2000

2000

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1991.

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12-1991 . 11/13/3-3-1995.


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(.... - 2000)

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EC8 ()
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.


.

X 2000


1 25

1.1 27
1.2 27
1.3 29
1.4 29
1.5 29
1.5.1 31
1.5.2 35
1.5.3 35
1.6 51
1.7 53
1.8 53

2 55

2.1 57
2.2 57
2.3 57
2.3.1 57
2.3.2 57
2.4 59
2.5 61
2.5.1 - 61
2.5.2 61
2.5.3 Poisson 63
2.5.4 63
2.5.5 65

3 67

3.1 69
3.1.1 69
3.1.2 69
3.1.3 69
3.1.4 () 71
3.1.5 71
3.1.6 73
3.1.6.1 - 73
3.1.6.2 s 73
3.1.6.3 73

2000 XI


3.1.7 73
3.2 73
3.2.1 73
3.2.2 75
3.2.3 75
3.2.4 77
3.2.5 77
3.2.6 77
3.2.6.1 - 77
3.2.6.2 s 79
3.2.6.3 79
3.2.6.4 79
3.2.7 81

4 83

4.1 85
4.2 85
4.3 85
4.3.1 85
4.3.2 85
( )
4.3.3 89
4.3.3.1 89

4.3.3.2 () 89
4.3.3.3 () 93
4.3.3.4 93
4.3.4 95

4.4 95
4.4.1 95
4.4.2 97
4.5 97
4.5.1 99
4.5.2 101
4.5.3 101

5 105

5.1 , , 107

5.2 109

XII 2000


6 115

6.1 117
6.1.1 117
6.1.2 117
6.1.3 ( ) 119
6.2 119
6.2.1 121
6.2.2 121
6.3 123
6.3.1 123
6.3.2 123
6.3.2.1 123
6.3.2.2 125
6.3.2.3 125
6.3.2.4 129
6.3.2.5 129
6.3.2.6 131
6.3.3 133
6.4 133
6.4.1 135
6.4.1.1 135
6.4.1.2 135
6.4.2 137
6.4.2.1 137
6.5 139

7 143

7.1 145
7.2 145
7.2.1 : 145
7.2.1.1 147
7.2.1.2 147
7.2.1.2 147
7.2.1.2 147
7.2.1.2 147
7.2.1.2 147
7.2.2 149
7.2.3 149

8 153

8.1 155
8.2 155

2000 XIII


8.2.1 155
8.2.2 155
8.2.2.1 155
8.2.2.2 - 155
8.3 157
8.4 159
8.5 163

9 165

9.1 167
9.1.1 167
9.1.2 167
9.1.3 167
9.1.3.1 167
9.1.3.2 167
9.1.4 169
9.1.5 169

9.1.6 , 173

9.1.7 175
9.1.7.1 177

9.2 179
9.2.1 179
9.2.2 179
9.2.3 179

10 181

10.1 183
10.2 183
10.3 185
10.4 185
10.4.1 185
10.4.2 187
10.4.3 - 187
10.4.3.1 - 187
10.4.3.2 189
10.4.4 - 189
10.5 191

XIV 2000


11 193

11.1 195
11.1.1 195
11.1.2 195
11.1.2.1 VRdl 195
11.1.2.2 197

11.2 199
11.2.1 199
11.2.2 199
11.2.2 199

11.2.2 199
11.2.3 ( ) 201
11.2.3.1 201
11.2.3.2 203
11.2.3.2 203

11.2.3.2 203
11.2.4 209
( )
11.2.5 209
( )
11.3 - 213
11.3.1 213
11.3.2 215
11.3.3 215
11.3.4 217

12 219

12.1 221
12.2 Saint Venant 223
12.2.1 223
12.2.2 225

12.2.3 227
12.2.3.1 227
12.2.3.2 (.17.9.1) 227
12.2.3.3 227
12.2.4 227
/
12.3 229

2000 XV


13 231

13.1 233
13.1.1 233
13.1.2 235
13.1.3 237
13.2 237
13.2.1 239

13.2.2 239
13.2.3 241
13.3 241
13.4 241
13.4.1 241
13.4.2 243
13.4.2.1 243
13.4.2.2 243
13.4.3 ( 245
)

14 249

()

14.1 251
14.2 251
14.3 253
14.3.1 253
14.3.2 255
14.4 257
14.4.1 257
14.4.2 259
14.4.3 261
14.4.4 261
14.4.5 263
14.4.6 263
14.4.7 265
14.4.7.1 265
14.4.7.2 269

15 275

15.1 277
15.2 277
15.3 () 279
15.3.1 279

XVI 2000


15.3.1.1 279
15.3.1.2 281
15.3.2 281
15.4 281
15.4.1 281
15.4.1.1 281
15.4.1.2 283
15.4.1.3 283
15.4.2 283
15.4.2.1 283
15.4.2.2 285
15.5 285
15.6 289

16 291

16.1 293
16.2 295
16.3 297
16.3.1 297
16.3.1.1 297

17 299

17.1 301
17.2 301
17.2.1 301
17.2.2 301
17.2.3 301
17.2.3.1 301
17.2.3.2 303
17.3 303
17.4 303
17.5 303
17.6 307
17.6.1 307
17.6.2 309
17.6.3 309
17.6.4 311
17.6.5 313
17.7 313
17.7.1 313
17.7.2 313
17.7.2.1 313

2000 XVII


17.7.2.2 315
17.7.2.3 317
17.7.2.4 317

17.7.3 319
17.7.4 319
17.8 321
17.8.1 321
17.8.2 321
17.8.3 321
17.8.4 323
17.8.5 323
17.9 325
17.9.1 325
17.9.2 ( 327
)
17.9.2 ( ) 327
17.9.2 , , 327
17.9.2 329
17.9.3 331
17.9.4 ( S) 331
17.9.5 - 333
17.10 333
17.10.1 333
17.10.2 333
17.10.2.1 333
17.10.2.2 335

17.10.2.2 335

17.10.2.2 335

17.10.2.3 337
17.10.2.3 337

17.10.2.3 337

17.10.2.4 337
17.10.3 337
17.11 339

17.12 341
17.12.1 , , 341
17.12.2 341

XVIII 2000


18 343

18.1 345
18.1.1 345
18.1.2 345
18.1.3 347
18.1.4 347
18.1.4.1 347
18.1.4.2 351

18.1.5 351
18.1.5.1 351
18.1.5.2 353
18.1.5.3 353
18.1.5.4 357
18.2 ( ) 357
18.2.1 357
18.2.2 359
18.2.2.1 359
18.2.2.2 359
18.2.2.3 359
18.2.3 361
18.3 361
18.3.1 361
18.3.2 363
18.3.3 365
18.3.4 367
18.3.5 369
18.3.6 - 369

18.3.7 371
18.3.8 371
18.4 371
18.4.1 371
18.4.2 371
18.4.3 373
18.4.4 ( ) 373
18.4.4.1 373
18.4.4.2 375
18.4.4.3 381
18.4.5 381

18.4.6 381

18.4.7 383
18.4.8 383

2000 XIX


18.5 383
18.5.1 383
18.5.2 385

18.5.3 385
18.5.4 387
18.5.5 389
18.4.6 389
18.4.7 391
18.4.8 391
18.6 393
18.6.1 393
18.6.2 / 395
18.6.3 395
18.6.4 397

19 399

19.1 401
19.2 401
19.3 401
19.3.1 401
19.3.2 401
19.4 401
19.5 401

20 405

20.1 407
20.2 407
20.2.1 407
20.3 407
20.3.1 407
20.3.2 409
20.3.3 409
20.3.3.1 409
20.3.3.2 () 411
20.3.3.3 411

20.4 411
20.4.1 411
20.4.2 413
20.4.3 413
20.4.4 413
20.4.4.1 413

XX 2000


20.4.4.2 413
20.4.4.3 415
20.4.4.4 415

20.4.4.5 415
20.4.5 415
20.4.5.1 415
20.4.5.2 415
20.4.5.3 415
20.4.6 417
20.5 417
20.5.1 417
20.5.2 419
20.5.3 419
20.5.4 , 419
20.5.5 419
20.5.6 421
20.5.7 421

20.6 423
20.6.1 423
20.6.1.1 423
20.6.1.2 423
20.6.2 423
20.6.2.1 423
20.6.2.2 425
20.6.3 425

20.6.3.1 425
20.6.3.2 427
20.6.3.3 427
20.6.3.3 427
20.6.3.3 429
20.6.3.3 429
20.6.4 429

21 431

21.1 433
21.1.1 433
21.1.2 433
21.2 435
21.2.1 435
21.2.1.1 435
21.2.1.2 435
21.2.1.3 435

2000 XXI


21.2.1.4 437
21.2.2 437
21.2.2.1 437
21.2.2.2 437
21.2.2.2 437
21.2.2.2 437
21.2.2.2 437
21.2.2.3 437
21.2.3 439
21.2.4 , , 439

21.2.5 439
21.2.6 ( 441
)
21.2.7 ( 441
)
21.2.8 441
21.3 443
21.3.1 443
21.3.2 443
21.3.3 443
21.3.4 443
21.4 445
21.4.1 445
21.4.2 445
21.4.3 445

22 447
/

22.1 449
22.2 449
22.3 449
22.4 / 449
22.5 449

453

.1 455
.2 455
.3 461

XXII 2000


463

.1 465
.2 465
.3 vx vy 465
.3.1 465
.3.2 - 467
.3.3 469
.3.4 vx vy 471

475

.1 477
.2 477
.3 479
.4 481

487

.1 489
.2 489
.3 491
.4 491

2000 XXIII

1
 1

.1.1

.


.

.

,
.

, .

.1.2

(..
..)
.

200C
.. (.. -) .
, , G,
v, , (..
)
50C ().

.

.
.

( , .).

26 2000 -


1.1

1
,
.

1.2

/
,
(... 1997).

(
, , ,
, .).

,
, , .,

.

2000 27
 1

.1.4

,
.

( )
.. , ,
(. 20.6.3),
(. 19.5), (
, , ),
, , ,
, , .. (
- ...).

.1.5

: ISO 3898 -
.
656.

28 2000 -


1
1.3

1.4

2 5
.

.

.
- ,

.

( 6).
( 10 14)
( 15 18).
( 15),
( 5)
( 18),
( 22)
.
.

10 18
.

, .

1.5

, ISO 3898.

2000 29
 1

30 2000 -


1.5.1

(i) :

A
1
A
C
E
E
F
F
G
G
I
M
M
N
P
Q
R
S
T
V
W
X

(ii) :

a
a a

b
d /
e
f ()
h
i
k
l L /
m
r
t

2000 31
 1

32 2000 -


u, v, w
x, y, z

(iii) : 1
/
/




Poisson





0
1
2

(iv) :

a
c
c
cr crit
d
dir
eff
ext
f
FP
gG
h /
ind
inf /
int
k
I /
m
m

2000 33
 1

34 2000 -


m
max
min
nom


1
pP
pl
ps
qQ
R
rep
s
S
stb
sup /
t ten
t tor
u
v
w
x, y, z
y

1.5.2

1.5.1 :

G d ,sup
Ac
f yd ,
.
1.5.3
.

1.5.3.

(i) :

Ac (.10)
Ak

(.12)
A sl (.12)

2000 35
 1

36 2000 -


Ap (.10)
A pl (.12)
As (.10)

1
(.3)
A s,cal (.17)
A s,ef (.17)
As,sl , A s ,st
A sw (.11)
A sx , A sy x y (.18)
A tot ,
(.11)
A1
,
(.11)
C
(.8)
D ,
(.8)
(.6)
Ec (.2)
E c, j
(.4)
E cm
E c 28
28 (.2)
E c (t 0 )
t 0 (.2)
Es (.3)
F (.6)
Fd (.6)
(.14)
Fk (.6)
Ft
(.17)
Fv (.14)
G (.6)
Gd (.6)
Gk (.6)
G1 (.6)

2000 37
 1

38 2000 -


G2 (.6)
H cr (.18)
Hw
Ib
(.18)
(.9)
1
Is (.9)
I (.14)
K (.8)
KI I (.8)
K I Im II, (.8)
K IIt II,
(.8)
M (.10)
M Sd1 1 (.14)
MF
M Rd (.10)
Ms (.9)
M Sd (.10)
N (.10)
N Sd (.14)
N g ,k
(.14)
N g +q , k
(.14)
N Rd (.10)
N Sd (.10)
P
Pd , Pk
(.6)
P0 (t=0) (x=0) (.14)
Q (.6)
Qd , Qk
(.6)
Rd , Rk
(.6)
RH
Sd , S k (.6)
T (.6).
(.8)
TRd (.12)
TSd (.12)

2000 39
 1

40 2000 -


V (.8, 11)
Vcd

VRd
(.11)
(.11)
1
VSd (.11)
Vwd (.11)
Wk (.6)

(ii) :

aL (.18)
al
(K.11, 17)
at t (.16)
av
(.11).
(.11)
a0 t=0 (.16)
b (.11)
bm (.8).
(.9)
b m1 , b m 2 (.8)
bt (K.18)
bx , by x y,
(.13)
bw (.8)
bo
(.9)
b1 , b 2 (.8)
c (.13).
(.5).
(.18)
ch , cv
(.17)
d (.10)
dx , dy x y, (.13)
dg
e
ea (.14)
e tot (.14)

2000 41
 1

42 2000 -


e0 (.14)
e 01 , e 02
e1
e2
(.14)
,
1
(.14)
f bd (.17)
f cd , f ck
(.2, 10)
f ck (.2)
f cm (.2)
f ct (.2)
f ctk 0.05
5% (.2)
f ctk 0.95
95% (.2)
f ctm (.2)
f c (t 0 ) t 0 (.2)
f ck (.2)
fd , fk , (.6)
f plk (.3)
f ptk
(.3)
f p 0.1k (.3)
f st
(.3, 17)
fy (.3)
f yd , f yk
(.3, 10)
f ykc , f ykt
(.3)
f ylk (.12)
f y,obs
(.3)
f ywd , f ywk
(.11)
f 0.2
0.2% (.3)

h (.10)
hf (.8, 11)
ho (.18)

2000 43
 1

44 2000 -


hs (.9)

i
(.13)
(.14)
1
k
(.15)
l (.5).
(.7)
lb (.17)
l b,net (.17)
l bp (.4, 17)
l bpd (.4)
l cr (.18)
ln ,
(.7)
l p,ef (.4)
lx , ly x y
(.9)
lw (.18)
lo
(.8). (.14)
l1 , l 2 (.13)
l
(.13)
lx y
(.9)
mf
ms
n , n1 , n 2 , , . (.17)
p, q (.18)

r (.14, 16)
s (.9, 11, 12, 17,18)
(.9)
sl , s t (.17)
t ,
(.2). (.7).
(.9)
t0
tx , ty x y
(.9)

2000 45
 1

46 2000 -


u
(.2). (.13)
uk
v
(.12)
(.9)
1
v Rd , vSd
(.11, 13)

x (.8, 10)
x II II

z (.11)

(.18)

(iii) :

x (.4).
(.7).
(.11).
(.14).
(.16)
i
(.7)
T (.6)
1 I
II (.17)
(.4).
(.13).

