghip,
cc c s gio dc c bit dnh cho tr em khuyt tt,... Trng i hc Lt tr
thnh mt trng i hc a ngnh vi 52 ngnh ngh ca cc bc o to t trung cp
chuyn nghip, cao ng, i hc, sau i hc n nghin cu sinh. Nm 2011, trng
i hc Lt c 22.665 sinh vin ang theo hc tt c cc bc o to. T nm
2004, thnh ph Lt c thm mt trng i hc mi mang tn Yersin. Hin nay,
trng i hc Dn lp Yersin Lt gm 8 khoa, o to 2.329 sinh vin trong nm
2011. Bn cnh cc c s gio dc, Lt cn c s hin din ca nhiu trung tm
nghin cu khoa hc quan trng, nh Vin sinh hc Ty Nguyn, Vin nghin cu ht
nhn Lt hay Vin Pasteur Lt.
Bng 1.12: Cc trng i hc, cao ng v trung cp chuyn nghip ti Lt
Tn trng Thnh lp C s tin thn a ch
Trng i hc 01 Ph ng Thin
1976 Vin i hc Lt
Lt Vng Phng 8
Trng i hc dn 01 Tn Tht Tng
2004
lp Yersin Lt Phng 8
Hc vin lc qun
1946 02 L Gia Phng 9
Lt
Trng cao ng s 1976 Trng trung hc 29 Yersin Phng 10

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Tn trng Thnh lp C s tin thn a ch

phm Lt Yersin
Trng cao ng Trng k thut 01 Hong Vn Th -
2007
ngh Lt Lt Phng 4
Trng cao ng
kinh t k thut Lm 2000 Trng k thut Lasan 25 Trn Ph Phng 4
ng
Trng cao ng y t Trung hc y t Lm 6B Ng Quyn
2009
Lm ng ng Phng 6
1A Tn Tht Tng
Trng trung cp du
2006 Phng 8; 10 L T
lch Lt
Trng Phng 2
(Ngun: Cc thng k Lm ng, nm 2011)

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CHNG 2 I TNG VA PHNG PHAP NGHIN CU

2.1. i tng v phm vi nghin cu
2.1.1 i tng nghin cu ca ti
- CTR pht sinh trn a bn TP (CTR thng thng, cht thi y t, cht thi
nng nghip, cht thi xy dng,...).
- Cng tc qut rc ng ph ca lc lng cng nhn, cng tc thu gom v
x l CTR.
- Cng tc qun l CTR t cc c quan chc nng.
2.1.2 Gii hn phm vi nghin cu
- Khng gian nghin cu: phm vi TP Lt.
- Thi gian nghin cu: s liu nghin cu t nm 2008 tr ln.
2.2 N i dung nghin cu
- Kho st, iu tra, thu thp cc s liu v:
iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi.
iu tra, kho st thc t quy trnh qut nht,thu gom, phn loi, lu gi, vn
chuyn v x l CTR ca thnh ph Lt.
- Kho st thc t ti bi chn lp CTR.
- Nghin cu ti liu v cc bin php qun l, cng ngh x l CTR.
- Tng hp d liu, nh gi chung hin trng qun l v xut cc gii php
nhm qun l CTR mt cch hiu qu trn a bn TP Lt.
2.3 Phng php nghin cu
2.3.1 Khung tin trnh thc hin ti

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Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii

php qun l hiu qu CTR trn a
bn TP Lt
-Thu thp ti liu, s
-Thu thp ti liu, s liu.
liu. - Kho st thc t, kt
Tng quan v CTR iu kin TN, nh
- Phn tch, tng hp hp phng vn.
hng pht trin KTXH ca TP
thng tin, ti liu. - kin chuyn gia.
- kin chuyn gia, - Tnh ton, d bo
kt hp phng vn. khi lng CTR, dn
Tnh hnh pht sinh CTR Hin trng
s.
qun l CTR trn a bn TP
- Phn tch tng hp
s liu.

