Auriferous Placer Sampling and Dimensioning Caychive River Area

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE
INGENIERA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERA GEOLGICA, MINERA Y
METALRGICA
Auriferous Placer Sampling and Dimensioning -

Caychive River Area
Investigators:
Alcantara Chuco, Octavio Fermin

Fernndez Geraldino, Carlos Nicols
Huamn Snchez, Fernando Alejandro
Torres Delgado, Jim William
Teacher in charge:
Ing. Jorge H. Paredes Angeles
LIMA PER
SEPTEMBER 2016
We want dedicate this monograph to God, who has given us the life and strength to finish this research
project, our teachers, who transmit us their diverse knowledge, especially of the field and subjects that
correspond to our profession.
We also want to show our gratitude to the Escuela de Geologa and to the Library for providing us with
references and help texts for the development of this work.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA, MINERA Y METALURGICA
ESCUELA PROFESIONA DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA
INDEX
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................1
1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Weathering and Erosion..................................................................................................................2
1.2 Nuggets ...........................................................................................................................................3
2 PLACER DEPOSITS .................................................................................................................................4

2.1 Placers classification .......................................................................................................................6
2.1.1 Residual Placers.................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Eluvial or Mountain foot Placer ........................................................................................ 6
2.1.3 Transported Placers .............................................................................................................. 7
2.1.4 Fluvial Deposits or alluvial ................................................................................................... 7
3 SAMPLING IN PLACERS ......................................................................................................................15

3.1 Sampling methods.........................................................................................................................16
3.1.1 Handcrafted or Manual Method.......................................................................................... 16
3.1.2 Mechanized Methods.......................................................................................................... 18
3.2 Correction Factors.........................................................................................................................20
3.2.1 Correction types .................................................................................................................. 20
3.2.2 Interpretation ...................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 Placer samlping tools ....................................................................................................................21
3.4 Where to do sampling? .................................................................................................................25
3.5 Placer sampling through wells ......................................................................................................28
4 TREATMENT ...........................................................................................................................................33
4.1 Magnetic Separation .....................................................................................................................33
4.2 Sieving ..........................................................................................................................................33
5 MODELING - CASE PLACER DEPOSIT RIO CAYCHIVE .............................................................34

5.1 GENERALITIES ..........................................................................................................................34
5.1.1 LOCATION AND ACCESS .............................................................................................. 34
5.1.2 WORK METHODS ............................................................................................................ 34
5.1.3 WORK OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................... 35
5.1.4 PREVIOUS JOBS .............................................................................................................. 35
5.2 GEOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................................36
5.2.1 FISIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 36
5.2.2 HIDROGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 37
5.2.3 CLIMATE .......................................................................................................................... 37
5.2.4 FLORA ............................................................................................................................... 38
5.2.5 FAUNA .............................................................................................................................. 39
5.3 ESTRATIGRAPHY......................................................................................................................39
5.3.1 PALEOZOIC ...................................................................................................................... 40
5.3.2 MESOZOIC ........................................................................................................................ 40

5.3.3 CENOZOIC ........................................................................................................................ 41
5.3.4 CUATERNARY ................................................................................................................. 41
5.3.5 RECENT CUATERNARY ................................................................................................ 42
5.4 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................42
5.4.1 FOLDING........................................................................................................................... 42
5.4.2 FAULT ............................................................................................................................... 43
5.5 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY ..........................................................................................................43
5.6 DEPOSIT GEOLOGY ..................................................................................................................44
5.6.1 ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT GENESIS (CAYCHIVE RIVER ZONE) ..................................... 44
5.6.2 DEPOSIT GEOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 45
5.7 THE GOLD ..................................................................................................................................47
5.8 GOLD PROPETIES .....................................................................................................................47
5.8.1 FISICS ................................................................................................................................ 47
5.8.2 CHEMICAL ....................................................................................................................... 48
5.8.3 MINERALOGY Y PROPERTIES ..................................................................................... 49
5.9 GOLD DISTRIBUTION ON EARTHS CRUST ........................................................................50
5.10 PLACER GOLD ...........................................................................................................................51
5.11 PLACERS CLASIFICATION ......................................................................................................52
5.11.1 RESIDUAL PLACERS (mined vein)................................................................................. 53
5.11.2 ELLUVIAL PLACER OR MOUNTAIN FOOT ................................................................ 54
5.11.3 ALLUVIAL PLACER (stream placer) ............................................................................... 54
5.11.4 FLUVIO-GLACIAL PLACER........................................................................................... 54
5.11.5 EOLIC PLACERS .............................................................................................................. 54
5.11.6 BEACH PLACERS ............................................................................................................ 55
5.12 RESERVES ESTIMATION .........................................................................................................55
5.12.1 GENERALITIES ................................................................................................................ 55
5.12.2 MEAN GRADE ESTIMATION ........................................................................................ 55
5.12.3 MEAN DEPTH ESTIMATION ......................................................................................... 56
5.12.4 FREQUENCY POLYGON ................................................................................................ 56
5.12.5 STANDARD DESVIATION ()........................................................................................ 60
5.12.6 RESERVS ESTIMATION ................................................................................................. 63
5.12.7 CUT-OFF CALCULATION .............................................................................................. 63
5.12.8 MODELING IN LEAPFROG ............................................................................................ 67
5.12.9 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 79
6 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................80
7 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ..................................................................................................81
Table list
Tabla 1.2 1: Names according to the gold particles size, in spanish and english. 3
Tabla 2.1 1: Mineral associations in placers. 14
Tabla 2.1 2: Alluvial placers characteristics and shapes. 14
Figure list
Figura 2.1.41: Colluvial deposits typical chart 8
Figura 2.1.42: Alluvial deposits Typical chart 9
Figura 2.1.43: Lacustrine deposits typical chart 9
Figura 2.1.44: Supe/Lima littoral deposit typical chart 10
Figura 2.1.45: Glacier deposits typical chart 11
Figura 2.1.46: Characteristics of arid and desert climates deposits 12
Figura 2.1.47: Sea placers forming zone 13
Figura 2.1.48: Gold Plio-Quaternary placers on the world. 15
Figura 3.1.11: Sampling by hand in excavations (wells) or channels. 17
Figura 3.31: Placer sampling basic tools. 21
Figura 3.32: Other tools for placer sampling. 22
Figura 3.33: Hand tools for placer sampling. 23
Figura 3.34: Other hand tools for placer sampling. 23
Figura 3.35: Bars and Point-Bras. 24
Figura 3.41: .- Sampling in major accidents. 25
Figura 3.42: .- Sampling in minor accidents. 25
Figura 3.43: Field Jig (BRGM Model). 27
Figura 3.71: Wells line tracing. 28
Figura 3.72: Well kinds. 29
Figura 3.73: Well lithology. 29
Figura 3.74: Sampling on extracted and mixed gravel. 30
Figura 3.75: Laboratory splitters. 32
Figura 3.76: Mineral concentrated. 32

INTRODUCTION
In our country, the most important place where Alluvial Auriferous Mining is
carried out in Madre de Dios Department (Manu Province - Huepetuhe District), it is the
most representative locality in terms of its wealth, production and problems generated with
respect to this topic.
Gold is located in great amounts in the seas like other compounds, but it is not profitable to
acquire it of that place. The normal thing is to extract it from the subsoil through the mines.
It's not as simple as digging and getting a nugget. In this work we will see the sampling
process, methods and technology that exist to obtain this metal.
The modeling of Placer Type Auriferous Deposit from Caychive River area, using Leapfrog
software, would facilitate its exploitation with greater precision and optimization.
1 OVERVIEW
Gold is a malleable metal, yellow in color, having 19.3 as specific weight and a
melting point of 1063 C; is anticorrosive, insoluble in hydrochloric, sulfuric or nitric acid
and can be dissolved in royal water. Its concentration in the upper lithosphere is 0.005 ppm.
The gold content in different types of rock is as follows:
Rock ppm
Gabbro, basalt 0.007
Diorite-andesite 0.005
Granite, rhyolite 0.003
Sandstone-conglomerate 0.030
Shale 0.004
Limestone 0.003
Muestreo (metodologa, tecnologa) y dimensionamiento de Placeres Aurferos Page: 1

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Gold in Peru is mostly found in primary deposits such as:
Quartz veins with pyrite and gold in intrusive and/or metamorphic rocks.
Mantels with quartz, arsenopyrite, pyrite and gold in schist.
Skarn deposits, wiht auriferous content.
Au-Ag veins (base metals) in volcanic rocks.
Au-Ag disseminations and stockwork in volcanic rocks.
Au-Ag porphyry deposits.
Gold as byproduct in polymetallic veins and porphyry copper-gold deposits.
1.1 Weathering and Erosion
Many mineralized gold-containing occurrences are subjected to mechanical and

chemical weathering processes, whereby the ores disintegrate and decompose. The main
weathering agents is water loaded with oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts and acids, changes in
temperature and biological effects, mainly vegetation. The erosive process begins when the
weathered material is removed from the parent rock, either as rock material dissolved in
circulating water or as fragments displaced by gravity, wind or ice and subsequently
deposited elsewhere.
Most of ore-minerals and rock are unstable, when are subjected to surface temperature and
pressure conditions, lower than those to which they formed, tend to decompose into stable
minerals under these new conditions.
Due to circumstances and processes, the material can take the transport or remain in place.
However, there are some minorities that are more resistant than most, depending on their
chemical and physical properties (hardness, cleavage, textural associations, etc.).
These chemically and physically stable varieties give rise to persistent detrital minerals that
can concentrate on pleasures under favorable conditions.

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1.2 Nuggets
The term nugget comes from a Castilian word that means seed or fruit bone and
that was widely used by Americas colonizers.
These are gold particles of diversity, mixtures with other materials such as minerals, sands
and gravel within the alluviums. The term is clearly associated not only with the gold
particles morphology but also with the color of the seed, since after the observation of gold
particles morphologies, the most similar seed would be of the melon and pumpkin. This
term, universally accepted, has also been adapted to the french ppite (ppin). In english,
the gold particles that are well in the alluviums or in the mother rock are denominated
nugget (dialectal term without a clear meaning).
Spanish English Weight (mg) Diameter (mm)

Polvo de oro Flour gold <1 < 0,3
Chispas < 10 0,5 1,0
Oro grosero Flakes 10 50 1,0 2,0
Oro peptico 50 200 2,0 3,0
Pepitas Nuggets > 200 >3
Table 1.2 1.- Names according to the gold particles size, in spanish and english.
Nonetheless, the well-known term of nugget can only be given, by agreement, to gold or
platinum particles of determined size and weight.
In particular, a gold or platinum particle less than 0.5 mm (500 ) with an average diameter
of about 0.3 mm is known as gold dust; particles between 0.3 and 1 mm and a weight of
less than 10 mg are known as sparks; those between 1 and 2 mm and a weight between 10
and 50 mg are known as coarse gold; to particles between 2 and 3 mm and weighing more
than 50 mg are known as peptico gold, and as true nuggets, those higher than 200 mg
and 3 mm.

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2 PLACER DEPOSITS
The term "placer" is a term used by spanish miners in the Americas to characterize
the gold deposits accumulated in sands, gravel and in the living bed of rivers.
Slingerland and Smith (1986) define pleasures as "a reservoir of detrital or residual
minerals in grain, of economic value, which have been concentrated by mechanical agents".
A placer deposit is composed of sand, gravel or other residual or detrital materials

containing one or more minerals of economic value, which have been accumulated by
weathering and mechanical concentration processes.
Its characteristics are:
- Contain at least one valuable element, which is heavy and resistant to erosion and
abrasion.
- The valuable mineral is free from the rock to which it was associated (matrix rock).
- The valuable metal is concentrated in economic contents.
Gold is in the native state, and varies in size from fine particles, difficult to recover, to
nuggets of considerable size.
For the formation of economic placer deposits, the interaction of three phenomena is
necessary to macro and meso scale:
a) A properly lithospheric phenomenon such as the presence of an enriched or pre-

enriched source area capable of providing the economic interest minerals.
b) An environmental phenomenon of a climatic type, which may also be local, susceptible

to release from low chemical resistance minerals (hydrolysis and oxidation), high
mechanical resistance minerals.
c) A geodynamic - geomorphological phenomenon, capable of accumulating and

preserving the released mineral elements.