(.11)
c (.6)
g (.6)
m (.6)
p (.6)
q
(.6)
s (.6)
sl
(.11)
Fd,max
(.11)
Ftl
(.11)

2000 47
 1

48 2000 -


l (.5)
Pt ( x ) t x (.4)
TSd
(.6)
1
p (.10)
po ( x ) x (.4)
p0.2
(.4)
p, ,
(.4)
p,rel (.3)
p,rel,
(.4)
p,c+spo
(.4)
c (.2)
cc ( t , t 0 )
t > t 0 (.2)
cs ( t , t 0 )
t > t 0 (.2)
c, (.4)
p (.4)
pd
f p 0.1k / m
s (.9, 10)
s ,
(.4)
y (.9)

(.8, 11)
(.8).
(.11). (.14)
pl (.8)

(.11, 13)
(.14)
(.4)
d
,
(.10)

2000 49
 1

1.6

:
ISO 1000
(S.I.) .

50 2000 -


(.10, 14, 18)

1
(.8)
(.16)
' (.16)
l (.11)
lx , ly x y (.13)
w (.18)

c (.2)
c (x) (.4)
cg
(.2)
co t 0
(.2)
cpo
(.4)
d , k (.6)
pl (.12)
po (.3)
po ( x ) x (.4)
s (.3)
Rd (.11)
( t , t 0 ) t > t 0 (.2)
n (.17)
(.4).
(.17)
(.6)
1 , 2
(.6)
(.10)
wd (.18)

1.6

.. 515/83
ISO 1000, (S.I.).

2000 51
 1

,
: kN, kN /m, kN/m2
: kg/m3
: kN/m3
: MPa(=Nmm2=MN/m2)
: kNm

: ISO No 3766.

1.7

3
.

52 2000 -


1.7

1.8

,
.

2000 53
 2

2.1

... .

,

,
, , , , ..

. 21.4.2.

2.2

24 kN/m 3
25kN/m3,
.

2.3.1

28 .

, .. (.
2.5.2),
, :

f cm = f ck + 8 (MPa) ............................................................................ ( 2.1)

,

.

2.3.2

: ... . 2.2.

C50/60.

56 2000 -


2.1

2.2

2.3

2.3.1

28 150 mm 300 mm
150 mm,
(...).

f ck f ck ,cube
5%
.

,
...

2.3.2

C12/15 C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60

2000 57
 2

2.4

2.1

2/3
f ctm = 0.30 f ck .................................................................................. ( 2.2)

( f ctm , f ck MPa)

f ct 0.70 f ctm 1.30 f ctm .

f ct
.

58 2000 -


( f ck ), ( f ck ,cube )
MPa, 28 .

C12/15
(. . 6.1.3)
. 2
C16/20 :

,
.
,
.

C12/15, C16/20
C20/25.

2.4

,
,
...

f ct
2.1.

2.1: MPa

f ck 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

f ctk 0.05 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.50 2.70 2.90

f ctm 1.60 1.90 2.20 2.60 2.90 3.20 3.50 3.80 4.10

f ctk 0.95 2.00 2.50 2.90 3.30 3.80 4.20 4.60 4.90 5.30

( f ct )
( f ct ,fl ) ( f ct ,sp )
:

f ct = 0.50 f ct ,fl ...................................................................................................................................................... (2.1)

f ct = 0.90 f ct ,sp .................................................................................................................................................... (2.1)

2000 59
 2

2.5.1 -

, ,
-0.2% -0.25%,
-0.35% -0.7%
0.75 f c 1.25 f c .

,
+0.02 +0.04%,
(. 2.3). ,
( ).

2.5.2

E cm
- 40%
(. . 2.1). 2.2 :

E cm = 9.50 (f ck + 8)1 / 3 ................................................................................................................................ ( 2.3)

( E cm GPa, f ck MPa)

28
, f ck 28 .

( 2.3)
t f ck t.

c 0.40 f ck .

60 2000 -


2.5

2.5.1 -

- , 2
. ,
.

-
2.1.
cc

f cc

0.4 f cc
E cm

ct f ct c1 cu cc

ct

2.1: -
(c=, t=).

2.5.2

E cm
,
2.2.

2.2: GPa

f ck 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

E cm 26 27.5 29 30.5 32 33.5 35 36 37

2000 61
 2

c 0.10 f ck
10%.

E cm 0.70 E cm
1.30 E cm .

2.5.3 Poisson

Poisson
0.20. (0)
.

2.5.4

2.3 (
) +10 +20C.

cs
(-10 +40C ) (.. +20C).

62 2000 -


2
2.5.3 Poisson

Poisson 0.00 0.20.

2.5.4

(t=) ,
2.3 0.50 f ck .

2.3: ( t ,t 0 )
cs ( t ,t 0 )

( t ,t 0 )

t 0
() 2 A c / u mm

50 150 600 50 150 600

(RH=50%) (RH=80%)
1 5.50 4.60 3.70 3.60 3.20 2.90
7 3.90 3.10 2.60 2.60 2.30 2.00
28 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.90 1.70 1.50
90 2.40 2.00 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.20
365 1.80 1.50 1.20 1.10 1.00 1.00

cs ( t ,t 0 ) 103

(%) 2 A c / u mm

150 600
50 -0.60 -0.50
80 -0.33 -0.28
RH = .

A c u
.

, u .
, 150 600 mm,
.

2000 63
 2

c0
cc ( t , t 0 ) = ( t , t 0 ) .......................................................................................................................... ( 2.4)
E c 28

t0

cc ( t , t 0 ) t (> t 0 )

c0 t 0

E c 28
28 ( 2.2)

( t , t 0 ) t (> t 0 ).

(..
).

64 2000 -


c < 0.50 f ck , :
.

,

.

2.5.5

10 10 C.
6

2000 65
 3

3.1.1

(...)
959 971.

,
.
.

. 959

. 971

3.1.2

, . 17.2.1.

3.1.3

() f yk ,
:

f ykc < f ykt .................................................................................................................................................. ( 3.1)

68 2000 -


3.1

3.1.1

/
.
3

:

) .
:

,
,

()

) :

(
)
(
), ()

) :

3.1.2

3.1.3

f yk , f y
f 0.2 (
0.2%) 5%
.
f y f 0.2 .

2000 69
 3

f ykc
.

, ,
3.1.

3.1: .

90%


I uk 7%

II 1.1
III
(f t / f y )k 1.35
( )
IV (f y,act / f y,nom )k 1.3

(I) (II)
, ( )
( ).
(III) (IV) /
.

959 971 :

S220, S400, S500, S400s, S500s

MPa.

959,

971.

S220 ,
S400, S400s, S500 S500s
().

70 2000 -


(H), :

uk > 5.0 % ................................................................................... (3.1)

3
(f t / f y )k >1.08 ...................................................................................................................................... (3.1)

(N), :

uk > 2.5 % ................................................................................... (3.2)

(f t / f y )k >1.05 ...................................................................................................................................... (3.2)

uk
,
10% 5%,

f tk .

f yk .

3.1.4 ()

2000 71
 3

3.1.5

S500 S500s, ,
.

3.1.6.1 -

st
s = f ykt

arc tg E e
0
y st

s = f ykc

3.1: -

,

(. 6.1.2).

3.1.7

. ... 959 971.

72 2000 -


3.1.5

(. 17.6.1),
0.30 f yk A s , A s
.

3.1.6 3
3.1.6.1 -

-
,
.

3.1.6.2 Es

200 GPa.

3.1.6.3

10 10 6 C.

3.1.7

. 19.3.2.

3.2

3.2.1

2000 73
 3

3.2.3

.. S1500/1770 f p0,1k = 1500 MPa

f ptk = 1770 MPa.

74 2000 -


) :

.1)
,
, 3
.2)

.

) :

,
,

) :

(
),
.

3.2.2

,
,

.

3.2.3

. 3.1.3.

f 0.2 f 0.1 (
0.1%).

( f p 0.2 k f p 0.1k )
f ptk .

f ptk , ,
:

2000 75
 3

3.2.4

,
,

.

,
:

100 140
45 90 7 .

.
,
25%.

3.2.6.1 -

76 2000 -


f ptk 1.10 f 0.2 k ....................................................................................................................................... (3.3)

f ptk 1.05 f 0.2,obs .................................................................................................................................. (3.4)

f 0.2,obs .

3.2.4 3
l bp

( , , . . 4.1),

, ,
, .

,

. 3.1.4.

3.2.5

.
,
.

3.2.6

3.2.6.1 -

-
.

2000 77
 3

pt

f pk
0.9f pk

arc tg E S
0
puk = 0.035 pt

3.2: -

,

.

3.2.6.4

p0 = 0.60 f ptk , 0.70 f ptk , 0.80 f ptk

( ).

, 1000 .

3.2: 1000

p0 / f pkt 0.60 0.70 0.80

, 4.00% 8.00% 12.00%

1
, 2 1.50% 3.00% 6.00%

78 2000 -


3.2.6.2 Es

200 GPa.

3.2.6.3

6
10 10 C.

3.2.6.4

,
,

(.. ),
,
.

2000 79
 3

0.50 10 6 . ,
t>1000
p,rel,1000 :

p,rel,t t
= ............................................................................................................................... ( 3.2)
p,rel,1000 1000

,
.
,
:

0.12 1

0.19 2.

1000 , ( 3.2)
. , 100 70%, 500
90% 1000 .

3.2.7

,
-
.
3.50%.

80 2000 -


3.2.7

2000 81
 4

4.1

.
( ).

,
,
,
.

. 4.5.2 . 10.5.

,
(. . 6.1.3). . 3.1.3
.
3.2.3 .

4.2

, :

,
,

,
,
,

84 2000 -


4.1

():
(, , )
.

.
( ,
): ( )
4
.

4.2

,
,
:

p 0 = 0.65 f ptk ........................................................................................................................................................ (4.1)

p 0 = 0.75 f p 0.1k ................................................................................................................................................... (4.2)

,
,
.

,
:

p 0,max = 0.70 f ptk .................................................................................................. (4.3)

p 0,max = 0.80 f p 0.1k ............................................................................................... (4.4)

2000 85
 4

(
),
,
,
.

(.. ).

4.3.1

,
:

,
,
,
.

,
.

4.3.2
( )

4.1
)
)
.

86 2000 -


4
4.3 A

4.3.1

,
( ), :

(. 4.3.2),
(. 4.3.3)
(. 4.3.4).

4.3.2
4.3.2. ( )

(
),
,
(
)
.

2000 87
 4

4.3.3.1

. 4.1 .

Es ........................................................... ( 4.1)
p02 ( x ) = c (x)
E c, j

1 Es
p02 ( x ) = c ( x ) ........................................................ ( 4.2)
2 E c, j

Es ,

E c, j
(
),

c (x) x

. c ( x )
.

4.3.3.2 ()

,
.

(4.3) (4.4) :

p0,max ( x = 0) = min 0.70f ptk , 0.80f p 0,1k{ }

(. 20.5).

( + k.x ) 0.20 ............................................................................................................................................... ( 4.3)

88 2000 -


4.3.3

4.3.3.1

,
4

.

4.3.3.2 ()

, p0 ( x ) , x
p0,max ( x = 0) ,
, . x
:

p 0 ( x ) = p 0,max ( x = 0) exp(( + k x )) ................................................ (4.5)

,

0 x, (
),
k ( )
.

2000 89
 4

p0 ( x ) = p 0,max ( x = 0).(1 ( + k.x )) ................................................................................ ( 4.4)

p0 ( x ) = p 0,max ( x = 0).( + k.x ) ........................................................................................... (4.5)

,
,
6m:

=0.50
=0.30
,
=0.25
=0.20
.

-10% +20%.

0.90
, .. .

( )

0.70f ptk
p0,max
0.80f p0,1k
P0
p 01 ( &
)
P0 ( x ) pt1 ( )
- - - - - - -
p 02 ( )
Pm 0 ( x )
(, ,
0.65f ptk pt
P ( x ) p0 2 )
0.75f p0,1k

Pm ( x )

(t = t1 ) t=0 t
( )

&

4.1:
( )

90 2000 -


k.

,
.

2000 91
 4

( )

0.70f ptk
p 0,max
0.80f p 0,1k
P0
P0 p 01 ( )
0.70f ptk
p 0,max p 02 ( )
0.80f p 0,1k
P0 P0 ( x = 0)
P0 ( x ) p 02 p
x=0 () (
Pm 0 ( x ) pt ( x = 0) , )
p 0 ( x )
P ( x ) ()
pt ( x ) x
Pm ( x )

t=0 t

4.1:
( )

3m.

k
.
.

, k=0.01m-1
,
.

4.3.3.3 ()

4.3.3.4

92 2000 -


4.3.3.3 ()

, .

4.3.3.4

2000 93
 4

4.3.4

.

