NEOLIBERALISM. as €XCEPTION MUTATIONS 1X CITIZENSHIP Ailnoa OngAddnowagments i oduct: Nedra Exception, Exception 0 Neolberasm 1 1. Etim Contention 1 Sit Soi: Fein Vinue wader Moderate sla” 3 2 Oybepubls and he Pele of apie Chins ae 53 1, Space of Governing 1 Gada Soveigny 75 4 Zoning Tehnclogiesn East ia 97 UL, Girt of Bspetie 6. Lact or How Marts Sch he Bound of ‘Goverment 6. Higher Lasingin Global Space no >. labor Aree: Diplicerens ap Berlin Sion Valley 17 IN The igre 1. Baroque Ecloerexen Cienthip 177 9 A iocstography Maid, Neodaver and nC08 195 10, Reengineering ih "Ciese Soin Shang? 29 iggy 261 Indes 29_Newiration a Exeption, Bugsion 1 Netibrtion [Naat seems to mean many diferent things depending on ones ane tage pone In mach of he wor eas Become a ede word for Americ’s oreeweesing ove. Asan politician an puns vew Amex noliber als as sty of mre domination ha uses inermodiais such asthe Intemational Meret Fund (0) pry open al economies nd expose ‘hem w rade pole thr play havoc with the nations’ preset a tare economie wellar. For empl, in the decade ofthe emerging Asan econo es (1985-908, Asta ade proc that Asa ci sy 0° to mer the milieu of advanced ikea democracies, bit it as barely been inves ted ous Now Aantstations. Indeed, one can sy tht “coacmic ‘obaizaton” indexes this dsembedding and embedding of neh - Vials azoss mil lb sts. ‘Neoiberaism as exception deployed in poi stings a vated as postcolonial, authoritarianism, and posse The sped ore Heal eleltons and choices has been abr by intentional agers suchas the World Rankin the orm of pesrptions ich a poli etre rencurilisn” in merging countries, where dicoines of iJon leaning ndexperese encourage cient sel manage nd compet in plobal know age markets Asan array of techniques centered on th optimization of ie, eleraism migrates rom it to site, tracing with various assemblages that ennot be anaytiely reduced 0 case of nfo lol coniton of “Neier” writ lage. Wine then ae the consepual mpicatons of ola modes f goneming —asexcepion anda exceptions oer oar thinking on che changing form ac thie inenship? iparcaaonsof Ciizonbip ‘A angle fanalss ha hovers above diy lites the easels ads ‘ments nd readhstments of ethics in reainship to ongoing ex forces ‘Special, markeriven intsons have etgnd fieenship clement in slterent ways, hus cullenging ented model of eizensip on the one hand, nid the national amework ofits ans, on thee eisbecoming increningly clear that the tempera dimension of ctzeship sks ed than we had previously presumed, a Hows of people and ides atenate censhp protcetions, and now asiulitons of his cnerge in noel po Tl paces lretoor,jnlueileanceps of cizership have been based on bie ary opposition between the ight of cizeaship oot in 3 national te tory and a stateless condition ouside the nation st, This politic egal “eonrp ssc the practical ety tha ony the tion ciple ‘ment eizenshipenidements and protections clined through recgized pole membership. Indeed, czership a polical ai continue to be ‘excedingly important foray seckers and efges, fOr whom pain, «iizemshipinahost county isthe most ase nap toward being ecg + ‘modern human beings.” Nevers, contempt Hows of ep and | rmgzaes have ineracted with sovereignty and ght cours i complex ays to dsetangleczensip dime one knotted together in singe, errand mas. As many have ote, formal ctizeship by ie seldom guaranices that ‘oe wl be able to vote and partic in poi ie pole rights), oF receveequal testment under thea (¢ right), Consent. H. Mar shale tv ral ig cere dnc of wl pecs or ‘women, the poor, mina, and others vulnerable t ger, cs, and ‘cal dsrinination tht undercts thst sanding cl czas The cexevensedhcentuy conception of czeship—ar imagine poll dent, 2 he right to equal rights —s rote in the assumption tha the ‘tion state cons cient dha i elaively stable and edt the me sional ersiton Morereceny the cours ofrghs as incr srtegy tat opens up the space of share eizenship beyond the train ofthe nation state incorporating the disruptions and Hows of globalization. This opening allows foedcbatesove the varity ofetzenship ins athe loc and ego eves ‘within the Euepean Union (0). Prorght movements ak aboot “sag rating” ckizemhip int dire bundles of rights and benef, so that European sates ca diel incerpoatedivese non-European migrants ad nonctizens.” Icha bon cum that imited bene and i ights ‘conte 2 form of par czeshi, or Spstasonl” plicl member ship for migrant workers. ® Such dns of posnatonalctizeship may have6 Iran craggrrted the gis mae by migrants without ral einen! One ‘may abo ad tat 2 negative proces of daggrgation i ao under i, este the dominant discourse of ight, Maslin social ighs re bei, lame the welire ste shrinks especilyin Germany) in reopen bal markets. The proces of dsagregang eights and benef in favor of ‘mir, and agsne the ieee of workers, under wayin Euope. Tonecve ofthe dsaiculition ane tearclation of cies li cat The new games of cizership elements, ag, at nde linked wo damic and varied condos engendered by mail aliberel technologie of governing and sl goveming, Trae spatial and remporel Alimensions to the dsconnetion snd reconnection among ctzeship ele ‘ments and techniques of unferered capitan. Fin, conioncits formes ‘edo cieashp~rights enhmens a wellas ation an tersitoiiy— 21 becoming dsartculted from one another a reaiclitd with gore ing araegies thar promote an economic logic in defining, rating, and rcetng cern categories of mjects nd no cer. In some mca he nelbea exception ges value alsa practices andl governing subjects as prefered tens Meanie, ther segments ofthe population ne ecepea rom neoliberal stra andl has ended exndable a cizens and subjects. Variations in nv apis oe in performance of ket lt intensify exiting sci and moval negli whe Nuting poll sino beween national and focign poplin In global circuits, educated and se propulsive inv cam ci- ‘ship like enilerents and beef, even a the expense of etre ens. Expatriate olen constine form of movable enidement witout foxmaleizenship. Cizens who are dered to complacent or lacking in olheral poenil may be ueated as leseworthy bjs. Lawl ci ens and migrants become exept neoliberal mechani an arecon- structed as exclude populations in wane sued in ane out of zone growth, We ar begining wo sea detacment of niet frm poll membership and national eitory, a certain eights and bene are di tribe ro bearer of marketable talents ad dened tthe who arg to lick such capacity or potential. The neler excepion i aie 0 2 morale sytem of distbative juice tat detachable fom legac 2eoship stars. Aricuations Beween izenshp eanents,cteprencuta ‘sts, and gob crcuitsSagrnent what we lng aimed tobe 3 homage neous collectivity annie space of tens, A concep oss | ls and reaeations of eiizenship cements with rechnoogis of 0 asm and of exceptions to neil ents the problem-space for ‘he investigation of meaionsincizeship and vale giving rte, ‘Secon arclaton alu eft discursive practice a ongoing negot ‘on of cizeshi in conditions of dplcement.Atciton a a conc ‘temporary permits the explrtion of cima contingent emergence within pricuarasemblages of marker rations, poles, and ethics he tess on dscurive negation or easton of conrcitry elements within the space of conjuncture sideeps 2 prectemin! opposition or iuhersary postion among emexe but maintains coneptal openness ‘o unexpected possibilities an mictons. Homi Bhabha has alo noted the "woreadctory and abil pe of cunton” tat hep elt meanings unstable as dey are apeopited a renerpeeted anew in the croscurensof power A conte speci allows us cape how opposing iterpretation and cane can al Go itrupt, slow dwn, de lect, and negate neoliberal logis and inatives The tempor of rans mission, tansation, and agora inti crating pa i ah with policl compli, comingen and ambiguity “The temporality of enunciains a the itenccton of pate even and forest reson tobe wary ofsccping chins about oxmepoia ci ship. For instance, Jigen Haters has bemoaned the onslaught of de regulated markt adits cretonof "democratic defi” in public ife "He alle forthe creaon af Earope-wide pai phere and consaon tac can defend chersed ideas: exci secur, plc secil serves, gender and cass noms, ejection of dhe Jeath penal, ands on. Such dims oft "European civilization and shared otal democratic ref rowing «coxmopoian thinking and eli, and a emergent discourse of coop ‘tan cnenhip. European commentators have pointed new global public sphere heacivteso malt agencies soch the Unite Nation nd human ight organization. Ba flings of sary and reatrincse es cao be confted with the conscton fatal instintonsof Coe ‘mopolianism. Tndced, sore observers hae argued that the lurized wot ‘communities sok by Kansan Comopolaniam aes mse Sel dan ‘ea: The United Nations lade te power to enforce its many struments fn man rights, andi i highly sacepile to the infunce of Fading ‘ations t nt humanitarian nervetions~ or launch lary invasions. Inde the American preemptive invasion of rag wat a serous Mow to the ‘eal ofcoumopolita sight apts wear onthe United Nations will = «cover is lost mandate topekon ealofll of aman. Frtbermere, the avat of Cosmopoltnism —indviduaism, univer, and geeraliy — Inve hsv alo been asocited wih the conqie at ransormatin of nor Earopean societies Dacor of Cosmopolitan hive ben 2 vital part of ce cvlzing mision of imperialism, and they hve thus bet treed with sepiim by populations in formerly colonia eens” "Thus, ie important that our anaysis of czeship specify the situate nature of enunciation in x Bld of spacetime intrelationships thot relying on atelos of predeteminedineviebilty. Te uated eranglements of gopoliis, market logic, exceptions, and ec dcourserguie ao cept openness wo contingency, ambivalence uneranouteomes Soe and pion In recent years the pies f sovereignty have become ak isu in ‘tes im te nature af modem power One poston sake oat by the new interatonal eations” schoo) Jon Rng maintains that despite claims tat globalization weakens sate power sovereignty an aie of “teil defined ed and mull exlsve ccs leptimate do ion? In contrast to his unitorm pili, pastcolonal views inside the clo legay of te bite tte? based onthe shana vie continuo structure sovereign rain ffi More moaned ews A ‘a sveregty nclade desripsons of the sate pparati azooned in the pital, f guison-enmepoes, corporat rae and Ne admired spe. My concerns overlap with these, but my conception i i ferent inno seckig spatial dane in colonial anedents of divide an rls in soving bigands of militarized accumulation, oi a inson of| “pol cepa and noos Rath, my foe ison the seeve deployment ofthe neaiberl excep ‘on, onthe one hand, an exceptions to libris, on the ae, that ate ‘trumentaliz in the izing practices anereigny, This suing dynamic auld by peoiberalm nd i nceptons i dine in East Asim eovironments, where the state end to be robe and ena con aed the weak and dered political formations in fic. Asmentionc oe, Schmit’ view of tate soverigty is kd on the strategic an sta ional exec of power tha sponds occ al challenges by lavoking _xeponsto poll nomi “Allan he ages ison ay?™" ‘The comtngentexpottion ofthe excption as nplib ehnoloie, ‘exsions frm eoiberalie—iklfily ppc in some Asian contexts Forinstanc, che reemergence of China onto the for acne was marked bythe exaton of “Speci Beonomic Zone (62) and “Special Admini tetion Regions” sa). Tese new spaces were bought into being by tech. niques ofalelave choice isinonalize in mechaniss and proces ‘thar mark out speci paces of abo markets, inetmnent oppo, ad ‘elative administrative freedom. Calclatve mechanisms tt code thse specs zones incl speciation and invest schemes, tba bad infra development, and son degre of atonomous rae THe Joie ofthe exception in hisase was to mes the css of ened soca ‘roxkction ato Iunch mater reforms that produced spaes and cond sons ally at ods with hoz inthe et of the centr (chap 4) 1n Asan miles the option of exception ha allow tats o cave up {cir owm tevtry wo they can bee engage and compet inal makes ‘Neniberal aclations ar applied to preties f ham enor ort ‘the enna of populations trough the reinsrption of geographiel space © Asthe ase of Chin ilsrats,2oing tednolgie ene aleraiv ter ‘orate for experiment in eonomi reom and enteprenei ctv, “The loge ofthe exetion fragment hua estoy nthe interests of Soxging specif, aia and contingent connections ogo cus, The resling pane f rated 0” varggated sovereignty ens thatthe ste «an both fc global clenges and ecu order al grown. alo cai ‘rove har hese sree produced deo the loi ofthe esepin re ‘eof the “Enlightenment” package of re marker cology, mar pol ‘a iberasn, an putiatry citizen subjects. While the ae reins for smal sonercigny, coxpoations and malate ages fequny ener de facto contol overt onions oflving, boring, and nigration of opal Son in special zones, AS the adie conto enh and te toi once Fose in sovereign eae reed apr, we sce wha ain ‘act overlapping sovereigns. The neoliberal exepion this pik open the seam beeen soveregay and cinema, generating scene depres of insecurity for owl citzens and iran who wl ave tolook beyond these forthe safeguarding of iris ‘The exception thu lows the instonsization of innovative i ‘dminisration that goes beyond what ean be suggested by the view dat Aine economic ston Fld in a mk formation. Se view the appropriate sa for examining the spaces of economic globalization 8 p> ‘xtng administrative units suc as lec cin province, county and {ional economy Another view hota the fs of loa fret ae ‘staggered aconing personal aban, ational, and regional aes These isthe danger, however, that the language of sales projets conceparchitec hat ato taking ie too Iraly The images of wales ‘svages thi mark calolstons ae iter in an economist ero opti lndsape, when we shold view space a constantly sii anu seck wo redescribe material as 2 costal emergent pes The log of space of exception i tha they are not alway dele by prior pot hound but ough ito erence by neoliberal calsaltions tht demarcate human teria in elation to opportunites eesete bythe delete motliation of ows and ecu, “The sovereign excepcon for instance, has become more esi ial ion to “external” spaces and populations 2s well. Ta some Arian contents, «hes technopolialeconcptualation of the asic pois ofthe ‘eternal environment in tems of hui "ecorptem” Fr or the notion that the nainstate rsSed terior, eteprscarl governmental ‘oral xpes rowedge, and sills om fr Bung sources Theresa ier ‘esting convergence betes the loge of optimization an esgic prin ‘ips of bioicinterdependence and synergy tat eomes fom adensity of intercon. As technocrats redesign the Aan ty nit exter xvi men, the maional teria i both fragmented into specced modes and ‘tended asthe homeland (eke embeded nan eeescnt ste” ‘of global apizain. Foe inane, Singaporean rechacerat me semi Inowicdge capital, esearch instiations, ad sence to develop 4 ibe frome in biotehnologieal mace, Feologil pile of munery, che foxmation, symbiosis nd synergy among. ral mas of ier informa Pita sratepesfor repastoning the home nation in tranationalyace fi and eau bropolialierrationships hap), (Contingent sptializatons reveal tha the log ofthe exception lloms innovative combinations of iipinary and rgulry regimes in trans ‘ational production neqwors. On the ope hand, the cacograpy af exo omic lbalization ino irarchia scheme of ha natonal, mete Pitan, andi velo vided into Wester xis f regulation ves Asin societies of isiptne On the oes, Hare and Negi nvoking Giles Deleuze, make an octal chim tht we atin tasiten fom dcpiary society to the society of conta ia which “mechanism” of contol Bene more “democrat” and are “bued hoghou th ran