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It will also require the interaction of other hydraulic phenomena linked in space and time,
which would be the cause of the release or detachment of particles and the transport and
sedimentation of heavy minerals in river, lacustrine and marine basins.
Auriferous placers are perhaps the best known among these deposits types, but the minerals
that fulfill these properties in varying degrees are: cassiterite, chromite, columbite, copper,
diamonds, garnet, gold, ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, platinum, rutile, sapphire, xenotime
and zircon.
SnO2 Cassiterite (tin ore)
FeCr2O4 Chromite (chrome ore)
(Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 Columbite
C Diamond
FeTiO3 Ilmenite
Fe3O4 Magnetite
(Ce,La,Y,Th)PO4 Monazite (REE-bearing mineral)
Al2O3 Corundum-ruby (with Cr, red)-sapphire (with Co, Cr, Ti; blue)
YPO4 Xenotime
ZrSiO4 Zircon
Sulfides decompose easily when oxidized (they are not weather resistant), so they are rarely
concentrated in pleasures. However, there are exceptions in paleoplacers of the
Precambrian, probably because the Precambrian atmosphere was not oxidizing.
Placer deposits have been formed throughout geological time, but most are from the
Cenozoic to recent. Most placers are small and often ephemeral because they occur on the
earth's surface, usually at or above the base level for erosion, so that many of them are
eroded and are only exceptionally buried to preserve themselves as paleoplacers.

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Most placer deposits are low-grade, but their exploitation is possible because they are found
in loose materials, do not require grinding and can be exploited with relatively inexpensive
plants. Dredging of alluvial gravel is one of the cheapest.
In paleoplaceres (old pleasures preserved in sedimentary sequences) these will probably be

litificated, inclined and partially or totally buried under other rocks also litificated. This
implies that their eventual exploitation will be much more expensive and they must be
extraordinarily high-grade or contain valuable minerals like gold to be profitable. However,
the paleoplacers of the Precambrian of Witwatersrand, South Africa, constitute one of the
largest concentrations of gold of the world, reason why South Africa has long been the
greater producer of this precious metal. There are also examples of Cretaceous diamond
conglomerates near Estrella Do Sul in Brazil and the prospect of Max Resources in western
Australia. The latter consists of a 2-3 m tertiary conglomerate and 2-3 m below the surface,
which has a recoverable grade of 0.23 carats2/m3 with approximately 60% gem quality
stones.
2.1 Placers classification
2.1.1 Residual Placers

They are deposits formed by the rock matrix decomposition in situ, generated by the
mechanical action of weathering. It is close to the original slope.
2.1.2 Eluvial or Mountain foot Placer

They represent a transition between the residual slip material to beach gravels
(Alluvial). They are formed by the veins decomposition and the immediate concentration
by sliding at the mountain foot. Gold comes in grains (nuggets) of irregular shape and size.
These types accumulations are between the Mashco and Madre de Dios rivers, head of the
lnambari and Chaspa rivers.

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2.1.3 Transported Placers

They are deposits that are in the rivers currents beds or in valleys, conforming the
most important deposits. Also called colluvial are defined as clastic accumulations from the
melting water intermittent action, wind and gravity. Based on the agent type that has
intervened in the formation of these deposits can be subdivided into deposits, glaciers and
wind.
2.1.4 Fluvial Deposits or alluvial

The unconsolidated lithologic complex containing sand, gravel, clay and silt is
considered, deposited and / or currently depositing mainly along the rivers that drain the
region. This deposits type is one of the most important in Madre de Dios. They are
subdivided into:
Colluvial Deposits
They are materials transported by gravity, ice-thaw action and, mainly, by water. Its origin
is local, rocks alteration in situ product and later transport like slope debris or solifluxion
deposits.
They are often associated with unstable masses. Its composition depends on the rock from
which they come, being formed by angular and heterometric fragments, generally of coarse
size, encompassed in a silty clay matrix. Its thickness is usually low, although it can be very
variable.
These materials' resistance is low, especially in the contact zone with the rocky substrate,
and when high interstitial pressures develop as an intense rains result.

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Figure 2.1.41.- Colluvial deposits typical chart
Alluvial Deposits
They are materials transported and deposited by water. Their size varies from clay to thick
gravels, pebble and blocks. The thicker facies have rounded edges. They are distributed in
stratiform form, with a certain classification, with a wide density range. They are very
developed in the temperate climates, occupying fluvial channels and valleys, plains and
alluvial fans, terraces and paleochannels.
They are highly anisotropic soils in their distribution, their properties are closely related to
granulometry. Its continuity is irregular, being able to have high contents in organic matter
in certain means. The permeability depends on the granulometry and generally present a
high phreatic level. Alluvial deposits constitute a source of building material resources,
especially as aggregates.

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Figure 2.1.42.- Alluvial deposits Typical chart
Lacustrine deposits
Generally they are fine grain sediments, predominating the silts and the clays. The content
of organic matter can be very high, especially in marshy areas. They often have laminated
structures at very thin levels. In salt water conditions salt precipitates form. The main
properties are related to its high content in organic matter, being in general very soft soils.
Clays associated with these soils can also be found.
Figure 2.1.43.- Lacustrine deposits typical chart

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Coastal deposits
They are materials formed in intertidal zone by the mixed action of continental and marine
environments, influencing in this case the fluvial currents, waves and tides. Predominant
fine sands and silts, being able to contain abundant organic matter and carbonates. The
finest sediments, sludge and organic matter are characteristic of delta and estuary areas. In
general, the consistency of materials is soft to very soft and very anisotropic. They may
present crusting, but the main characteristic is their high compressibility.
Figure 2.1.44.- Supe/Lima littoral deposit typical chart
Glacier deposits
They are deposits transported and deposited by ice or thawed water. They are formed by
tillite and moraine. Its composition is very heterometric and the distribution is highly
erratic. Fluvial-glacial deposits contain fractions from coarse gravel to clays; are somewhat
classified and their granulometry decreases with distance from the glacier. However, those
of lacustrine-glacial origin have finer fractions, predominating clays and laminated
structures, typical of varve clays.
Heterogeneity and anisotropy are typical characteristics of these deposits, since they coexist
from clays to coarse gravels and large blocks. As the permeability is directly related to the
granulometry, these soils are very sensitive to the interstitial pressure increases produced

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by torrential rains and by thawing. In these deposits are very frequent phenomena of
solifluction and slopes instability.
Figure 2.1.45.- Glacier deposit typical chart
Arid and desert climates deposits

Arid environments have a number of environmental implications, such as deep drying, salt
accumulation and high sediments mobility with the wind, which condition the properties of
these soils, among which stand out:
Very low moisture content, resulting in unsaturated soils, with relatively high suctions.
Low in organic matter, so arid soils are poor for agricultural purposes.
Development of a rich salt crust; the loss of moisture by evaporation at the surface causes
cementations by precipitation of salts.
Many arid soils have a wind origin, resulting in poorly graded soil, with a very loose
structure.

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Figure 2.1.46.- Characteristics of arid and desert climates deposits
Evaporitic deposits
These deposits are formed by salts, chlorides or sulfates chemical precipitation, typical of
arid or desert, lacustrine, lagoonar and littoral environments. The characteristics common
to these deposits are as follows:
- They produce chemical reactions with concrete, which can cause its deterioration and
destruction.
- They are easily soluble, especially chlorides.
- They can undergo changes of volume, when passing the anhydrites to gypsums.
- It form crust in surface.
- They represent a collapse risk when there are phenomena of dissolution and
karstification

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Coastal or Marine Placers

They are defined as deposits located on the coasts, are heavy minerals concentrations that
are formed by waves collision where the jump and the hangover drag the less heavy
particles, concentrating the heaviest ones that come from the coastal marine terraces and
the rivers. The heavy minerals consist mainly of: magnetite, chromite, ilmenite, monazite,
zircon and occasionally gold particles.
Figure 2.1.47.- Sea placers forming zone

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Table 2.1 1.- Mineral associations in placers.
Tabla 2.1 2.- Alluvial placers characteristics and shapes.

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Figure 2.1.48.- Gold Plio-Quaternary placers on the world.
3 SAMPLING IN PLACERS
The representative sample obtaining is a very difficult task to achieve by the

frequent placer heterogeneity, since every deposit contains a mixture of various sizes
fragments, sand, pebbles and blocks (boulders) and occasionally clay material. The problem
is exacerbated by the blocks size (pebbles) varying in some cases up to 0.60 m. diameter.
In this case, a good approximation is obtained by estimating in percentage the fragments
content and using correction factors in final calculations of samples. In general, the values
of precious metals in a pleasure are distributed irregularly, reason why to realize a good
sampling it is necessary to obtain numerous samples so that the values high and low can be
compensated in order to obtain a representative average value. The tools for reconnaissance
sampling are simple: trays, rudimentary gutters and sieves. In order to achieve the
objectives of the evaluation quickly initially, samples are taken in sectors which are
apparently the most favorable. If satisfactory results are obtained, the number of samples is
increased; ttherwise, the project could be abandoned.
The factors to be taken into account in making a decision are:

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- Water availability for mining and recovery.
- Weather conditions.
- Access and infrastructure.
- Overload thickness.
- Environmental and ecological conditions.
3.1 Sampling methods
The selection of the sampling method depends on the project size, basal rock depth
and budget available by the investor. Once the gold potential that could make a deposit
economical is known, the appropriate sampling method, which although expensive, can
give a higher reliability level as well as a greater speed, being taken into consideration the
following factors:
- Placer material characteristics (especially presence of large blocks or hardened clays).
- Region climate.
- Costs estimation, considering minimum requirements such as camping, drilling

equipment, sample preparation, vehicles, logistics, etc., plant cover and overload.
According to the sample obtaining procedure; sampling methods are classified in manuals,
mechanized.
3.1.1 Handcrafted or Manual Method

By Wells
They are recommended for dry, shallow terrain in areas with poor accessibility. They are
made in flood plains where test pits or shallow wells are excavated. They are used in soft
surface deposits and consists of extracting all the material of a defined layer, are efficient
to a depth of 2.50 m but can reach up to 8 m or 10 m (with a considerable increase in cost).
The size and shape varies, can be circular with 1.2 m to 1.5 m in diameter, rectangular 1.2
m x 0.8 m or 1.0 m side square. The advantage of this sampling system is its low cost (no

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specialized personnel are required) as well as giving a better idea of the content of boulders
and gravel sizes, which is very important for dredging projects. Many experts agree that all
sampled material should be washed, but for reasons of cost several trays can be washed for
each foot of depth as the excavation proceeds, but the latter is valid only if the work is
overseen by an experienced geologist. Among the disadvantages of this sampling type it
can be mentioned that in dirty deposits can not be deepened much and another is the water
table that prevents the sampling.
By Channels
This method consists of obtaining samples on the exposed fronts of the terraces or on a wall
of the well, opening up vertical channels throughout the thickness of the gold gravel, taking
care to do a previous cleaning. The channels are usually 0.25 m x 0.25 m and because the
material to be treated is little is processed the sample by bateado (gold extraction from a
water flow by use of a tray that is filled with sand by submerging it in the stream, stirring
with the hand it is detached from gravel until leaving only sand and possible gold Nuggets).
It is advisable to sample by horizons and from top to bottom, at all points of geological
observation; in which a stratigraphic profile must be elaborated that allows us to correlate
the horizons sampled.
Figure 3.1.11.- Sampling by hand in excavations (wells) or channels.