, .

x
:

p,s +c,
p = p,s +c, + p,rel, 1 2 ............................................................ ( 4.6)
p0

p,s+c, = E s ( c + s ) ...................................................................................................................... ( 4.7)

c (
t 0 , t 0
). c 2.4

.
, ,
(. . 6.4.2).

s
( t 0 ),
s ,

p,rel,
.
p0

.

4.4.1

(.. )
.
t Pt ( X) ,
P0 ( X ) .

94 2000 -


4.3.4

4.4

4.4.1

(t=0),
(t=).

2000 95
 4

4.4.2

P0 Pt =0 ( x = 0) .

(4.6)
( ):

t=0

Pm 0 ( x ) = P0 P0 ( x ) .................................................................................................................................. ( 4.8)

t=

Pm ( x ) = P0 (P0 ( x ) + P ( x )) .................................................................................................... ( 4.9)

4.5.

/
( ).

()

.

.

96 2000 -


x
:

t=0: (. 4.3.3) ,
,
(. 4.3.2)
P0 ( x ) .
t=: P0 ( x )
P ( x ) (. 4.3.4).
4
4.4.2

.
t x:

Pmt ( x ) = P0 (P0 ( x ) + Pt ( x )) ...................................................................................................... (4.6)

P0 t=0
(x=0),

Pt ( x ) t x.

4.5

)
,

) ,

) .

2000 97
 4

4.5.1

4.2:

0.80l bp
. l bpd :

) , .
:

5
(: ).

10 ().

) ,
(. 4.3).

P
l bpd

4.3:

98 2000 -


4.5.1

,

2, tan() = 2 / 3 ( 34) .

:
4
, 2
,
,
,
.

l bpd .

0.80 l bp 1.20 l bp ,

( l bp ,
. 3.2.4).

,
.

,
:

l p,ef = (0.80 l bpd ) 2 + h 2 > l bpd

h .

2000 99
 4

4.5.2

. 10.5.

, (.
7.2.3).

4.5.3

. 4.5.

p0.1d
, (
. 4.4.2). ,

, , . ,

. .
m

p 0.1d
:

(
). . 4.4.2,
p ,

100 2000 -


(. 11.2.4).

.

4.5.2

(

4
),

( ).

, .

4.5.3

.

p m .

1) ,
:

) ,
p 0.1d ( f p 0.1k / s E s ).
:

,
(.10)
(.14).
,

(.11) (.12).

) ,
pd (
).

2000 101
 4

,
.

p
.

102 2000 -


2) ,
,
.

,
4
4.1.
f m , , ,
. 6.

4.1:

--

p < p 0.1d (*) p p0.1d

(*) --

p 0.1d p = f p 0.1k / m , m = s

(*) .

2000 103

5





 5

5.1 , ,

1: :

(..
80%, 3 )

2: :

,
(), ( ),
,

.

.: (.. )
. 1 . 2,
.

3: :
. ..., . 12.6.

106 2000 -


5.1 , ,

,
:

,
, ,
,
,
5
,
, ,
.

,
,

.

( ,
. 18).

4 :

1: .

2: .

3: .
( 1km).

2000 107
 5

4: :

. ..., . 12.4,
.

c nom (
), c min

> 50mm
(. . 15.6).

5.2

,
.

108 2000 -


4: . ,
(,
, ).

() 5.1.

c nom
5 10 mm c min .

5.1: mm ( c min )

c min :
5

1 2 3 4
-5 +5 +10
20 25 30 30-45*

* . .12.4 ... c min =

30,35,40 45mm , , , .

15 mm ( + 10 mm 20 mm)
1/2 3/4, , ( n ) (
).

75mm
,
, 40mm.

/
, 40 mm.

> 31.5 mm,

5mm, c min 30 mm .

(..
)
(. . 12.4 ...).

5.2

( )
,
l l :

2000 109
 5

f m . 6.

110 2000 -


) ( ,
, )
:

l 150 mm : l = 10 mm ............................................................ (5.1)

l = 400 mm : l= 20 mm .............................................................. (5.2)

l 2500 mm : l= 30 mm .............................................................. (5.3)

l (l=b, d h

5
).

l= 0.05 l 250 mm

)
( ):

= 0.0040 ........................................................................................... (5.4)

(
):

= 0.0040 ........................................................................................... (5.5)

)
:

l 200 mm
,
:

l = 0.025 l 10 mm .................................................................. (5.6)

l > 200 mm

l = 0.025 l 20 mm .................................................................. (5.7)

l = 0.04 l 30 mm .................................................................... (5.8)

2000 111
 5

..
,
l ,
, l .

112 2000 -


l .

20% .

,
,
( ).
5

2000 113
 6

6.1.1

.
.

.

.
.
, (
) .
.

. ,

.

6.1.2

(6.1)
(. 6.5).

(6.1) .

, ..
.

116 2000 -


6.1

6.1.1

, ,
.

, (

6
),
.

().

6.1.2

,
.

,
(. 6.2).

Sd ,
R d ,
.

Sd R d ................................................................................................ (6.1)


.

2000 117
 6

6.1.3 ( )

( , )
() . ( ,
) ,
(.. ) ( ,
, , ) .

. 8.2.2.2 ( ) 9.1.3.2 ( )

, (
)
.

(. 17 18),
, , . (. ).

,
.

118 2000 -


. 6.3.

6.1.3 ( )

(
) .

q* = 1.5
q* = 1
2.6.1. ,
2.6.1. .
6

q*:

.
,
.
, .
.
.

,
( ) .

, . 9.1.7.

6.2

, (
)
.

) ,
- ,
) ,
.

2000 119
 6

6.2.1

(
, .. . 8.3 ).

.
, ,
. ,
,
.

6.2.2

,
(..
)
(. 15.4) .

,

.
.

120 2000 -


6.2.1

1.
(. 6.5).

2. (. 8.3 9.1.4).

3. :

) ( /
, . 10) 6
) , :

(. 11)
(. 12)
(. 13)
, .

4. (. 14) .
.

5. .

6.2.2

1. (. 15)

2. (. 16)

2000 121
 6

6.3.1

,
.

.
: .

( ),
( ).

,

5% 50 . , 95% (
5% ).

.
,
.
.

.
.

,
, 171/16.05.46 325/31.12.45,
.

( , , )

.

6.3.2

f
. (, .),

.

6.3.2.1

122 2000 -


6.3

6.3.1

(6.1).

Sd
S k
f :

Sd = f S k ................................................................................................................. (6.2)
6
R d
R k
m :

Rd =Rk / m ............................................................................................................. (6.3)

6.3.2

6.3.2.1

2000 123
 6

, , ,
.

,
, .

6.3.2.2

( ). ,
.

6.3.2.3

( )


,
q =1.35 1.50.
.

124 2000 -


, .

6.3.2.2

G k :

,
6
,

,
( )
.

Pk . 4.4.
G d :

Gd = g G k ............................................................................................................... (6.4)

g
6.1

6.1: g

1.35 1.00

1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00

6.3.2.3

(,
, ) ,
,
.

2000 125
 6

q ,imp (. . 6.3.2.6):

()

, ,
q ,imp = 1.50 1.20 ,

, ,
q ,imp = 0

()

, ,
q ,imp = 1.00

(..
, ).

,
.

126 2000 -


Q d :
(
)

Q d = q Q k q 1 Q k ....................................................................... (6.5)

Q d = q 1 Q k q 2 Q k ............................................................... (6.6)

( ) (
) .

q
6.2.

6.2: q

1.50 0.00

1.00 0.00
1.00 0.00

. 6.3.

2000 127
 6

,
6.3.

. .

( ),
.

6.3.2.4

, ,
, , .

k ,
( ),

1.0,
( ).

6.3.2.5

. 4.5, , , ,
p (
) . (6.1) (. .
(6.11) (6.15)).

128 2000 -


6.3:
.

1 2

* 0.60 0.30
* , , , 0.70 0.30


* (, 0.80 0.50
, .)
* 1.00 0.80
6
(, ,
.)
* 0.90 0.60
. 0.60 0.00

0.60 0.0/0.3*
/ - 0.00 0.00
( ,
, .)
1.00 1.00
(*: 2=0 )

6.3.2.4

k
A d .

A k = A d ................................................................................ (6.7)

6.3.2.5

Pk .4.4
(. . 4.5). Pd
:

Pd = p Pk ............................................................................. (6.8)

2000 129
 6

(. . 4.5.3).

,
m ( )
. (6.1).

p (
20%) (
, .).

6.3.2.6

(. 6.1.3) (. 8.2.2.2 9.1.3.2)
.

40 ().

40m
.

() ..
20 .

130 2000 -


p
6.4.

6.4: p

1.10 0.90

1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
6
6.3.2.6

(
) ,
, .

,
, .

(
).
( .
15.5, (), , .)

II, .

TCd = 0.50 cs /
(
, ), ( )
.

..
.

2000 131
 6

6.3.3

(6.9) s (. 10.4.4).

c fk

fd

()

c
s s

fk fk

fd fd
(.1) (.2)

s s

6.1: - :
() , ()

m
m .

.

6.4

132 2000 -


+10C 20C (
).
Tred 2 / 3 T .

6.3.3

- .

-
:
6
k ................................................................................................. (6.9)
d =
m
:

fk ..................................................................................................................... (6.10)
fd =
m
m ( c
s )
6.5.

6.5: m


c s
1.50 1.15

1.30 1.00
1.50 1.15
1.00* 1.00

* (.. ) c
.
c =1.3 .

6.4

(6.1).

Sd .

2000 133
 6

6.4.1.1

( )
Sd = S g G k + 1.50 Q k ...................................................... ( 6.1)

( )
Sd = S g G k + 1.35 Q k ,i ................................................ ( 6.2)
i 1.

134 2000 -


6.4.1

6.4.1.1

Sd
:

( )
Sd = S g G k + q ,1 Q k ,1 + q ,i 1,i Q k ,i + p Pk .............. (6.11)
6
:

i > 1,

Q k ,1
.

Q k ,
.

6.4.1.2

Sd
.

( )
Sd = S A d + G k + 1,1 Q k ,1 + 2i Q k ,i + p Pk ................... (6.12)
:

i >1
()
/ .

( , )

( ): G k +
2i Q k ,i , i 1 .

( )
Sd = S E + G k + 2,i Q k ,i + p Pk .................................... (6.13)

2000 135
 6

6.4.2.1

Sd = S (G k + Q k )+ Pk ............................................................. ( 6.3)

Sd = S (G k + 0.90 Q k ,i )+ Pk ............................................... ( 6.4)

i 1.

( . 6.4.1 . 6.4.2):

( )
Sd = S g Q k + q Q k + p Pk* ........................................... ( 6.5)

( )
Sd = S g Q k + q Q k + q 1 Wk + p Pk* ........................ ( 6.6)

( )
Sd = S E + G k + 2 Q k + p Pk* .......................................... ( 6.7)
:

( )
Sd = S G k + Q k + Pk ........................................................... ( 6.8)

( )
Sd = S G k + 1 Q k + Pk ...................................................... ( 6.9)
:

G ,Q ,W
k k k

136 2000 -


6.4.2

6.4.2.1

Sd
.

( )
S d = S G k + Q k ,1 + 1,i Q k ,i + p Pk ................................. (6.14)
:

i >1 6

( )
Sd = S G k + 1,1 Q k ,1 + 2,i Q k ,i + p Pk ......................... (6.15)
:

i > 1.

2000 137
 6

, (, ) ,
E ,
P*
k
(. . 4.5.3),
P ,
k
, , ,
g q p
, 6.3.
1 2

( 6.5), (.6.7) (
6.8).
,

,
1.35Gk ( 1.00 G).

6.5

, . ( 5),
(.. ).

Qk,1 ,
.

138 2000 -


6.5

S (0.90 G 1.50 (Q k ,1 + 1,i Q k ,i ) ) > 0 ................................... (6.16)

S (1.00 G1 1.10 G 2 1.50 (Q k ,1 + 1,i Q k ,i ) ) > 0 ................... (6.16)

:

i > 1.
(6.16) :

G
G1 G 2 G
.
Q k ,1 ,

.

,
(.. ).

. (6.16)

2000 139
 6

140 2000 -


(. ).
0.70
0.30 ( ).

2000 141
 7

7.1

, ..

. 14.

( V),
( ) .

,
, ,
.

, .. ,
.

7.2.1 :

144 2000 -


7.1

,

, (
, )
,
.

,
7
( 2 ).
:

- ,
-
-
, - - .

, :

,


, ,
.

( , ,
) ,
.

7.2

7.2.1 :

,
.

2000 145
 7

( ), -
.

7.2.1.1

(. . 18.3.1),


.

7.2.1.2

,
,
.
,

,
.
.
(
)
,
(. . 18.3.1).

146 2000 -


(, ), (, ,
, , ) ,
, .

7.2.1.1

,
.

7.2.1.2

7

.

7.2.1.2

7.2.1.2

,
.

7.2.1.2

7.2.1.2

,
.

2000 147
 7

7.2.2

t1 l n1 t2 l n2 t3 l n3 t4

l1 l2 l3

1 1
l 1 = l n1 + min( t 1 ,0.025l n1 ) + t 2
3 2
1
l 2 = l n 2 + (t 2 + t3 )
2
1 1
l 3 = l n 3 + t 3 + min( t 4 ,0.025l n 3 )
2 2

7.1: ()

7.2.3

148 2000 -


7.2.2

2
l = l n + i ........................................................................................ (7.1)
i =1

ln .

i :

( ):
7
i = min (1 / 3 t , 0.025 l n )

i = 1/ 2 t

i = min (1 / 2 t , 0.025 l n )

i = 0

t .

7.2.3

(,
)
.

,
.

2000 149
 7

, (
).

,
( ).

i)
= 15
ii)
= 18
= 6 .

150 2000 -


.

, :

, , :

= E s / E c ................................................................ (7.2)
, :

= (E s / E c ) [1 + ( t , t 0 )] ........................................... (7.3)
7
:

( t , t 0 ) = .

2000 151
 8

8.1

,
(..
).

8.2

14
1 2 .

8.2.1

.
. . 7.1.

(.. )
(. ).