and odo ‘the cies” ahr than through the operation of fpf iiplinary tech nologies. Te systems of control ar “ee loting” and regulon inmate, Producing “a smooth sace of uncoded and deteriteriized flows” This _ssumed loblzed niormiyin abo egies prmps Hadad Negi 20 ‘him tht the “eocalation” of productive force has contexte li tor exploitation, making i “non-plase” ale Despite the quick embrace ofthis formulation, i a mistake to asia feible tnnational act ‘works with nondsptinay Ibor, fer ethnographic research revels that ‘eansational preucion stim continue to ep increr modes of hor ental ‘The logic of exception in global capitis allows the combination of managerial and bee rege in ranoatonal etworks that eave sited spaces—or“lades"—shaped bythe coordination of systems of gover meray and regimes of lor incarceration. Again, research shows that labor ais and eben tend to be highl contexts pci and they donot «easly coalesce intl mass movement or mite, with ts promise of ba tizensip Tn soa, whe busines management practices ae highly ‘mobil, thir tansmissio,tansation, and implementation ia divers ones nealsysanted ying onan aay finite labor practices that are centingent an varied in th pie ponies (chap) The oxilaon bree neoliberal as excepson and exception © 20 era halo engendered ethical geographies emergenspaceof would tbe NGo adminsratin, For insane, the nterton of polio incision and of exclusion creates vations is which alemed expatriates ar incorpo- ated a prototypical ea ent, whe lori ngrane rough or Lhbor eration ae potiicaly excluded. Suck noncisensFequety appl noe co the state, but wo nonstate ageneicr o protec thei righ a ign workers and outers Here, N60 action of tims for migrane workers, ‘rfc individuals, and ilu sect ncesngly depend on normative mechani that ean map spaces that are exceptions to aor. These spaces are sugested by the crcltons ef migeat labor and dhe dseibtion ofthiexplotaton. By mapping bincartograpty oft policy exe, _cosnegorie with tious goverment and cull autho foratrane inal sense of moral esponsbiiy to migrant workers and ached in has, nshor, emergent geographies of aims are mapped now polit cal stems tha are neither tate nor mar, bu that arcuate wi bth (chap 9). Question of zenship an ethics rth entangled in the iter section oie insituions that aden spaces, bo ani Sher ifs sro Ei? “Techniques of camomic globalization ar invested with a moval cas about more orks worthy subjects, practices, iss, and wins ofthe oon Esha is sed herein the ancicat Greco-Roman sense ofa peace oftheseer normative ehniques in secre for ating 3 paiular mode of binge” An ec regine can therefore be ensued a ase of ling suidedby gen values forconstating onc nine with pacuar eth soa Relgions—and, 1 would argue, feminism, humnitariansm and ober scones of vite are ethic regimes fostering purl forms of sl ‘coo nd visions of he goodie Ethical nodons of izrahipncladete preson of nstoml spit, agle of being subjcts who expres he key ‘ales ofa parclar nation, I the fcmation of ration Sates, national ‘ar, humanism, ad religins have interacted in shaping an "imagine con ‘unig shared vison ofthe common good.” Some lrgercanepions of cizethp an be trace hick to Enlight ment ida of share any. At he cof he Seon Work! Wat an rah Arendt posed dhe queson of eur “human contin” in the mi "Europe awash with refuges and tle peoples, Ourhuman condo, she goed, ic given tout inthe three Kinds of nena human actives in which we engage as bilgi fe forms, a aborng ings, ns politcal sux0e. This conception of unife human condition beste she bai of otal chims by the stateless for the ight ro ctizeshin. Once agai, in & Europe ood wit migrants, Giorgio Agamben has ees Arend’ id of te human condition, Bese of their exehion fom nations citizenship lundocumente workers, asylum sekes, and war recs, he argues, a8 ‘ela! tothe inhuman condition of bare" Tha, the mverig ate ‘he prvtcer both of moder humanity by hing protection to cena ‘of hare if, by denying tt noncizens. Only the erasure ofthe divson ‘eeween People (pia body) ad people exci boy) hems «an estoze humanity to the pleblly ec wha have heen denied itzen sip There is thus a hit om dseusing tiensip a simply ight cr owed by the nations, oa broader solidarity with nontizens whose ‘hms frincasion ia the hums any are parrfourown tial quctions ‘tho ane shoul vein lolz word, ‘Agamben thus poses 2 universal narm f humanity the oly anal and cthia measure of ving ssatons, Ther ial the prepion tht the Jogi of exception is only invoked agains the polly exci There a© ‘vo concep problems with thi exhsve focus onthe egal andthe sine ‘sfrction ofthe populaans ns wo ls pola beg aa bare Fs ths ats dicount the val of ther niveralzing moral cours the reat religions, a paniclar— tha poe aeeatve ethical noems of Jnumanity For istaae, Islam ht own vison of transitional vite, ith i own neal srggles overt that ae no enh couched ia ‘ems of human rights. In chapter, 1 discus how the sami commanity— ‘omm—is also a unversizng scheme for ethic subjet-formaton and iulton of sprang. Globaized sts hypergrowth ao ate ate sated thc regimes tha may or may aintrace with human ight siscouse. A sue bere ro Aganbens univer division of humanity ‘nto those with ight and those without would mite rich comply and the poses of malice sstems a py Besides human igh ether von ofthe god ao provide norms tive guides and eile for the performance f vie wt gien lmao ving. The intctions of bipolcs and wechndlogiel reson rye ei prodemsof contemporary ving nd various relations to guescons of human lf are pose within thi siting mati. Sepen Collier and Anew Lako have coined the tem reine of living” and sine i 2 "situa form of moral resting.» [2a] task ant reworked ia 2 problematic sisaton to provide posible guide to ation contemporary regimes living ae increasingly Brg into ineracton ith neler ogi, den ethic sje formation is ors ia pticw Larconselitionofeement rather than indexed to niveraied neon of ‘he buman, Agamben’ fundamen fence of hae lie in a sate of permanent ‘xcept thus ignowes the posible of compen negoiions of cin for ‘hose withourtertrilns! citizenship Hl args that outside itenship, all nonctzens are reduced 3 ane o nition here oie an isi, excepson and rue: and ci, a whieh the very concepts of subjective right and juridialprtcton no longer (make) any seme power confonts sothingbi pref, without ay meition’™> Buin this Fil him opposition, Aguen sean to rel the post of na gts medion or complex dictions that cin bates claims for moral rotcton and einai polly nl ethnographic incerect and {en dangerous to presee he conceerton camp a the noem of rodent sovereign. The siting legal and moral tein of humanity bas become ‘nfniely more complex Economie loblition i sociated with staggering numbers of the otal exude Dest egal tarp tn some county, malas of me rant workers, refages and raked peoples who have the most minimal hold on survival have econ even more and hse. is certhat lg izenship is merely ne form of human proecion. Marginalized poo-ples are excluded fom an enviroment of ight because they ae often hid {en om view or the ve in “Bed states ora placed peoples they ae efiectively supped fright once on there. In dhesesisatons of ham tara iss, legal cient merely ne of maki schemes fo (onde ingand (evaluating human Tne a density of mula stems—mulnatona compe: ses lous ngaiatons UN agenis, and other NoOs~ntenene node ‘with pec, state, and practi problems of abused, naked and Howe bade The nonstate aminstraon of echided humanity isan emergert transi phenomenon, despite ts dsontinaons, jose and cnt tent mitre Clr and Lakoff describe such stations a5 the "counter polis of sheer He" form of sated moral resoning tar vasowsly ‘semble bree make chs “ners often as vingbeings”™* Indeed, bare ie has it own mel eae, and its elaonstip to thi an oboe araye open to nelbeaism 3 exepion. The esa tion of human plight are aways miesey unico aed power aden bu the problem of the polly exclude iso ou global conscience, and in practice thas cn aligned wih ois ofthe mt, moa economic, and make noms” Fer instance, in ions of Alc, poor cies have become even more pial exeoded bce of die, sarton, and wat, Buc health hat become a prerequisite for human status atiulted in a dicouse af ie rote cz hat makes cams not om the tte, baton drug com nis Another example of group dime on she asi biological suv is exging in Southeast As, whet vat feral migrant poplstion sn proeced by aor ws inexpose to apn abuse overseas. In soc ase bopelial othemess rooted ince and ales tats may be reverse by chains ofbilogical welfare aden ot tothe state bt tothe mot econo: ‘ier ofthe hot oc (chp. 9) Te shor, bare life doesnot deli 3 20ne of indistinct, but it be come, through the iterations flocl communities, Xoo, and even coe oration, shied and reowganized a varius categories of moral deserving Ibumaniny Such technoethielsittions aan inde of the growing power of hmaniirian corporate compen rad aman in elation to pric lar needs, priors interes a potentil aiations wth powers-that be. Artulion nora chime (therspeatic izraip, bolgi wel, nd te moral econo), prs more euendiy tha the invoking of human "is, ame anc enponyreston dating human pens ‘Sint o interventions are offen deerme by the nexus of political and tial ores they encounter onthe ground, In shoe, the cumtrpis of svi ar aystalied dough the inteationships of bipolis, labor marks, an systens of vite Such thi peoblematztons may cc ‘vet human righ o izership, coming wo et on tsition ha reflect comtingentand ambiguous ethic horizons fhe haan ‘The dynamic esion heres acl 2 exception and exceptions to neoliberal, an hee comple riclations of czemhip nd sovereignty eset out inthe following chapters, which regrouped int a pars Each section assembles asetof argument arn how acosasm season abd technique arcuate regis of cizenship ad noel fam of spate Miinisraton in diverse Asi ai is ar explores thelogicofexepions2sapliedo women andainories inSoutheas sa andthetechnoethica interventions oftannatoal human itarian or etic movements, Chapter discusses the poltc of the Iie ‘exeptionthtsuppocts Maslin womeninthee queso policaland gender "sui: Therensionsamongneobea values, regis patriarchy and oat and tranoatonal feminism const che pli sphere where womens ‘hainsareboh politically enabled and moral constrsined Chaptra fies ‘the pital space congured by eyerapaim, elie overseas Chines, andthe viola los from the Asan Snncil criin Indonesa. Transm tional introns on bel Iadonesian Chinese teste to wndemine the ler ems onthe state o sagan hc cient. In Asa ites of _slbaliaion ariclaons among markt driven force, cic govermen- tli and ene ethis ar siting condons a enegtiasng ens anu or yngentilemens to multiple tat an nonsae nations. art IL caer how neoliberal sates open up new possibile for reconfiguring olital spaces and paring innovative tems of poi rule. Chapter 3 and + demonstrate dat the neo excpion invoked in authorhatin sovereign hat apply elute ccs and mechani in hr amination of special ones and centers. In Southeast Ai, the aricustion of ces of exception and chai hemes produces 4 puter ing of gradaued sovereignty for ordering andl governing populations In (Chin, zoning technologie ate an instrumentation of tackt logic i ening spas for experimentation with marke forms an inking with (Caper challenges the conspt of Empire asthe globalized space of|‘pil and of resistance by + mold. The seach shows tanation production systems thetineribe adil paces acre by relator elas oecve labor regimes. The pra aricaltion fatal prs ‘ithsnaed bor inition an labo politic shoul wn saint ey ims of counter Epic Pat I aces he neki ogi in the spatial dynamics of glbal cap tals. Cirelations betwen tes of education and 2c of knowl eh ‘loyment havea deertovaing ee on citizen cams by resens ane by migratory subjes. Chapter considers the gbalization of American niversies in reason to the rates of Asian stadcns sexing ec tion abroad. The intersection of humanities, he universepay- busines, and Imaetdiven experts raises querions about the etic gals of higher ‘ato as it gos plata. Chapter 7 desribera revere rane Pai Bow 5 well paid Amercan jbsare moving to low-wage Asian sites Tabor aebiage 2 4 neoliberal exception tetens to sp mile css American men of ‘heisense of entifemento god jab and the American Dea, Testo ‘aed chiership is being fragmented by transnational logis of exchange, accumulation and defanchiterent, Tact IV presents the Asian mewopotian mics atthe edge of em gence. The logic of aolibel exception ha created new iri cites, ew sites of hypergrowth, ae new leaves of elaine choices, ‘These ‘merge forms of autonomous ation acd competition ar hinge eo new {rustons of exhuabe sujees, Chapter foc. the premium placed ‘ousilled expsriae 2 Singapore poscons lf the hab of n “fer ‘eoteconstem” Chapter 9 dacuses the parasitic action of eater Asian iene that reduces a mulude of foreign domestic miso save kc nb. The urtapoioning of go-go zens and peosaes crest mania css of regional scope, aang NGO rsltions ated #9 sine moral economies. The nal chaper presets Shanghal anew a. semblage of global business knowlege, sprouse urbanites, and ste tonic commercial culture nasil wth Chinese characte.” Anew Plant is st ingo motion by the stg deployments of neoliberal exc ons: combination of aust choies, lata carers, unbowed Uunphatm, and ambiguous tial outcomes, ‘Tis volume doesnot pectend to cover ll aspect of tzenship mating in ‘eatin toler as exception and exception ro neler, The ‘sin Tac is undergoing dramatic changes, andthe ist changing envio ment provide tes exploring how hings tha uso be ised together— idea, en hme, revtcaty, and nana —are bing taken apart ‘nd reaignel in innoatve elaonshipe and pes by neoliberal technol cs and sowreign exceptions. Emerging aclations of neki forms, Sovereign exerimens an regimes of iizenship have radially change the poland spat posites of being acted an of being human Sper ecnolgis of roveming ad of se govezning produce vane of meaningsanroom for maneuver, negoiton snd thal doubt. Wha docs seemeleac shat neolibelsn as exception, whether a commando rad on emerging economics, as stealth encroachment on gowering reson, ot 2% technigus of self cenginesrng and selEenterpie is challenging com ‘etional hnking about goverance and about czesp, Rights, ee ments, and dims are now malleable, subject the cromscients a force Feds configured by marke-deiven moder of governing, knowlge flows, and oO interventions. Myriad dbsiicutions an tertcuaons ona Sioned by thelogi ofthe exception transom the ements we sed aso ate wih und concep ofcizeship to ale placed on humanity hat are ineesingy vated, agent, contingent, ad ambiguous, but pea en sujet to tical rita.