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3.1.2 Mechanized Methods

A variety of mechanical sampling equipment is available for use in plains or moderate
topography deposits. The selection of equipment for sampling requires a good technical
criterion, taking into account a factors set, such as:
- Depth to be achieved.
- Sample volume to be obtained.
- Sampling speed.
- Clast dimensions of the material to be drilled.
- Material consolidation degree.
- Access to work area.
- Electricity availability.
Among the models of drills used is the Bancka-Drill of 4" and 6" diameter with casing for
depths of 10-12 m. A widely used equipment is the Churn-Drill percussion drill, from the
old Keystone, ward-drill; to modern models like the Bucyrus Erie 20w (USA). The
characteristics of this equipment are:
- Maximum depth of 100 m (depending on the type gravel material). Only drills vertical
wells.
- The castle has a height of 12 m. and is extensible, serves to effect ascent and descent
of cylinder and pump.
- Solid steel chisel of 5.5 m. suspended from the castle, weighs approximately 500 kg.
Drilling stages are as follows:
- Installation.
- Perforation.
- Sample collection.

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- Sample treatment (bateado).
- Sounding Bulletin.
- Uninstall y transfer.
In some cases, backhoes have been used for the sampling of placers, the depth can reach up
to 8 m, depending on the arm length of the equipment used.
By Caissons
Used in test step, it is used to take greater volume samples which allows obtaining more
representative samples. In addition to providing the geologist with a better visualization, it
allows to study gold gravel nature. Information obtained serves to design the concentration
plant. Caissons are steel cylinders of different diameter that fit one inside another in
telescopic form. Each cylinder is 6 cm. less than the previous diameter, the plate thickness
being 1/8 "with reinforcing strips at the ends. The dimensions of the most used caissons are:
Caisson Diameter (m) Height (m) Volume (m3)

I 1,38 1,23 1,84
II 1,32 1,19 1,62
III 1,26 1,19 1,48
IV 1,20 1,19 1,34
V 1,14 1,23 1,25
The caissons should be located especially in wells in which high and low tenors were
obtained for a better verification of the gold content at different levels. For each advance,
samples are taken in boxes of known volume, sample being washed in a portable plant and
concentrated by "bateado". With the material obtained, studies and tests are carried out to
help know the material nature, size and granulometry of gravels and gold; Also helps to
know the recovery percentage that is important for the final economic evaluation.

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3.2 Correction Factors
3.2.1 Correction types

Taking into account the different types of sampling described, it is also necessary to
establish a differentiation in the corrections to be estimated, especially in sediment samples
and gold recovered before calculating grades to the cubic meter obtained.
Swelling factor
Applicable for all surface and subsurface samples representative of piques, mining
operations, beaches and current rods, due to the volumetric variation between "in situ"
sample and extracted sample, which is a consequence of worked sediment decomposition.
Shoe factor
It is considered for all samples obtained by drilling, where different factors and volumetric
corrections occur during drilling. Thus, for example, the difference of theoretical volume
by advance, obtained in casing, that can be by entrance or loss of material during the
pumping; the difference in the effective diameter of shoe and the inner diameter of tube.
3.2.2 Interpretation
After analyzing the corrections that are applied to the samples obtained in the types
described and performed the calculation of grades, which is the central point and final
objective in any study of technical-economic feasibility that justify a future investment, it
proceed to a interpretation of field observations, and grades results.
It is necessary to make an adequate results interpretation to give the most appropriate

recommendations, which in turn can lead to consolidate the project with a deposit
exploitation, or otherwise determine the stoppage.

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3.3 Placer samlping tools
Figure 3.31.- Placer sampling basic tools.

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Figure 3.32.- Other tools for placer sampling.

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Figure 3.33.- Hand tools for placer sampling.
Figure 3.34.- Other hand tools for placer sampling.

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Gravel areas are distributed in simple way in rivers, and their research is guided by
a simple rule: "water flows along the most direct line, thus eroding the concave banks and
flooding in the convex", as a consequence, gravel banks are deposited in concave parts of
the bed, the larger blocks being located near to the stream and the fine gravel and sand on
the opposite side.
Regardless of this lateral distribution, there is another depending on the slope, so in

rugged areas, the river bed does not always have the same inclination, whereby swirls, rock
bars or simply obstacles like dams, etc., modify water speed in certain points, accumulating
denser elements, facilitating the sampler work. Concentrations will therefore be made in
slope reductions, mainly in the anterior part of the sluice and obstacles, but in the later parts
in zones of depression (pots) can also be concentrated, being all of them that are closer to
bed-rock.
Figure 3.35.- Bars and Point-Bras

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3.4 Where to do sampling?
Figure 3.41.- Sampling in major accidents
Figure 3.42.- Sampling in minor accidents

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According to Sigov (1939), the concentration in a tray will be for an experienced "bateador"
(person who makes the "bateado") according to the sample density or hydraulic capacity of:
Density Extraction coefficient %

5,2 90
4,4 5,1 83
3,9 4,2 76
3,6 3,8 60
2,8 3,3 15
2,8 1
The most recommended tray is the "Pan" of about 8 liters with 400 mm diameters, and
grooves that prevent the loss of heavy minerals during the process, although for their better
concentration and in successive stages it will use "pans" of different diameters or volumes
such as 350 and 250 mm. Forming material can be stainless steel, cast iron, plastic and
wood.
Concentration may involve the following phases:
1. Sieved to 3 mm in a 400 mm diameter tray, inside the water in order to delaminate

the gravel from the sands and both of the clays.
2. Material washing through a sieve less than 3 mm and in the water, in order to
dislodge mud and clays and avoid an excessively dense pulp that can carry away the
heavy minerals, as well as improve the observation, in the tray or pan of 400 mm or
suitable container. It is recommended that the sieving be performed by turns,
together with tray, either left-handed or right-handed, depending on the
characteristics of the "bateador", as well as strong shakings from top to bottom for
the purpose that not only lateral circulation but also vertical be realized. When the
water in the tray or pan is completely clean, a stage of "bateado" will begin. The
tray will never be completely filled and its level will remain below the bottom slot.
The rejection of more than 3 mm will be poured in a flat area so that the heavy ones
above this diameter are placed at the base of the sieve, which will favor the
observation of these.

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3. Operation of concentrate or "bateado", in it by means of left or right turns outside or

inside water but with full tray of this one, will be made of three or more turns and in
the last of them the tray will be inclined to forward, in the stream sense, so that the
light overflow of the pan, will then gently tilt the tray against the current in order to
allow water to enter it and will repeat the operation so many times necessary until
they remain in the bottom of tray or pan a layer about a centimeter. The concentrate
will be sieved to 1 mm on a tray or pan of 300-250 mm in diameter performing exactly
the same operation of phase 2 and 3.
4. Finally the concentrate will be poured into a plastic bag, using a funnel of about 100-
200 mm in diameter, taking care that all the concentrate passes through the funnel to
the bag. This last operation is the most delicate and is best performed on another tray
(400 mm pan) in order to collect losses if there are.
Operation with "Jig" is carried out in the following way:
Under a small water level, a series of small vertical shakes are imparted to the jig and then
a rapid downward movement at the same time that a rotational movement of about 20 is
realized. Then the jig is lifted out of the water to its initial position. This operation is
performed a certain number of times until the heavy minerals are placed in the bottom
forming a crown, being heavier in the center. Finished the operation is poured on a flat
surface so that the heavy minerals will remain at the top of where they will be extracted.
Figure 3.43.- Field Jig (BRGM Model).

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3.5 Placer sampling through wells
A baseline will be drawn initially (upper figure), which may follow the axis of the
valley and more or less parallel to the main directions. Its situation will be very precise and
perpendicular to it will be drawn the lines of prospecting where various wells will be
located.
According to the importance of the alluvial plain, the regularity of the deposits as well as
the mineralization, a line spacing between 400, 200, 100, 50 or 25 m is proposed. Between
wells the distances can be of 20,10 or 5 m.
This spacing between lines will begin at 400 m and will be kept in sterile areas to pass to
200 m in areas of exploitability limit to be reduced successively. However, the more
irregular mineralization the more closed the mesh must be.
As for the sample volume to be determined per well, (bottom figures) we propose 6 trays
(of 120 m3), or approximately 50 liters for gravel and 50 liters for bed-rock in low-grade
areas to go to 100 liters and all the bed-rock in peptico gold areas, in zones of grades
superior to the limit of exploitation and in zones of different types of materials as well as
by the "boulders" presence.
Figure 3.51.- Wells line tracing.

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Figure 3.52.- Wells kinds.
Figure 3.53.- Well lithology.
It should be noted that the more peptico the gold, the less accuracy we will have in
determining the grade. Chaussier et Morer, proposes a sampling system consisting of cross-
cut vertical crevices over the entire thickness of the alluvium, either on two parallel faces,
or on the four walls of the wells or taking a medium sample on the heap of all gravel
extracted after the mixing.

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Figure 3.54.- Sampling on extracted and mixed gravel.
The larger ridges or blocks will separate as the extraction takes place and their volume
should be measured and compared to the alluvium without them. For this calculation will
establish a percentage of these that will be considered later for grades and reserves
calculation.
The operation is carried out as follows: the "blocks" containing the given gravel collection
are separated first and another collection is formed with the remainder of alluvium. Two
ribbons of same diameter length of this one are cut and arranged in cross to its side. Then a

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circle is drawn on the ground, the diameter of which will be that of the two indicated and
crossed bands, beginning to fill the quadrants of the circle with the blocks in such a way
that their height is constant.
If H1 is the height of the gravel collection, H2 is that of the blocks and if the latter are
only located in a fraction f of the circle, the proportion of blocks in the alluvium will be:
P%= 100 *(H2*f) / (H1+H2+f)
Example: H1= 80 cm; H2= 20 cm; f= 1,25/4 (one quadrant and quarter):
P%= 100(20x0,3125) / (80+(20x0,3125)) 7%
Finally, the alluvium is mixed with a shovel and contrasted in regular stockings, then is
mixed again two successive times.
The mixture, it is advisable to be performed by two operators working successively as in

cement-sand mixing pylons.
The second rejection can not be initiated, if before has not finished making the first and the
first can not be composed if the well has not been finished before.
During mixing, make sure that alluvium does not incorporate branches, leaves or other
detritus. The harvests must be very flat and not exceed 50-60 cm in height, they should not
be further compacted at the top or at the edges.
After the double mixing, proceed to take the sample: 4 trays of 8-10 liters for thicknesses
less than 2 meters and 8 for thicknesses greater than 2 meters.

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Figure 3.55.- Laboratory splitters.
Figure 3.56.- Mineral concentrated.

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4 TREATMENT
The concentrate obtained during sampling phase, once labeled and weighed, will be
studied in the laboratory through different phases that can be exchanged according to the
type of concentrate and the prospecting phase.
The first laboratory stage will be to carefully transfer the concentrate to a vessel for drying.
The recommended temperature is between 40 and 60 C to avoid losses or formation of
mercury vapors if amalgams or mercury existed in the concentrate. During the transfer,
many precautions must be taken since heavy ones, in particular gold can be concentrated in
the base or in walls of the plastic bags (electrostatic) and lost for analysis. It is therefore
advisable to use glass or paper containers.
4.1 Magnetic Separation
Is the first phase of treatment, and consists of separate, through a magnet, usually a
horseshoe, wrapped in paper to avoid contamination between samples, the magnetic
fraction consisting of minerals such as magnetite, titan magnetite, pyrrothines, chromite and
iron filings, of the rest of concentrate.
4.2 Sieving
In this second phase, it is a matter of subdividing the concentrate into different

fractions of uniform size in order to simplify the quantitative evaluation and also obtain
valuable information about the size of its distribution.
The most common openings for us are N 14, 40, 60, 80, 120 and 200. Each of the different
fractions will be weighed and labeled for later analysis.