-Thu thp ti liu. nh gi hin trng qun l CTR trn a

bn TP
- Tham kho ti liu.
- kin chuyn gia, -Thu thp ti liu.
kt hp phng vn. - Tnh ton chn
- Phn tch, tng xut cng c, gii php qun l hiu lp.
qu CTR trn a bn TP - Tham kho ti liu.
hp.
- kin chuyn gia,
kt hp phng vn.
Kt lun Kin ngh - Phn tch, tng hp.

Hnh 2.1: S khung tin trnh

2.3.2 Phng php nghin cu c th
2.3.2.1 Phng php iu tra thu thp ti liu, s liu
- K tha kt qu nghin cu ca ti trong v ngoi nc c cng b
lin quan n vn qun l cht thi rn.
- Cc ti liu tham kho c lin quan n ti:
Nin gim thng k ca tnh Lm ng, nm 2011.

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Ti liu lin quan n d bo dn s, tnh ton cht thi rn pht sinh, xy

dng bi chn lp hp v sinh.
Tham kho cc ti liu v qun l cht thi rn.
Tham kho s liu t c qun trc tip thc hin cng tc qut nht, thu gom
x l cht thi rn trn a bn thnh ph Lt.
2.3.2.2 Phng php d bo dn s, d bo lng CTRSH pht sinh
Phng php d bo dn s
d bo din bin dn s ca TP Lt n nm 2020 ta dng cng thc
Euler ci tin, c biu din nh sau:
N i*1 N i r N i t

Trong :
N i*1 : s dn sau 1 nm

N i : s dn ban u

r : tc tng trng dn s (% nm)

t : thi gian (nm)
Phng php d bo lng CTRSH pht sinh
Din bin khi lng cht thi rn th ph thuc vo din bin dn s v
din bin tc pht thi CTRSH, su xa hn th n ph thuc vo tc th ha,
tc cng nghip ha, tc tng trng kinh t, nhu cu v tp qun tiu dng ca
ngi dn
Cn c trn cc iu kin pht trin kinh t v nh hng quy hoch th TP
Lt, khi lng CTRSH ca TP Lt n nm 2020 c tnh nh sau:
Khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot c tnh qua tc thi rc bnh qun u
ngi ca nm cn tnh v s lng ca nm cn tnh:
M N r
Trong :
M: khi lng CTRSH ca nm cn tnh (kg/ngy; kg/nm)
N: dn s ca nm cn tnh (ngi) (p dng cng thc Euler)
r: tc thi rc bnh qun u ngi ca nm cn tnh.

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2.3.2.3 Phng php xc nh lng rc thi c thu gom

Tin hnh theo di vic tp kt rc thi ti cc im tp kt rc thi ca tng
phng m s xe y tay cha rc trong mt ngy, tun v trong thng. Cc xe
y tay c ch n im tp kt vo ng gi quy nh v cho ln xe ch rc
chuyn dng ca cng ty mi trng th. Vi phng php m s xe v cn xc
nh thnh phn, t l rc thi s gip bit c khi lng rc thi pht sinh hng
ngy. Do lng rc thi thng l n nh t cc ngun thi, rt t b bin ng. Nn
tin hnh xc nh khi lng v sau tnh trung bnh.
2.3.2.4 Phng php phn tch v tng hp
S dng cc phn mm word, exel tng hp, phn tch cc s liu thu
thp c.
Phng php phn tch - tng hp s c s dng xuyn sut trong qu trnh
nghin cu, c thc hin qua cc cng on: thu thp d liu, kim tra d liu, phn
tch d liu v kim tra kt qu phn tch:
- Bc th nht: s dng h thng th vin khoa hc ca chuyn ngnh tm
nhng bi bo lin quan n vn nghin cu.
- Bc th hai: r sot xem trong s cc nghin cu c truy tm , c bao
nhiu ti liu t tiu chun v mt khoa hc.
- Bc th ba: chit cc s liu v d liu. Sau khi xc nh c i tng
nghin cu s tin hnh ln k hoch chit s liu t cc nghin cu .
- Bc th t: xem xt cc kt qu phn tch v tnh ton thm mt s ch tiu
khc nh gi tin cy ca cc kt qu phn tch.
2.3.2.5 Phng php so snh
So snh hin trng qun l cht thi rn ca thnh ph vi l thuyt c
hc.
2.3.2.6 Phng php kho st thc t kt hp vi phng vn
Vic trc tip iu tra trn a bn tng phng, iu tra tm hiu tnh hnh
qun l rc thi, cc im tp kt rc ca cc phng, tham quan tm hiu v bi rc,...
c nhng nhn xt nh gi khch quan, chnh xc v hin trng thu gom, vn
chuyn, x l cht thi rnca thnh ph.