8.2.2.1

(
), .

8.2.2.2

.

.

154 2000 -


8.1

(. 8.2.1)
(. 8.2.2), (.
8.3).

8.2

.
( 1 ) ( 2 ).

8.2.1 8

.

(. 7.2.3).

8.2.2

8.2.2.1

(.. ),
.

,
x/d, x
( , ) d
.

8.2.2.2

2000 155
 8

<12m ,
15%, .

( .. ).

p=10.

8.3

156 2000 -


0.44 + 1.25 x / d < 1.00 ..................................................... (8.1)

C35/45

0.56 +1.25 x / d < 1.00 ..................................................... (8.1)

> 0.70 H ............................................................. (8.2)

> 0.85 N ............................................................. (8.2)

)
8
x / d 0.45 C12/16 C35/45 ..................... (8.3)

x / d 0.35 C40/50 ........................... (8.3)

8.3

,
( )
.
,

l : h 6 .

2000 157
 8

. 8.1.

8.4

,
.
l o :

l o =0.80 l ,
l o =0.60 l ,
l o =1.50 l ,
l o =0.30 l
( l )

158 2000 -


0.02
,

()
0.015

0.001

,
0.005

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
x/d
8
8.1:

.
-
:

I: , -
,
II: .

-
III,
pl .

8.4

,
.

.

.

2000 159
 8

l o
0.70 l .

(. 8.1) 8.1 8.2.

b ef = b w + b ef 1 + b ef 2 ............................................................. ( 8.1)

b ef b ef
b w b ef 1 b ef 1 b w b ef 2

hf
h

b1 b1 bw b2 b2

8.2:

8.1: b efi / b i (
, )

hf / h bi / l o
1.00 0.80 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05
<0.15 0.20 0.25 0.33 0.40 0.49 0.62 0.78 0.94 1.00
0.20 0.22 0.27 0.35 0.42 0.52 0.64 0.78 0.94 1.00
0.30 0.33 0.40 0.50 0.56 0.63 0.72 0.83 0.94 1.00

8.2: b efi / b i (,
)

hf / h bi / l o
1.00 0.80 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05
<0.15 0.12 0.14 0.19 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.50 0.74 0.97
0.20 0.13 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.38 0.50 0.74 0.97
0.30 0.22 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.40 0.47 0.57 0.74 0.97

160 2000 -


2000 161
 8

70%

12m,
,
.. .

8.5

d
= ............................................................................... ( 8.2)
dx
:

K I = 0.30 E c C / (1 + 1.00 ) ............................. ( 8.3)

K I Im = 0.10 E c C / (1 + 0.30 ) .......................... ( 8.4)

K IIt = 0.05 E c C / (1 + 0.30 ) ........................... ( 8.5)

KI , ,

K I Im II, ,

K IIt II, ,
C ,

2.3
.

(8.3) 0.30
. ,
,
K I K IIt .

K IIt

.

162 2000 -


8.5

,
.

2000 163
 9

9.1.1

. . 18.2.

9.1.3.2

( ),
(. 8.2.2.2 )
.

166 2000 -


9.1

9.1.1

.
(.. , ,
..)

.

9.1.2

9
)

) ,
.

9.1.3

( Hooke):

9.1.3.1

Poisson 0.00 0.20.

9.1.3.2

,
15%,
,
, .

2000 167
 9

9.1.4

(.. )
.

.

(.. )
.

s=0.02
(. 10).

.
.

9.1.5

168 2000 -


9.1.4

(. 9.1.2)
( )
.
:

1)


( 10.1):

s = yd c = 0.0035 ....................................................... (9.1)

2) ,
.
,
: 9
0.50 1.25 ,
0.75 1.25 ,

0.85 1.15 .

2) ,
:

0.50 2.00 ,

0.75 1.33 ,
0.85 1.15 .

9.1.5

( ),
.


40mm
(
).

2000 169
 9

,
,
,
.

,
45.
,
60.

45
60

45

60

9.1:

45 60.

170 2000 -


, .

,
.
, :

) ,

)
,

) ,
.

min l / max l
0.75
9

.
p
( ).

p =1.35 g + 1.50 q / 2 ................................................................. (9.2)

p = 1.50g 1.50 q / 2 ................................................................ (9.3)

g, q , .

,
,

.

2000 171
 9

..
>2.

9.1.6 ,

l l

x x

bw ty ty bw

tx tx

9.2:

b0

s
45 hs

t
t = b0 + 2 s + hs

9.3:

172 2000 -


9.1.6 ,

, ,
,
b m ,
. t
( )

(s) .

t x t y
,
b m .
m ,
.
9
m v :

M
m= .................................................................................. (9.4)
bm

V
v= ................................................................................... (9.5)
bm

m , m f , , m s ( ),
v ( ),
( ,
. 9.1),
t x ,
V .

. 18.1.5.1.

2000 173
 9

9.1:

1 2 3

b m


1 x
x
mf b m = t y + 2 . 50 x (1 ) 0< x <1 t y 0 . 80 l tx l
l l
V
2 x b m = t y + 0 . 50 x 0< x <1 t y 0 . 80 l tx l

x
3 b m = t y + 1 . 50 x (1 ) 0< x <1 t y 0 . 80 l tx l
x mf l
ms x
4 x b m = t y + 0 . 50 x ( 2 ) 0< x <1 t y 0 . 80 l tx l
l
5 V x b m = t y + 0 . 30 x 0 . 21 < x < 1 t y 0 . 40 l t x 0 . 20 l

6 x b m = t y + 0 . 40 ( l x ) 0 < x < 0 . 81 t y 0 . 40 l t x 0 . 20 l

x
7 b m = t y + x (1 ) 0< x<l t y 0 . 80 l tx l
x mf l
ms x
8 b m = t y + 0 . 50 x ( 2 ) 0< x<l t y 0 . 40 l tx l
x l
9 V x b m = t y + 0 . 30 x 0 . 21 < x < l t y 0 . 40 l t x 0 . 20 l

10 b m = t y + 1 . 50 x 0 < x < lk t y 0 . 80 l k tx lk
ms x lk
11 b m = t y + 0 . 30 x 0 . 2 l k < x < l k t y 0 . 40 l k t x 0 . 20 l k
V x

9.1, x
.

9.1.7

( - ),
.
- ,
(.. ),

174 2000 -


9.1.7

,
,
.
.

,
l 'x

l 'x = b o + 2 h s

2000 175
 9

,
.

9.1.7.1

9.1
.

, 85%
:

l 'x I b
> 1 ........................................................................... ( 9.1)
l y Is

I b I s (
l 'x ). :

l 'x I b
< 1 ........................................................................... ( 9.2)
l y Is

85% 0%.
, .

176 2000 -


bo

hs .

(. . 8.2.1).

9.1.7.1

,
( ) 0.6 l ,
, ,
0.2 l ( 9.1).
:
0.20(l x1 + l x 2 )

9
0.30l x1 0.30l x 2

Mf Mf
0.84 1.25
l 'x l 'x
:
0.30l x1 0.10(l x1 + l x 2 ) 0.30l x 2
0.10l x1 0.10l x 2
Ms Mf
140 2.10
l 'x l 'x
Ms
0.50
l 'x

0.30l x1 0.40l 'x 0.30l x 2

0.50l x1 0.50l x 2
Ms

Mf

l x1 l x2

l 'x = 0.50(l x1 + l x 2 )

9.1: y

2000 177
 9

9.2.1

,
,
.

9.2.3

,
(
).
,
(
) (
).

,
.

178 2000 -


9.2

9.2.1

9.2.2

-
( Hooke).
Poisson 0.00 0.20.

9

.

9.2.3

,
,


.

2000 179
 10

 10

10.1

(
),
.

, (6.1)
, ..:

N Sd N Rd .......................................................................... ( 10.1)
:

M Sd M Rd ......................................................................... ( 10.2)

10.1.

+ d
..
N
d = Sd h + d
A c f cd

A s f yd
d =
A c f cd

M Sd
d d =
A c h f cd

10.1: ( )
d d .

10.1 ,
, , .

10.2

15. ,
.

182 2000 -


10.1

, ,
.

10

10.2

,
. 7.2.1.1

2000 183
 10

10.4.1

( ).
( ,
/ ).
, 0.02
.

, .

0.01.

184 2000 -


10.3

. 8.4.
,

.
18.3.2 ( 18.12).

10.4

10.4.1

,
. 10.4.2, 10.4.3 10.4.4:

) 10
,

)
,

) ,

)
:

0.0035 ( , ),
0.002 ,

)
0.02.

2000 185
 10

10.4.2

(
), (
),

c > 0.035% .
:

( ).

( ,
),
( ,
).

10.4.3.1 -

0.85

. 10.2

. 8.3.

186 2000 -


10.4.2

, . 10.4.1 :

, ,
10.1.

+20 0/00 0 -2 0/00 -3.5 0/00

c2
As2 s2
x 3h/7
1

2 4 h
3 5
Ap p 4 pt
A s1 s1
A y c1
+20 0/00 0 -2 0/00

10.1:
10
10.4.3 -

10.4.3.1 -

,
10.2.

c f ck

f ck
0.85
c
c
= 1000 c (250 c +1)
f ck
0.85
c
0 -0.002 -0.0035 c

10.2: - -

- ,
.

2000 187
 10

10.4.3.2

(. 10.1).
,
-0.0035.

f ck
c 0.85
c
Fc
Ac x 0.8x

d
h

As
s Fs

10.2: -

f ck
0.80 ..
c
(
).

188 2000 -


10.4.3.2

,
.
(x ):

1) 0.20x ,

2) 0.80x :

f
0.85 ck
c

,

f
0.80 ck
c
.

10

10.4.4 -

,


s .

2000 189
 10

10.5

,
. ,

,
.

190 2000 -


s f yk

f yk
f yd =
s
arctg E s
-0.0035 y
y +0.02 s

f yk
f yd =
s

f yk

10.3: -
10

/ 10.3,
(. 3.16.1).

10.5

2000 191
 11

 11

11.1

(. 12.2.3 18.3.7).

11.1.1

( . 9.1.1)
.

11.1.2

194 2000 -


,
,
10
.

, ,
- .

11.1

11.1.1

11
(.. ).

, (6.1),
:

VSd VRd1 ........................................................................... (11.1)

VRd1 . 11.1.2.

d .

(. . 11.1.2.2), .

11.1.2

11.1.2.1 VRd1

[ ]
VRd1 = Rd k (1.20 + 40 l )+ 0.15 cp b w d
............................ (11.2)

,
bw

2000 195
 11

11.1 :

Rd = 0.25 f ctd = 0.25 f ctk0.05 / c .......................................... ( 11.1)

c = 1.5.
11.2 b w ( )
.
b w / 8
(
b w 1 ,
2
)
b
w
.

V V A sl
l b,net l b,net l b,net

A sl A sl V

11.1: sl (11.2)
( l b,net . .(17.2)).

, VSd .
( 6.4)
.
l ( (11.2)).

196 2000 -


Rd
.11.1.1

k 1.60 d 1.00 (d )
A sl
l 0.02
bw d
cp N Sd / A c

N Sd ( )

A sl ,

VRd1 d + l b,net

d .
d
.

11.1: Rd MPa

f ck 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 11
Rd 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.48

11.1.2.2

a v < 2.5 d , Rd
(11.2) ,

2.5 d
= < 3.00 .................................................................. (11.3)
av
,
:

)
( ),

) :

2000 197
 11

11.2.1

. 12.3.4.

bw bw d
s

b w : d

11.2: .11.2

( ,
.)
.

11.2.2

198 2000 -


(
).

:

2.5 d + l b,net ( l b,net
. 17).

11.2

11.2.1

(. 18.1.6, 18.3.4).
45.

90
, .

.
11

65%.

,
:

,
,
,
.

11.2.2

) :

VSd VRd 2 ........................................................................... (11.4)

VRd 2 (11.7 ) (11.8).
.

) :

2000 199
 11

Vwd

.

Vcd
.

Rd Vcd
. 11.1.2.2
,
VRd1 VRd 2 .

(
),
. ,
. 11.2.3
17 18 (
).

11.2.3 ( )

11.2.3.1

=45.

(45<<90), VRd 2 ,
(1+cot).

, d e = 0.8 l w

(11.8)
(..
/ ).
,
(=90).

200 2000 -


VSd VRd 3 ........................................................................... (11.5)

:

VRd 3 = Vwd + Vcd ................................................................. (11.6)

d , VRd 3
,
d .

11
11.2.3 ( )

11.2.3.1

VRd 2 = 1 v f cd b w z ........................................................ (11.7)

2
:
f ck
v = 0.70 0.50 (f ck N / mm 2 )
200
z , 0.90d .

VRd 2
(11.7) VRd 2,red (11.8).

( )
VRd 2,red = 1.67 VRd 2 1.00 cp,eff / f cd < VRd 2 ......................... (11.8)
:

( )
cp,eff = N Sd f yk A s 2 / s / A c

2000 201
 11

11.2.3.2

(11.11)
:

, 45 90,
,
=90 .

11.2.3.2

i) , ,
(.. ).

(

)

202 2000 -


As2

f yk
( f yk / s 400 N / mm 2 )

> b w / 8 , VRd 2
:

b w ,nom = b w 1 .................................................................................. (11.9)

2
:

11.2.3.2

11.2.3.2

.......................................................................... (11.10)
11
Vcd = VRd1

A sw
Vwd = 0.90 d f ywd (1 + cot ) sin ................................ (11.11)
s
:

A sw ,
s ,
.

11.2.3.2

d = N Sd / A c f cd , N Sd
G k + (
2,i Q k ,i , . . )
6.4.1.2.

i) d > 0.10 ( )

Vcd
:

) ,
. 18.3.3 18.4.5.

2000 203
 11

<0, .
.(11.14), (
)
( ) .

.(11.15),


, .

.

VSd (11.14), (11.15)

.

(VSd )

.

204 2000 -


Vcd = 0.30 VRd1 ...................................................................(11.12)

) , . 18.5.2.