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5 MODELING - CASE PLACER DEPOSIT RIO CAYCHIVE
5.1 GENERALITIES
5.1.1 LOCATION AND ACCESS

The study area is located in Madre de Dios Department (SW of its capital, Puerto
Maldonado), Manpu province, Mazuko district.
The area is accessible either by air or by road.
By road using the highway linking Puerto Maldonado with Cuzco unit, the following times
and distances are used:
PLACES DISTANCE (Km) TIME (Hs)

Puerto Maldonado-Mazuko 171 6:00
Mazuko-Puerto Punquiri 5 0:30
Puerto Punquiri- Pantera 12 0:45
camp
Pantera camp -Huaypetue- 25 1:30
Tigre camp
By air using the airport built by the company. (June-1983) on the Huaypetue River using
0:45 Hs from Puerto Maldonado by plane. It is also possible to travel by helicopter using
1:00 hour.
Coordinates of "PANTERA" camp (I.G.N. - Nov. 1984), are:
GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES UTM COORDINATES

South latitude 130018 N 8 561,804
Length W 702824 E 340,189
Altitude 405 masl
5.1.2 WORK METHODS

The present study has been possible after intense exploration works that were carried
out since September of 1083 (Caychive river area).
For this purpose a complete equipment has been used essentially and personnel specialized
in the exploration and evaluation of alluvial deposits.

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In the prospecting was used percussion drilling (chrun drill) making the wells in lines
transverse to the course of the river and main ravines and also in the terraces, developing
lines with wells at regular distances.
Drilling results were later verified with caissons located indistinctly in wells of low,
medium and high grade; the series being repeated a prudent number of times.
Finally a pilot plant was installed to perform metallurgical tests and obtain parameters that
will serve to regulate jigs of dredgers and/or plants.
Subsequent, results are collected after making their final interpretation that allows to
observe the unique characteristics offered by this gold placer deposit.
5.1.3 WORK OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is:
To present the guidelines that have been necessary to observe in the evaluation of the
deposit of Madre de Dios Project.
To help increase the knowledge of area geology.
To present it as thesis to elect a geologist degree at the Universidad Nacional de San Agustn
de Arequipa.
5.1.4 PREVIOUS JOBS

We will mention the most important and recent ones:
Mining Company Algamarca in 1978 carries out explorations in Caychive river near to the
river mouth, making piques, by the results and method used was considered the area without
much option.
Mining bank of Peru since 1972 in Madre de Dios and in the area since 1975 has been
promoting and providing technical and credit counseling, as well as aid to the miners of the

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area, initially made an exploration program obtaining a massive statement of denunciations

with the consequent existing litigation.
The most important exploration work was carried out by RoFiner (Ro Tinto Finance
Exploration), covering a large part of Pukive River with its program, which yielded not very
flattering results, which led to the closure of operations in June 1982.
January 1983: Auriferous Ro Pukive completes studies exploring the Huaypatue and
Pukive River bed, obtaining good results (January-September 1983).
5.2 GEOGRAPHY
5.2.1 FISIOGRAPHY
The area of study is located immediately at the foot of last foothills of the Eastern
Cordillera of the South Eastern Peru zone.
The exposed relief is moderate with small slopes, crossed by ravines and whose altitudes
vary from 300 to 600 masl.
Currently the landscape is modified due to the intense mining activity developed in the area,
by the small miners ("chichiqueros"), it is possible to differentiate the important
physiographic features:
TERRACES: Consisting of plains of considerable extension of stable configuration due to

the vegetation cover that prevents its erosion, it fills the gullies of moderately meandriform
channel. The average slope is approximately 2%, this increases and the topography becomes
a bit more rugged in the rising of the ravines: Nueva, Seca, Sol de Oro and Cuatro Amigos.
BEACHES: They constitute the bed of the rivers and ravines, present a slope of
approximately 1%, for that reason in that they are enough torrential, of great power of drag,
non navigable.
In Caychive River the beaches are wide over 150 m wide, with no vegetation with totally
reworked sands (quartz).

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RAVINES: Containing water; sSome permanently and others only in times of avenues, has
the narrowest bed (50-60 m) greater slope 1.5% therefore torrential and with drag power,
all are Caychive river tributaries. The most important ravines are: Quebrada Kahuay,
Quebrada Seca, Quebrada Nueva, Quebrada Cuatro amigos; all Caychive River tributaries.
5.2.2 HIDROGRAPHY
The main hydrographic network belonging to Madre de Dios river basin (largest
collector) is born on the eastern flank of the Cordillera Carabaya-Marcapata. These rivers
have as main characteristic their regular regime and navigable in their great majority
(Inambari, Pukive, Colorado, etc.).
In the Caychive River area the drainage developed by its ravines is subparallel of its
irregular regime, some (quebrada Cuatro Amigos and Quebrada Seca) do not have water in
time of drought. Caychive River has a general course of S 75 E and flows into Inambar
River, it is not navigable, its average slope is 2%; another important feature of this river is
that it is constituted as the main water catcher of the area that finally ends up in Inambari
river, the most mighty of the study area and navigable throughout the year.
5.2.3 CLIMATE
In the zone, climate is characterized by elevated temperatures and constant
precipitations that of an accentuated way they influence in the landscape modeling.
Nearly two seasons are known, one summer (May-September) with intense heat reaching
temperatures up to 37 C with sporadic rains and a winter (October-April) with rains, heat
and temperatures dropping to 14 C (Friay).
The humidity is quite high observing an average of 75% -80%.
According to KOPPEN classification the climate of the zone would correspond to Am-
Tropical, rainy- climate, the temperature in the coldest month is above 18 C and the
humidity should reach approximately 85% on average.

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The prevailing winds during July-September months come from South and in September-
April months, North or Equatorial winds predominate.
As a summary after have registered temperature and precipitation the years 1986, 1987
complete, we have::
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE
Prec (mm) Min C Max C Prec (mm) Min C Max C
January 663 22.5 31.09 732 23.1 30.8
February 592 23.4 29.3 544 20.0 34.0
March 367 21.8 31.09 375 22.9 32.3
April 377 22.3 30.4 256 22.8 30.0
May 970 17.0 32.0 677 20.03 28.1
June 213 20.1 27.9 177 19.7 26.6
July 180 17.8 28.1 176 22.0 30.6
August 329 21.3 28.6 114 20.8 29.3
September 108 20.2 30.3 242 21.4 29.6
October 185 21.3 31.3 489 21.9 29.9
November 528 22.8 32.9 627 23.2 30.6
December 392 23.4 32.9 725 23.2 29.7
Average 408.6 21.15 30.49 427 21.75 30.12
Rainfall precipitation/month 418.2 mm
Average temperature/month max: 30.30C min: 21.40C
5.2.4 FLORA
The flora in the region is of tropical type with forests of quite developed trees
(approximately 35 m) in the elevated areas and in the low zones (aguajales) with exuberant
vegetation (bushes).
Among the main natural plants we will mention the following:
Aguano (swietania waropylla), cedar (cedrela odorata), ishpingo (amduana gerensis),

chesnut (bertholletia excelsa), caimanito (chrysuphilum s. o.), gomero (hevea brasilensis,
hevea guianensis) there are a lot of palms: chonta (jessenia s.p.), palmito, etc.

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Between the flowers exist great variety of wild flowers, the most abundant and known are
the great amount of types of orchids. In addition the natural pastures that can moderately
allow the development of a cattle breeding mainly of bovine (cebu).
Among the fruit trees are the guayapos, papayas, bananas and pineapples.
5.2.5 FAUNA
In this region there is a remarkable faunistic variety, it is worth noting that the
vegetation and physiography of the region have helped to create ecological conditions
appropriate for the abundance of animals, some of them unique and nonexistent in other
regions of the country.
It is common in these warm lands the abundance of primates among them are "samiri",
marimono, maichi, sloth bear, etc.
Other animals are painted tiger (otorongo), tigrillo (feliz pardalis aecuatorialis), puma,
sajino (tayassu tajacu), huangana (tayassu pecari), sachavaca (tapir), armadillo, anteater,
wild rabbits, deer (scarlet, gray), otter (lutra incarum).
Among the most common reptiles are coral, rattlesnake, shushupe, loromachaco, rivers such
as Inambari and Marcapata has a great variety of fish: Boquichico (prochilodus amazonieus-
proenilodus nigricana), zungaros (zungaro-zungaro), "dorado" (llisha iquitensis) , Paco
(myletes nipsaneban calossoma bideus), sbalo (prycun americos).
Also a considerable variety of birds can be listed: toucans, turkeys, ducks, macaws
("Peruvians" and "Bolivian"), parrots, parakeets, owls.
There is a great variety of insects: wasps, mosquitoes, butterflies, bees, etc. Own of tropical
climate , abundant in summer time mainly.
5.3 ESTRATIGRAPHY
Region geology identified by ONER (National Office of Natural Resources

Evaluation-1972) finds in the area lithological units ranging from the Lower Paleozoic

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(Ordovician) to recent one with reclassified gravels whose origin would be in the Cordillera
de Carabaya and Sandia (Puno), limit with Madre de Dios.
5.3.1 PALEOZOIC
Identified as predominantly marine and of Lower Paleozoic (Ordovician).
This Ordovicic appears quite consistent in a belt of several kilometers parallel to the Eastern
South Mountain and whose typical outcropings can be observed in the Inambari river and
its tributaries (Marcapata, Chaspa), in Carabaya province (Puno) San Gabn river and in
Quispicanchis province (Cuzco) Nusiniscato river.
They are potent packages whose lower contact is unknown, present a trend NW-SE and dip
of strong angle 50 - 75 SW, but near the border with Bolivia is estimated at 2000 meters
of thickness.
Lithologically it is constituted by a sequence of black slates, pyrite milky quartz

interleaving.
It is correlated with Contaya Formation (Ucayali).
5.3.2 MESOZOIC
Overlying the Ordovician in discordant contact are Mesozoic sediments (ONER
1972). Quince Mil series from the Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian Aptian to Albian), is also
distributed in Inambari river, Nusiniscato, Huajiumbre.
Litologically it is constituted by white sandstones, fine grained browns with intercalations

of lodolites, shales and conglomerate lenses.
Quince Mil series is manifested by the intense faulting and folding that it presents in the
Amazonian plain.
They present a trend NW-SE with almost vertical dip and whose thickness was not
determined by structural complexity that presents.

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Quince Mil series is correlated to the Oriente Formation that, in Ucayali has a thickness of
more than 1700 meters.
5.3.3 CENOZOIC
The most abundant distributed in the area, lie in angular discordance on the Lower
Cretaceous; are distributed as Tertiary and Quaternary.
LOWER TERTIARY
Belonging to the Paleocene-Oligocene (Red Layers Formation) presents almost
horizontal sediments, they appear along the Eastern Cordillera of Peruvian South (Eastern
Flank). ONERN has determined them in Amigos, Pariaman and Las Piedras rivers.
In the study area, they are located on the right margin of Huaypetue River in Caychive
River, which is perfectly appreciable because a regional fault that has served as a control
for the location of the Huaypetue and Caychive rivers, are termed tertiary Ipururo (Tip).
The material that conforms it are quite argillaceous plastic reddish sandy sediments; also,
variegated shales and lodolites of various colors: red, green, brown and gray.
They originate in an oxidizing and reducing environment. Tertiary Ipururo is correlated

with Contamana Formation.
SUPERIOR TERTIARY (T)

Determined as belonging to Madre de Dios Formation of Miocene Pliocene, it is
exposed throughout the region in Quimiri, Tocave, Primavera, Mazuko, Pukive rivers.
It is constituted by continental sediments parallel to the red layers, these are formed by
intercalation of clayey delezable sandstones and semicompact conglomerates.
5.3.4 CUATERNARY
PAGORENE QUATERNARY (Op)
Formed at the beginning of the Pleistocene, they are alluvial deposits constituted by
semi-consolidated fine sand, gravel. They are mainly exposed in Quimiri, Primavera,
Inambari and Huasoroco rivers.