| Graduated Soeeity Gobalzatisa has een taken to mean many hings our diferent concepsof ota seem to color our understanding of the state and ean {0 izes By now; cans dha the sera of the sate” is ested by lobaiain have been met by powerful counerirguments." One cant deny that economic globalization —in dhe elentess pat of market re don —has brought abou important changes inthe tie of tenes” The fundamental qveton what as change inthe tate, ad inthe anayiof the state, hive been oxesione by plabal markets For instance, it wold be fl fo ander bow sates manage a range of tantatonal networks ‘har aio negate dent the lol mate and poll commun fwelook the responses of sale states to dhe challenge of lol force, we dlscove thar nels 3 exception an excptions oni contete two prongs trate for eden state catnip with 2c and eel istutioas, Indeed, global mares have conbited 19 ‘both the srengthening andthe weskening of diferent acts ofthe tate a thas ve shaped its apt o del wath plobal regaltory eis sch the ‘This chapee explores the dynamic rations beeen global fores and {be actions. emerging Asan states inorder to show how neoliberal logic congue the teitory of ctineship. The rie ofthe wale new Ain tiger countries in Southent Asia hs ben accomplished by thee prialy subordinates to the demands of major corporations and global regulatory agencies. Inthe course of such interactions with global markets an regulory istisons, the goverment have cated new economic poste, spaces, and politcal constelitions for governing the (ational) popslason I make ro conceptual cans about how ineracions becween| coer and tte ion peice a waiety of oores Haran tional spc of goverment. Firs, the experiences ofthese small elavely1 5 Gade Soveregey open Asia tts pst a ine activecse of ow potessopmcnt ate esnfeno by neolbral rately trea populations in elton ro gh make ores, producing ateratiespailiis of government and gra ‘sons in izership sights ad tenets. Second, here ia ah of ecb ‘sles a ieren ses, poseevelopmeatlgegrapis come to ‘esxon with inceratonalreubtory agencies tht ck 0 open up national space to fnacial markets, ths exposing al czes wo markt uphesa “Energi counts, arg, arecompaled oe Heil inthe canescens cofsoteregny and cizemtpiftey ae tobe recent topo ist PasdeopmentadGonernnet Soveregnt is conventionally ude in resisted sense: 8 sate power thats cena and concentedin the military appara ofthe eet sre onder ae sabi osatgud the erste ner ofthe nation sate? Tbeleve this coaepion shouldbe broaden Dai eld has se fly dinguished between de jae sovereignty and de facto pac ‘rogey. He suggest hat “the offen weak a deberiddenexonomies of many third world counties ewe dhe vulnerable and depen on io omic forces and telaons over which they have itl, iy, contol” Bt ‘sen smal or emering ae he the Asan tigers wie wuherable the pressures of bal markt, silhae the eapaiy 0 manipulate lea tion and wads elation wih thr sxsticn acon. Grasping ow sovereign fanetions in prc equines an understanding ofthe ie mechanisms of governance bend the ltr andthe legal powers, Teomider goreroment atthe aniston of population, and the ‘conomy aan insrament of goverment that ets how population and space are varius conse poll problems Michel Fone has ot that modern pow cont of interacting tltonsip aman ‘eit (power over life and death), dine, and goverment (regu ion) This rangle of "soveeignyacipine government. rings about th emergence of population 23 datum a fel of inrevention ands objective cf goverment ehriges” Such states of government late “te cconomy asthe sence ale technigie of intersetion of he gore renin that el of aly [ue Foacilmghtson cso rationality in techniques fr governing populations in 2 elf interseton eetng ‘th inthe ight of omenperary technologies of governing, Neolibral easn, Tague hat aken conan tonly in highly ele dition Gralesed Sovereignty 7 thar doctor tthe national tentoy sth vertiting fame offre for pola desons. Rates, the neoliberal ses enomic hordes Tas induced dhe ection of mpl poitil spaces and echnigues for aif feet govering thin the national tein. Especially in merging, Postcolonial ontes, varied techasque of goverment rey on coneeling ‘ae regulating populations in eltonship to dilenated spac of gover ae, witha raduting fet on verity, and onciizeship. Grate Soverigy : The counties of Soest Asia have bee clled “tewlopmeral sats” hat base thee leitnacyn teil o promote ansusain devlopment, understand development the combination of steadyhighaes of economiegrowth and ctrl change inthe productive system, bo domesicly and ini elt o the ineratonal econ fomn® Others use the erm omy sates wo stres the power Bureaucracy, public emerprns,and tate monopolies ut have psd over captalat evelopment in Southeast Asia” And inde inthe 98 ad 1908, Sin ‘spore, Malaysia, Than, and Jndones—the “ger economic” —have ‘en stengthened bya grea infision of eg dreavesementespericne ing some ofthe highest aes economic roth in history Bur there i a dierenceBerween developoenain which takes the ntionalexomy asthe target of ae ata and what ll “pose ‘opmentaon’ ors more dgpersedsatgy that ds not teat the national ‘eritoryasa une plac. Marke driven icine the coon ‘ation of poll polices th the corporat ners, otha developments teritoalencoachent, ech f which is shape bya dizer sre f the ‘Malaysian government's sovereign The Faster Pena’ bloskade of log ‘ig ative has van den ineitionl anton; whereas the Western enan have segiecl logging 8 pst of dhe acepeance of Masyian rule Hitheray her tothiraivalaviblecuural sel reproshicing Tops are enormous in practise they ae stggling mightily aginst en ‘oichment thatesrnge them fom thei nomadic way oi and recasiy ‘Demas would be Mlaysandtheelandsas ares fordeelopment. Abort sroupsin practice dhs exjoy very nite protection weit etry, ‘eevee andshireulearal dentin: Frequently the sate seks eit ‘be populasons anc open wp their resource rich aris fotmber logging nd ‘the construcion fol cures ar ame Ieee and ota genp lo ll in such “bron ares” and outcast Asi rd wih eral «colonies of povey angle. Agsn thes abandoned ares emerge ect ‘of seer nelet but out of «neler ealelation to invest na insere erp fees ino the process of global capital, Sach gradations oF governing may bein continaum, but they evedap with preformed ai, ‘eigious, and gender hiearchi and ther Fgment cies or people who arealletizens ofthese county, Indonesia: An Arciplagic Plity Whi Masia hasinimes Frise the miltay again its.own people, in Indonesia military coercion ia fat fever ifr mich ofthe work ing population ante marginalized Again, the considerations of proftai iy, resource exmacten, and productivity inlance ate policies toward i ferent semen oft population. There i no fil policy of afinative 2ton in Indonesia the national mot of “unity vers sree the ula ange f his nominally Mal naion. Under Suharto New (Oalerregime (1065-8) the sete immplemeneesd a militant complex ‘hatin the 18s and ope ransformd the maton ito an nding, ‘exported ecomomy, The New Onder emerged out ofthe bodbath of ‘the mid r96s, whenovers lion people wer kills on spicon of ing communis. The new toeatarin tae ished of two epresive appar ‘ses. First, gulag pon system where thowsans of pola desing have bee ln pein condsons. Second, the lary an ama brea ‘cag of at one ime aorta milion pple "dl fancion” of Graded Sneciny | ts ‘etary ad ian contol Its ceneazed power eaecnratd in Jara su in occupied ples ike Ach, Sut ary perannel and appara are luted in sal cies, villages, ardindstial nes thoughout the archi pelagnof ever 200 alien people Inthe indus zoesof Sumac a Java the army workshand in hand sth tories to maintain socal ore among the bor fore ofseven milion people, manyofthem young wemer wh el re ldo serie watch, thing shoes, tos, plc gods and mire. They carne han ving vege in trios opted by ethnic Chinese al Korean subcontractor for bran: namccompuics such as Nike, Rechok, nd Gap. Until 9p, women ‘working weve hour day seg Gap ot, made les than reo dle a ‘hy, ncuding oserine. Tha ea he Indonesian Prosperity Tse Union, ‘kati ha the average woke ceed 0 cam ates $2.5 ada, broke “the taboo on abr sre” sn clas national site wo protest low wages Alt kong stg, the government aged to 4 minimum wage of to lars dat this was unevenly ered, coming int eon in some tub faxtorc,Inonesan cts women ar sll ameng the owes pid ‘Asia jstsigyac ofthr ouerpars in Viewam and Chins. Whe 1 ‘sted the are in mid 006, worken dima sey needed at east five dans day tome. “Lown manuftring work depends on gendered forms of bor conto ndharssment, Widespread sueellnce ann macho the leo tro of female workers center on thr bedi: in the provision of fod, the grating or wtihoking of persion for mens leave inthe pressure for family planing and int pls confinement posed daring Wook hours. Example of esl arsine ting vss othe oe ant thing te excise of having to vesifeeques foe mens eaves © conduct tony searches, Workers are cramme! into denitric above ores ase- ses, thus cating fraps. Managers punish the tardy by making them stand under theron fr hours and equi fie those who demand base suv wagen2™ "Not ony ae workers rarely pretest by bor ight theyre frequently Iarase by the military, Whenever there is sie, he army it deployed against the workers, no marerhew peacfl they ae. In my vist he “Tangerang zone, Tac that acy bres aren adjacent factory ste, and army psonnel ming fly with security guards outside the ato gates Iva ld that he any could each any factory within wey minster ofan outbreak of workeresuerection.Inlonesansthinkitis normal forthe army o keep stil Gs secre For fois, and fcr boseuly make “coun” local eommmuders, While most woekers sre ‘Eid the minima wage andthe moe base soil prteson they are ‘constarly vulnerae athe ate’ repre appara. Deapite the pee sane of industrial Works, the sate, a poy thar goer back oh colonia concepe of Jvacentsm, ors vanes pope tre the more than eiey major te group in the achpelag, and he ‘prea of Jnanese fom ther overpopulaed land has ben a means for spacial populations and eonsolkdaing the empire Arron leel groups re aboriginal people in jangle communis who fl inthe oil “tribal doe of “sted peoples” (rng tengo those who sre back sea (eben) eft beiod™ (iggy The sae as ot be content to define dog peoes insipid ers ih sought pro sresively to era, crough diene program of abiciy displacement, hier identity et etnies. By intreing“efisen” extractive Indore, sae exes, dh ste has mate ino in aboriginal c aves, opening shen up for development. Te ambiguous ts of thet sot has allowed te sate to reste somatic groups, oF encage te seselemen of impoverished peasants frm cewhre unde the tras ‘on project Foritstance tbl groups ean Jayshavelo tran othe Ameria mining eompany FreportMcMaRan Copper and Gold which has snc leveled evo mounts andi planing 20 open more ines inthe highdnds The placed Amuagme people have been ner ompensied nor employed, noc authotierepresente bythe company mp Jn eto taf de ining om > In West Kalimantan (Boren), migrant Madurese hve chimed nd sighs agains the nligenous Dayaks by apeing tothe national concept of czenship and the primacy of enereprenesrism extol by the gover ment2* The Dyas ae a fighting lager ate pins ber companies thar are grating thi Inds. Sect forested ber concesions ae ‘out sd 0 ety Daya crops and jung resources, o efor ld ‘ef and to tree peopl int accepting “competion” for land taken to develop plantains. The Daya, in defense Bf thir etry bast ent in scornc with customary lv (edt), have nched attack 9 ‘Madese migra and einer entate developer These cake ve prov ce ling ek in the jungles the bloodshot has ein eran the sfennath of che fcc in ate 998. Ath otheread of he spectra ee corportsm fora tiny lite that ‘conto eorpratont which monopolize the dieibion of food 2nd fal and protect agricultural product fom fregn intrest. Such monopis alowed the Sarto fil to amas vas formes through te inks with nila ficrs andthe Welly Chines wn bankroll them. Besides eo hcg and reproducing tiny poll eonemic lite, stat corpora has pe co contain he cent forse, ligon, etn and — ‘hat dventen eo pl tate andsecey spare Sate corpora alo involves awarding timber concesions in outlying sexs tomiiary generals who praca rin atonemons fefdoms, Pein. ial generor, iia fcr, and busines sons ae begin to ignore the dictates of Jakarea and develop separate trang sation with foreign merprises In Tran Jy, hge area ofthe Pak Jaya Grsberg mountain ‘complexe under the contol of Freep: Indonesia (a subi of Feepor [McMoRan), whee the mining company controls athorc ke the en ‘gapura Community Devopment Project In Eat Klint, former St- ‘aro crony Mohamed Bob Hasan contol huge concessions and has en sgediaexeiveceancuing inthe name “sranable developmen or plnwood production. The naons envionmne minster, who ha ben ne eto get Jara to 0 stop the destrution ofthe forest cle Kalina tn "part ofa maton withou govemmen, ike pas of Ameri inthe th Miltary dominance ofthe provinces fas inetd separ move ‘mens Soest Asari by tena eons the Eas Tose and Acehnese in Indonesia, Dayaks ia Maly and Indonesia the Moro in the Philipines, Stans nd Karns in Burra and the Pt Malay in Th land, For dads, Indonesia amassed oops in Aech and in Est Timor (since the 175 invasion). George joer noes hi Bsa “ll BEAK sorerments have their own "Est Timon in tei backyarl”ASEAN ht become “a conspiracy of serene regimes, busy protesting each others behing? Crim of human right olson the colonies by zens an sympathetic ousies are immadinely suppres by the ste, Sich ‘ota groups are usualy tested wi ovenehelning cocrin a8 i East “Timor, bu in othe situation ae supports simply withrawn, that 2 Kind of low grade stragpe continues to eter amid poverty and neglect (as with he Pat in hand). State bay aint cutlawed en is hight iisenced by mate ners. Frequely, the sate seek 0rd the testo of reel populations and open the esourcech areas they cup totimber logging, petrol pipelines or dans. Graduated sovereign aI have discern Malas and Indo185 Genk Soe ses eto tiie men pops in on co Ti dtocm nd ects of deopnet ogame Segments sb ae edited sd gen i piles a em in clon we eying pron aan mae ‘Evo, Ths puso of ering pian, patra, ang Slog poco itary epson nde weno tant be acon tr ieecaeo agnt icy {eabjstho welll ain cine of be ne ny. ieee choeed wih cme ol sn pot enc, we oe techno and pve feck ede Aes Cgc fone geal tive th ae tic non pc none enone ta omen ec tani Goering hong Tonoasonl Nevwoks “The emaing of pola spacs it no technique confine within conven ‘onl tonal terion indeed my age suena he pol OF ad ated mes of ing i to etal transnationalinkage oes. Ae Brno [ate has noted, network rests polit bbe values ands ists, and portdeeopmental rts, in governing through the mobili ion and formation of eworke spaces, eae hybid zone oF goverment anu cinenship2” In the tess, the liberation of orig ade regulations asi nf of mainly Bast Asian nese, thus eating egonalized ‘prods networks in Southeast Asia. Building on pceisting corporate lan, dhs ites ntworks at ieratchized, wth Japanese em ro ‘ing the Les technol knowledge and sill, Tavanese and Korean “companies dhe management and goods, and lel Southest Aan fms the abou In cee yar a visi of Western companies and local shave rtiipaced in hee proton neworks a well Sich corporate paneing of inveiet, postion, and rade Bows among contiguous cles of ‘ees or more counties hus carve out “natal cof eves called _owchtrangles (or) orrubregona economic zon ‘Groweh rings are deci yan “cconoic eomery in which leation, the acces of eheap labor, the post of exploitation of ‘complementary resources andthe proximity af a egonal hub such ting pore enhanc he ompetitieaantge of the ei in he global eon mie Sovigny = 9 So fi, thee ers have Foe by inking contiguous pars of scighterng ‘counties. The couney’ configurations ae Indonesie Malas Singapore (inked bythe Singapore Johor Ri Growth Ting, or Si) Indes MalasiThalan and Brunl-Indenesit Mays hilppnes. Si is mas indus park sede she Rin Archipelago that dawson the dhe counite® complementary shor ad tsi resources 0 ena invest: ment opportunites: From Singapore’ perspective hit growth tangle a- lows Singapove ori oman conta antons at home while moving “ow-r” jl ofthore Takes advantage of cheap Indonesian abo, anit aluoameliorastensons over the peters fon many guestworkers witha the cyst, io das resets 3 ne of not production in which Singapocean pital and experie can be sed to tain and manage eons worker Irepesensthelow ed of ajtem of znesin which the ciate isthe sie of eoinuously upgrading human capa The Southeast