Vcd = 0.25 VRd1 .......................................................... (11.13)

,
, Vcd
(11.10).

Vwd :

1) ,

,
(+1 -1):

) -0.50
Vwd . (11.11).

) < -0.50

VSd 4.50 (2 + ) Rd b w d .............................. (11.14)

11
Vwd . (11.11).

VSd 9.00 (2 + ) Rd b w d ............................... (11.15)

. ,
,
.

VSd (11.14) (11.15),

.

2) :

) s (= M Sd / VSd l w )
( s 2.00 ) Vwd
.

) s (= M Sd / VSd l w )
( s 1.30 ) Vwd
():

2000 205
 11

206 2000 -


[ ]
Vwd = h f yd,h ( s 0.30) + v f yd,v (1.30 s ) b w z

h , v

f yd,h , f yd,v

s < 0.30 s = 0.30.

v f yd,v / h f yd,h 1.00 .

) s (2.00 > s > 1.30)
:

.1. ,
VSd Vcd , .
11
h f yd,h b w d e = VSd Vcd

.2 ,
VSd Vcd min N Sd , .

v f yd,v b w d e = VSd Vcd min N Sd

N Sd .

)
(. 18.5.3).


(.
18.5.3).

)

(. 17.7.2).


(. 10.4.1).

2000 207
 11

ii)
.
,
.

()
, .

11.2.4 ( )

,
z max . , ,
0.9d .

11.2.5
( )

(11.19) (11.20)
.
cot ,
, VSd = VRd 2 .
VSd = VRd 3 .

208 2000 -


ii) d 0.10 ( ).

) ,
, Vcd :

Vcd = 0.90 VRd1 ............................... (11.16)

Vcd = 0.70 VRd1 ............................................ (11.17)

) ,
, Vcd

(11.10).

) Vwd
(11.11)
.2 . 11.2.3.2 .

11.2.4 ( )

a l ,
11
( , . . 17.8.1, 17.8.2),
:

a l = z(1 cot ) / 2 0 ......................................................... (11.18)

11.2.5
( )

0.40 < cot < 2.50 ...................................................... (11.19)

)

0.50 < cot < 2.00 ...................................................... (11.20)

( 0.90d
z):

2000 209
 11

210 2000 -


VRd 2 = b w (0.90 d ) v f cd /(cot + tan ) ............................... (11.21)

A sw ............................................ (11.22)
VRd 3 = (0.90 d ) f ywd cot
s

A sw f ywd 1 ........................................................... (11.23)

v f cd
bw s 2
,
:

VRd 2 = b w (0.90 d) v f cd (cot + cot ) / (1 + cot 2 ) ............. (11.24)

A sw
VRd3 = (0.90 d) f ywd (cot + cot ) sin ...................... (11.25)
s

11
1
A sw f ywd v f cd sin
2 .................................................. (11.26)
bw s 1 cos

( )
:

1
Ft l = VSd (cot cot ) ................................................. (11.27)
2
l :

a l = z(cot cot ) / 2 ...................................................... (11.27)

.
11.2.3.1 VRd 2, red .

2000 211
 11

11.3.1

Fd ,max

M max A1 .......................................................... ( 11.2)

Fd , max =
z A tot
,

1
.

tot .

1
,

tot .
, z .

212 2000 -


11.3 -

11.3.1

-
.

. 18.3.6.

(
),
.

Fd ,max ...................................................................... (11.28)

v Sd =
av
:

Fd,max
( )
11
,

av
.

v Sd (11.29)
(11.30).

2000 213
 11

Fd

Fd av

sf

hf
=0
Fd + Fd

A sf
( h f ) Fd + Fd

M=max

11.3: .

hf

sf

s f .

214 2000 -


11

11.3.2

v Rd 2 = 0.20 f cd h f ............................................................... (11.29)

11.3.3

A sf
v Rd 3 = f yd + 2.50 Rd h f ............................................... (11.30)
sf
Rd 11.1.

( )
,
.

M = M max ,
, 2.50 Rd h f (11.30)
.

2000 215
 11

11.3.4

,
,
.

216 2000 -


11.3.4

A sf .
(11.30)
.

11

2000 217
 12

 12

.
VSd = 0 .

(.. ), .

12.1

: .

: ( )
()
.

,
(. 17.9.1)

18.

,
.

, :

(. . 8.5),

.
,

(
).
, , Saint
Venant (. 12.1).

, .

12.1

220 2000 -


/
.

12.1

) :

:
( ).
:

( ). ,

.

12

) :

Saint Venant:
.
:
,
.

2000 221
 12

(Saint Venant),

.
]
,
Saint Venant.

12.2.1

u,
u x , A x

t/2
t/2

A
t= 2c
u

12.2:

L,


.

,
,
( Moersch).
( )
.
( )
.

222 2000 -


12.2 SAINT VENANT

12.2.1

. ()
. :

,
t = max(A / u ,2c) (
, t

:
).
12
u ,

(
),
c .

(. 17.9.1)

.
,
. 18.3.7.

TRd1 (. . 12.2.2)
VRd 2 (. . 11.2.3.1)
,
TRd 2 (. . 12.2.3.2)
,
TRd 3 (. . 12.2.3.3)
.

2000 223
 12

Rd1 , Rd 2 Rd 3
(
)
( ).

12.2.2

(
)
,
:

(tan )2 [(A sw / s ) f ywd ]/ [(A sl / u k ) f yld ] ................................. ( 12.1)

=45 (cot=1) ,
TRdl , .
45
(
).

224 2000 -


TSd VSd
:

(TSd / TRd1 ) + (VSd / VRd 2 ) 1.00 ............................................... (12.1)

:

(TSd / TRd1 )2 + (VSd / VRd 2 )2 1.00 ............................................ (12.1)

TSd TRd 2 ............................................................................ (12.2)

TSd TRd 3 ............................................................................ (12.3)

TRd1 , TRd 2 TRd 3

.

12.2.2

TRd1 = 2 v f cd t A k / (cot + tan ) .......................................... (12.4)

12
:

t (. . 12.2.1)

Ak
( )
(
),
v= 0.70(0.70 f ck / 200 ) 0.35 ( f ck MPa).

.

,
v = 0.70 f ck / 200 0.50 ,

. :
0.40 cot 2.50 .

2000 225
 12

12.2.3.3

fyld A sl
. ,
(.. )
.

12.2.4 /

, .


TSd / ( 2 A k ) .
0.85f cd .

226 2000 -


12.2.3

12.2.3.1

. 11.2.1 .

12.2.3.2 (. 17.9)

, ,
.

( )
TRd 2 = 2 A k f ywd A sw / s cot ............................................... (12.5)

A sw
( ).

s (. . 18.3.7).

12.2.3.3
12
TRd3 = 2 A k (f yld A sl /u k )tan ............................................................... (12.6)

A sl
.

u (. . 18.3.7),

.

12.2.4 /

,
. 12.2.2.3 10.

,
/ ,
.

.

2000 227
 12

12.3

,

. .
Saint Venant T1 T2 ,
, :

T = T1 + T2

,
II,
:

, 10.

T2 11.

Saint Venant, 12.

228 2000 -


12.3

12

2000 229
 13

 13

(.. ), (
. 9.1.7).

. 13.1.2 13.4.2.

13.1.1

,
.

3035

> 2h

2h

h
45

13.1:

232 2000 -


9 10.
.

, ( ),
. 13.1. 13.2.

11.

13.1

13.1.1

, .

, 3.50d,
, 11d
2,
(d = ),

. 13


,
30 35.
45.

2000 233
 13

,
, . 13.2, (..

). .

(13.1)

VSd VRd ........................................................................... ( 13.1)

V .

13.1.2

d crit d crit

d
hH
= arctan(2 / 3) = 33.7
dc
lH hH lH hH

13.2:
l H 1.5 h H

d crit ,ex d crit ,ex

d crit ,in d crit ,in

d dH d
dH
hH hH

l H > 1.5(d + h H ) l H > 1.5(d + h H )

= arctan(2 / 3) = 33.7

13.3:
l H > 1.5 (d + h H )

234 2000 -


( .
13.2). ,
:

v Sd v Rd ............................................................................. (13.1)

v Sd v Rd . 13.3 13.4.

,
,
. 13.4.

13.1.2

)
l H 1.5 h H ,
(. . 13.2) ,
d crit :

d crit =1.5d + l H + 0.5d C ......................................................... (13.2)

dC ,
13
l H h H , ,
(
).

)
l H >1.5 (d + h H ) , :

( d),

d crit,ex =1.5d + l H + 0.5d C ................................................... (13.3)

( d H ),
:

d crit ,in =1.5 (d + h H )+ 0.5d C ................................................. (13.4)

d H

2000 235
 13

236 2000 -


,
.

) 1.5 h H < l H 1.5(d + h H )

:

d crit =1.5 l H + 0.5d C .............................................................. (13.5)

) ( b X h)
, l 1 X l 2 (l 1 l 2 ), :

l 1 = b + 2 l H1 , l 2 = h + 2 l H 2

d crit =1.5d + 0.56 l 1l 2 ....................................................... (13.6)

d crit =1.5d + 0.69 l 1 ............................................................. (13.6)

13.1.3

,
( . 9.1.1),
13

3d .

(. 13.2),
.

13.2

,
d ,
,
.
1.50d
.

, .

2000 237
 13

13.2.1

1.5d b1 / 2 a

b a1 2b
b1 / 2 5.6d b
1

a1 / 2 a1 / 2 b
a>b b1
2.8d

1.5d 1.5d 1.5d a b

a
c b 1.5d b 1.5d
b
a a 1.5d

u = (c + 3d ) u = 2a + 2b + 3d u = 2(a + b) + 2b + a 2 + 3d

13.4:

13.2.2

6d l1 l 2

l1 l 2
l 2 l 1 l 2
l2

1.5d

13.5:

,
( 13.6).
, , .

13.6: . 13.5

238 2000 -


13.2.1

,
.

13.2.2

6d
( ),
,

.
13

,
, . 13.3.

2000 239
 13

13.2.3

1.5d 1.5d 1.5d

1.5d

13.7:

13.3

,
,
45
VSd .

13.4.1

240 2000 -


13.2.3

( . 13.2.1)
,
,
(
)
, . 13.2.1.

13.3

) :

v Sd = VSd / u ........................................................................ (13.7)

v Sd u ,
,

)
u . 13.2.

:
13
v Sd
(13.7) ,
.
=1.00. :

=1.50,
=1.40,
=1.15.

13.4

13.4.1

v Sd < v Rd1

2000 241
 13

,
u .
( 13.2)
.

13.4.2.1

( ) .

,
,
.

13.4.2.2

, . . 18.1.6.3.

,
. ,
.

242 2000 -


v Rd1 = Rd (1.20 + 40 l ) d ............................................... (13.8)

Rd 11.1

= 1.60 d 1 (d )

l = lx ly 0.015

lx ly x y

d= 1 (d x + d y )
2

d x d y x y.

l x l y 0.005.
0.50 .

( ), v Rd1
(13.8) (11.2).
13
13.4.2

13.4.2.1

, v Rd 2
:

v Rd 2 = 1.60 v Rd1 .................................................................... (13.9)

13.4.2.2

v Sd < v Rd 2

2000 243
 13

244 2000 -


v Sd < v Rd 3

v Rd 3 = v Rd1 + A sw f yd sin / u ........................................ (13.10)

13.4.3 (
)

( ,
13.8 13.10) (
) ( ) m Sdx
m Sdy (13.11)
):

m Sdx ( m Sdy ) VSd ..................................................... (13.11)

:

VSd ( 13.7)
, 13.1
( 0 0.5 ) . 13.1.

, .
13.1. ,
(. . 13.2).

13.1: , (13.11)
13
m Sdx m Sdy

Y

-0.125 0 0.3 l y -0.125 0 0.3l x

, -0.25 0 0.15 l y -0.125 +0.125 ( m)

x
, -0.125 +0.125 ( m) -0.25 0 0.15l x
y
-0.5 0.5 ( m) +0.5 -0.5 ( m)

2000 245
 13

246 2000 -


x x mSdy x
0.3l y
mSdx
0.15l x 0.3l x
ly y y y

0.15l y x
lx
y

13.1:

13

13.2:

2000 247
 14

()
 14

14.1

(. . 14.3.1).

(.. ),
.

14.2

2
10%
10% -.

250 2000 -
 ()13

14.1

(
2 ).
2 .

2
1
10%.

, ,
.

14.2

2 ,
,


( ).

2 .

2
2
. 14
- -
( ).

,
.

2 :

(. .
14.4.6.)).
2 .
.

2
:

(. .
14.3.1).
.

2000 251
 14

14.3.1

() .

252 2000 -
 ()13

1 ,
. 2 ,
,
,
2 .

14.3

,
10%.

.

14.3.1

. :

N
=
V h
0.10 ............................................................................. (14.1)
14
:

N , V
,
h ,

. :

= q

q
,

,

,

2000 253
 14

.
.

,
,
.

, ,

(
), ,
80% ,
.

2/3 .

14.3.2

, .

(. 14.4.3) .

.

.

254 2000 -
 ()13

) ,

:

h tot Fv / E cm I 0.20 + 0.10n n 3 ................................... (14.2)

h tot Fv / E cm I 0.60 n 4 ................................... (14.3)

n ,

h tot
(.
),

E cm I (..
)

(. . 2.5.2 E cm ).

,
.

Fv 14
( G k + Q k ), . f = 1 .

14.3.2

, ( . 14.3.1.)

(, .)

1
= rad .............................................................................. (14.4)
100 h tot

h tot ( m).
2 1 200 ,
1 400 .

2000 255
 14

256 2000 -
 ()13

,
,
(1+ 1 n )/ 2
:

n .

14.4

14.4.1

( 14.1.) ))
,

( 14.1.) )) l 0 . 14.4.2.

) )

14
) )

)
)

) ,

14.1:

2000 257
 14

14.4.2

(. 14.1.) )),
l o = l col .

0.4
, (
).