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GRAVAS CUATERNARY (Op (c))

They are located in the depression that forms Ipururo Tertiary when collapsing and
failing; these gravels are distributed mainly in the terraces of Caychive and Huaypetue
rivers.
In the terraces can reach a thickness of approximately 30 meters and in rivers and streams
an average of 5 meters.
The material constituting it are mostly conglomerate gravels of sub-rounded to rounded

clasts with arenaceous-clayey matrix, having gold values. They are located in the basin of
Caychive and Huaypetue rivers.
SEDIMENTARY CUATERNARY (QA)

They are defined as colluvial deposits due to their formation by flooding in times of
heavy rainfall in areas where was covered by glaciations.
The material that constitutes it are little classified gravels, sand and silts with erratic gold
concentration. They are exposed in the valley of Pukive River, Inambari River and Colorado
River.
5.3.5 RECENT CUATERNARY

ALLUVIAL CUATERNARY (Qa)
Constituted by the sediments located in current channels of rivers and streams, these
are wide or narrow according to slope, these are reworked gravels that rivers continue to
stir and form beaches and consequently, reconcentrating gold.
The material that constitutes it is quite selected, sub-rounded to rounded clasts, quartzite
sandy matrix, little limestone and clays.
5.4 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
5.4.1 FOLDING
Prior to fault, this affected the Ipururo Tertiary and underlying layers.
This syncline helped to locate the Caychive-Huaypetue.

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This syncline axis has an average approximate trend of N70W.
5.4.2 FAULT
This structure as can be observed in the geological plane is the most important of
the study area and affected failing the north flank of the syncline.
This fault is the main element that helped in the location of the Caychive-Huaypetue alluvial
deposit.
Initially Dos de Mayo, Caychive and Huaypetue rivers constituted a single river, which ran
from East to West, to support this thesis we have:
There is a clear gradation in the gravels of the river mouth of Caychive River in Inambari
river, decreasing the size upstream of Caychive River, continuing the decrease in Huaypetue
River.
It has also been verified the existence of a decreasing in granulometry of the gold in
Caychive river, of its upstream river mouth.
The presence of Inambari river determined that Caychive river runs in the current sense (W-
E).
5.5 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY
The available information to make the historical sketch of the studied region is
scarce and incomplete, so that correlating and accepting concepts that have for Historical
Geology of the Peruvian East we have:
As a result of Ordovician and Devonian seas advance in the region, the existence of
sediments belonging to the lower Paleozoic is known, when the Devonian sea is removed,
a continental (Missipian) sedimentation stage begined, followed by a marine transgression
that extends from Pennsylvanian to lower Permian (Upper Paleozoic) in much of the East,
with similar facies that were interrupted by a continental environment sedimentation
belonging to the Middle to Upper Permian that would correspond to Mitu Group; the events

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continued with an erosional stage then of a regression in the Triassic (Neot.) very well
recognized in the Andean region (Chocolate Volcanic, Pucar Group).
To a period of continuous erosion the transgression of lower Jurassic followed by a

prolonged continental environment that has as consequence the deposition of Boquern
Formation (known as Chapiza, Sarayaquillo).
Continuous transgressions gave rise to the accumulation of continental, marine and

transitional sediments that characterize the Cretaceous.
During Lower Tertiary, in this part of Madre de Dios area, like other similar ones of
America still continued submerged in shallow water.
In Upper Tertiary sediments were elevated, water withdrawn and there is an accumulation
of conglomerate sediments from the upper parts, the age of the deposits is difficult to
determine by the variety of phenomena that participated in its formation.
At Cenozoic end, what remained of the Andean geosynclinal culminates the South Andean
orogeny (STEINMAN 1930) with the consequent rise of the Andes and that in its apogee
moments had great heights which by action of erosive agents (water, wind, ice) were worn
during the Quaternary giving rise to different types of accumulations: fluvial, colluvial,
eluvial, alluvial mainly that would culminate with the peneplanization as a consequence of
which we have the Madre de Dios plain, the last rise would originate the folding with
normal, inverse faults (perpendicular and parallel to the mountain range) and that would
continue today (some affirm that this happens from Upper Tertiary Pliocene).
5.6 DEPOSIT GEOLOGY
5.6.1 ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT GENESIS (CAYCHIVE RIVER ZONE)

The deposit located in Caychive-Pukive-Huaypetue rivers areas is defined as
mountainfeet conformed by the alluvial transported and deposited as a fan, this
emplacement was controlled by the fault that runs parallel to the Caychive-Huaypetue
rivers, here we will describe what E. BELLIDO B. (Sinopsis de la Geologa del Per) says:

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"The Pleistocene is characterized by the glaciation that affected the greater extension of the
elevated parts of the Western and Eastern Cordillera, whose erosive action impressed the
Topographic details of the current Andean landscape. The thaw waters dragged enormous
amounts of alluvial material that accumulated at the Andes foot forming extensive plains of
mountainfeet ".
The material comes from the ancient terraces of the valleys of Inambari and Marcapata
rivers, mainly due to a rupture in the place currently occupied by Inambari bridge, which
caused it to be located in the form of a fan until the Caychive-Huaypetue fault (see map P-
3 and geological plane) that acted as control.
5.6.2 DEPOSIT GEOLOGY

OVERLOAD
It is present in the terraces and ancient beaches of the rivers and streams, this
overload is constituted by an argillaceous sand whose thickness reaches up to 1.50 meters
at most with content of gold values, it is of easy disintegration.
In the rivers and ravines it is reddish color and in the terraces it is conformed by a leached
sand white quartzous; used by the small miners ("Chichiqueros") to wash and recover gold,
because of its easy treatment.
The current course of rivers and streams does not present overload.
GRAVEL
Made up of the gold gravels themselves, they have similar characteristics between
the river and terraces, when making caissons and running the pilot plant, we have that the
gravel of -0.5 is 57%; in Caychive River, this volume constitutes the volume of material
that would be treated in the system of concentration and recovery either in the Draga and/or
Plant, in the ravines this percentage is 44%.
The gravels are constituted in its most part (+ -90%) by quartz sands and the rest are silts
and clays.

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Clastos greater than 0.5" exceptionally reach 12" in size; they are constituted by sandstones
and quartzite mainly, very sporadically some volcanic or intrusive rocks in decomposition
process; the distribution of these clasts is chaotic, does not present any surface gradation on
contact with clay ("pea").
These clasts according to the F.J. PETTIJOHN's roundness classification would correspond
in great percentage to the classes D to C, or from rounded to sub-rounded, with no difference
in this case between the gravels of the terraces, ravines and rivers.
BED ROCK
Named in alluvial mining terminology "pea"; in the deposit they are Tertiary
Ipururo red clays on which lie the gold gravels directly.
Its recognition is relatively easy due to its totally clay composition, coloration and the
disappearance of values near to the contact until disappearing completely in clay.
GRAVELS GRANULOMETRY (CAYCHIVE RIVER AREA) %m3

PLACE LINE WELL +6 +4 +2 +0.5 -0.5
Caychive R. 200C 4R 14.85 13.12 9.16 25.99 36.88
Caychive R. 200C 9R 03.52 03.52 11.30 23.64 58.02
Caychive R. 400C 2R 00.00 06.53 17.41 17.41 58.65
Caychive R. 100C 1I 00.00 01.84 05.51 10.09 82.86
Caychive R. 200C 2D 04.39 06.89 13.35 16.09 59.28
Caychive R. 300C 1I 00.00 01.83 14.64 34.80 48.73
Partial average 03.79 05.62 11.89 21.33 57.35
PLACE LINE WELL +6 +4 +2 +0.5 -0.5

SECA Ravine 100QS 2R 02.57 05.14 14.49 21.79 56.01
SECA Ravine 100QS 1I 03.22 09.08 28.26 25.78 33.66
SECA Ravine 100QS 1D 03.45 07.29 24.33 17.05 47.88
SECA Ravine 200QS 2R 03.81 06.04 26.86 20.11 43.16
SECA Ravine 300QS 2I 08.49 12.74 18.06 18.17 42.52
Partial average 04.31 08.05 22.40 20.58 44.46
PLACE LINE WELL +6 +4 +2 +0.5 -0.5

TERRACE I 400TI 1W 00.77 00.77 00.96 18.11 79.38
TERRACE I 400TI 5W 09.31 13.00 16.12 24.32 37.24
TERRACE I 400TI 8W 03.78 06.34 15.87 14.59 54.40
Partial average 04.62 06.70 10.98 19.00 57.00
TOTAL average 04.15 06.72 15.45 20.56 52.74

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5.7 THE GOLD
"It is a stored life force; it's the work, the energy in its potential state, an energy that
in one way or another has been condensed in small metal disks, by the effort required to
pull them out of the earth, then it pass from hand to hand, origin in each movement an
original work quantity that is needed for their acquisition, simply as the price paid for the
change and the faster they circulate the more work they originate! (LAUNAY "The words
Gold" - N.Y. 1903).
Its use as a exchange medium is accepted in the world, being used for monetary purposes.
5.8 GOLD PROPETIES
5.8.1 FISICS
It presents a characteristic yellow color and unalterable to normal conditions. The
color of gold pales according to the alloy with silver 30% electro, to 60% the color is
argentine white.
White gold is obtained by alloying it to nickel (for its purity) or to Palladium (due to its low
hardness) in the trade it can observe some alloys as:
By 24 parts
Alloys Fine gold Ag Cu Fe Ni Zn
Red gold 18 - 6 - - -
Green gold 18 6 - - - -
Green gold 14 8 2 - - -
Blue gold 18 - - 6 - -
White gold 12 12 - - - -
White gold 14 4.5 - - 5 0.5
White gold 19 - - - 4.5 0.5
As for the gold hardness in the BOTTONE scale would correspond to 979 (diamond
= 3010); On the MOHS scale 2.5 - 3.0 (diamond 10).
It is found essentially pure, alloyed to Cu and Ag commonly the proportion of gold in alloy
is expressed in "fine" or carats, "fine" is the number of parts of alloy per thousand of gold,
When speaking of ingots, "carats" is the number of gold parts over 24 alloy.

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Gold density varies according to the treatment to which it has undergone. The specific
weight of the molten gold is 19.3, it increases when laminating to 19.48 and by hammering
to 19.65. The precipitated gold rises to 20.72.
Gold is the most ductile and malleable of all metals retains these properties at all
temperatures. One gram of gold can be fired to a surface of six square feet with a thickness
of 1/300000 of an inch; and stretched in a wire of one and a half miles (2413.9 meters) and
a particle of 4x10-7 (1/250000 grams) bruised can be perceived with the naked eye.
The melting point is 1064 C, at which temperature it begins to volatilize and can boil to
the electric arc of the oxyhydric torch, its value is purple. The conductivity of the gold at
ordinary temperature is 76.7 being silver 100. Referring to the gold BUFFON would say is
the most tenacious of all matters of the world. DIDEROT affirms that it is the most pure
and the Dictionary of the Academy dictates that it is the most perfect.
5.8.2 CHEMICAL
The alchemists called it "noble" metal that did not undergo changes when subjected
to various treatments (smelting). One of the main characters of gold is the difficulty with
which its compounds are formed and the ease with which they decompose; for that reason
the gold is usually in native (metallic) state and not under chemical compound.
Gold is not appreciably affected at any temperature by the water or the air of there, its
perfect brightness, besides at ordinary temperature it is not attacked by the alkalis or acids:
nitric, chlorhydric or sulfuric; although at fine division state the sulfuric or nitric acid
boiling atacks it lightly.
At ordinary temperatures the water containing chlorine, bromine or a mixture of iodine and
K iodide attacks it easily; it is also rapidly dissolved in a boiling concentrated solution of
ferric chloride and in any mixture producing chlorine, chromium or iodine.
The most powerful solvent is hot aqua regia (3 parts of chlorhydric acid with one of nitric
acid) (3HCl: 1HNO3). A solution of Na or K cyanide in the presence of oxygen or an
oxidizing agent slowly dissolves it at ordinary temperature. At solid state it easily bound to
mercury to force alloys known as amalgam and dissolves in an excessive amount of this