36
Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

2.3.2.7 Phng php tham kho kin

a ra nhng phng php ph hp vi ni dung nghin cu, ti tham
kho kin ca cc chuyn gia, cn b qun l, cn b trc tip qun l v mi trng
ti thnh ph.

37
Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

CHNG 3 D KIN KT QU T C
- Kho st, thu thp c cc iu kin t nhin kinh t x hi ca thnh ph.
- nh gi c hin trng CTR, hin trng qun l CTR hin nay nh th no.
- nh gi c thc t quy trnh qut nht, thu gom v x l CTR ca TP.
- nh hng ca CTR i vi cc mi trng t nhin, con ngi.
- Thu thpc s liu t d bo c mt dn s ca TP Lt.
- Tinhtoan clng CTR pht sinh n nm 2020.
- Tng hp tt c d liu t s a ra c nhng bin php x l, bin php
qun l ph hp, hiu qu CTR trn a bn TP Lt.

38
Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
 Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

CHNG 4 TIN THC HIN

Thi gian
STT Ni dung thc hin Kt qu
thc hin
15/02/2016
1 - Vit cng. cng nghin cu.
18/03/2016
- Kho st thc a, phng vn ngi Bng s liu.
2 04/2016
dn v cc c quan c lin quan.
- X l s liu.
04/2016
3 - nh gi nh hng ca cac nhn t Kt qu phn tch.
09/2016
ivimcsnlong chi tr.
4 - Bo v cng. 06/2016 Bi bo co.
- xut gii php qun l hiu qu 09/2016
5 Cc gii php.
CTR trn a bn TP Lt. 12/2016
6 - Bo v ti. 12/2016

39
Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015
Kho st hin trng v xut cc gii php qun l hiu qu cht thi rn
trn a bn thnh ph Lt

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2012. Bo co hin trng mi trng quc gia
2011 Cht thi rn, H Ni.
2. Cc thng k Lm ng, 2012. Nin gim thng k Lm ng 2011, Lm
ng.
3. Jennings and Eric Thomas, 2011. Imperial Heights: DaLat and the Making and
Undoing of French Indochina, Berkeley: University of California Press.
4. Lut bo v mi trng s 52/2005/QH11, ngy 29/11/2005, H Ni.
5. Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP v Qun l cht thi rn, ngy 09/04/2007, H
Ni.
6. Ng Th Minh Thy v L Th Hng Trn, 2007. Nghin cu nh gi hin
trng, d bo khi lng cht thi rn sinh hot pht sinh v xut gii php
qun l ti th x Ty Ninh, tnh Ty Ninh.
7. Nguyn Hu Tranh, 2001. Lt nm xa. Nh xut bn thnh ph H Ch
Minh.
8. Nguyn Ngo c Nng, 2011. Hin trng v gii php qun l, ti s dng rc
thi sinh hot v khu vc th ti thnh ph Thi Nguyn, i hc Nng Lm
thnh ph H Ch Minh.
9. Nguyn Vn Phc v Nguyn Th Thy Dim, 2011. M hnh x l cht thi
rn sinh hot cho cc th ln theo hng pht trin bn vng.
10. Trng Tr, 1993. Lt, thnh ph cao nguyn. Nh xut bn thnh ph H
Ch Minh.

40
Tn Lng Thc Khanh
Cao hc qun l Ti nguyn Mi trng 2015