KA = l 0 / l col KB

100.0 10.0 100.0
30.0 5.0 30.0
20.0 4.0 20.0

10.0 3.0 10.0

8.0 8.0
6.0 6.0
5.0 5.0
4.0 2.0 4.0

3.0 3.0

2.0 2.0
1.5

1.0 1.0

0 1.0 0

14.1:

258 2000 -
 ()13

14.4.2

, l o = l col
14.2,
, K A K B
:

KA = l 0 / l col KB
50.0 1.0 50.0
10.0 10.0
5.0 5.0
3.0 0.9 3.0
2.0 2.0

0.8
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.7 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.6 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 0.5 0
14
14.2:

K A ( ) =
(E cm I col / l col ) .......................................... (14.5)
(E cm I b / l eff )
:

E cm (. 2.5.2),

I col , I b ( )
,

l col
,

l eff , ,

,

2000 259
 14

14.4.3

( 20mm),
,
,
.

260 2000 -
 ()13

= 1.00 ,
= 0.50 ,
= 0 .

K A K B 0.40 .

14.4.3

, , e a ,
,
, :

l o ............................................................................. (14.6)
ea =
2
:

1
= rad ................................................................. (14.7)
100 l col
lo (. .
14.4.1. 14.4.2),

l col ( m).
2 1 / 200 14
1 / 400 .

14.4.4

( )
( ) :

e tot = e 0 + e a + e 2 .................................................................. (14.8)

:

e0 1 = M Sd1 / N Sd ,
M Sd1 1 ,

N Sd ,

ea (14.6),

e2 2 ,
. 14.4.7.1.

2000 261
 14

14.4.5

. 14.1,
10%.

()
.

14.4.6

, A c I c
.

262 2000 -
 ()13

( )

/ (.
14.3), e 0
:

e 0 = 0.6 e 02 + 0.4 e 01 ........................................................... (14.9)

e 0 = 0.4 e 02 , e 02 e 01 ................................................. (14.10)

() () ()

N Sd N Sd N Sd

e 02 e 02

e0

e 01 e 01

N Sd N Sd N Sd
14
14.3:

14.4.5

2 .

, .

14.4.6

= l o / i .............................................................................. (14.11)
:

2000 263
 14

14.4.7.1

>140 .

, > 200 .

K 2 1 r
.

, K 2 = 1 .

264 2000 -
 ()13

lo , . 14.4.2,
i

i = I c / A c . ....................................................................................... (14.12)
)
:

15
> max 25, .............................................................. (14.13)
v
d
v d
.

N Sd ....................................................................... (14.14)
vd =
A c f cd
)
2
(14.13)
(14.15).

crit = 25 (2 e 01 / e 02 ) e 02 e 01 .................................... (14.15)

14

:

M Rd N Sd h 20 ................................................................ (14.16)

N Rd N Sd .......................................................................... (14.17)

14.4.7

14.4.7.1

140
1 e o 0.10h (h=
).

2000 265
 14

266 2000 -
 ()13

FH FV

A e1 = e 0 + e a

e2 e1

14.4:

( 14.4),
(
/ ) /
,

,
e 2 ( 2 ) ,
14
1 / r ,
.

l 2o 1 .................................................................................... (14.18)
e 2 = K1
10 r
:

lo = 2l

1r

K1 = / 10 2.5 25 35
K 1 =1 > 35 .
, 1 / r
:

2000 267
 14

14.4.7.2

14.5.

(14.21) (14.22),
.

268 2000 -
 ()13

1 2 K 2 yd ................................................................................. (14.19)
=
r 0.90 d
:

yd
= f yd / E s
d

N Rd N Sd
K2 = 1.00 .................................................................. (14.20)
N Rd N bal
:

N Rd
= 0.85 f cd A c + f yd A s
N Sd

N bal ,
.
,
0.40 f A .
cd c

14.4.7.2

14
2
.

,
2 y
z (. )
e y / b e z / h
:

(e z / h )/ (e y / b ) 0.20 ..................................................................... (14.21)

(e y / b )/ (e z / h ) 0.20 e z 0.2 h ................................... (14.22)

e y e z 1
b h .
. 14.4.3
.

2000 269
 14

270 2000 -
 ()13

ey b e y = M z N Sd
0. 2
ez h e z = M y N Sd

ez h
0.2 h
ey b 0.2h
y
ez
N Sd

ey
z
0.2b

14.5:

h
14
h/2 h/2
e z + e z
e z e z 0.2h
0.2h

z ey b
0.2b

0.2h
'
h
y

14.6: e z 0.20h

2000 271
 14

272 2000 -
 ()13

e z > 0.20h ,
(z )
h ' 14.6. h '
,
. :

N Sd / A c N Sd (e z + e az )/ Wcz = 0 ................................................... (14.23)

:

Wcz ,
e az (. 14.4.3)
z.

14

2000 273
 15

 15

15.1

.
.
, ,

.

15.2

(.. )
,
.

276 2000 -


15.1

.
.

)
.

)
.

) .

)
.

, .

15.2

(
), . 15.1,
) ):

) () , 15
. 15.3,

. 15.4.

) . 15.5.

(
) . 15.1,
:

)

(. . 17.3 17.5)

) (. . 15.4).

2000 277
 15

15.3 ()

(.. ), .

. 15.3.2

15.3.1

s = 0.70 f yk .

278 2000 -


15.3 ()

,
. 15.3.1, . 15.3.2.

0.3mm
0.20 mm .

.

15.3.1

, , . 15.3.1.1,
, .
15.3.1.2.

s II
[. (6.14)]
f yk .

15.3.1.1

. 15.1
,
15.1.
15
15.1, n .

15.1: (mm)

s (MPa) 160 200 240 280 350 400 450

36 36 28 25 16 10 6
1, 2

28 20 16 12 8 6 -
3, 4
2.
.
h > 300mm
h(mm)/300.

2000 279
 15

15.3.2
.

( 1 2)
.


. 15.1 ,
,
.15.2.

280 2000 -


15.3.1.2

. 15.1

15.2.

,
.

,
15.2 2.

15.2: (mm)

s (MPa) 160 200 240 280 350

250 250 250 200 150
1 2

250 200 150 100 70
3 4
2.

15.3.2

, , .

0.3 mm 0.20 mm
15
.

15.4

15.4.1

15.4.1.1

i)

,

ii) 14
16,

2000 281
 15

15.4.1.2

3 4
. 5.1.

( 18)
.

c 0.5 f ck .

15.4.2.1

(.. 3 4 . 5.1).

.
.

f ct
f ctk 0.05 .

282 2000 -


iii)
17 18,

iv) .

()
15.4.1.2 15.4.1.3.

15.4.1.2

,
( 6.14) :

c 0.6 f ck

15.4.1.3

s 0.8 f yk

( ) :

s 1.0 f yk

15.4.2 15
15.4.2.1

( 2.1).

2000 283
 15

15.5

(.. ) .

. 6.3.2.6,
A ct (A ct = A c ) .

284 2000 -


(
6.14)
0.60f ck .

15.4.2.2

, ,
, ,
, :

p 0.65 f ptk

15.5

(. . 6.3.2.6)
( , , .),
,

. A s
:

A ct
A s = k f ctm ................................................................................. (15.5)
s

15
:

A ct ,
f ctm
2.1,
s II,
15.1,
k :
k=0.5,
k
t 15.1.

2000 285
 15

286 2000 -


k
A ct 0.85

t As 0.50

0 0.3 0.8 t(m)

15.1: k

, b w ,
k=0.5 (.15.2).
k . 15.1.

bw bw bw

3b w 2b w 2b w
. .

15.2: k

15
.

.

60 cm 25 cm,
.

300mm ,

.

2000 287
 15

15.6

>50mm, ..

, (. . 5.1).

A ct ,ext A s,surf 0.01 A ct ,ext

dx
600 mm

A s,surf Sl 150 mm S t Sl

.15.1:

288 2000 -


15.6

A s,surf

0.01A ct ,ext , A ct ,ext
.

15

2000 289
 16

 16

16.1

, , ,
.

,
, .

l / 500
( ).

) l/h

, .. ,

, ,


,

,
, ,

,

.

292 2000 -


16.1

() , :

,
,

(), .

,
, .

,
.

16.1., l
,
2.4 .

16.1:

l / 250
l / 500

16

2000 293
 16

) ( )
.

16.2

. 7.2.1.2 . 9.1.1.

l / d 30 .

(. . 9.1.1)
25.

l
(
).

,
.

. ,
.

294 2000 -


16.2

l / d :

l / d
30,

l / d 20,

( l) 2 / d 150 ( l d ),

.

,
16.2.

16.2: (
)

1.0

16

l 0.8

0.6
l min 0.8 l max

l 2.4

2000 295
 16

16.3.1

,
.
,
, .
.

l / 250 .

16.3.1.1

,

( 16.1):

a t = a o (1 + ) ..................................................................... ( 16.1)

ao t = 0,

at t = t

,
.

296 2000 -


16.3

16.3.1

1/r .
t

, :

(1 / r )t = (1 / r )e + (1 / r )cc + (1 / r )cs .......................................................... (16.1)

, ,
I II.

16.3.1.1

,
,
, .

( I)
, .

( II)
,
16

, .

2000 297
 17

 17

17.2.2

,
,
.

17.2.3.1

D
. 17.6.1.

( , 1 , 3)
( , 1 , 2).

300 2000 -


17.1

.

. 3.1.3.

17.2

17.2.1

17.2.2

17.2.3

17.2.3.1

D ,
( ), . 17.1.

17.1: D 17

(mm)
S220 S400, S500
1 < 20 2.5 4.0
2 20 5.0 7.0


(.. )

S220 S400, S500
1 > 100mm >7 10 10
2 (*) > 50mm > 3 10 15
3 (*) 50mm 3 15 20
(*)
D 50%.

2000 301
 17

17.4

.
.

2/3 d
25mm.

17.5

( n )+10mm 20mm
5.1 .

302 2000 -


17.2.3.2

17.2.

17.2: D

l l

l < 4 : 20 20
l 4 : . 17.1

17.3

. 5.1 17.5
.

17.4

,
20 mm,
d + 5 mm, d =
,

17
.

.

17.5

,

.

2000 303
 17

h/2

) 45 90 ) h > 250 mm

300 mm h
h

) h 250 mm ) h > 600 mm

,)
,)

17.1:

17.4 ,
c =1.5 :

f bd = f ctk 0.05 / c .................................................................. ( 17.1)

f bd = 2.25 f ctk 0.05 / c ......................................................... ( 17.2)

>32mm f bd 17.4
, =(132-)/100,
mm.

( ) .

304 2000 -


f bd .

: .

II: .

II ( )
(. 17.3):

0-45 ,

250 mm,
,
300
mm.

I ( ) .

17.3:

250mm
:
250mm

:
< 300mm 300mm
0 45 II
45 90

f bd 17.4.

17.4: f bd (MPa)

I
f ck 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 17
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
32 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.3


70%
II

2000 305
 17

f bd 1.4 )
3 , )
( . 18.4.4.2).

17.6.1

1 2
, 10mm .

. . 17.6.5.

D
, , 17.1, :

D f yd .............................................................. ( 17.3)
= 0.5 +
e f cd
:

,
e
.

,
, 26(S400 S500),
, .. .

306 2000 -


p (MPa),
, f bd 17.4
[
, 1 : (1 0.04 p ) 1.4 . ]

17.6

17.6.1

4
( 17.1):

1. .

2. ( , , ),
D ,1 ,2
17.1.

3.
.

5
,
0.6.

4. ( ).

:



1 1.0 1.0
l b,net

17
5
2 D 5 D 0.7 1.0
D
135 l b,net 135 > 90 l b , net l b,net

3 l b,net 0.7 0.7

17.1: 17.2
( l b,net , . . 17.6.3)

2000 307
 17

17.6.2

5

5 cm
< 35 cm

l b . (17.1)

17.2:
( )

17.6.3

l b ,net .
D
B.1 .3 17.1,

. =1
f bd (. 17.5).

, l b,min
(. 17.3).

308 2000 -


17.6.2

l b 1
.

, l b (17.1):

f yd
lb = .................................................................................... (17.1)
4 f bd

,
2,
f bd .
17.5,

f yd .

, l b
4 ,
. (17.1)
.

17.6.3
17
l b,net
,

. (17.2):

A s,req
l b,net = l b l b,min ...................................................................... (17.2)
A s,prov

A s,req
,

2000 309
 17

l b,net

l b,min

17.3:
D .1 .3 17.1.

/ . 18.3.5 18.4.6/18.5.5
.

. 17.2
.

17.6.4

,
,
,
.

(.. ).

310 2000 -


A s,prov ,


17.1 ( 0.5 ),

l b,min ,
= 0.3 l b ( 10) ,
= 0.6 l b ( 10) ,
lb (17.1).

(. . 6.1.3),
,
A s,req / A s,prov =1.0 .
( )
. 4.1.4.2
v 4.8
>0.75.

, l b,net
(17.2)
:

A s,req
n =4
A s,prov

17.6.4
17
.

.

25%
.

. ,

.

2000 311
 17

n .

17.6.5

17.7.2.1

312 2000 -


, , ,
, ,
18.

,
,
5 5 n

17.6.5

( )
.

17.7

17.7.1

,
, ,
(.. ),
,
(, ..).

17.7.2
17
17.7.2.1

, ,

.

(100%)
.
(50%)
.

2000 313
 17

l0 l0

l0 l0

17.4:

4 , (-4),
>4, .

17.7.2.2

. . 18.4.6 18.5.5.

b a

17.5: 17.5

314 2000 -


, 1/3
.

(100%) .

,
1.3 l 0 , l 0
(17.3).
17.2.

1.3l 0
0.3l 0


,20mm

,20mm
4

17.2:

17.7.2.2

l 0 ( 17.4)
,
(. 17.5): 17
l 0 = 1 l b,net l 0,min .................................................................................... (17.3)
:

l b,net (17.2),

1 17.5,

l 0,min ,
max (0.3 l ,15 , 200mm) .
1 b

2000 315
 17

. . 17.7.2.1.