Aan srt finds ise plying 3 subordinate oe a ator of investments and prods ofinfasructar and cheap lsboe to global apa. Sch extended metropolitan ens” re thas theres of refining te tinkpace coo tes ffxi production tecigues that have brad implication fr the redesigning ofeatonal sovereign. ‘Whar sth pole architecture of ach eras-bode one? We ant to tae ut th gal and pla eompromiaes whereby the state te ‘ily ces contol of thee zones, and the subjects wits them, to qs state authorities, Fre, proving the lation for growth rangle mes that ‘he participating tar mu be rile ini elton wih Foreign cpt, ina va that goes yond ving the usual incense of onsite inasroce, tak reals, and specialexporeaowancs. In Malas, parting fs got s#e0nacase-y-casebasis with the mations development suthorty For instance, here isthe epic arangement whereby union acti are suppres, orcorporate diipining allowed oc worker activin, ‘Whar kinds of "conducive regulatory environments andabo diipine| prs under zorporate management? Both sate an corporate authors ‘oopeae in termining theres ofiaion and excason, nd the ights and peveges of worker from diferent counts. The Sj angle for inane, asa graded ayer of abo and mater conitions in cach ofthe ‘angle noes In Singapee, oe fissile labor a phic bas est and cont sere in Johore (Malia), skilled and semis aber, recreation, and land an in Bath and Ris (indonesia) “low-cost, cn ole” bor andsomenatural amenities (beaches) *yo + Genus Seeley ‘Thea lgic sao reengineered gener elton cos national ins, Diet grades of workersaze drawn rom diferent counties. Tes tho san of young Indonesian women re employed alongside their semiskilt Malaysian countepir, in dss ie up by some eight thousand hal corpse. Taya al supervise by male technicians and manages om Singapore. The iegrtion of dient irs ofabor marke an cal nit the capac of wakes ate boro, who are in an ambi, iia cond t appeal ther ove goverment for proton. The partcipsing see olen intersted nec ior regulatory ator ener allthirczens ont or within thee one. ‘Secon the thinning of sae power thes bonler zones compenssted foc the thickening of de segulatoyfanctions of quasi sate authorities, which set che lel and soil fom of contol Throng the difereiil deployment of ste power, poplaionsin die ones re variously sl jected 0 poi contol and wo soil elation by tate and nonstate fies, More reser need tobe done ta dione what kindof inergoven mental compromies are negra with corporate pote For insane, the Bata Author fic contol the Indonein pr ofthe Sj triangle) fers “ewer regutons garding land ls, various bing pets the numberof expres to wock athe enerpriss, "and exemptions fom the licensing equireets ofthe epionl goverment authors This means ‘hat the Batam Author i autonomous of even the exons govern scan enter ntocotractal tions with eign cpl. The caiman of ‘the agen le no Jou ts main incon; “Socal stably will bea Key ‘cor in aactingfecgn investors” The mination ofthe or 30 cel reyulatel tha the May op otsin Jakarta and absoqen itr ances in he esc oflndonesia caused no dsrypson among woken Sin ‘The Batam fcores and ports opented like lckwek, and there were no rect demonstrations alg fo cforms (firma). ‘While the cow-border growth sone ae the produ of compote et works, governments ae alo ace in centing Newsies that promeneite regional networks The Malin sate harestablhed technological center bub for seco ir infomation technology beers spanning isn South and Southeast Ass. The grandly named Malsinedia Super Cowidor (0c) s projected to become a springoard 0 sve the regional and workt makes for malneda procs and services| The eri, which inks [Kala Limpartosnew echaologcal esearch ener ands new international ‘por, doves with the policy of fvorngeofperate Malas, since they i appear to belts mi locl benefits. Malaysia aleady asa Sion ley in Penang, brits dominated by ethnic Chinese techn and profesional eonneempoyein frig eletronc nda, The nse cin he een a-zne for eperientig witha dating vty of |samic goverment sha crawson eign expert to ana newkingo Maly sje, one who wile fala home ina mime wold Special ‘berlaws, polices, and practices atract orig empaniesby promising not ‘only ax ieaks bara cheap pool of nowige workers Bil Gates of Mico soft and ether highsechaology industry executives fom the United Sets nd Joanhave ben persuaded to commit themes to bling cmepeies inthezone. Inthe drive to provides new knowlege das annie ston employ ment polices ar spend oie upheld informa ‘ion that wil ukimately favo dhe Malay corporate elit. Visas ae realy sued tofrcgn experts to come ani in lx, fms orn uve ties Indeed, deus ehewheze™ the inf of Tian ngices, fawn in by gn sofware companies such x Rangaoe-ase Infosys Technologies, is crcl in wsaining elim about an emerging digital knowledge labor force in Malin, There so a multindia uversy o train sade. I ‘onder to aac Indian migane workers, he ifsc syste is tp quai, with resins given aces to dancing technology, tle imotial services. anda eearonie ponent The see tha nwo ‘ormous invent ina special pli, een bei al the elements, “epecilyesperis, are in pace, By creating an infarc network the se’planness hope oul vial hah wiles new Kindo Malay ‘ompate-litrate clu, hooked pt sont information technol ‘ogy nerwork. The ofc explnatin forthe se is that eset ‘periment safely wih “moderation without undermining... ational ‘alsin rei wil be a superpeege2one where he Maly elite asin the word oFhigh-eenology nds Singspot as onchesatcd seven more ambit eto technology lows in cde to create network of bitenicn, with again, uneven ezenship conditions fr loc and forges se chap 8. Bot the dig cosdor in Malia rl the bopot-hu in Singapore {He highly spciized sites thar revue from pordewlpmental satis ‘oF reconfiguring space and ereglatingpopulitions an ther flows. Sten ning ftom neoliberal calultins for making avantagsons connections with ‘eath and technology, such governing mechanisms reste a gaan ofScat zones ween integrate nto the sree of sate power ant otal apa. Teology zones and growth ingles ae plugged sigh tnt glbalizton proces, wile aboriginal and elnicminory rescres scoff dari from atonal and eon enters foe Inher ‘he seca lgicof globalization has not resulted in desolation of erences aon clzaton” bc rate inthe protien of dient sed sovereign win ad cos orders, Whe unig ages ad ors ‘of Asin aes cnpasn conformity, npc the opts puto of pormaled apd devia suet interact with etic rankings vo ceste graduation ofizeship righ benef, and mora cai acrssthe pot fender and beyond Sach diferent polices toward ines an orig ae reinforced when sepents ofthe population ae iecntly inked lob crcits of pdcton,compstivenes and exchange ‘The Chath of Neb Sete ove alscuseda postdevelopnetl strategy of emerging counts 2 maximize profitable connections with global apial dough checkoard polis process of gadustal re. Sach neoliberal cleltons, fom the Pepsi onal or merging counts seeking to be empetie, sone times come int cof wih aciberalogie ata higher sl, as when inter tional naacilinperatve of cpinary nels face small and medium-sized counts to exci spatial controls in a diferent way. This ‘onuadicion beeen scolisr raionaly pps athe national ad the inreratonal lew was wel Dusted in the ermath ofthe “Ain finan cil A seis of cuneney devaluntions in ate 197 plunged Southast Asian sexe int a cris of de jure exereignty. The very statgy of grated sovereignty that enbeds sci in glob grodtion a Gian makets ‘en be their undoing, exposing them to druptve economies. Ain seats have responded ia eo interesting wast Indonesia ike Than) soleited 1 the esnomicpeseripins ofthe, while Mabie, lnmted empoingits terior ite svercigty. ‘Te soled Asian ani iss was viewed byte intentional pre 2 the outcome of rekless boring ad lending, the bug of megs projec, and the ck of maker coats in the tiger economies. Wexem obser tended ee the prablem tone cated acaey by cony capi ‘lim orby ack eanspareny”in economic pct. What ws ede, Seabed Sogn + 93 they argued, was ahery dos frei sof global mak ecency imposed manly through the mae on Third Work! pins. But Ain ‘ebserves pointed outthat global companies nd bankers have bee happy t9 work with these same pblems for decades, and hb inuions hike the ‘Work Bank hve lauded the apts eakeotin Ava ian ike Maly sits Mahashie, who war rita fr cron eptalisn, peered to ae Intemational ances ike George Soro, whom he demonized san-A, ana “at-poor couric "Weare tld het we must open up that ad and ‘commerce must be tral fe, Fe, for whom? For rogue speculates. Foe anarchists wishing to destoy we contre in thee esa for open 5 eis, co fore usto submit eth carp of nteratonl manipulates ‘We want to embrace bordelesiness but we sill ec to prec uses om selEsering rogues an international ngandage™™ Indeed, while Asian economies were guilty of economic ational in thei practices, ery lite attention has been pai o eration ancl mar ‘ers tht have made negation ito the abl economy ore tit Both serengtheas and weskens the sate. Grady the ian cr unde rosa numberof majo counties, more observes amid ht the crit ‘was fled by peal in hot money and matt pais that engendered ‘masive ous, Geary worsome were no only the eos of unstabe ‘masks on emerge bt lo the moral az that might reuithe ‘rand advanced sesto bi ourbadoans by proigateinvestors**Tnay ‘2s, csi fot impel to dingsich Between explosive goth an speculate hubbles and debate contin about the se ofthe eth, ‘Te erent esponses of Malaysia and Indonesia to interventions by slobal monetary authors refested no only the reltv strength of thei ‘esectv economics, bulb which parts ofthe sae were losing contra 0 or fesiing contol by global regultory agencies. The IMF represents the siraepicaspet of "ciliary eoliberaln’™ whereby cmergingtatsare subjected ors that intensify their suborinaion to gla markt eres. 4s a result ofthe dsstous devaluation ofthe pa, Indonesia sured 2 ‘major several with moe than Halts popution lig a o Below the over level. The central hanks now more ope to being inhabit by he ‘obal manetay asa, The nena sponse hasbeen obit IMF _esrptions, afer seme intial esse, Suharto was toppled, butte tate |e bya aly an rodent” ics the ae paras, wth 2 ‘much shrunken economic nd itary base nd din oe eg ‘macy. While che nas presrptions are neces 0 impose banking practices4 = Gadel Sree cara corpo in high places, ndustiaizing coats re How sib etd tothe sme rls of enfin lob etal interess For insane, fr les have allowed foci corporations ta take over more lols pane, espevaly in Indonesia and Tian, chs further ordering ‘ion sovereign. Ts contrast to Indonesi, more heathy emerging counties spon the ani strengthening the ano tae asia capital ows. The goverment of Hong Kong (a speci astonomous eon of Chi) sn upprecedened move, serene to pect the rope ser fa oe gn speculators Chile added a pena forthe precipitous withéraval of forcign investment, Malaysia ipo even mone gl conta on capt ows, challenging he een that markers mist hae total eda, In 3 pat recovery of national power Vitis lob capital, Mahathir ha re sited the global agendas of nancial ates, bank, rid oeporations, which eee “Anglo-Sanon expan” Hep the governmentbackn conto of ‘he interae zone offal deslngs and currency trang While Malate was demonized ia the Westem prs, he was merely following algal for slay the American economist Pal Krgman in times of nin tn, ‘api conto alow midrange counties temporry bring spat stabize their economies. These ndsrilsng tes have bee ound them schcion atightope, pus capt while sehing to proecscicy** They (andi diferene way, Ras) challenged the retail ofthe mM. Wes em conomins now ha the very rons aeibuted exch 0 ‘ron etal has been agit hy an “oie global bgarcy” ding muck of he developing word ito secesion, Hee we have the nfeered cxprasion of sclera logic hat tke the eoire wor! a i game Board {nd nations checkers ta he won, Fears of mich extreme netberfao- ‘iy prompt the nr atl ed global egulitory agencies ell fo 2 new “achitctre” of rls to contol global nancial makes, Unfors at, Westen obser often conflate subordination othe diatoship” of gh makes with the spread of democracy, soda any sae that stands ‘up acoiberaldiipining a the igerational sale in order protect isn neoliberal strategy of graduated sovreigny 3 he regional sa is framed ae neces anti-human igh. eis alo unforrante tat the Mahathir rege payed sto this con seruion, combining Mahsthirsam-nur stance with rater represion at hom, Mahathir a his former deputy prime master Anwar Thai a reste for bing am alcionado of ther (oly charging him for cor Godumed Sree = ruption and violin atibuggery hi 2 Krish colonial deta! now su ect fr politcal expedieny). The ovement conte to prop upc companies hat engage in ak insstnents and it as nox severed ean ‘ons with ivored developers Thus white Mahitirsered de jure state power isis global marks, he santaued the pratceof referent eae. ment fr the coeporae ele and is cepoat partner, a mechani that suppoas de Fao grated sovercign, Burit waste arest and seatencingof oppo kas tht tie the ‘mile cases from ination in its peseged zones, Hund of young Professionals took to thestres, ke the sees eethren, cling fo the in of nfrmas that ad removed Shiro from power. The evolving leaf ‘he mide cases may contain the ees of transformation a the logo eraduated sovereign They havebeesewicedand autre accondingtoa cobra logi of niche governmental, and he havea weak and ambi lent ein elton ro state power In Wiser Eope, the bourgeoirevl- ton gave bith othe ber tation, sich, over the couse of decades of strug, se limis on sate power andeshrined inv autonomy 364 human igh a Southeast Asan counties, the idle casesare weak ost having been proce by the ndsrilzing epics in the pace of 60 decades compare to the mor than one hundred ears of bourgeni de ‘lopment inthe West. There iso homegrown taisan of polit bea ism, adits only under recent conditions fran concn alllece that the new mile sss ae beginning fight or human ahs aginst the sete which ened thee own emerge. The fincas ronically ‘pened up spice forthe mile clase 0 fight even more vigorously oe Duman sighs reforms, because he stata ln ncreased epson of members ofthe mile lasses an thee cick, a well of the margin lized segments ofthe opaaton In emerging regions of the world we Find sha the nature of ate sone gnty must be rethought a8 et of coxatng rategies of government within snge national space. The poe thatthe over eoibers- arene agenda con mean ls fire ations and ehnigues ofen working tox with ich rer. Theres cig in the Foucaan sen, theres abortive in the ol sense; tht are zane of corporat power and zone of special rutin; there are "ron? spoof nel and here re heavily mitre sits of asec rome ces, the national peripheries ‘wereconsinted an gunere hy qutsigovernental corporate autho. ‘The mov of graded sovereign shows tht itis nt wo much guessono the market vers the sts, but tit marke siya ou parc oman in history ens theexstenceof seme aeasin which he tate iexy ‘trong and ite proectons wey significant, and oer asa where i i eat hn bese thee zones mt be be veismarkts, they Bescane serucuealy lean What e se, then, i assem of dispersed sover ‘ety model of galt govemanc that may be traceable back to premend ‘econ in Southeast Asian tai empires but ow Gly aged wo the diferent “allocative mechanisms of lal apitalism in relation othe sss pra populations nd ses, “The fn queso then how thse dle ange and emerging ins alan sate hae evoled is the constant changing web of res tions with intermatonal capital and aiid agen. Ae emerging eco nies tecoene more vulnerable to neoliberal demands the lol eel, 12 ‘what eter ae they being