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metal.One of the most important alloys is the one made with silver, when they are at 50%,
the yellowish dye is light, at 60% is argentinian white, at 25% takes a greenish tint.
Au-Ag alloys have been used in jewelry and currency since ancient times, the currency
known by Electrum (15-35% Ag) was used in Lydia Greece since 720 BC.
Au alloys with Hg are known as amalgams: at 0 C Hg dissolves 0.11% of weight in gold;

at 20 C, 0.12%, solutions containing less than these gold weight are at ordinary temperature
liquid alloys; on the contrary, it absorbs 6 times its weight in mercury to form an amalgam
white solid argentina (pella) that contains approximately 13.5% of gold. If the mercury is
put in contact with a gold surface it "distempers" it, that is to say, penetrate it and makes it
brittle, a gold coin or ring whitens immediately upon contact with Hg and can break with
the hand being the broken part as soft as the surface.
Mercury can be dissolved from all amalgams by means of hot nitric acid, gold remaining in
the form of spongy mass; if the reaction is done slowly using cold dilute acid, crystalline
needles of almost pure gold result.
Gold is an unreactive element and gives rise to a rather limited number of natural
compounds.
In the different types of minerals found, they occur very often in the form of natural gold
or in the form of gold and silver tellurides. The gold can appear free or associated with
another phase of minerals, in sulphides in particular its dimensions can reach from the
centimeter to the micron. The combined mineralogy of gold as well as some of its most
characteristic properties (very high density, moisture by mercury, natural buoyancy,
sociability in cyanide solutions) lead to the development of four great techniques of
treatment, which may well be action in various ways, and are recognized in all processes of
gold recovery in the world.
5.8.3 MINERALOGY Y PROPERTIES

Gold is susceptible to exist in the relatively varied geological surroundings
(sedimentary rocks, intraplutonic or peri plutonic veins), but its weak chemical reactivity

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makes it presents in the nature few mineralogical forms and well described by
E.J.HEINLEY.
MAIN GOLD CARRYING MINERALS

MINERAL COMPOSITION %Au CONT. DENSITY HARDNESS
Natural gold Au 75 16-19 2.5-3
Electrum (Au,Ag) 45-75 13-16 2-2.5
Calaverite AuTe2 40 9.2 2.5-3
Krennerite Au4AgTe10 31-44 8.6 2.5
Sylvanite AuAgTe4 24-30 8.2 1.5-2
Petzite Ag3AuTe2 19-25 9.1 2.5
Hessite Ag2Te 5 8.4 2.5-3
5.9 GOLD DISTRIBUTION ON EARTHS CRUST
Gold constitutes a minimal part of the earth's crust and even of the oceans; it's rarely
found concentrated in rich and economically exploitable sites. The crystalline rocks contain
an average of 5 ppb (parts per billion) and some others the average varies by 10 and 12 ppb.
To produce a low-grade mineralized body it may need to be worked and concentrated under
special conditions of geological space and time, having to reach this concentration
approximately 350,000 times to be exploitable. Approximately 70% of world production
currently comes from four countries: Union of South Africa, Russia, Canada and the U.S.
The table below shows the relative abundance of gold compared to other metals:
NATURAL
METALS % ON EARTHS CRUST ABUNDANCE
Au=1
Au 0.0000005 1
Ag 0.00001 20
Pb 0.0020 4000
Zn 0.0040 8000
Cu 0.0075 15000
Fe 4.44 8800000

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5.10 PLACER GOLD
In general, the term "placer" refers to deposits of sand, gravel and other detrital
material containing a valuable mineral which has been accumulated (concentrated) because
of weathering and mechanical concentration processes (J.Wells).
In USA mining grade considers as placer deposits to non-filoneans deposits.

The requirements that must be met to consider them as such would be:
- A valuable mineral which is relatively heavy and resistant to erosion (weathering) and
abrasion.
- Valuable mineral releasing from the rock to which it was associated (matrix rock).
- Concentration of the valuable mineral in workable deposits. This heading generally refers
to water transport (water).
Gold is found in "native" or alloyed metallic state at varying amounts of metallic impurities,
especially silver. The only natural gold compound known in the earth's crust is the tellurian
that accompanies the native gold in some deposits (Kirkland Lake-Ontario).
The reservoirs known as placer or laundries, are as previously defined: deposits of earth and
gravel in which the native gold in the form of grain and bits (powder and nugget) are one
of the constituent elements. Gold varies in these deposits from very fine particles difficult
to recover to nuggets of considerable dimensions; some examples: "Welcome" (1858) in
Ballarat (Australia) of 2018 ounces, in California, nuggets of 280 and 85 ounces, in Peru it
has reference of a 45.5 kilograms that had horse's head form and was sent to Spain, lately
in Brazil it has that in Serra Pelada have extracted one that weighed 45 kilograms in human
head form.
Possible sources of a gold placer would be:
- Veins or mineralized zones.
- Erosion of preexisting pleasures.

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- Low tenor gold conglomerates or glacial debris.
- Magmatic segregation and associated basic rocks.
- Regional rocks (formations) containing dispersed particles of gold.
The first step in forming a placer is releasing the valuable mineral from base rock. The
various phenomena that combine to decompose and disintegrate rocks are grouped in
general terms in "weathering" (action of meteoric phenomena) the main agents are:
- Soil water (oxidation).
- The temperature variation.
- Plants growth (vegetation in general).
- Surface erosion.
Typical sites for placer accumulation generally occur where there are obstructions, traps or
narrow channels where water can leave gold particles and also others by their density (Sn,
Pt, group of platinum metals and rare earths) compared with sediments that accompany
them, are separated and trapped in these obstructions.
5.11 PLACERS CLASIFICATION
A systematic geological classification of placers considered by O.JENKINS by the

conditions of deposition (genetic types) would be:
TYPICAL SITES OF ACCUMULATION IN PLACERS

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5.11.1 RESIDUAL PLACERS (mined vein)

They are deposits formed by the matrix rock decomposition in situ and the
transported soluble materials and gold plus resistant materials would form the so-called
residual placer.

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5.11.2 ELLUVIAL PLACER OR MOUNTAIN FOOT

They represent a transition between residual sliding material to beach gravel
(alluvial), formed by sliding decomposition at the foot of the mountain. Sulfides produce
native Au, Fe hydroxide and soluble salts some of Au dissolved and deposited will be
secured.
The end result is the loss of ferruginous debris easily washable and containing easily
recoverable Au. This Au consists of grains (nuggets) of irregular size and shape that has a
finnish slightly larger than the gold of the vein.
5.11.3 ALLUVIAL PLACER (stream placer)

It is the most important placer type, citing J.E. MARTIE (U.S. Geological Survey
Bulletin No. 739), "Gravel deposits located in ancient valleys (alluvial valleys) if in the time
course were not re-worked by subsequent erosion can constitute the terraces or benches in
some places of the valley. If the base level does not suffer subsidence (not low) and the
valley continues to work its own channel; otherwise if the base level rises, the original
placer can be deeply buried and a secondary or late placer can be brought and deposited on
its top. If the local base level remains practically stationary for a very long period, condition
so rare, the old and recent gravel deposits may form a perfect and continuous deposit of
aureus placer in a great valley; for the deposition of a gold placer is known to occur at this
point in a valley where the erosion action goes to alluviation, those deposits are therefore
formed progressively upstream.
5.11.4 FLUVIO-GLACIAL PLACER

There is a fallacy that glaciers deposit gold gravels, contrary to them glaciers do not
concentrate minerals, the currents that arise from the melting glaciers, in any case can be
quite effective transporting the excretions that in cases would form placers under certain
favorable conditions.
5.11.5 EOLIC PLACERS

Low placers usually show enrichment on the surface due to the removal of light
material by wind and marine flood.

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The wind action in any case is responsible for the removal and accumulation of large
amounts of fine debris in the desert.
The processes it includes have been called "deflation". This is entirely plausible where it is
found that surface enrichment plays an important role in the desert placers.
Particularly important are the deposits of gold dunes in the Silver Peak quadrangle (USGS).
5.11.6 BEACH PLACERS

They are heavy minerals concentrations that occur on the coasts and oceans mainly
as a result of the action of edge currents and waves, which contribute to carry and distribute
the broken materials and carry them under crags (cliffs) or washes down into the sea by the
currents. Heavy minerals consists mainly of magnetite, chromite, ilmenite, monazite and
zircon with occasional fine particles of gold and platinum.
Beach placers are of two types:
Recent beaches
Ancient beaches
Elevated coastlines are recently found overlying gravel terraces which were deposited at
times when the coastline was low.
Beach placers of economic importance are those that have been repeatedly reconcentrated.
5.12 RESERVES ESTIMATION
5.12.1 GENERALITIES
Is the placer deposit evaluation (Caychive area), it was mainly based to applied
statistic to obtain results of high reliability that allowed us to determine the feasibility of
the PROJECT
5.12.2 MEAN GRADE ESTIMATION

It was determined by applying the weighted arithmetic mean:

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Grade Depth
Mean grade =
Depth
5.12.3 MEAN DEPTH ESTIMATION

Mean depth was calculated by applying arithmetic mean:
Depth
Mean depth =
n
where: n = number of wells
In the attached model format there is an example of the method used to estimate grade,
volume, depth, gross (grs.). For a line of high grades have been punished with standard
deviation calculated for each place.
5.12.4 FREQUENCY POLYGON

The grade distribution according to the polygons constructed for each place present
different modal tendencies:
Caychive River. - The frequency polygon shows an asymmetric mono-modal

frequency distribution, the symmetry is positive
Seca Ravine. - distribution is asymmetric, polymodal.
Ravines. - Because they have similar characteristics they are grouped as minor
ravines, the distribution in their corresponding polygon shows a normal distribution,
essentially modal mono.
Terraces. - The distribution indicated by the polygon is asymmetric, mono modal,

positive.

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The data tabulation with which the G-13 and G-14 graphs were obtained is detailed below:
CLASSES CAYCHIVE R. (f) SECA Ravine (f) RAVINE (f) TERRACE (f)
0 50 1 - 1 4
51 100 11 3 4 28
101 -150 27 4 7 44
151 200 29 5 7 28
201 250 30 11 15 19
251 300 20 5 4 14
301 350 18 2 2 7
351 400 8 7 3 5
401 450 3 4 - 2
451 500 1 4 3 1
501 550 - 2 - 1
551 600 1 3 - 1
600 2 5 - 1
TOTAL (n) 151 55 46 155
5.12.5 STANDARD DESVIATION ()

Dispersion measure used to determine the degree to which the grades of the deposit differ
from the average and is given by:
x2 (x)2/n
=
n
in sampling of placer deposits the distribution of frequent individual tests (samples) differs
more or less from a normal distribution, however, if deposit were re-sampled several times,
the distribution would have to be normal.
Standard deviation was calculated with (1) for each location:
9406530 (34200)2/151
=
151
= 104
n = 151

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X = 226
x2 = 9406530
x = 34200
SECA RAVINE
12141376 (20430)2/55
=
55
= 287
n = 55
X = 371
x2 = 12141376
x = 20430
RAVINES:
2750618 (10174)2/46
=
46
= 104
n = 46
X = 221
x2 = 2750618
x = 101174
TERRACES

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6414942 (27626)2/155
=
155
= 98
n = 155
X = 178
x2 = 6414942
x = 27626
The ranges and reliability are as follows:
PLACE RANGE REALIBILITY
Caychive River 2: (18 434) 97%
Ravine 2: (13 - 425) 97%
Seca Ravine : (84 - 658) 67%
Terraces 2: (Nothing - 374) 97%

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5.12.6 RESERVS ESTIMATION

RESERVS CLASIFICATION
The reserves evaluated in Caychive area were preliminarily classified in two types, based
mainly on gold content per m3 (g/m3)
LIMIT VALUES. - These are valid mainly to limit the course of swallowing:
LIMITS
0.00 100 mg/m3 Marginal reserve
0.00 100 mg/m3 Sub-economic reserve
0.00 100 mg/m3 Econimic reserve
EXPLORED RESERVE
It is considered as a reserve explored to the channel or area determined by the line of drilling
(exploration) taking into account the values (grades) in its totality.
For the calculation of areas was considered as influence the average distance between wells
and as block limit between lines was similarly proceeded.
ECONOMIC RESERVE
Determined by areas with wells whose grades are economical (cut off limit). These areas
were also calculated taking as an influence the average distance between lines and wells.
The summaries of the economic reserves are detailed in the attached format.
5.12.7 CUT-OFF CALCULATION