17.7.2.4 E

() ()
16 mm A st 16 mm A st
A sl A sl

17.6, : 17.6

A st 2 A st 2
150 mm
Fs Fs

l0
l0 3 l0 3
()

A st 2 A st 2
4 150 mm
Fs Fs

l0
l0 3 l0 3

17.6, : 17.6

316 2000 -


17.5: 1

(
)

20% 25% 33% 50% >50%
(a) (b)
a 10 b 5 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
1.0
a > 10 b > 5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

17.7.2.3

l 0 :

l 0 l b,net .......................................................................................................... (17.4)

17.7.2.4 E

, .
(..
, ) .

17.6.

17.6:

1 2 3 4 5 6
- st
-
(mm) -



17
< 16

20%

> 20%

Asl ( ) 50%
16 17.6

10 st sl
> 50%

< 10 17.6

st sl 17.7
sl

. 150 mm

2000 317
 17

Ast

Asl

17.7: 17.6

17.7.3

1: 3

17.8:

, 1:3 ( 17.8).

0.1 mm.

100%
, 80%.

318 2000 -


17.7.3

()
() :

1.0 f yk A s ,
1.2 f tk A s ,
:

f yk , f tk , A s ,
, .

. 17.3 . 17.4, ,
.

17.7.4
17

.

2000 319
 17

17.8.1

(.
8.4).
.

17.8.2

17.8.3

l b,net

l b,net

l b,net E al
E

al M Sd / z + N Sd
l b,net
E
l b,net l b,net

17.9:
( )

E E

l b,net
l b,net

17.10: ,

320 2000 -


17.8

17.8.1

,
(.
17.8.2).

17.8.2

a l Ft = (M / z )+ N ( a l . 11.2.4).

17.8.3

,
l b,net .

,
1.3 l b,net 0.7
l b,net ( l b,net =
.17.6.3).

17

2000 321
 17

0.7l b,net

1.3l b,net

17.11: ,

17.8.4

l b,net b 3 ( 50 mm)

2 3 l b,net

17.12:

17.8.5

, .

322 2000 -


17.8.4

i) :

)
:

Ft = VSd a l / z ............................................................... (17.5)

:

a l .(11.27).
)
2 / 3 l b,net .

1/3 ( 50 mm )
l b,net .

ii)
. 18.3.5. 17
17.8.5

. 18
,
:

i) ,

10.

ii) ,
. 18.3.5.

2000 323
 17

l = 10

17.13:

,

( , , .).

17.9

18.

,
,
(.. ).

, .

( ) .

17.9.1

324 2000 -


17.9

,
- ,
,
.

17.9.1

17.3.
17
17.3.) .

17.3.) )
, .
50mm.

2000 325
 17

( 17.3. )
. ,
,
.

17.9.2
( )

326 2000 -


0.7
15 mm 15 mm 1.4
=135 2
10 70 mm 10 70 mm 20 mm
=90 50 mm

() () () ()

17.3:

17.9.2
( )
) ( )

17.4.

, .

17
() ()

17.4:
(. 17.3 )

) , ,

, 17.5.

2000 327
 17

,
17.5.), .

l0

17.14: .

(.. TSd 0.5 TRd1 )

(.. 17.14) ,

328 2000 -


) ),
) )
, . .
.

() () () ()

l0

()

17.5: ,
,
(. 17.3 )

,
17.5(), ( )

l0.

l 0 .
17

2000 329
 17

17.15.

l b ,net l b ,net

17.15:

17.9.3

17.4
.

17.9.4 ( S)

c :
:
: ,
,

17.16: ( S)

(
), .

,
.

330 2000 -


17.9.3

, 17.4
,
, 17.5
.

17.9.4 ( S)

,
.

17

2000 331
 17

332 2000 -


17.9.5 -

. 17.8.3.
,
.

17.10

17.10.1

. 17.2.2.

17.10.2

17.10.2.1

)

(3).

,
,
,
(7) .

17.7: ,

:3
, :7

. 17
:

) ,
3 7, ,
( f =1.0 m =1.0 )

,
. , ,

,
.

.

2000 333
 17

334 2000 -


17.10.2.2

17.10.2.2

() .

,
,

.

: 40mm
: 50mm
.

17.10.2.2

, .

17.7.

d

10 mm
17

d + 5 mm

20 mm

17.7:
( = )

2000 335
 17

17.10.2.3

, ,
.

.
,
.

,

.

,
. 5.1 17.5.

0.015 A ct ,ext , A ct ,ext
.

17.10.2.4

.
, ,
:

10

15o.

17.10.3

. 3.2.5 4.5.1.
.

336 2000 -


17.10.2.3

17.10.2.3

. 5.1
. 17.5,
17.8.

c1
h
c1 b h / 2
b c b
b c1
:
h c1 40 mm, c 40 mm
c

17.8:

17.10.2.3

. 5.1 17.5,
20mm 2.
c min =3 .

17.10.2.4

17
.

17.10.3

,
, ,

2000 337
 17

17.11

..

()
.

, . (17.6)
,
:

N Sd .............................................................................. (. 17.4)

l
:

( 0.7) .
l

N Sd ( ).

338 2000 -


,
.

, .
,
50% .

17.11

,

.
45-90.

As
v Sd f yd (1 + cot ) sin .................................................. (17.6)
s
:

A
S

,
17
s ,
,

f yd
,
.

2000 339
 17

340 2000 -


17.12

17.12.1 , ,

28mm
.
.

, ,
,
n :

n = n 55 mm .............................................................. (17.7)
:

n4
,
n3 .

n .

.

17.12.2

.
2, 3 4
17
1.2, 1.3 1.4 .
.
.
.
4 .

2000 341


18

 18

18.1.1

, (.. , )
.
.

(2), ,
,
.
,

.

,
.

18.1.2

344 2000 -


, .

,
.

18.1

18.1.1

, . 7.2.1.2
: l > 4h ( l = , h= ).
(..
) .

(
). ()
.

18.1.2
18
:
)
100 mm

) 70 mm

2000 345
 18

18.1.4.1

. :

L,min 2 / 3 L,max

L .

,
( ) .

A sx / 2 c

A sx
A sy A sy
2 A sy 2

A sx / 2 c

c c

18.1:

346 2000 -


18.1.3

) 70 mm

) 100 mm

) 120 mm
) ,
(..
) 50 mm

18.1.4

18.1.4.1

,
.
:

min A s = 0.6 b d / f yk , f yk MPa , ........................................(18.1)

min A s = 0.0015 b d ................................................................(18.2)
4%
.

20% 46/m,
.

,

c = 0.20 min l .

: 18
250mm
1.50 h 200mm .

2000 347
 18

A S' 1 / 4A S
0.2l

1 / 2A S A s ( )

A S' 1 / 4A S
0.2l

1 / 2A S A s ( )

18.2:

lb

tx
bm sx

ty

lb
s x = 0.5b m t x
sy s y = 0.5b m t y
lb bm lb

18.3: ,

348 2000 -


,
1/4 .
, 0.2
.

(. . 17.8.4 17.8.5).

(.. 9.1.6)
s y = 0.5 b m t y .
,
, 60%
.

60%
, .

b m ,

, t x .
b m
.
18

,

, 60%
58/m, .

2000 349
 18

18.1.4.2

, .

0.3l min

0.3l min
0.3l min

: A S A S
: A S 1 / 2A S

18.4.

18.1.5.1

d/2 s s

45
s 0.6d (1 + cot )

d/2

30

18.5:

11.2 . 18.3.4.

350 2000 -


18.1.4.2

,
,
:

) ,

) .

, ,

.

0.3
.

18.1.5

18.1.5.1

200mm.

, (. . 11.1.1),
/ .
, ,

18
60% 18.1 .

. ,
45. , ,
( )
30.

s ,
:

s 0.6 d (1 + cot ) ................................................................ (18.3)

2000 351
 18

18.1.5.2

1.0d

800 mm

18.6:

18.1.5.3

352 2000 -


d / 2 .

, ,
, .

18.1.5.2

(11.1).
(. 11.1 . 18.3.4).

,
.

1.0d 800 mm .

VSd < VRd 2 / 3 .

,
, s max .
18.3.4.

18.1.5.3

, ,
60% .

(. 13.4.2) :

) ,
18

1.5d 800mm .
(18.3) .

0.5d ,
0.75d
.
.

2000 353
 18

)
0.75d 0.5d

1.5d
800 mm

0.75d 0.25d
( )

1.5d
800 mm

)
0.5d

0.25d 2d
800 mm

0.75d 0.5d

2d
800 mm

18.7:

1.5d 800 mm 1.5h H 1.5d 800 mm

d
dH
hH

0.5d 0.5d H 0.5d

l H 1.5h H l H > 1.5(d + d H )

18.7:

354 2000 -


)
, 2d
800mm .

18

2000 355
 18

.
:

1.3 ( )
2
f yk f ck VSd

- .
. VSd
.

18.1.5.4

2h

18.8.

18.2.1

x min = y min = 0.001

hs
ho

a 700 mm b 70 mm

18.9.

356 2000 -


,
,
,
.

18.1.5.4

, :

,
.
0.005 h 2 S220 0.0025 h 2 S400 S500,
2?8.

2h.
4 6/m,
.

18.2 ( )

18.2.1

( )
700mm
70mm. 18

,
5kN/m2
7.5k.

2000 357
 18

18.2.2.2

,
,
:

Vd ,nerv =1.10 Vd , total / n

Vd ,total ,

n .

18.2.2.3

358 2000 -


18.2.2

18.2.2.1

1/10
50mm.

,
0.001 (S400, S500).

, , ,
75% (S400, S500).

18.2.2.2

70mm.
, b
1:3.

,
2 .

0.01 (S400, S500).
, ..
.

3kN/m2
16mm.

.
18
( )
, 5%
.

18.2.2.3

6m
.

6m
10 h o , h o .

2000 359
 18

18.3

,
. 9.1.7,
(. . 6.1.3).

18.3.1

,
:

b w > l o / 50

bw > hb / 8

lo /

hb .

4
,
.
(. 18.5.8).

360 2000 -


(.. )

.
.

, .

18.2.3

.

,
. 18.2.2.1 . 18.2.2.3.

18.3

(. . 6.1.3).

18.3.1

, b w
b w 200mm .

) b w

b w < 2 bc
18
hc
bw < bc +
2
b c h c
,

) 4,

) 1/3
.

2000 361
 18

18.3.2

L,min 2 / 3 L,max

L .

.

, .

' 0.5
,

362 2000 -


18.3.2

( min ) (
) :

1 f
min = ctm ....................................................................... (18.4)
2 f yd

, , ,
4% ,
.

, , 1/4

(. . 17.8.4 . 17.8.5).

(. 18.3.3),
( max )
:

f cd ' 7
max = 0.65 + 0.0015 ............................................ (18.5)
f yd f yd

f yd MPa, '
18
.
()
.

) (
2 h b ), '

.

2000 363
 18

. 2hb
.

,
,
.

1
4
A S1
A S'
1
A S2
4
min A c A S1 max A c min A c A S2 max A c

AS AS
A S' 1 0.5A S1 , min A c A S max A c A S' 2 0.5A S2 ,
4 4

18.10:

hs 4h s 4h s 2h s 2h s hs

IV

hs 2.5h s 2.5h s hs

18.11:

18.3.3

2
.

364 2000 -


)
1/4
.

) 2
12mm/S400 S500.

) ,
,
,

, (
), :

I
: 4 ,

II :
2.5 ,

III
: 2
,

IV :
.

. 8.4.

, 75%
,
.

18

18.3.3

l cr
2
(l cr = 2 h b ) .

2000 365
 18

18.3.4

18.1
:

w = A sw :s b w sin ( = 45 90 ) ...................................... ( 18.1)

11.2 .

18.1. w ,min

S 220 S 400 S 500

C12 C20 0.0016 0.0009 0.0007
C25 C35 0.0024 0.0013 0.0011
C40 C50 0.0030 0.0016 0.0013

, , :

,
,
,
.

50 mm

hb

s
2h b 2h b

18.12: (
)

366 2000 -


18.3.4

, .

12mm.

smax
:
1
0.8 d 300mm VSd < VRd 2 .......................................(18.6)
5
1 2
0.6 d 300mm VRd 2 < VSd VRd 2 ........................(18.7)
5 3
2
0.3 d 200mm VSd > VRd 2 ........................................(18.8)
3

1
d 500mm, VSd < VRd 2 .
5
1
VSd > VRd 2 , (18.7) (18.8).
5
,
8mm
:

1/3 ,
10 ,
20 ,
200mm.

50mm .

(. . 17.7.2.1).
18

150mm,
.

2000 367
 18

18.3.5

l b,min

l b,min l b,min

5 5

18.13: A ,
. . 17.6.3 . 17.3

5
,
( ).

18.3.6 -

. 11.3.3 .

18.1, b w
( 18.1).

18.14:

368 2000 -


18.3.5

)
,
,
l b,min (. . 17.6.3).

)
, (..
,
),
( -
), :

, 90
(.
).
5
.
. 17.5.

18.3.6 -

,

.

18

2000 369
 18

18.3.7

. 18.3.2 18.3.4
.

12.2.

18.4.2

db d1 350 mm

b 250 mm ( 200 mm) b1 200 mm

18.15:

370 2000 -


18.3.7

. 18.3.2 18.3.4

.

u k / 8 .

,
,
350mm.

18.3.8

,
, .

, .

, (
) .

18.4

18.4.1

18.4.2

, 18
:

) 250mm,
300mm.
. 18.4.4.2
200mm 250mm, .

) ,
200mm
350mm.

2000 371
 18

18.4.3

L,min 2 / 3 L,max ............................................................ ( 18.2)

L .
( 200 300 mm)
.

18.4.4.1

,
- ,
,
.

372 2000 -


, ,
:

N Sd
d = 0.65
A c f cd
.

18.4.3

. ,
.
14mm.

0.01 ( 0.008,
. 18.4.4.2) 0.04. ,
0.08.

,


200mm.
300mm,
.

300mm.

18.4.4 ( )

18.4.4.1 18
,
.

