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Human Characteristics
A major problem that faces transportation engineers
The main components of any mode of transportation when they consider human characteristics or factors
are human beings, usually referred to as ergonomicsin the design of
the vehicle, and the travelway. In the highway mode, transportation systems is the varying skills and
human beings are the drivers and pedestrians, the
vehicle is the automobile, and the travelway is the perceptions of humans using and/or operating the
roadway. Similarly, in rail transportation, human beings system. This is demonstrated in the wide range of
are the locomotive peoples abilities to react to information. Studies have
drivers, the train is the vehicle, and the travelway is the
railroad. To provide an shown that these abilities may also vary in an
efficient and safe transportation system, it is essential individual under different conditions, such as the
for the transportation influence of alcohol, fatigue, stress, and time of day.
engineer to have adequate knowledge of the
characteristics and limitations of Therefore, it is important that the criteria used for
those components that are of importance to the design purposes should be compatible with the
operation of the system. capabilities of those that use and/or operate the
transportation system. Transportation engineers must
have some knowledge of how human being function.
THE HUMAN RESPONSE PRO
CESS
Actions taken by operators and users of transportation systems result from their
evaluation of, and reaction to, information they obtain from certain stimuli that they
see or hear.
VisualReception
Terkait dengan kemampuan mengemudi, terdapat sejumlah kriteria daya tangkap
penglihatan yang penting yaitu :
Kemampuan melihat objek secara rinci (Visual Acuity)
Kemampuan melihat di luar kerucut penglihatan terjelas (Peripheral Vision)
Kemampuan membedakan warna (Color Vision)
Kemampuan utuk pulih dari silau (Glare Vision and Recovery)
Kemampuan menaksir kecepatan dan jarak (Depth Perception)
Visual Acuity
Visual acuity is the ability of an observer to resolve fine details of an object.
Visual angle () of a given target is given as :
where
L = diameter of the target (letter or symbol)
D = distance from eye to target in the same units as L
Peripheral Vision
Kemampuan manusia melihat objek secara rinci dan jelas adalah pada
kerucut penglihatan 3 - 5, sedangkan pada kerucut penglihatan 10 - 12
agak jelas. Namun kemampuan melihat di luar kerucut penglihatan terjelas
dapat mencapai hingga 160. Hal ini misalnya bermanfaat untuk melihat
kaca spion tanpa sepenuhnya memalingkan kepala ke kiri atau ke kanan.
Color Vision
Kemampuan untuk membedakan warna sangat dibutuhkan oleh pengemudi.
Kekurangan dalam kemampuan membedakan warna ini disebut sebagai buta warna.
Terdapat 4%-8% dari populasi penduduk bumi memliki ketidakmampuan/ kekurangan
terhadap membedakan warna. Warna dasar rambu misalnya digunakan untuk
membedakan fungsinya sebagai rambu peringatan, perintah, atau larangan.
Misalnya untuk mengimbangi warna Kebutaan, rambu lalu lintas biasanya distandarisasi
dalam ukuran, bentuk, dan warna. Standardisasi tidak hanya membantu dalam estimasi
jarak tetapi juga membantu individu yang mengalami buta warna untuk
mengidentifikasi tanda.
Glare Vision and Recovery
Silau dapat menganggu pandangan. Hal ini dapat terjadi pada siang ataupun malam
hari.
Di siang hari sumber silau adalah matahari. Di malam hari sumber silau adalah lampu
kendaraan dari arah lawan.
Media pereduksi silau dapat menimbulkan masalah baru yaitu berkurangnya
kebebasan samping jalan.
Depth perception
is the ability of an individual to estimate speed and distance. This characteristic is of more
importance on two-lane highways during passing maneuvers, when the lack of accurate
speed and distance estimation may result in head-on crashes. Depth perception also
influences the individuals ability to differentiate between objects. The human eye is not
reliable for estimating absolute values of speed, distance, size, and acceleration.
Factors that affect pedestrian speeds include the time of day, air temperature, presence of
snow or ice, and the trip purpose. Age is the factor that most commonly results in lower
walking speed. The lower end of the speed range (0.9 m/s) is used as the walking speed for
design of transportation facilities that will be extensively used by older people.
PERSEPSI REAKSI
ata
u
Contoh Soal :
= 33 0,
Dimana v adalah kecepatan kendaraan dalam satuan ft/detik. Jika
kecepatan kendaraan saat itu adalah 45 mil/jam, hitunglah
kecepatannya setelah 5 detik dilakukan akselerasi, dan berapakah jarak
yang ditempuh selama waktu tersebut?