reconsiuted and diipliae urough the “rac ‘al asjarmient imped by hoa ences? Ie depends on how the eae oF nctiberl see 3¢ cose papers ae ply. Chi, thee work shop of he wok ls sought to combine neler policies a ser oF ones at home while secking membership inthe Word Trade Organization shrosd (ee chap) This ques for regulation by gle neers has ‘eats tensions wit exten enzeprencariaio 3 home, a represen, for example, by the extensive and lourihing makes in pated goods ard ‘lawl capital Ae the ame time, dere a convergence hence these ‘wo les of neoliberal reason, The Chinese government buying high ‘preentage of US. bonds (ha subidizing Americ gat debe) in der to beable to contin o lood US-based Wal-Mart with cheap Chinese ood In sory, graded sovereignty ithe lect of maretdiven state ‘ie dat are not congrcat with the atonal apace ie a that ar bio polity nd pty artnet workings flab makers. oil, ‘then merging economies cin be both rete and tind byte logic fcr, ‘Concepts of egionlzsion and regional have dominated disusions of merging gba orders, With the ofthe ropean Union, sola have bunt ook fr smi mutisterly negotiated regional organizations the Asa-Paie eion. Hower the serch for regomalfom in Base Asia ‘hat may appronimate th: EO seems tose suport dsppoanting admis sion that sepinalio and ntergovemmcia alterations in East Asia re weak and fag with poital obstads. Some have Menied ASEAN + 3 (the members of the Asocason of SouthEast Asia Nations ps China, Japan, and South Kore) as che sje ronal ongurstion in Ease Sia ‘ody, withthe goal of enmeshing” China in “sf regime” of economic integration, Sach eins of aig Hat Asia gional order em dubious, ‘more vision shape by politicians eto than an actully xing isi tional truce need he search for broad comparative eal-ypes ofr sionalaion in Erope, Noch Ame, nd Eas Aa often wie Western modes of egolizato sth aormatve mad, so tit regan forms in Ens Asa ar found the lacking and defoive lcm, one imagines hat lyin search of pcos may conta the Forte North Americ Fre The Agreement (S457) with Asian eon configurations, ang pa st of opposson sich a multerlm vers univ, othe rotccon of ight versus compromises on then (My anal approch challenges sich astmptons based on bin ‘ypolope. The is aie lla unique experiment in transl ule hat ‘merged out of specie listoril experiences and insitstions to mec con- ‘enporary global challeages. One would expect that signin regional sligoments in East Asa vould be rather deen nd dive, emer out ofthe paniculritracone betwen market elcltions and vee Poli ents. Reyiondizaton in Ea Asa ees to take mile os, ong at fret sles al ated on imi groupings of ses or natof Zoning Toles in Ea Ai tons. Kenichi Ohmic ist noted thers of ros onde egional ono, ‘hat nk dierent ites ad populsons ia dhe Ai Pai. This penpestne ses primacy to the roe of eeonomiesystems and pracics in shaping 40 emergent form of Fas Aan replonaiation thar overlap ation tate ‘res Others have pointed to Greater Chm ~an alignnentof Chins, Hoe, Kong, Maco, Thin, and Chinese communities ia Southeast Asa 2 regional conga merging fon crow border trade -My approach, in conrastco Ohmac, gives primacy oto ceo tvises perse buto sate strategies informe by neo logi= that peo ice contisons of psi fr such protean cross-border acwoks “Thus, unlke the He, which was Sng through malate negations, argue that the epional space informally alld Grete: Cin ithe otcone of the adminisative strategies of sing tae, Ching, in pursuit of grater «ros border tae, Fexible Chinese state practices, Trg, deploy soning techoologis or imegating dissin poitiea ene sich Hong Kong. ‘Maes ad even Tin and Singpors, nt an economia, Frese although zoning technologies are ostensly about increasing forcgn ives ments and marke activities, they create the pital paces and conto of variegated sovereigay aligned on an ai of rade, induration, and ‘owe exchange. This Chins dominated archipelago cheng wide spread ssumpeions tha ecoonmic and pis for ofntegrtion develop tn diferent sphees Grnter Chin, 1 argue, isthe spatial proction of 4 state driven scheme to integrate dsarticuated poll eats economy detour even pla inegation “This chapter begins with a ehinking of sovereignty not a3 contsiner concep bur zee politcal one prasad by an asemblage of adi inraive rates. Contrary to cams thi glolzason engenders an “un bundling” of sovereign power, [focus on speci ae satis tit ae signed to sespond eevely to dhe chalenges of global mates. Neo liver ogi, Farge inoeocing the way poll reason elas to rss ‘cough the edeniction of poll space within and beyond the atonal terior. The poli exeqtion is ncresingly deployed by many Asan states ace wo deny ci rights but eo ceste regulon pace of pli ‘economic experimentation ab discs the adoption of zoning tetnclo- {esby the Chinese government fra eative resptializaton of he atonal testo an forthe reignmentof mainland eclys with ars Chins sminsted polit ents verses China's Speci Econonic Zanes (e825) and Special Adminstraive Regions (sats) ar the burome ofa disinstive Zone Teli in Ean top ert of th national pace to develop ste capitis growth, but they ako foster enone of posit for poten plieal shun. tion of Tawa, The zoning modality may have influnce ‘onthe Korean eins sw, Rethinking Snooty Scholaship on sovereignty stil dominated by efor to match spec natistars to ideal-yps of pltal onder the Westin, libel, oF siutcpian mode, Suh views stem fom adhering to lly othe Webe vin mode ofthe modeen Liberal ste, tht i hit thse sates es on a bureaueratc administrative onde which hoki timate and gal movop- ‘lyon thease of power? This formulation as been east in igi tern by Anthony Giddens, who mainias hae “the modern nation tt a power ‘onainer whose administrative pare comes exact is eto eimation™ These views continue tole productive and ci part lar expresons or problems of sovereignty. Indes the 2005 U.S. atack on Ina is 2 wef eminde of the mitary power behind US sone. In Eas Ass, he container mode of ational sovereigns shaped the mode otha Asan developmental state a epitomized by Japan ad, at recent, South Kora, whereby government basines olsbortions pase sacral ‘change a «form af legiimtion or a national projet * Tonal, the ‘fg “deelopmeneal sat" wa the Soviet Union, which undertook the ‘oven devslopment of the county sa cvrding atonal projec. This socialist developmental made shaped Chin's mods operand nl he te 570% Thedevelopmentl acs now anon with the new Asian capi ‘als powetioues of apa, South Koes, and Taiwan, This None Ain state dred capi ie widely ssumed to be the Asan model of ate fxm, whe in actuality the specie fos and articulations between ate auhortesand caps actor are rather divers in ters of the insti woe, For instance, thre ae siking direc in developmental sate sccon beoveen Nonteas and Southetst Adan nations when it comes #2 sea basins ta” sens il sheefore to open ap anor ine of inguiy one thi tras the sue not as apical singuay uta an ever shiing assemblage of planing operations nd ai incesingly informe by neoliberal sont coma colibra frcs inthe world ge. Ths whe Asian ties have ben frmaly categorie by the Westen mina “rca “authoree + Zoving Tl a ae ‘arian and “soxial eros they an be highly variable an pragmatic in ace responding svifly and opportunistally wo dynamic matket con tons. In the previons chaps, I ured the term “yraduted sovereign)” to iden the rescaling of wate power cross the national lndeape and the eres sales of regulon oa diverse groups of cizensant erie “This view of sovereign not at uniform ec of state rule but 3: the contingent entconer of vais sratees—ab0 intorms my arlsi ‘of Chins. Inthe rastion fiom a centrally phinned! economy to capitals dselopment, che Chinese ate devin various sages aes thes pes prolens of eps developenent that wil abo cosbut © Oh: polit! mpeitiveto ei with breakaway tests, States eac= ‘rcazton become viel not ony in stimulating markets in bord: zones ter a in accommodating space of aiegatd goverance, Obviously the points oto judge were power by some forts ocotaine view of sovereignty but o aus ou nyc oo to crane arog instrament procedures of governing. “Tein of Rang end of Becton A viow of government a practic aonaity shows tha the sate of sv ‘rigor of socopoitieal order i the comingent produc of varie tech nologies that define, dsp, and regula individual and cole fein a tatoo. Ths fornustion sugges tht, it, sovereign power depend cn a eework of regulatory eats tht channel, correct, an scale human 3© tvs in cederto proce eet fsx oder® Narrowly defned "polit cal ates (eg cleo, crackdowns, iar ations) ae merely ont of cement shaping conditions of ruling and political namatviy. A more lsd bse notion of palit includes the diver and un-ofthe-mil 3c ‘tes tha exerci political power beyond the tte. My focus i thus on technologies and procedures "tat happen be aalbln whch ew Ways of governing were invented in a athe hoe way, pac anes t9 shink about and at upon sete problems in prt los” The ex crs of power depends on vary oftecinoloie that tage populaons| 2 wellas terion order 1 solve problems of well, growth and secur. Inthe secon half ofthe tense etary, markt eaeuations began inform many areas. politcal rationality and aio a emergent Asan coun- tres. In the 19608, ate bees of the Woe Bark, developing counties ‘wee encouraged to cee suitable wocopolicalcdadiions snd infu oni Telia Eat A+ wt ‘ures frlinking up withthe weal economy. By the 97 andes expore ndstazacon programs shape the poli golsanusieation ogo. smment thrghout Northeast and Southeast Asi. Themariage of ket logic and authoritarian rule gave rise tothe walls Asan tiges— South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Sigapor, ant Mali, Neltera loge ‘whi is abstratabe, mobile, and dynamic—becomes embeded a Asan techncert vision of how to reorganize ect, spa, ad india tudes in onder co meet lal competicon, The xonemic born we into 3 talipin with he Asan nancial eis, burst plans an enteprencuil ‘iersubjts son regded theses for conditions of fet acess an rater rise A sey of ing technologies of ming epee thi en tingeot an Hid mataeof sate wovertign practices that comin jt an negate diseuptions, upheavals aed css, Chages in goveing ta tis are oceaioned sot only from the outside—by Sane, natal ster, orinsurection—bur ab ron within state sone il. (Ca Schmit defines “sovereign” as ltimatly the power ella sate ‘ofexceptionto the normalized condition othe Thisbipoat fxmstion of wveeigny-exception sels capa the dynamic quality of vnereigny as the stag and statonal exercise of power n esponse to crises that thveten the iter ofthese Schmit theorizes tit a sate epable of reali esponse must be relat in combi teas an that sovereign ‘exception even to suspend basics could be ose ops politcal ‘mity and sab One need oar wth Schmit poll stance oid Ii coneepe ofthe exception us for alin contemporary sate action that devites fom sandal sovereign operations a al ora, The sovereign exception ha Iam nse in er isn the negate exception thar suspend ci ight for some but rather postive kind of exception tit «sete opportunites, usual fora minority, who ey plc commode ‘ns and cndtions not ged eo the eof che population The potve ‘exception snow invoked, epi in rest centaliand ect inorder tallow privileged groups to fice the chabenges of globalization. Indeed, the recent shit rward regional formations at come about rough aseris of pit excepions that alow goverment rethink the ‘contours af sovereign power elton to other sovereign ene. The servton ofthe Evis predicated on a sere of postve expan enacted by indiidal ovenmens to tale aspects of sovereignty power toa higher ‘crazed authority ia Bras. This form of eionlation opens up ci «ulations of epitaland aos, neressng oppor or preg Euroso Zoning Tolga Et sa peanscolbcome more ompeiiv in lbal marke Jon Rage aries the emerging ardutecure of the 0 ta pres of “unbundling” retry ann sovereignty: Goverment dnagregate dierent component of over scl pois, security meatres, cand give up eran contol for the governance of overlapping national spacex Sima, Stephen Keane sna tat tes in Esser Europe have solved specie problems stem ‘nig fice confiting chins 0 authority by cssaregating sovereignty through the cretion of vasous semiautonomous, semindependet, and senile Saks Sanen argues ha lobaleaion hse 20° yr tal destination of etionl tector and 3 patil shit of some como. ens of wate sovereignty tote itinutons, fom apranational nt to the global capital marke" Concepes of unbundling, disaggregation sd deoattonazation describe the administrative mechniams tha creat 2 regionalization, bu these tem, with thee ssumpion fying Up” pts of oncrcgn power do aot quite de eather diferent sovereign thinking tn paces in Eat Ai, ven though they ae alo responding the cha lenges of alibralisn. Thelogic of ecepion deployed in the construction ofthe Chines avis i snatked moee by a Reb of sare practices than by the unburaing or digggrepton of powers nr, the Chinese tat spectaclyinvoked an ‘kcepton the nomi of oil centralize planing, One may age that the introduction of mathe forms ws respon tothe poiical iss ofsociithickvandness, bets ae of cxxpion legtimized epi ans Focmation without jeopadaing the pli legimacy and oreo the ‘lst regime, Chin's opening (fy and marker reform polis have ‘elie not on uabunig or dnationalzng sovereignty bat on the produc ‘on of new space of exception and bordrcrowing powers. Post Mao sate statis have dle leit and resin in resting new eptit space where none existed before onthe soi msaland. BY examining the ‘sous teshnologie that zone lind an mobile economic eure 3 3 tance while accommesatng pote ene, we cap a dynamic ro ‘ces ofsoveregny ten gnoredin sts tht ses overegny inter of ‘rod “iberal“demoxrate” or"suthoctain” be, ving Teonlpes Asch of thought now econespling dhe caonshipberwce polis ‘und ecuolgy holds tha the ccuation of wc practices and dads ‘sete “technologie ones” or overlapping pita spaces of technological owing enki n Ea Aa 193 norma One example i the 3, rept of mulple technological onc of wif standakzation, x for he eoeton of intl op ‘ergo forthe prepraon of food fr human cnssmpson, My approach to zoning echnologes, however, sabe igh dierent phenomenon, ot 4 ‘ore exten form of ong rate that rene pata fed an tine tive enclaves. “Zoning technolo” ss to pi plans that rezone ‘he natool teitony The reehnagis of goeing ate the instrumental jaan of foe of marker riven exon that demarcate spc, aly monadjcen 0 each othr, in walt eptaliz on specif atonal a ‘vantages of exnonve ows, etintes, and linkages By deploying zoning strep, sovereign stats can crete or acomodate ands of diet zveming ccgmes within the tua lnsape of normalized ule. The plc outcome tan archipelago fees the sm of whch ta fxm of ‘aig eorerigey Economic elite reat «nev phenomenon. having thi origins in ese colonial practices tha ret pi testy or and castoms eas indominared na, ncluding China In Aa, the fst made fice trade aone (ort, Espor-Procesing Zone) in Asa wasestaiished ia Kashi, Ti van inthe mid-960s. Under the romping ofthe Unita Nations In dail Deseloprent Organization and the Ward Rank, export proesing mes subsequnyproifrate ght i,t wll ain Tain America and ine Middle Es The Fis ombiotion of ol aston aes td cxporvaremted manuficrring. Ths 02s combine tice hoy with ‘other incentives for fecgn investor: to se wp factors tha progice export good, ain low-sl workers, and att ecnlegy tae. The Pa sate suceeded expo subtaton ndastiizaon in developing cou tre driven bythe pari of oeigaschange earings Inthe ial decades of expor-indusialzation, cra we given fee hab expo abundant Jow-aage workers, mos of whom ere