To calculate the minimum exploration grade, the economic aspect mainly was taken as the
equilibrium point
Gold price (1985) 375 U$ Oz. Tr.
= 375 U$ * 1 Oz Tr. * 0.92 (finness) * 0.90 (recup.) Oz Tr. 31.1035
From the previous operation the price would be:

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= 10.31 U$/gram
Exploration cost 1m3 gravel: 1.0 U$/m3.
1 U$/m3
= 0.096 g/m3
10.31 U$/gram
Cost capital (return on investment) $ 20 million
20000,000
= 0.413 U$/m3
48374,619 m3
0.413 U$/m3
= 0.040 g/m3
10.31 U$/g
Interest cost:
20,000*0.15(int)*10 (life mine) = 0.620 U$/m3
0.620 U$/m3
= 0.060 g/m3
10.31 U$/g
Total cost:
0.096 + 0.040 + 0.060 = 0.196 g/m3

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5.12.8 MODELING IN LEAPFROG

DATA
FID Id EAST NORTH GRADE DEPTH ALTITUDE (m) Depth(m)

0 0 337078 8556646 247 425 509 4.25
1 0 337058 8556669 196 325 508 3.25
2 0 337038 8556681 151 325 507 3.25
3 0 337067 8557044 471 500 495 5
4 0 337044 8557079 368 525 494 5.25
5 0 337026 8557104 214 325 493 3.25
6 0 337008 8557127 194 700 492 7
7 0 337256 8557593 479 650 479 6.5
8 0 337236 8557616 228 350 476 3.5
9 0 337197 8557643 307 600 477 6
10 0 337172 8557668 556 800 478 8
11 0 337153 8557689 430 300 479 3
12 0 337059 8557734 193 1350 498 13.5
13 0 337023 8557777 330 700 497 7
14 0 336987 8557810 253 1775 496 17.75
15 0 336963 8557851 224 1850 495 18.5
16 0 336910 8557937 159 825 494 8.25
17 0 336886 8557972 96 845 495 8.45
18 0 336848 8558023 78 875 496 8.75
19 0 336816 8558059 80 925 497 9.25
20 0 336802 8558092 55 950 498 9.5
21 0 335882 8558097 328 325 470 3.25
22 0 335803 8558074 328 450 466 4.5
23 0 335730 8558063 216 275 466 2.75
24 0 335684 8558049 201 275 469 2.75
25 0 337587 8557930 214 375 470 3.75
26 0 337574 8557970 306 325 465 3.25
27 0 337551 8557994 402 57 464 0.57
28 0 337522 8558019 1737 825 460 8.25
29 0 337503 8558043 471 725 459 7.25
30 0 337470 8558064 384 750 459 7.5
31 0 337434 8558101 447 650 459 6.5
32 0 337403 8558143 224 600 460 6
33 0 337554 8558445 104 500 469 5
34 0 337528 8558457 298 600 470 6
35 0 337502 8558513 403 325 468 3.25
36 0 337479 8558558 124 1050 467 10.5

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37 0 337467 8558602 156 725 466 7.25

38 0 337445 8558637 374 500 465 5
39 0 337408 8558689 176 750 463 7.5
40 0 337399 8558733 122 375 462 3.75
41 0 337381 8558781 147 850 460 8.5
42 0 337356 8558829 105 625 458 6.25
43 0 337333 8558874 241 600 456 6
44 0 337299 8558911 110 600 454 6
45 0 337266 8558945 71 600 452 6
46 0 337242 8558968 62 925 450 9.25
47 0 337091 8559257 49 800 448 8
48 0 337015 8559327 140 350 446 3.5
49 0 337720 8558534 380 350 448 3.5
50 0 337748 8558504 562 700 446 7
51 0 337778 8558479 1296 500 444 5
52 0 337808 8558444 264 275 446 2.75
53 0 337838 8558419 101 150 448 1.5
54 0 338178 8558372 199 200 442 2
55 0 338229 8558380 458 300 440 3
56 0 338272 8558394 60 175 440 1.75
57 0 338307 8558400 230 300 440 3
58 0 337847 8558717 189 250 440 2.5
59 0 337816 8558744 137 125 438 1.25
60 0 337793 8558774 1083 350 438 3.5
61 0 337771 8558799 519 450 440 4.5
62 0 338212 8558944 478 425 427 4.25
63 0 338242 8558944 125 175 428 1.75
64 0 338270 8558942 118 250 429 2.5
65 0 338222 8559026 47 425 425 4.25
66 0 338192 8559054 631 475 426 4.75
67 0 338171 8559077 569 450 427 4.5
68 0 338139 8559103 294 500 428 5
69 0 338090 8559120 384 775 432 7.75
70 0 337994 8559065 271 900 442 9
71 0 337917 8559151 107 400 443 4
72 0 337871 8559218 427 650 444 6.5
73 0 337675 8559335 258 400 438 4
74 0 337633 8559389 226 500 437 5
75 0 337455 8559356 216 325 428 3.25
76 0 337431 8559383 160 650 427 6.5
77 0 338674 8559211 83 1125 420 11.25

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78 0 338627 8559265 100 1125 420 11.25

79 0 338610 8559300 373 900 420 9
80 0 338596 8559339 364 475 420 4.75
81 0 338577 8559375 212 425 420 4.25
82 0 338543 8559389 408 375 420 3.75
83 0 338519 8559412 625 500 420 5
84 0 338495 8559436 215 250 420 2.5
85 0 338435 8559434 282 500 420 5
86 0 338408 8559473 110 525 420 5.25
87 0 338384 8559498 330 500 420 5
88 0 338358 8559546 269 650 420 6.5
89 0 338314 8559569 211 775 420 7.75
90 0 338294 8559607 239 800 420 8
91 0 338265 8559645 332 1050 420 10.5
92 0 338234 8559686 193 650 420 6.5
93 0 338205 8559718 134 475 420 4.75
94 0 338175 8559754 20 400 420 4
95 0 338137 8559782 78 425 420 4.25
96 0 338097 8559822 182 550 420 5.5
97 0 338059 8559867 120 850 420 8.5
98 0 338013 8559912 126 750 420 7.5
99 0 337979 8559960 138 675 420 6.75
100 0 337944 8559994 66 300 420 3
101 0 337907 8560013 286 400 418 4
102 0 337867 8560054 364 325 414 3.25
103 0 337770 8560086 298 450 414 4.5
104 0 337809 8560068 232 450 414 4.5
105 0 337725 8560235 122 400 422 4
106 0 337614 8560384 123 1025 422 10.25
107 0 337543 8560470 181 750 419 7.5
108 0 336784 8559637 116 400 444 4
109 0 336725 8559708 59 200 440 2
110 0 335665 8560071 104 575 436 5.75
111 0 335638 8560058 82 350 437 3.5
112 0 335611 8560055 228 425 438 4.25
113 0 337486 8560568 76 1000 419 10
114 0 337428 8560649 148 600 418 6
115 0 337382 8560729 42 550 417 5.5
116 0 337304 8560848 154 475 416 4.75
117 0 337114 8560695 138 200 419 2
118 0 337073 8560688 52 1150 418 11.5

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119 0 337031 8560683 188 300 418 3

120 0 336992 8560680 188 300 419 3
121 0 337223 8560926 188 500 415 5
122 0 335818 8560890 100 300 424 3
123 0 335843 8560879 126 400 424 4
124 0 335877 8560907 123 550 424 5.5
125 0 335867 8560892 120 550 424 5.5
126 0 335745 8561663 220 275 414 2.75
127 0 335761 8561644 226 1200 414 12
128 0 335789 8561635 119 450 414 4.5
129 0 335829 8561635 167 800 414 8
130 0 335856 8561642 274 425 414 4.25
131 0 335917 8562287 176 725 407 7.25
132 0 335962 8562263 268 625 407 6.25
133 0 336001 8562239 169 350 407 3.5
134 0 335947 8562219 146 800 407 8
135 0 335973 8562295 153 475 407 4.75
136 0 335986 8562330 50 550 407 5.5
137 0 336271 8562221 174 325 405 3.25
138 0 336281 8562268 178 328 405 3.28
139 0 336299 8562301 106 325 405 3.25
140 0 336292 8562331 137 375 405 3.75
141 0 336602 8562200 219 400 403 4
142 0 336634 8562199 110 250 403 2.5
143 0 336588 8562164 234 275 403 2.75
144 0 336596 8562115 145 250 403 2.5
145 0 336961 8561286 231 250 409 2.5
146 0 337009 8561289 124 70 409 0.7
147 0 337045 8561293 185 450 409 4.5
148 0 337081 8561299 200 300 408 3
149 0 337122 8561304 230 275 408 2.75
150 0 337162 8561306 229 525 408 5.25
151 0 337286 8561705 267 450 404 4.5
152 0 337325 8561707 259 425 404 4.25
153 0 337371 8561713 240 500 404 5
154 0 337415 8561718 243 375 404 3.75
155 0 337285 8562072 203 450 398 4.5
156 0 337343 8562063 252 350 398 3.5
157 0 337386 8562050 225 350 398 3.5
158 0 337442 8562023 286 650 398 6.5
159 0 337589 8561969 185 325 400 3.25

2016-II
160 0 337581 8562325 99 350 396 3.5

161 0 337584 8562289 99 375 396 3.75
162 0 337600 8562268 569 275 396 2.75
163 0 337618 8562251 330 275 396 2.75
164 0 337660 8562224 429 350 396 3.5
165 0 337676 8562196 345 475 396 4.75
166 0 337678 8562177 282 475 396 4.75
167 0 337687 8562148 136 400 396 4
168 0 337666 8561907 60 775 400 7.75
169 0 337728 8561824 78 275 400 2.75
170 0 337403 8561482 133 1150 408 11.5
171 0 337457 8561412 366 550 409 5.5
172 0 337517 8561333 59 1375 409 13.75
173 0 337578 8561252 167 350 409 3.5
174 0 337654 8561195 102 1550 409 15.5
175 0 337705 8561106 85 1350 410 13.5
176 0 337778 8561049 54 1400 410 14
177 0 337827 8560960 132 725 410 7.25
178 0 337900 8560877 98 1150 410 11.5
179 0 337855 8561669 117 475 403 4.75
180 0 337932 8561577 220 625 403 6.25
181 0 337984 8561496 85 825 403 8.25
182 0 338049 8561423 42 1150 403 11.5
183 0 338105 8561339 111 700 403 7
184 0 338153 8561272 51 950 403 9.5
185 0 338226 8561201 132 700 403 7
186 0 338289 8561124 131 775 403 7.75
187 0 338353 8561058 79 1300 403 13
188 0 338411 8560988 121 500 403 5
189 0 338468 8560912 203 675 402 6.75
190 0 338524 8560832 83 750 401 7.5
191 0 337964 8560796 109 300 410 3
192 0 338027 8560723 73 500 410 5
193 0 338079 8560641 77 975 410 9.75
194 0 338138 8560579 92 1050 410 10.5
195 0 338196 8560484 118 225 410 2.25
196 0 338216 8560463 196 275 405 2.75
197 0 338265 8560395 394 325 405 3.25
198 0 338289 8560355 131 350 407 3.5
199 0 338341 8560312 121 450 410 4.5
200 0 338358 8560257 326 550 410 5.5

