- N ) .

(the set of natural numbers

- Z ).(the set of entire (integer) numbers
- Q ).(the set of rational numbers
- R ).(the set of real numbers
- C ). (the set of complex numbers

A B - , :
x A , B
A = B {x A x B} .

-.
A - - A) , B , B A ( B -
A , B ,
. x A x B
: , x x A . x B , x , A
. B
.A B :
- , A , A A :,

- :
B A. A= B A B-

.
. - A . A

- A ) (Power set , A
. P ( A) -

.
A , B - , A B - -:
} x B . A B = {x: x A
x B} , x A B x A
.
A , B - , A B - -:
} x B, A B = {x: x A -
x B} ,. x A B {x A -

A - .
. A B = A + B A B

.
A B - , A \ B -:
} x B. A \ B = {x: x A -

, - .U .
: , U , A , . A U
U \ A A . A

- .
- , :

(A B ) = A B,
(A B ) = A B

1

A B - - :
) . A B = ( A \ B ) ( B \ A

Tn . Tn . n-
) T1 (1 ) T1 , (2); n = 1 Tm , Tm+1;
Tn n N.

.
n A1 , A2 ,..., An ,. Ai A j = , i , j = 1,2,..., n ,

A1 A2 ... An = A1 + A2 +...+ An :

.
n P1 ,..., Pn .
P1 m1 - , P2 m2 -,... ,
Pn mn - , n P1 ,..., Pn m1 m2 ...mn -.

.
.n! = 1 2 ... n, n N : . 0! = 1
!n
= ) . C ( n, k k n . C (n, k ) -
!) k !(n k
.
} A = {1,2,..., n . P ( n) = n! . P ( n ) -

.
!n
= ) P(n, k k n . P ( n , k ) -
! ) (n k
.
n n
)(17 .( a + b) n = C ( n, k )a k b n k = C ( n, k )a n k b k
k =0 k =0

, , , .
) ,( a, b a b - .

) ( a, b ( c, d ) - , a = c. b=d -

A B - .
} {( a, b ): a A, b B A B - . A B

2
 - R A B A -. B -
, R , ,( a, b ) R - . aRb :

" x" ; x - " "x .x -

.
R A -. B -

R . Domain( R) = {x A: y B: ( x , y ) R} :
R Range{R} = { y B: x A: ( x , y ) R } :

.
1
R A - . B - R B - , A - , R - :
1 1
.bR a aRb : R }= {( b, a ) B A: ( a, b) R
.
R A - B - S B -.C -
R o S R S - A - , C - :
} (b, c ) S.R o S = {(a, c ) : b B : (a, b) R -
, bSc :.a (R o S )c b B : aRb -

= I A ,A . A }{(a, a ): a A

R , A , I A R .. aRa, a A ,

R , R 1 = R .. xRy yRx ,

R , bRc aRc.aRb -

- , A ,A .A

, ).(equivalence relation

E . A x A, y A , ( x, y ) E : ,-
x y - y - , x - x - y - .

} [a ] = {x A : ( x , a ) E a A

R A B A - ,B - aRb2 b1 = b2 - .aRb1 -

, Domain( f ) A , A -. B -
, Domain( f ) = A A -B -

- -.
f - - A - , B - :
).( a1 , a2 A f ( a1 ) = f ( a2 ) a1 = a2
3
 .(a1 , a 2 A) a1 a 2 f ( a1 ) f ( a 2 ) ,

.
f A - B - , B , f A - ,B .
: f A - B - . b B a A : f (a ) = b

.
. f : A B , g: B C , h: A C h g , f -
x A, z C , , , z = h ( x ) - y B y = f ( x ) -. z = g ( y ) -
.h = f g , .( f g )( x ) = g ( f ( x )) - .

.29
1
f A - B -- B1 B. f ( B1 ) = {x A : f ( x ) B1} :
) f ( B1 . B

f 1
. b )}({b b . B )}f 1 ({b
. f 1 (b), f 1b ,. f 1 (b) = {a A : f ( a ) = b} -

R A , bRa a = b. aRb -
a b (b, a ) R ,. (a, b ) R -

R A , A ,
.

A . . -

a A , ) , ( x A) ( x a ) ( x = a,
x ,a - . x a
b A , ), ( x A) (b x ) ( x = b
, x , b - .b x
a A , x A .a x
b A , x A . x b

A , a A, b A a b .b a

A B - . - - f A - , B
a1 1 a 2 ,A - ) f ( a1 ) 2 f ( a 2 ,B - ) f ( a1 ) 2 f ( a 2 ,B - a1 1 a 2,A -
A B - ) 1 .( 2 - f
.

). (True or False

)(connectives

"" )" ,(or" )" ,(and" )" ,(not ..." )" ,(if then ")(if and only if

4
 , P Q - ) (disjunction P , Q - P
Q .
" " -
P Q PQ
F F F
F T T
T F T
T T T

, P Q - ) (conjunction P , Q - P
Q .
" " -
P Q PQ
F F F
F T F
T F F
T T T

P - ) (negation , P P .
" ___ " -
P P
F T
T F

P Q P P Q - , P Q
Q -.
)" - (implication ...".
P Q PQ
F F T
F T T
T F F
T T T

P Q P P Q - , P Q
Q - P Q -.
)" - ( mutual implication or equivalence ".
P Q PQ
F F T
F T F
T F F
T T T
__________ __________
-(A B ) = (A B ) , (A B ) = (A B ) :

.
.1 .
.2 F1 , F2 , ) F1 , ( F1 F2 ), ( F1 F2 ), ( F1 F2 ), ( F1 F2
.
.3 , -1.2-

) F ( X1 , X2 ,..., Xn , F ( A1 , A2 ,..., An ) = T . A1 , A2 ,..., An

5
 ) F ( X1 , X2 ,..., Xn , F ( A1 , A2 ,..., An ) = F . A1 , A2 ,..., An
) .( A B ) = ( A B ) ( B A) .( A B ) = ( A B

} f :{0,1} {0,1 } Domain( f ) = {0,1 .

?
:
x )f 0 ( x )f 1 ( x )f 2 ( x )f 3 ( x
0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1

] f :[0,1] [0,1] [0,1 .

.
x y 0
g0

g1
'
g2
x
g3
'
g4
y
g5
+
g6
%
' y' x
g7 g8 g9 g10 g11 g12 g13 g14 g15
| 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
n
A1 A2 ... An . A - } f :{0, 1} {0, 1 }Domain( f ) = {0, 1
n n n

n.

} f :{0, 1}n {0, 1 } , x1 ,..., xn , xk {0, 1 -

) . f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn

f g - ,
) f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = g ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn x1 , x2 ,..., xn.

-- .
:
X } x {0,1 x = 1 : X .
:



,