fer Eom South Kors tothe Philippines © Malas, union orgaszaton among zone workers Was 10 ‘inl hazasie by the pice, These xport zones were the site of sae lahorsogle to combat industri oppression and wo re wags; these 2m sed trogen in grad improved ving conditions fo the new indus workers the Asan ge economies.” Within two decades, ‘he hoe and ecological pinein tr consolidated hens oun ‘ion of “athorcrian development ee” such ae South Koes, nan, Singapore and Mal. Larger teestionl zones (colle growth tk ges) have been se up i Souths Asan shor, created by an a of ‘ception, the fe rade er esprepncesing acne ilike a ounty within 2 —_—ob + Zoning Tessin aa cour technology that ovestime spreads is indasia abe, and social fins rouphout the main. econ China Leaaing rom economic encaves chewhere in Asia, China bas developed “Seicve soning technologie that crete the form Fr aligament of the Iminland with ovences Chincx-domiawed pois in an archipelago of ‘avegated sovereign. By invoking he exception, the Chiaese sate ise ing farang economic and pies 000s tha ae marked of from the nor ‘mai etabnhed eewhere inthe planed soci envionment. Ean Zones The open pial or the exablishmentofnew “Hong Kong” slong the Chins bord ofa contact with fregn Chinese ‘spa communities Deng Xiaoping cosiered sez tobe both an exo ‘omic bridge ala poitisl window onthe ouside worl, Dilfer kindof noes were establish in ever tps droughout the 1986s and 9905 (see table 1 The fit decade sa the ration of mse border SE, “open” cose es: Shenzhen adjacent to Hong Kong; Zhuhai cos from Maco; ‘Xiamen cro the ri from Tava and Shane and Hina, which have strong tana connections to Chinese commutites in Souths Asa ‘Once maker development inthe costal tc pine momencam, doves of Fee trade nae, sei concmicand high-echindostl encaves aswell tout ster were heated in interne ies to tract foreign eachange and nce inn deelopment. ‘or goals dictated poll condition in dese rons: to atrct and sli orig capital fog jon ventre ad partnerships beeen a Jans an foreigner; o peace wholly export-oriented goods; and tet mae condone (ent pits) drive economic evs. To rez the Sours pol psi manages syste and lbocserce companies ll more exile bor contracts and oss ad impos le react ed ape Unucewherein China. Assome scholars have note, sezrkavecvolied into :runige tem noe only or experi induration bt also for _seatheaing the tranformaton of wc Chia ito make economy" There are porn aspect sts that go beyond te evens Anions ras elsewhere in ast As The location of 75 in Guangong tn Fujian Provinrs show he goverment intra acting evestos fiom neighboring Chinese pls Arie + ofthe Repuios on Special Zoning Tecan Eat A 5 op The Major rm of Zing in China “Shey, Za. a, Name Haan ad “Data, Sangh, Novo, Gang anes Ying Rive De: Rang Now Ae trations) Hen ner Dea min Hog Kal inetmen) Xiamen Zunzhn Qc (in Tinan snen) ~ Stung Reo Ling on Hebe Gat og? Heng Kong eae uhh echinacea and ies conomic Zone in Guangdong Prins, pss by the National ropes (Congress in 90, proline eat the pci one shal encourage foreign ‘ign, overseas Chines and computes ram Hoaghong and Macao ant ‘ei companiesandentepries (here refered anes) 156 Factories an establish erterpses and ther unakings, with ther own invesment or in joint veaores with our sie, sl shall, in accordance with "hela protec scat the poss de them and thc ctr av ights and incre Besides unig from overt Chinese eptaland exper tie ses long coat quill lesened economic an income ierences ‘between the mainland an neighboring area wth which Chins sch ve ‘ua politcal uifeaon ‘zs can also act as cnt space or dealng wit soci dscontent abo ures tht marr ef might provoke, The economiclinkages, wah and eptaisexperiens in 2s ako have sere explicit seal by managing the negation of Hong Keng, Macao, and Taiwan with mind China, areal dierent rom #2 in tha they enjoy a wider —a: Ds ng Thcogesin ae array of powers, inhangsubwanal atonceny for the loa ereaion of ‘busines opportuni, aswel a simple administrative regulations for lensing, banking and insurance These specie ares report ety 10 the ccna athorics in Bejing on economic and alminitatve mater Pal order within the zones and open cities promote freewheeling ene eccurileies and labor eplittion toa degre nor allowed inthe est {China Unie ste cerns workers, who are high organized under the All China Federation of Trade Unions, zone wotkers are consered rants unprotected by Chins abo law ad are not ened t0 socal Frets dae workers eho in the county Under then the ta an worker employ by eerie i thes eto are to be managed byte ener cng otc sino rquiements and, when nes srymay be smi afer going dough the procadre rode in he labor contacts ‘Nov ony ae grat worker expos to dhe Fl orc of mate cond tions thoy ae driminated agaist by 20 authorities ai they were for signees, Migrants must obtain a border pas work permit, anda tempor resident pas to Workin the 82 In ee, sone wekers, he mani of ‘whom ae rural women working unde high exploitative conton, ae systematically gnoced by nieniaed workers in there of China. As rural Inigans the arent en to un caenship an the eden igh, ‘etcation fr tee chile, a cet rou subse that such zr Ship coil The manive infix ofthe “sting population? mach of Doug and ema, sappis the Sk with cheap bor for huge favs redicng consumer good forthe lobe ‘22s in China deselopes py, expecially ater the Tananmen cack own in 19, when tidal wave of investment from overs Chinese com mnie exceded insenrent from Japan. By the ealy 19s, Sez-deven ‘opal eoerrives became synonymous with building connections with oveseat Chinese. Under the banner of Let Overseas Chines Build Bre, Lex Them Create Prosper” newspaper artic repo that almost al nilion Shanghainese hai ofeseas connections, foming "a ag invisible eidge with Chine api fom bros” la St, local Chinese oils secu ensof hounds of township an vilge eters (vs) hating togstberoveses Chinese apt and epetse with abundant cheap abor an and on the mainland. These hybrid erpies ar the nodes of ero bone production networks that strengthen Hong Kong’ le as the gt sway thin, | Zoning Tcobgesin Fst Aca sep ‘The ping ofthe Shenzhen sez with Hong Kong it an especialy ptr ample of how inactive zones actos polit ones at as bh ahinge— linking sca and apa spaces—and a rige—channelng seo, resources, and sills ass 209e. Shenzhn,villge aces the border of Hong Kong inthe 98s, has mashroomatintoa Wil Wes oni cy with niin of inhabitants, becoming the mainland exesien for Hong Kong business and industri enterprises, Wel ar a cone to sree et unde ble migrans forthe meropols. Tes of thous of Hong Kong-based ‘ores moved ito Guangdong Province, nd bythe isthe Parl River Deka ha become a indus extension of Hong Simg Hee Hong Kong manages ai lis of poor ra women in manuacring “the South Chins miracle Hong Kongs goal to become “the Mantua of Asa” ceils using Shenzhen to ker ur poor working fini rom the et of Cina, and a2 place to damp the working poor wlo cin no long aod Hoong Kongssratonpherc lett prices. Meanie, Hong Kon’ so Phisiated and bilingual experts in eal, aaa and buss evs + ‘uci 1 linkages been th mainland aad gla cmporations an ean focign pacts and practic or anlar Inconstal ces, apatite Chines ae wel preted inal ctr vital ‘0 the msinland ecnomy, cpl sins servic nance, manuf ing, ransporation, and hotel management. The fomation of the Xmen ‘entered cosa lt tract Taiwanese capital ofeny of crosstat economic activi: ples give loa oi atooy in amin joint ser with Freer, as well a ia reining revewes athe lo levels Taiwanese invests, capitalizing om ethnic and lings tes, ged inter Personal cons (ue with cl fics who furer eed burearatic tls or tani" With the formation ofthe Xiamen Zhangahou- Quanahon Tranle, Taian hat said it satus a jor inkl power, a n- exe by its thy ineligent inde park herd rnd sinc These science pas maintain important technical, mie, and personal ‘tionship with Silicon Vly Rens but Taiwanese hive ult thousands of fares i the grener Xiamen ate, Mowe ofthe prs manufactured inthe XamenZhangho Quast Tange ae machinery, slecicl goods, met, adele. ess the Pearl River Dela complex an the Xiamen Ting the Yang "ae River Del tan open zone secs to tm Sangha witht new nancial cena Peon, to the “dragon” of Chinese development. Shanghat ' tc lealng center of Chinese captain, witha huge Wet presence inot 5 Zeng Teli Ea at commer, mafic, ic, nena th rz, whe {heempbais ison och rceing ema ace or, Shang isaounding eto bone anew inthe Gino ow, theses of ck mare, hecho al bn lane For ‘awe, Wot bashes chose and US. mange Share hing te rain whnecola China wokr ito gb copra per Meanie, Singaporean techno hve ben seated fo a Sion ey apical pu in Suro an Wa Snyper ators zs oth meme an oils ein te Kin of idol ne ‘re condition of ding bn ing sd woking are men tena andar The pio om eo ownsip es wr hina iy wih nap ened bola, ean ‘choca st ane een nda an inal Ho tre thinner of Sao ene pts an noms = in buiing co, wat temee, econo nd 0 on has ee fare bythe wean of Chine win and ear ee veneers Sere shorts eae the bons ent of ong at sre bing cempeng intranet he rn ‘sneer ithlover rand er adherens Nowe Gs my given to bss un nina aceite os ha ge dre ewe ail bine newer a ee comforieig conti fan cn befoun eleven Cin "Thanks oem open cy, ble an bins cs ‘ee enero he inl, wi groming omens o over Ch nos loan Fe tad ne in Titan Snore nd HongKong ‘hnge pence, owl, an enlgy wh ers in Chi. Sng rorya oer cnet Hong Kong ae bn eruting toc oF ‘ede, pfu wer och mainland owen rests tnscine: usin (oe cap 8). Thani Chine treet Astor Eh nth opel igi nies i he Wes The twa flows af pfssnd and Bases lnc bereen Chin and rene Chia comune craed om poets that arent oa defacto nord ineratn of heo ‘mind with ene Chinese pales a th wei, a es and evn iel Insnhcemaleone ihren resgcsofeeeptontothe eal pled aon: They {stony nal croc an anv erin end ‘ecg mere an ee jb or mins of gran wore iy Zoning Teologesn Bat: 19 Te, Buepians to he Ctl inn Soca ten 1. EcoND ate ZONES! Spec Eamon Zn, Open Const Cie, Open ‘rand Pes Amin alesoomic sal asia mee ‘onto om cit cel aig an plan cement and ar Ss; ret conse eerie wagon wok condone 1, AbsantsTRATIVE Z0ME: HongKong, Mas a wean rig icin hl fal a ease cots ieee ayaa date Conner secon a thc, exp the exci on en ech (ecm rr min ce vs nein tion cay being poly contensd) ‘rg nga Aci i gh cles. Reese fom sect prcies governing labor, market cond ‘ons ae allowed to dete ne wager and work contions.Ezonomi dyna ‘nisms grea inensifedsocil nequalies among the populations within zones, 25 wel as eevee he otal areas and Chins seit at large. Zone uronomy cets condition of total market eedom but without the demo cratic righs har were demundein Hong Kong on the ex fret ‘sand ie se abe >), Aitinisrative Zones: In he mips, the “one county, wo sytem” pricy created the Spal Alisistrative Region for he reborn fo mel colonized or breskavay testo posessons (Hong Kong, Maio, “Taiwan, Ths, while 2 were intend ont con border networds nd economic iteration, and the SARS area formal accommodtion of irene politcal ents, he serpy generated betseen the S40 20g systems scresing akin eponalinaon tht makes political unison of (China and is ees pans incite (Great Bra andthe People's Republic of China, with mil ons: tion of Hong Keng peop, negotiated the Basi Law ofthe Hong Kong ‘Special Adminsrtve Regen (HKSAR), 2 minonstacion that allows “t high degre of auton 0 that he cin capitalist sytem and way of ‘an continu fo fy years Thus, the sn zing system lows for Hong Kong (and Maca} to erm to Chinese sovereignty a yet maintain gaho + Zoning Theos in Ea Ae exception aps, a democratic way of life—to the rex of cently planned exalt China. Unde the Bsc La, Hong Kong leer, ot Tan fica, wil seein he goverment SAR fly enjoys the power af “decison over mater within is astonomons ridin — execute and islaie coun an independent juan an fina accion powers Te democratic stra ofan goverance is compromise by Beiing’appeine mere ofthe goverment chi exces, Tang Chee His (ce ele 2), “Thus, Hong Kong retired to Chinese role with nowy fey Legian ‘Couscinenton keeping democratic rigs given to Hong Kong dri the tas decade of Beth ule the ft fe tons in 3 eas of Beth coli zation were eldn oo). Many have seen he sans mdelasa testis forthe ‘ven reunfiation of Taiwan with Chi The sx anework lows fr esperimentation with fee egress of el igh in rant apa setng, ami that acts aa loro for ‘Gain fare. Thematic deployment of wo zoning technologies 823 and open tes, oo the oa hand, and spl adminirative enti, onthe ‘ether— has prodecda tem of rigid sovereign o i of ional soronomy and enraied contol. AS abe 3 iluerats, sks enoy mere limited autononous power than do sat, Ss aretha an economic ‘xcpcon to socalis cent panning nd enjoy autonomy mainly market and matkerlaed acti in oner to fly develop caption the mainland, with the help of oveneas Chinese and other foreign investor. [Nevers ofen exonomic ara contibute t poll integration by strengthening lel procedures and peices hat sopport transnational omic activi nd retains, ‘sansarefandanenaly ina nateo pola exception, These administra tive zones poss thei own minicoastesons, independent pint ‘tons and judas, Furthermore, a pect of democratic rightllons foc tee deionsandfeedom ofexession, test forthe immediate frre Inbei hen st epresent parca ders of economic aid adminis ‘veautonony within cenally panned socials Chin, Sans conta te unique onders politcal autonomy within 2 Reiblearangement of one coum, two systems. a racial term, 8:28 ontlp abst with the spaces sans, ceating pe of agate snereigty base on the synergy [eeween untranmdled capital actives and elect democracy wih the body of soils China. Ar the ame time, thes exepional spaces a Vital odes in dens erwoks connecting the milnd Taian an Singapore, slloming an aia vaiegaed sovereignty to comeigeo being. Arthe Chine Zong Weblogs Ea As oes sade themes lave naslcted, “one Chin, 0 sts isa em porary rangement fate eunction, The vein eonomic and _Mmininrtive elt ve cet a intutional detour for icra tur event polit inegration, Wel sites for experimentation in Gi sexier outside China prope A Detour nthe Raat Polit tegration? Tn Tune 2004, st year afer Heng Kong wi eri wo Chins sovereign ontro the Gy and the mainland signe the Clee Economic Prteship Arrangements sp toward ee gresterecoomicintgaton The gre ment gies Hong Kong-based banks and companies markt aces to the ‘nanan. Tarifs oo handed f Hog Kong prt have been removed, lving the cig’ economy an imate boot following the outneak of severe acute repro nome (SAR). The wade agree tan 50: nomic ito sweeten thesimuluscous imposition of anew nations sexy law to cu seiton and her eres against the Chinese state. This tate laterventonintothe ax politcal eniranment triggered a demonsrationon July 1 by hl ilo Hong Kong residents who wanted ro uphold the poly of one couney, evo sens To prodemocray groups sich 8 the Human Rigs Monitor the fr tae pt of payback er business leaders in he Hong Kong govemment whokave gone along withthe sey erosion of ight, expec juris an the mi, The new security measure, Arle 2 ofthe Basic La seks epes aetses such as “subversion? seenion” ad the leaking of tae secrets, rime silt the “coonereotonay activities” banned on the man lan. The anon bl llows the polo search hemes without war ‘ant the goverment to han grup already ued inthe mainland, and the cours to impose hey ena forthe “theft of state secrets Adopt inghe measure curs the eed that emi dere viewpoint ative, snd nonmsisream poll gps to Bours in Hong Keng th bringing the sax politcal delet at ofthe mainland Although much ofthe Wes pres has viewe the