( ), .
17.9.3.

( ),
.

2000 373
 18

,

1 f yd .

3 f yd

18.4.4.2

2 (= 3 ) 1
= wd , = n s
f cd 2

374 2000 -


,
6mm 1/4 .
:

12 ,
,
300 mm.

(. 18.4.5),
8mm 1/3 .
:

8 ,
50% ,
100 mm.

,
4
.

,
6 .

18.4.4.2

(. 18.4.5) .


. 4.1.4.2 v
4.8 >0.75.

) :

18
,
- (),


(),

,
-.

)
,

2000 375
 18

bi

b0

s'
n=4 n=8 b

s ' ,

n=12 n = 1 b
A0 = b 02 : , A C = b 2 :

18.16:
( b i b 0 )

376 2000 -


i)

f yd
wd =
f cd

A
wd = 0.85 d 0.35 c + 0.15 0.035, Wd 0.10
Ao
:

, = n s

Ac

Ao
()

N Sd
d =
A c f cd
d 0.65

N Sd
.
ii) :

1)

n 18
n =1 bi2 / 6 Ao (= 1 8 / 3n, bi = 4 bo / n )
1

n

bi ,
250mm 300mm (. . 18.4.3).

2000 377
 18

378 2000 -


n =1 .
2)

(
s = 1 s' / 2 bo )
2

s' s ' < b o ( )

/2 .

bo (A o )
= b o2 .

(
), s ,
s = (1 s ' / 2 b o ) .

iii) ,

.
,

.

. 18.4.4.1
.

iv)

,

.

1 > 2 = 3 .
:

)
,
18
.

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cd cd cd

2000 379
 18

18.4.5

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l cr = max h, H ,600mm
5
)

l cr l cr
l cr

18.17:

,
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18.4.6

5 l b,min

18.18:
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380 2000 -


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18.4.4.3

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18.4.5

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:

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,
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18

,
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2000 381
 18

18.4.8

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2
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:
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,

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18.5.1

382 2000 -


18.4.7

, (
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18.4.8

.
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0.04 .

0.08.

6,
.

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18
) .

18.5

18.5.1

, l w ,
b.

T b
150mm. b

2000 383
 18

l w 4b

b 250 mm ( 200 mm)

Hn b
b 150 mm
b
l w 4b

18.19:

:
lw
bq (q = ).
60

18.5.2

Hw

l w
H cr
H w / 6

lw
18.20:

18.5.3

384 2000 -


250mm, 200mm,
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18.5.2

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.

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18

18.5.3

10mm.

2000 385
 18

' > (1.5b 0.15l w ) c < 0.2%

48 / m 2 '

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A s A s
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lw
48 / m 2 ' .

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= 0.0025
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18.21:
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18.5.4

386 2000 -


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0.0025
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.
2 ,
,
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200 mm.

1.5 b 0.15 l w ,
0.2%.
c
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.

(. 18.4.4.2)
:

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:

z .

( )


. 18.4.3 18.4.4.1 .
18
18.5.4

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-
. 11.3.

2000 387
 18

b eff b eff

18.22:

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388 2000 -


18.5.5

.
, 33%
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1
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18.5.6 18

.
8mm.
,

.

2000 389
 18

18.5.7

. (18.9)
,
0.7.

18.5.8

,
, 412 (S400, S500)
8 b/2.

b/2
b/2

18.23:

( )
A S = VSd / 2 f yd sin .............................................................. ( 18.3)

390 2000 -


18.5.7

,
,
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v = = 0.0025 .................................. (18.9)
Ag f yd

A s ,tot ,
A g ,
, N Sd
, .

18.5.8

,
.
.
.

, l / h 3 , (
) ,
(18.10) (18.11):

l VSd ........................................................ (18.10)

d < 2 Rd , d =
h bh

1 l
' = < f cd / f yd .........................................................................(18.11)
18
4 h

l , h = ' ,
.

100mm.
50%.

216 (S400, S500), .

2000 391
 18

( )
10/200
min A s = 216
(S400, S500)

1.5l b
10/200 h
(S400,S500)

min A s = 216
(S400,S500)
0 .2 h l

18.24:

,
(..
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),
.

18.6.1

,
18.25.

392 2000 -


, 10/200 mm (S400,
S500). 10/200 mm.

VRd 2 VRd 3 (. 11).

18.6

18.6.1

200mm.

,
,
48/m.

18
0.002 .
,
s 200 mm.
1/10 . ,
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, -
.

2000 393
 18

bw

bw bw
: 614, S400 S500
: 8/ 0.5 b w

18.25:

18.6.2 /

: 2h
h 3

18.26:

18.6.3

(. 6.1.3)

.

(
) .

394 2000 -


,
, 3 b w
600 mm 1.5 b w 300 mm,
min. 12 (S400 S500) max. 150 mm.

18.6.2 /

b min , h min 0.70m .

,
0.50m.

.18.1.4.1 min. 12 (S400 S500)
max. 150 mm.

18.6.3
18

.

. 5.2.4.2 .

2000 395
 18

18.6.4

/ b h , b h ,
, .

396 2000 -


n 3

0.25/0.40m, 0.4% 0.4%

min 3+314 (S400 S500)
. 10/200

n 4

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min 3+316 (S400 S500)
. 10/150

n ( ).

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,
0.20m, .

10 (S400, S500) 0.20m

.

18.6.4

,
(. . 18.6.1).

.
(. 15.5).

18

2000 397
 19

 19

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 19

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2000 403
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406 2000 -


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2000 407
 20

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408 2000 -


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20.1
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5 . 8 . 20
> 5m 10 . 16 .
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2000 409
 20

20.4.1

410 2000 -


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20.3.3.3

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20.4.1

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2000 411
 20

.. .

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2000 413
 20

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414 2000 -


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2000 415
 20

20.4.6

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20.5.1

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2000 417
 20

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418 2000 -


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20 30mm
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2000 419
 20

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2000 421
 20

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2000 423
 20

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424 2000 -


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2000 425
 20

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426 2000 -


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2000 427
 20

20.6.3.3

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428 2000 -


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2000 429
 21

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2000 433
 21

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21.2.1

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2000 435
 21

21.2.1.4

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21.2.2.3

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436 2000 -


21.2.1.4

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21.2.2.2

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2000 437
 21

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2000 439
 21

21.2.6 (
)

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440 2000 -


21.2.6 (
)

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.

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)

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2000 441
 21

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.
.

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,
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21
21.3.4

2000 443
 21

21.4.2

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,
.

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0.90
0.80 .

444 2000 -


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2000 445

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 22

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448 2000 -
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2000 449
 22

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450 2000 -
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22

2000 451


454 2000 -


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:

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(
)
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.
,

.

2) ,


.

3) ,

.

v f cd . , v
0.60
. v ( v > 1 )

,
.

4) f yd .

5) .

.2

1) 0.4 h c a c h c ( .1)

.

2) ( a c < 0.4 h c ),

.

2000 455


456 2000 -


a c > h c

3)
-.

4)
Fv H c 0.2 Fv
,
.

5) ( h c )
( . 11).

6)

.

Fv
ac
Hc

hc

.1: ,
-.

1) ,
,
,
, l b,net
. l b,net
.

2) h c 300 mm ,
A s :

2000 457


458 2000 -


A s 0.4 A c f cd / f yd
( A c
),
0.4 A s
d,
.
( .2) (
.3).

Fv
As
Hc

.2: .

Fv
As
Hc

.3: .

2000 459


460 2000 -


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1)
.

2) , .. ,
, ,

.

3)
.
.

1)

,
,

l b,net .

2)
(
),
0.15%
.

2000 461


464 2000 -


.1

(0.2 + 0.1 ) y , 3
N / KI ................. -

0.6 y , > 3

(0.2 + 0.1 ) x , 3
N / K II ...... -
0.6 x , > 3

: I, II

.2

I I: y =1 ...............................................

II II: x =1 ...............................................

0,2 + 0,1
III III: rB H N / K III ......................
0,6

.3 v x v y

.3.1

(i) G i ,
K i ( i , i )
.
K i I i , I i I i .
O xyz
(. .1):

K xx K xy K xz

K = K yx K yy K yz
K zx K zy K zz

2000 465


466 2000 -


( )
K xx = E I i 2 i + I i 2 i = E I yi

i i

( )
K yy = E I i 2 i + I i 2 i = E I xi
i i

(
K zz = E I i + y i2 I yi + x i2 I xi 2 x i y i I xyi )
i

K xy = K yx = E (I i I i ) i i = E I xyi
i i

(
K xz = K zx = E y i I yi + x i I xyi )
i

(
K yz = K zy = E y i I xyi + x i I xi )
i

E = .

.3.2 -

K xx K zy K xy K zx K yx K zy K yy K zx
x = , y =
K xx K yy K 2xy K xx K yy K 2xy

(, )
( .1):

2 K xy
2 =
K xx K yy

( )
K xx > K yy K xx < K yy .
(,,III)
:

2000 467


468 2000 -


2
K xx + K yy K xx K yy
K I = E J II = + + K 2xy
2 2

2
K xx + K yy K xx K yy
K II = E J I = + K 2xy

2 2

K III = E J = K zz y 2 K xx x 2 K yy + 2 x y K xy

y k i
k
i
II yi I

i i
yk k i
yi K xi
Ki
n
n

0 xk xi x

.1:

.3.3

( i , i ) K xy = K yx = 0 :

K xx = E I i , K yz = K zy = + E (x i I i )
i i

K yy = E I i , (
K zz = E I i + y i2 I i + x i2 I i )
i i

K xz = K zx = E (y i I i )
i

2000 469


470 2000 -


(, ) ( i , i )
:

K yz K

x = , y = zx
K yy K xx

K I = E J II = K xx

K II = E J I = K yy

K III = E J = K zz y 2 K xx x 2 K yy

.3.4 v x v y

B xyz
N i (x, y)
(, ) ( .2).
e x e y
, v x v y
:

2
1 + 2x 1 2x
v 2x = + 2x

2 2

2
1 + 2y 1 2y
v 2y = + 2
y
2 2

2x =
1
2
rb
(
K III K II + e 2x )

2y =
1
rb2
(
K III K I + e 2y )
x = e x rb

2000 471


472 2000 -


y = e y rb

rb =
1
ri2 N i ri

N i

N i , ( N = N i ).
i

x 1 y 1
, x > 1 y > 1
( ).

, e = 0 v 2 = 2 2 < 1 v 2 = 1 2 > 1 .

z III

y II

ey Ni I
K
ri
B cx x

.2:

2000 473


476 2000 -


.1

Ar
A ct
Es
Wmax , Wm , Wk

,

,
s , s rm ,


c, c min

K1 , K 2 ,

,
s , sr ,

sm
t, ,
r

.2

( ),
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, , ,
, ,
.

, ,
30%
+0,02 ( 0,04)%, ,
.
, ..
.

, ,
(
),
, , ,
.

,
,

2000 477


478 2000 -


.

.

, ..
, .
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,
( 1 ),
(
).

, (
) () ,

,
(
).

, ,
(
), ,
, .

,
,
< 5mm.

,
( ),
, :

Wmax mm
1 0.3 0.4
2 0.2
3, 4 0.1

2000 479


480 2000 -


,
.

.4

)

Wk ( )
,
(. . .3):

Wk Wmax .

) , .
5%,
, Gauss
45%, :

Wk Wm (1 + t ) 1.75Wm ,

,
( = s / Wm 0.450) ,
t , p=2.05% (t 1.645) .

) ,
,
s r m
sm
, :

Wm s r m sm

c
c min , Wm
c / c min 1.5 .

)
:

Ar
s rm K1 K 2 , r =
r A ct

2000 481


482 2000 -


s
s rm K1 K 2 + 2 c +
r 10

( -
50mm).
:

K1 , :

K1 = 0.4

K1 = 0.8
K2 , :

K 2 =1 / 8

K 2 =1 / 4
, s , ,
( mm, s 15 ).
c ( mm)

Ar ,r , , ,

A ct
, ,
,
b 15?
,

( s 15 ).

)
:

2

sm s , =1 sr
Es s

s , (
)

,

(
)
.

2000 483


484 2000 -


, s sr .
.

) ,
,
, (
).

2000 485


488 2000 -


.1

E c, ef
K , K I , K II , I, II

M cr , N cr ,
M ser , N ser ,
()

a , a I , a II , , ,
, ,
d
1 , 2 , ,

-

s , sr ,

.2

, (
) ,
, , .

( )
, ,
:

(, 30%
)

(.. , )

(.. , , .)

,
,
. ,
,

.

,
(..

2000 489


490 2000 -


), .

.3

.

( , ),
.

( 1 ),
, ,
( 2 ),
,
.

, (
, ),
t, .

(
),
I, II, (. . .4).

, , ,
,

.

,
.

.4

)
:

( I),
,
,
( II), /

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492 2000 -


,
( ).

) , ,

, .

,
,

, .

) ,
, ,
:

a = (1 ) a I + a II

a , ..
( ), .

aI

a II

,
()

:

= 0 s < sr

2

=1 sr s sr
s
= 1 2
1 , :

1 =1.0

1 = 0.5

2 , :

2 =1.0

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494 2000 -


2 = 0.5

s ,
().

sr ,
( ).

(i) , ,
( sr / s ) :

(M cr / M ser ) ,

(N cr / N ser ) , (),

: M ser N ser
().

(ii) M cr ( N ser :
):

N
M cr Wc f ct ser
Ac

N cr (
):

N cr A c f ct

(iii) A c ( ) Wc
(
)
.

(iv) ,
f ctm .

) .

(1 / r )cc ,

, (.. (1 / r )cc (1 / r )0 ,
,
,

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496 2000 -


E c,ef E cm / (1 + ) ),

, ( , ,
,


), :

a t a 0 (1 + ) ,

at .. t = t

a0 .. t = 0

) .

(1 / r )cs , :

(1 / r )cs cs / d ,
:

cs

, ,
:

'
1 0.5

) .

(
):

(1 / r )T T / d
T
:

(1 / r )T T T / d
) ,
.

2000 497