rect protests a2 sign of democratic resstnce, ts ako importer itt the massive un rest in the context of study conomiedestne since 1997. The Bejing appointed chi excetve was widely viewed by Hong Kong reside, Fghlyorerongh a an inp der and symbol of ad lack fo the econ ‘omy, and subsequeny tela. In ation tothe facial cris propery zzsia + Zong Toon Bt Aa rics have placed slr ad budgets hve been cy ail unemploy ‘cits at analzime high. Te slow response othe sats outnek, which ‘le round thee thousand people inthe retry, Frher damage the cones. Economie ance as ben deepened by = pervaive en thi ‘Shanghai pling ahead a Chin's economic cgi, tel that Singapore pling more efcen in planing fo and dealing with economic rics ‘Thus sst demonstrations rele a manivedcontent ovr the sate the Hong Kong conomy and woes about fue fre constrained by nvsdion i, Blaming peemoory groups, Bing appeared 0 adopt 2 wieandace atin ad conn to uphol! the one cum, oo ‘ea polo sine te vargas sovecigiyiascommodates secs prac ‘icaandcooteaded route geal pies negation. In shor, pei utonomous region ar esting sts forthe contra ‘apresion ofc ighs ina Chiese marker comet. ts a famesorchas Allowed Hong Kong to romain the ex economy inthe wor and to exp mont wid dferene degrees of police fesdon tha test sis wories ove atonal secu. Hong Kong may never submit emily to manlnd forms of polit control uti must be noe thi pit practices in Cina proper arethemselies undergoing ransformacion, a erence bythe nso ection to the mse disent in Hong Kon a by the iid response to wotker demonstrations in 28 Ths, politcal speaking, bth “nds of conomie an poli pace ive instances of sovereign exception tht contra sharply withthe pla aormatvy Chi The Hong Keng lemonstasons have proved aoe the weakness bt the ei ofthe ns vind 2oaing ster, which an acominedate vation in gas ci bere aco ites Chinese sovereignty is basal legitimized by opening hanne forcrose boater wade, not by opening chinnee orci ight. Problems of govern ment aeinceasingl solved hough the deploymentofinelil na prac ‘seal tehniqus thi str economic sce by opening up economies rather ‘than politic spaces. Bur make bean Fosered through ong practice can aly acommodate pockets of gittion for ci ight allowing the kind ‘of expermenation thats notes tolerated in msi Chins, New deme ‘atic forces ia economic anes ain Hong Kong (ad Tawa) that have ‘merged with he growth of cosmopolian clases oct withthe normative «eraiedeguaton of populations inthe name of tinal sect Theres {ne sligament between ntional surty and econ feedom, bu ex ‘ean poll freedom can onybe peri, and casey chalged, “ening Tekin ae = 3 in spi zones and regions, Zoning technologies sem the best ei ‘mednis for creatiag consoled spaces ofexonomic and pital exper ‘mentation hat donot eeeten collective andations ees The san mech ans thasbecmer a detour —ehraughthe development of aia et ‘work and the tolerance of ei rights demands the road to eventual pola interation, The huge protests of Hong Kong sizes ithe new intemal security aw dno feo greater polit integration and Hog Kong i alkeay rly etre in the busines, techoaogy and pee sonal nerwors tht init tint the Chines ai Fiallyitsinportaeo note that hte arstng and weak links among, ‘he spaces of expsin open tes, and couse, The coon seared by the economic and pola paces oer economic communication aks with mainland China. But een though Taiwan isnot sa, he land it een raw ino mainland sites though Hong Kongad Maca, Beyond the ones thames, the mobiatin of recurs a apertie fom large umber of overseas support gsometiciacease in eonomic actives, With the entry China ino the Woe Tad Organization (20), the com> mera technological servi, an personal inks among varios ethnic Chi es places will ony intensity crn the eon, Soren and Sori: The Ee of Epson A dominant view of sovzigny an scuiy matin that govemmens| “pert log ines of rganae hypocrisy” whereby aes cin tem of thei wn speci iter even when they volte ineatonal res, This tion seems tobe 2 ough tranlton of Cal Schnits oncet ofthe ‘ception that Stephen Kinser tnsposs to the international arena. One ‘ots tat the Chiaese sateen invokes the chic ofthe exception (in ‘he mame ofellective or nao security) olegtimie crackdowns onds- dens asin the TananmenSqoaeincident andthe bang of groups sch ss the Falun Gong. That pectic i of sre, nt ecve to goverment in Asia: wehave wines the sling backof ci sgh inthe United Staesas Put ofits goverment’ response othe war on terri. Bt what eens ntrsing in Chinn istat such excepeions oth wae inressingy made sexing f open economic border abl aervors th ght the tensions lecwsen economic reo and pital reprenon. The exceptions have become oun during orchestrated ere the ne for makers) an during unplanned oaes (the outbreak of intons diseases) echnoratt14: Zoning Tolga a sa hve bce gly apt eplog haope tide {Nt nt ete whe ig bor polite ko formation, totimcracti Tt ects orgy eae tony tron guia abscr ge hyo sly iy ‘Sng ety tems aw uns ate ey ot Tanded noel y tng my wept aah ig ae pene Lee cn how ny pt se ning coogi oa et Choad pol ipa ig erate rete ee Shain cite ates egg tt one at rs in Chin approach ase View fom hee of ep, oe pi 4 ch by Serengeti te munca pn te Sovel hinto priate ne depres mt ep tt ‘ih se ought chi. Tal van ray eon tes a vl ihe lr onsen semen sal io inert Ate amen, wen sug a pen Ging utes ying eo lace nts Sat hve carci wih nd sna mene roo Souter hating petting eli on nan apn, Sie they ash ed boa nation sf eon sy tno ig ep no rst an ‘ene raopperti tint en, Sie aia ‘fine-art akin bron case dasa +3 Ging hsp nd South Ree) or as oh intemal). What wee otingerl one nepaion fren of me hn bli pola ier oe ot topsto more theo males em ep caren ihn dea, vans cpanel stn dy, ott arf ying Ind ht tnt wn opal eae onc ofr aig whch caging vats preent e Teg somone 4 a hy pe he “oe Chin ply er Cher cite by hs sco Chen Stan for arto” one ‘Chis nil he dpa Mh ate eon gen he ep balcngt perch dt Und Set 1 vay toca Cina grannies made tobe US sey ombeel, Twen wan le Reon Form © ove cy pi pl Chin eke te mu eon mn “pe 08 conn Zoning Tenia East Ads nal desiny ggests another pacha fr bung pola bigs. The now "scuiycltre™” sill operates according tothe principe of com: Sens, comattion, and limite nrefitencen member cour domestic Mis. Nermsasoxited with the “asta Way” have alowed the organza ‘on to bre poi diferences and wo ncadefomely shunned states sch as Cambodia and Myanmar As fring places ae drawn ito ever widening nerwoks of secuiizton, aba i the Chines ans of earmon conomic ners help to defect oto ccumvent poll canes, epe- ill betnen China an Tian, Taian frmal member in asta is ‘ont ofthe question because of Chi sensi, but by working fom the Inkloor Tainan has ely developed exes informal economic rel- tions wih SEAN members sich a Singapore and the Philipines. Tan Promotes selfs vital to peace and posperiyn Bast Asinand asa sce ‘model of eanstion poll denver maeetecnany ance socey, uni comes dominate by one pany rl. Despite marginal postion inseiont Aska + 5, Taiwan iraleady dp terconecte with neigh- ‘boring Asan countries. Furthermore, Chinas membership in the Wro has ede limi on diet ravel and ide between Chin and Taiwan, owing theislandw playa bgge sole n proving busnes-riented esearch othe manlnd. Conditions fo a new’ kind oF ell approche aro the ssi herete willbe in plas even a China bec more integrated into ‘the global omni "The Chines assisako an imaginary ine of clr sovereignty hat ras slong an ieoigicl plane ofthe graduated geopltial fl, A techno logical an commercial networks ae economic zones incesingl arclte slong 2 Chinese ai, we sean emerging pital achipeago that pests ‘he wider pouiies of an “imagined communi This lore alliance ‘gga eon paering anchored in China thi is very iret fom ‘Western dcoure of egoalism such as the “Pai Rin” Instead ional aries increasingly ive ast Asa arto emthat signals the growing conecions Berween the Sin parts of Southet Asia (Sings ore, Malia, Thala andthe Philippines) wth Tainan the Hong Kong ‘4 and minland China. For insanes,overea Chinci choirs have in vole a cenoence of toni, ngage, cll, a kinship practices mong widely dpsed sites to deine as emerging el of Sino-Southest Asian sui. Despite ongoing poll tensions and opposition to Being lear, cine Chines in the AsiaPac ike gest curl pie in the fmergence of China a global aco, ‘Te imagined ai alo crests anne 5 Zoning Toll a Aa tecogil space of exception within the Asa Pai, marking off aspaceo” ising China cetic hegemony. Te Siocetrc dicots fer enhance! bythe mantnd and Hong Kong popula media, re growing even as ye FRopie's Repbicof Chin andthe Republic of Chins remain na seandot ‘Meanwhile, the economic integration heeweenTaivan andthe mild, special in Fujin Province, Shanghs, andthe Yanga Valley, soa ‘anced that defacto abioepion eae place enn before a foal po Cipro har begun Thus, theemergence of Chins aus isbaed on Being very ita deployment of ning tedologis, whic the roundwor for wansatonl markt integration, making ies the o> Tal an clr gos of varigited sweeney infomation. As tsb rool of ring zoning mechanisms been a exonoaic detour ding to broader poi iteration. It therefore ao unthinkable that the logic ‘ofthe exepion and 2onng technologies have shown a path rowaad the reunion of dvided nations, A Maal fr he Toy Kast ‘Now Kore sso emerging from ts deep politic fsze by building ‘claves teping stones ofr polka collaboration and perhaps even reintegration wth South Kore, During the 19s and 990s, Noth Korea sought ‘schools nd ea coverage Under sich conditions thc atonage ope. sic both a a diplnry mechanism and 3 a informal stem of wa Protection fo migrant Fle works. With tei ck of ban esiencysighs highly comingeas employments, many female migrants my oceven he able to muster living wage [Nor supring lrgescal,ofen violent hor demonstaions have pe inte Pet River Dek. nthe sing of 2004, Von se brobe fut in a Twance pert arora Dong ater the management Ineralyandsuaneooy reduced wager and crea worker hours. A Inwer observed, “The ell race of he old ocey tat tok care of pple from bh to dent i gone and now people mst depen on hen Seles to sure. Bathe new soit dest rode people with ini ‘igh nd el ways to protect thence Ths, in amore extreme sie son than chat foun Sion abe, Chinese migra workers bjs of latina ethaciationare piel atomized and prevented fom devs ingindependent bor unions, Contemporary mobile create parca economic Wess, vig a ‘ero eattopte ystemsin North Amerie or neo-Tilois gove mena ia South Chin, undermining, respectively, the rein of de ti or vocals izenshp, The shin lauds of globalized production continually drop conditions for granting worker rights or for forming ‘worker soar. InSicon Vale, te ethncized networks ad nechanis Flatron al late wees, tho hearing bor mabe ino any cle. Prtbermoreby ping enc acaes inthe Unie Sats agains Chins vase ectonic bor camps, workers ae expo t intr fe comptiton over wages. ensnatinsl matkt power give the manage alte wide aieude wo employ uid, temporary box poole varied tes ‘The each ofaiedinal izenship ants dee eects on abo ights ‘hus shou make ws wary of easy answers to guesions of plbation and polis. Dad Hed, Andrew McGrew, David Goll, and Jonathan Te ‘ston, in Gil Danmar, eject sunday pesmi the view st slobulason or the stretching of markethas power enhancing the owe f cpt in elton bora the tat, They pit othe reve ‘Soni communications snd inoration kenalog which hive increased sively the seth nd inensiy of copia nerworts that can be 3 ow polit force for “vizing and demowaizing globalization” They suggest tat a coameopocal proj can mate acsountabe thon sites of powerthitesape the conto of specie democratic tex” Bat hi como Panis remains ane and practical speaking is pom of wiser Iman sighs cannot each millon, even among thse who liv and abr aera 57 advanced Hal scies. Compared to the kind of ransnations power roe in oll capital hat I all lain cen, cowmopelian c- zip sll an insiaonallyunderevelops or, ‘Amore adal cami proposed by Hardt and Negi who believe tha thelnfoznsion a communion tol fetal canbe appropiate bythe mukieude ro conftont the Expire on global sak, Their one conerete ‘tame of“ poll demand for “lal izersip” isthe quest by ‘undocumented workers foe fl ight of ckizenship nthe country where they lve and work? (in Pane). Br day, what the on pp ae de ‘mand isin conte tems ee lol eicrip but nition ctizeshipin France, where they make a iving It apeir that by “gab zens” Hari ad Negri donot mean any concentra for one ay 3 soci with Kant’ poltcaly measngl coanoplanisn; intend, they rer to cosmopolian hiking andl eng of alia between tens ad Bur Har and Neg oer highly suggestive iss aout the unpre ability and explosvenes of the mobile multe. The mobile malta, they chin, represents an exes oF ale with espe cry frm of ight ant hy" The counter Empire ino sich an eranized mass movements an unpreicable and uncontollbleresesscs of labor that pero ‘raps gs Dp “Mtl se weer macs aay expres sofia and a seach or iberain: dhe resstance against the hore cond ‘sons ofephitaton and he seach fo feedom anne conto fife! In Chins vast abr camps, the restless nomad of young workers his Periodically roped ino sudden hor outows,trstening to undermine lasinal frees of eoxporae owe. In Angus 2004, 2 masive outflow of migrants fom the Read River Deka instil powerhouse aud al pa. New manaficting ones ‘hve sprung up ll oer Chin, so migant workers packed up in search of ‘eter working and ving contons. Overnight the Tec River Delain ‘Guangdong rovince was shor wo milion workers, mainly young women, and factories worried about thc capac to keep curing out shows, ge ‘ments and electronics fr the work markts, Sud the peer af abor shortage has begus to hae export instr in Guangdong snd Fujin provinces, the southern cove of Chins indi seg. Aer ewo d= «aes of expor ave instil growth, the seemingly bottoms pool of migane labors resching iit east int of team or ow pay andscale working conditions. Thr is 2 new tnson beeen female {nts who demand Iter work nd ivig conditions, on the ne hand, and ‘ocporsts induces fr abor hep coming the esablshe industrial onc, on the edhe. n the Pest Des, companies are beginning t0 ise -ninmm-wage rites tothe highet national level ( 2 month) cu oe time, ase soil welfare benef, and oer beter liesyeconitons sch 2 Bop clases, wellequippd dormitories, and recreational ees. An ‘Adis company offers new counseling vervices that give foe workers Gp ‘on romance and bith contol Otros have Bceme phy and opened ther door 9 older and mara women. Migrants now hve the Izy of weighing the new incement in Gngdong fore again ‘wags and he living costs in the Shanghai region, oe in Booming iene er loser other homtowns Inshort, wher labor haste capaci to mimic the mobility ofp pecly nthe works greatest concentration of industrial poco, tan ‘be ei increunvetig the governmental of trl mist power [ahor met a form fresitance isehanced when there aemany ther competitive manuf zones to choos rom, But epi is mor highly dynamic and fee foeals more compan a planing tose high tech rmanafcringt0 Chin intr proving, where labor is cheape, even te Vietnam Chine or wl et tel aroha up with dhe Spon ‘ict necting ques for a parca combat of sti an labor pac ‘ies thal ase posi marges—anl workers abandon the market eo eck eter ondtons chewher rch seems appropriate wo once that while glabalization may led to the speead of easmopoltan feng and conse, hee is 4 poo porsonste ck of camopotian isin a robust latin makes Powerto defend the eizeaship or hamanrighs ofthe boring ions. The -lyamin of capitan networks, lay looking new aor makes bring into dpe, keeps te lotion of proction activites one tp ahead ofarestvlaboring population. My poate nottacnd ona peste ot. One eonrary the osc aly of ulin scl eles tel an ‘optimistic eaters, sine ony by eamining the ata igis and workings ‘of paticlarlarainl sytem can we coves how theres dead ‘sceritovalzaons of apa ad bor creat Sse and openings that keep losin stn contingent nd of alan | Higher Learning 4 Global Space The caret debates over diversity aril mucus have dnl on the ‘ole of etxation in preserving democratic eas inte United Stats? But wa is hero of Ameria higher kami in lation to dives in the lobe maresplce? Diversity i ofen invoke to mean muicukurl epee ‘entation instwent enrolment and in a democratic composition of diverse cular views in education But when the university student boy becomes increasingly mkinaonal, the question of divest spins ona xs between the cthies of democracy and the rechnigues of knowledge accultion, As American universities become global sie fortran aay of knowledge sil, 2 gus opening up between oration and echnical edtion, tberwcen easton fr nition cacy an sng oe wha might be called bord, caliber cizeship. First fal sexs important oss that cation is a cal techy nology —in the Weberan sense of appropiste mens to an en? —for come sstuting suet in parse spaces ofealeuaion. In mar soci, ‘ection sa technology of power involved in the eonsraction of meen “ths and knowledges, the el, ats and sil tha shape ae Kinds ‘tlnowiedgesbe bjs. To puitether simply the sutional enteric involves both moral ection and techie ating. The balance bers the tvo hasiays created tension, wth sess placed in the er year on ‘moral eduction an in ater years on prosonl sll. This proces ein fended to fem moclly sormatve and economically pose ces for ‘henson ste Tn reer: decades, ang univers in North Ameria ave resolutely cxpundebxyond the maton pace to ete elites on 2 global sae. In colonia ins, aniverscs in metiopotan counter the eles of their colonies wel as stems who became the ruling cas posclonat socites, Bu the educational reich of Aeris universe ey ofBaro Eos, ferent Ciisenhip Tor decades, Singapore has clo ils ineligen and” in an atch elagoofpresunably sing places at keeping one step ahead nthe ineligence game is no longer sified agains the sks and oppor tunities ofa ovsing technologies and veatare apis, Inthe aterm ‘ofthe Asian nancial erin of 997-98 the lens fhe cy state derstood that "New Singapore” needed to capeurcnnovaie technologies and for ‘jgnexpersto spark new dynamics of ine growth, Ata National Day rly the peme miner declared, “Toa, welt i gered by new ies, more than by improving the ides oer. Thais why we veto bing in muna alent, ke the way we rouge is wees [misinstinal ‘orpontions}, Like ses, multinational een. or nar, wl rng in ew ‘expertise, fesh ides and global connections and perspectives I belee tat ‘hey wll produce lasing beneisor Singapore” Amoag the ting eft unspcited inthe pine minister’ speech me there ene in the new smeming of being Singapore, AST disused char, the postdeelopnentl moment in Souteas Asia make the control ofthe population sky strategy fo inking up with lal rts of capital Bat whereas Malas ei on cheap labor ttt foreign investment, Singapore is epsitiorng itself aa hu fo accumula ing ntemationl expert. Singapore was x ninetcenh-centaryerenton of Bish merchant enterprics and immigrate from Asa apd Europe As 2 posclonia land nation of under four ion peopl (of whom oer hala ilo are feeigen), Singapore famoufr bing ru ikea gan corpo raion. For decades, the economy ran othe management of domes ings and the auraction of frcgn direc vesens though massive tax ‘xempions2 The domination of goverment inked coportons and mul rational ims has made Sigapore an Asks “ably” Fone bans eis ‘designation on foreign investment Hows, css-border contacts, andthe er8 + Helo Chip cenrage of depopulation that i onine» Thi s-cale Aian ger model sc on a mi of export-oriented manufacturing hgh aes of ing, aa igh ete of foreign ineetment~alied with an ficient government has made Singapore one ofthe rice counties i dhe wold (the per eps nome pa with Cana), But the 1007-98 Asan rani ers aod the goverment ulin for to consider the tiger moxel a potentially sipping. New gba presure to dereglae mares, she Chia challenge, ‘nd sede ecnings fom mansfiering sped mse to “rin. ‘sent Singapore by transforming the cy int anode ofa lol Knowle Akvenconomy Anthertrianin end the Nebr Essen ‘The Singapore case is lager than the sland itself, sce dhe ping of 20 Viera logic and authoritarian onlin Asia as rstce ome of he mest ‘adil experimensions wth vol engineering The lager ie sugested ‘is tat che neoliberal exception invoked by authoritarian regimes doesnot rely onthe same hind of tetnologie for problesiing and goxeming the population in ation ro spce fn chaper4, Tanayzed how the Chinese socials state deployed zoning mechani to demarcate special 200 for caperimensaton with market refoms Here, i another conor of Asan sutorarian rule he ncolibeal exception allows Singapore to experiment ‘ith an easticnoton ofthe sae ofthe nation ais cient, [Nenlberalsm as exception i technician of politic that re ‘ss pols 8 manly a problematzing avy, one tat shits the Focus ‘ay fom sci confit and ovand the management of oc lif. Gover ‘mentality a a Fevel of specifiy few dierent ses of rening ad roblematzation thst are inmentalyconceroed with aston si Sons of uncer int cklatvesategex® The eduction af politics 0 ‘entifing peoblms and making technic intercon in ode a shape ‘human conduct ha wie implication for the new meaning of man ing, nthe social Te inerelationsips inking preblemtzing sci, cela tivechoc, and eves conduct transform angie vv to aman beings csc ie. So fr, suc theoreial formulations have btn reoelyfoxused on crolvng sites of neoliberal mexemity in Western betings. Theorists ave ‘ot ye pid scene action ro emerging site of laaliy where a0 libel as technique and ethos creates new spees and ew valuations al Cietip sy suggesting new ye of spacetime manipelation In Suen Asia went an inovative usc of neoliberal loge at thre registers: the trast af links besween ira and external spices, the orchestration of owkege flows, and the Knking of whee and cients, Fis ast like Singa ote redefines self po within an established urban sytem bt in elation to an emerging network of symbiosfows, Secon, by pling together lemens frou dparate sis, ce hub itrwinsisfre with that of slbal organizations. Thiel, erwork prsipns— technologies, Frm rd experts — set ne norms of novation an ei fr eines: A abe in the vison of riche of ecoetieal diver is the organization of sexier and of isens. Baropu Fay ordeals, the Economie Development Board (D8), Singapore adminis trative bran, am up with veya plan tht recalled global sand the islands poss in seater of commerce, Inthe late 19908, 2 ew strategy emerged to beak adc fromthe an gsogrphi, demo raph and itll confines, The uepint sate poi not obec readebate.*We am to bua viwane and eeescent nteprie coytem, ‘where large and snalleompanis cn thrive adver om 2] insoraton and inlets propery to create value” More thin bypedyp economic program this blues a reimagining of th nation aa pla in ‘hin o knowlege postion. I ses wo anion from “thes ‘nce of comple which hols thatneworts interactions betwee di ‘ese cements cage rte to nonlinear dynamic ha can be spun ino 01 Asa Harve Bases Reina pt, "Seanslne strategies donk ‘work when your companys ass depends on the collie ea ofthe ‘organizations that infuence che eration and lv of your production. Knowing iar odo requires understanding the ecosystem and Your oma zations role ini” In Singapore Ln, weave seo management thas informing socal engineering 3 policy makers mebiiing marke expertise and scene reseach to transform Singapore ino a hl fo bite. Singapore now posons itself ak the ub of a wider Aan region of 26 bilon people within afghans of seven our” that rao well connected bys aby igi inks. In this eared space more than the popingiey of “healthy” egaizations invoke the ropinguiy of “ean” izes inal asaNo: Eel Caen 1 we the term banque or amp yy to describe the spat formation that reposition the cat a 2 hub ia an eosytem ete fem the ‘nobizavon of vers lal slments knowlege, practices and ats — ineracing 2 high lel of perirmance. Thi approach wo the tide Innes by theoretical begs, which Kents acl spaces in ing systems. The rentoning tha eack seca produces own ihe by conmi ing flows of mais and actor in order to cate a particular sary. An “coogi nslogy to what Singapore seks to become would beth eopil ‘Sop thi i defined ames bythe wali and exchange beeween dierent populations as by the sate of dynamic cat chee interactions ees ‘ex The ows and nodes linking everse populations create an iegla space that roscats conventional borders. Niches or aasions of sable populations are dawn int ows; varied popolations thas brought ieo inter ton produc baroque ememble of diverse quai, ‘sides the spatial dimension, the baroque quality abo defied by the combination and recombination of vere lows and actor. The coreg of lol technologies and talents ata collaborations with ntemasonl ‘sompinics and research insnitons. The Singaporean eon pts tt 85) mule domains, tedholoies, and acess that thee furwes become inerwine ina nework of sib. An KDR fia norms me that in ‘th tation fr autora ahmater to vena capi, the a juste invisible har giving he right ingredients but not actualy con telling] things” He uses the gardening metaphor: he un sets schemes and provides feliz tha acting at cate to allow dent organs to thrive ine ecosystem. Venture pita an infest development ‘invite collaborations with an anay ofindass, research bods, and foreign pers his crestngasergy dt osersexromic opportunities ane: Secale, "he predictably of nk prtrmance roe complex scorgsse ‘ion of ets norms. The else interactions between foreign experts anc ‘tizen ar expected 0 engenie higher ets of conpetsienes, cet, 2d hnowlge value Fut and elfevesene are de unavoidable eee of ‘ach choreographed entanglemencs. “Econtems” we ae reminded, “ae ‘yplly dst along the ctl boundary cpurating table fom Sn sable dymamies™ The assemblage of were opal, seh nsitutons, tnd foreign actos is poised berwern stems of stabil and insti. In Singapore, th biological ek ofthe national kos not estate witha ‘baroque ecology that has reordered intemal and external relationships slong, thelines fences and entrepreneurial noraion. eso Chttnip = Asis opening up between home ane ding, been the roeadnei of Singapore a ome county ad new noms of ckzenshipeepeened by the koowedgeartnopos, New regimes of human worth distinguish bet ween eign experts and loa ones, those mening tell apt ad those who do no: sting iow modon 2 new How of eile and human consequences that pian jeopardy what itmeans tobe Singaporean today {wills the changing ei guidelines of sujet formation in wo ovelpping xe of ational biotch, The Taonaprenenil Naren When knowlege treated only as commode university is tranocmed ingore enterprise 200” ast of nvestmentsby knowledge enerprnesor _mniversites fom sun the worl, The National Unies of Singapore (us) has become the fb of ntitonal links with varios foreign po _g7ams in information tedholgy, busines management, engincering, and the biotech ences, This knowlege cosigursion inne 38357 tema combinesseademic excelence with restive cnrepreneiinn, hat Js, Oat fosters a tof practic cil! “echnopreneuriim” By foming [armersips with American and European inition, Singaporean policy makers hope to sk up the comple, ace b-th-book approach owl and toignitea sease of knowledge sancti thing tit can be convered, with te sight amount of entepencsi el, ito intellects ‘api In alison, headhunting campsiges aera foreign profesor and researchers—the rae cach engin with ap MA ce a PAD about ‘hir-fveyee ot come and workin Singapore, thus adding tots sore ‘of expertise, Furthermore, dough propingity and nections beeen foreign experts and czens, aminraors hope that a ule of “eh rene” practi willblessom among Asan densmorexsstored ing tldwhar todo. ‘ey parmenipin the high echolagySeds the Singapore Ali ance (sh) Forma ia 99, the SA severed to taining Asan deni vanced enginrsing and new computing technologies. Te fyi com rie of rand al profesor in ls ach a mates cnc compu ion, manufarriag technology, moka engineering, and compare + ‘nee. The pogea ht recited doves of tp tant from Chi, Ie, an Asis-Paciic ecu, who are given generous scholar uy it Singapore andi hoped ine conti ial po ‘The sw bouts wo being the age inert ering program nthe‘wok anew paragn to promote global since & engineering cation Und wseuch?™ To accommodate the schedule of exper fra the United ‘Stas the academic yur ha been adjusted co dhe Amerian semester le Stents hve the pec sped one semester Ir in Cambridge, Mas ‘ochusets Is hopes ta thete young sensi th MA ad PDs) ill ‘develop sina compass bse in Singapore. To forte that develop, forcgn ste on licholships ze to become permanent sides. O0 _sradaton, foreign sent will hive grand employment rl high sl ries ar well nvtasos to become residents nd cies “The goal eto have a snadent ody tha is move than one-h foregn making ies amujorhabof ence ining thaw fed workersine the totechology network ts perhape oo exaggeration to say thatthe sate ‘onside enc hnoledgear the new enter on which the ation willbe ‘fend an srengshned. Ata resent symposia the Singaporean mini ter of defense hie dhs sus core program, which wallow th atacton retention of “theft eon ten, alongwith the generation ofan ‘ting ecsytem of scar and ies cretion" The sa repress the Larges f many one ene projets with Western universes ‘Science programs perl nurture a pool of engineers and esearch the ‘other lf othe knows coniguraton is served by a aero f business schools that wlleompkte the tining of simi as enrepreners. Theres 2 surprising duster of ame-brand busine ichoolin Singapore —ncading tera the Wharton Research Cenc atthe Singapore School of Manage men, and the Univesy of Chicago —ro insilin ents an ener” mind. Ashe hub of eset erp stem, Singapore wants ea “busines incubate” oan environmen where tent eneprencurs «can obtain fun oplay with hir“maskeabe ideas” Agi, the goal sto seat synergy berween tenes and entrepreneur an to mute whiz ds whe opin off es int tarp compari, Cas the tate network academic and busines insittions replicate StconValyenepeneurs in Shes Asi? To ened the “enviroment” of etreprencurhip the nus ‘nat up colleges in Seon Vly and ter high ech zones where sian styles can epeince technopeencril™ rates at work For instance, os engincenng sues have enol t Sano Une, ith the i of eting internship ith Slicon Vey fms Ina glowing write-up, 2 third-year material ace snadent who was ean fr Sion Val en ed tha re eng atl nti ere Teng the inemehip pro tm, “we hope to eerince fischand how ajtar-up works. The prac ‘experience wll be inahable™” Another subi, xs Ameria le il place sent in ner with technology company, ging ‘Singapore sed sens aces the best Ameren programs, nding ‘medial istucons in the Pidephia are. tn shor the Rove ‘cology dat has er fage is meat to shake Singaporeans out of tht ‘eonventonl ambition af working for mination! corporations snd in nea becom knowledgeable, rk taking etrepencirs wh ep stat in vestments rom pla ems By foce- marching nies tents up the ‘lc cn, Singapore’ leader hope to make ite Howton Est™ The Big Wed “The engineering web skew the growth ofthe “Bipot” complex, where bioinformatics and bien wil deve (ae ig 2). Now at issecond sage of growth, fw bilion US, dell have ben fle into

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