2016-II
201 0 338370 8560201 186 500 412 5

202 0 338425 8560174 130 400 413 4
203 0 338616 8560711 227 825 398 8.25
204 0 338641 8560698 238 550 398 5.5
205 0 338657 8560677 182 475 397 4.75
206 0 338674 8560647 209 400 398 4
207 0 338700 8560615 87 450 399 4.5
208 0 338741 8560571 384 725 401 7.25
209 0 338790 8560511 296 650 403 6.5
210 0 338831 8560468 245 1025 404 10.25
211 0 338862 8560425 180 1375 405 13.75
212 0 338893 8560384 262 1000 408 10
213 0 338914 8560349 273 1150 409 11.5
214 0 338928 8560311 309 900 410 9
215 0 338468 8560143 239 625 415 6.25
216 0 338482 8560096 174 450 415 4.5
217 0 338506 8560060 234 775 415 7.75
218 0 338572 8559983 286 775 415 7.75
219 0 338600 8559934 219 525 415 5.25
220 0 338631 8559893 255 650 415 6.5
221 0 338657 8559845 150 450 415 4.5
222 0 338685 8559814 211 750 415 7.5
223 0 338719 8559781 228 750 415 7.5
224 0 338776 8559666 309 475 415 4.75
225 0 338748 8559721 174 600 415 6
226 0 339306 8559641 537 350 409 3.5
227 0 339285 8559669 387 725 408 7.25
228 0 339252 8559699 240 400 408 4
229 0 339218 8559736 243 225 408 2.25
230 0 339183 8559766 77 425 408 4.25
231 0 339303 8559878 246 500 410 5
232 0 339252 8559911 181 1250 410 12.5
233 0 339237 8559967 161 1150 410 11.5
234 0 339190 8559997 67 750 410 7.5
235 0 339153 8560041 204 450 410 4.5
236 0 338972 8560279 203 875 410 8.75
237 0 339012 8560225 180 750 410 7.5
238 0 339039 8560193 158 475 410 4.75
239 0 339061 8560161 203 450 410 4.5
240 0 339122 8560118 145 750 410 7.5
241 0 338329 8561918 201 400 394 4

2016-II
242 0 338320 8561876 208 300 394 3

243 0 338330 8561844 240 425 394 4.25
244 0 338355 8561821 124 450 394 4.5
245 0 338370 8561783 226 550 394 5.5
246 0 338383 8561751 190 500 394 5
247 0 338372 8561703 143 300 394 3
248 0 338518 8561825 40 525 392 5.25
249 0 338582 8561741 241 525 391 5.25
250 0 338642 8561668 104 550 390 5.5
251 0 338675 8561572 129 500 386 5
252 0 338910 8561678 175 425 386 4.25
253 0 338898 8561640 150 500 386 5
254 0 338887 8561595 224 525 386 5.25
255 0 338876 8561563 244 500 386 5
256 0 338862 8561527 190 400 386 4
257 0 338748 8561471 180 700 388 7
258 0 338813 8561395 285 475 389 4.75
259 0 338845 8561338 126 400 391 4
260 0 338910 8561236 400 800 392 8
261 0 338946 8561158 462 400 392 4
262 0 338990 8561130 602 475 392 4.75
263 0 339012 8561094 486 700 392 7
264 0 339035 8561056 352 375 392 3.75
265 0 339062 8561004 78 550 392 5.5
266 0 339140 8560934 180 525 396 5.25
267 0 339184 8560892 163 550 398 5.5
268 0 339205 8560852 171 775 398 7.75
269 0 339243 8560814 156 725 399 7.25
270 0 339269 8560781 165 450 399 4.5
271 0 339293 8560728 312 900 399 9
272 0 339335 8560675 186 675 399 6.75
273 0 339369 8560620 125 1150 399 11.5
274 0 339399 8560582 181 775 399 7.75
275 0 339415 8560549 51 1100 400 11
276 0 339460 8560511 131 1250 400 12.5
277 0 339518 8560428 142 1150 400 11.5
278 0 339481 8560476 187 850 400 8.5
279 0 339535 8560370 145 1600 400 16
280 0 339560 8560326 150 1325 400 13.25
281 0 339602 8560304 144 1125 400 11.25
282 0 339625 8560287 128 2125 400 21.25

2016-II
283 0 339631 8561496 187 575 386 5.75

284 0 339625 8561464 188 525 386 5.25
285 0 339598 8561416 136 475 386 4.75
286 0 339590 8561367 371 500 386 5
287 0 339576 8561333 223 475 386 4.75
288 0 339576 8561303 330 500 386 5
289 0 339562 8561280 166 450 386 4.5
290 0 339695 8561241 292 675 386 6.75
291 0 339749 8561169 302 550 386 5.5
292 0 339784 8561124 182 400 386 4
293 0 339808 8561088 150 400 386 4
294 0 339837 8561049 335 875 386 8.75
295 0 339871 8561008 229 500 386 5
296 0 339817 8560669 166 550 390 5.5
297 0 339864 8560631 212 500 390 5
298 0 339895 8560606 298 425 390 4.25
299 0 339930 8560553 124 650 390 6.5
300 0 339912 8560585 264 1350 390 13.5
301 0 339965 8560530 204 600 390 6
302 0 340236 8560665 238 300 385 3
303 0 340269 8560623 120 150 385 1.5
304 0 340405 8561189 129 375 382 3.75
305 0 340394 8561154 140 450 382 4.5
306 0 340382 8561123 134 375 382 3.75
307 0 340376 8561088 340 450 382 4.5
308 0 340374 8561060 362 550 382 5.5
309 0 340365 8561031 330 700 382 7
310 0 340364 8560994 88 400 382 4
311 0 340351 8560956 354 300 382 3
312 0 340352 8560915 90 550 382 5.5
313 0 340343 8560885 72 575 382 5.75
314 0 340444 8560906 109 200 382 2
315 0 340459 8560880 285 400 382 4
316 0 340483 8560844 50 250 382 2.5
317 0 340421 8561255 142 350 382 3.5
318 0 340901 8561070 382 625 380 6.25
319 0 340875 8561026 248 550 380 5.5
320 0 340899 8560967 260 500 377 5
321 0 340891 8560936 175 350 377 3.5
322 0 340888 8560903 330 400 377 4
323 0 340884 8560873 233 500 377 5

2016-II
324 0 340872 8560842 244 425 377 4.25

325 0 340866 8560807 286 550 377 5.5
326 0 340857 8560775 288 425 377 4.25
327 0 341315 8560623 177 550 375 5.5
328 0 341300 8560588 203 525 375 5.25
329 0 341289 8560542 258 550 375 5.5
330 0 341286 8560507 206 625 375 6.25
331 0 341282 8560469 203 450 375 4.5
332 0 341280 8560420 343 575 375 5.75
333 0 341985 8560382 166 400 373 4
334 0 341960 8560338 152 250 373 2.5
335 0 341944 8560310 295 450 373 4.5
336 0 341924 8560265 74 300 373 3
337 0 341895 8560227 303 425 373 4.25
338 0 341840 8560187 177 425 373 4.25
339 0 342076 8559804 420 400 367 4
340 0 342082 8559855 97 375 367 3.75
341 0 342110 8559900 284 250 367 2.5
342 0 342114 8559947 256 350 367 3.5
343 0 342572 8559945 250 300 365 3
344 0 342565 8559909 213 450 365 4.5
345 0 342563 8559876 345 425 365 4.25
346 0 342565 8559835 340 325 365 3.25
347 0 342582 8559757 211 275 365 2.75
348 0 342578 8559705 251 350 365 3.5
349 0 343103 8559727 175 325 363 3.25
350 0 343095 8559681 271 550 363 5.5
351 0 343090 8559642 228 450 363 4.5
352 0 343098 8559608 77 350 363 3.5
353 0 343107 8559567 272 350 363 3.5
354 0 343114 8559527 295 350 363 3.5
355 0 343118 8559484 366 375 363 3.75
356 0 343131 8559445 142 275 363 2.75
357 0 343140 8559398 277 400 363 4
358 0 343159 8559342 163 500 363 5
359 0 343659 8559436 209 325 358 3.25
360 0 343641 8559403 160 275 358 2.75
361 0 343637 8559368 284 350 358 3.5
362 0 343608 8559336 156 300 358 3
363 0 343567 8559277 345 350 358 3.5
364 0 343583 8559244 211 375 358 3.75

2016-II
365 0 343588 8559207 319 250 358 2.5

366 0 343574 8559162 183 300 358 3
367 0 343566 8559122 322 325 358 3.25
368 0 345051 8558794 154 325 348 3.25
369 0 345046 8558765 109 250 348 2.5
370 0 345041 8558724 193 250 348 2.5
371 0 345030 8558683 170 300 348 3
372 0 345024 8558643 175 300 348 3
373 0 345016 8558597 232 400 348 4
374 0 345005 8558530 128 275 348 2.75
375 0 345565 8558614 347 375 344 3.75
376 0 345537 8558583 156 325 344 3.25
377 0 345510 8558548 134 250 344 2.5
378 0 345486 8558513 106 400 344 4
379 0 345473 8558479 647 350 344 3.5
380 0 345441 8558395 118 350 344 3.5
381 0 346227 8558493 206 325 338 3.25
382 0 346222 8558422 252 350 338 3.5
383 0 346207 8558382 113 350 338 3.5
384 0 346200 8558317 306 400 338 4
385 0 346165 8558271 427 400 338 4
386 0 346136 8558228 114 225 338 2.25
387 0 346728 8558345 286 450 334 4.5
388 0 346711 8558271 396 400 334 4
389 0 346709 8558233 322 450 334 4.5
390 0 346668 8558160 377 275 334 2.75
391 0 346635 8558115 222 300 334 3
392 0 346614 8558083 325 452 334 4.52
393 0 347512 8558203 139 375 326 3.75
394 0 347477 8558169 284 425 326 4.25
395 0 347458 8558047 479 350 326 3.5
396 0 347446 8557988 629 325 326 3.25
397 0 347431 8557933 183 275 326 2.75

2016-II

2016-II

2016-II
5.12.9 RECOMMENDATIONS
The MADRE DE DIOS project area is essentially prospected, but there are areas such as
terraces II and III where information needs to be completed, for them it is necessary to make
a drilling program and complete the information.
According to the frequency polygons of each place we have that in ravines and rivers the
tendency is polymodal which would indicate the existence of recommended areas
(enriched) and with a densification in the perforation mesh can be defined said areas.
Inciding in current wells density, we have 407 wells for the prospected area (1,281.99 Has),
which gives us a density of 0.3 wells/Ha.
According to the test wells, which reached an average of 2.50 m. in the river and ravines;
on the terrace was reached 5.00 m. on average, obtaining an excellent recovery in the river
101% and ravine 151%; but as the second conclusion affirmed the existence of an
enrichment that on average reaches a depth of 3.50 m. it is necessary to reach that depth
with the caissons, to corroborate such a recovery or in any case it is advisable to reach the
bed rock.
In order to make more caissons and to run the pilot plant, it would be necessary to consider
as an additional criterion the distribution of these caissons in the nascent, half and mouth of
the ravines.
As the operation with dredges and/or plants, the essential element is water, it is necessary
to carry out a hydrological evaluation of the area in case it is necessary to transfer clean
water to the operations.
Another important resource to evaluate are the natural resources of the area such as
agricultural potential and livestock and human resources that will help to the viability of the
project MADRE DE DIOS.

2016-II
6 CONCLUSIONS
Being "bateo" method rather old, it is still useful for the gold sampling in placers, since it is
economical to perform in certain zones.
In placer deposits, we will generally find gold in native state, along with other dense minerals such
as Platinum, Monazite, Zircon, Magnetite, etc..
Most of the placers have been formed in the Cenozoic, are small and of low grade, but their
exploitation is possible because the materials are loose.
The selection of the sampling method depends on project size, depth of the basal rock and the budget
available to the investor.
Not all placer deposits are economically viable, since in some cases, the cost of extracting this
mineral exceeds the value obtained from said deposit.

2016-II
7 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Thesis Prospeccin y Evaluacin del Yacimiento Aurfero de Placer rea Ro Caychive

(PROYECTO MADRE DE DIOS) - (1988) J. Huayhua. Arequipa - Per
Exploracin y muestreo en Depsitos Aluviales - Universidad Nacional del Centro del Per,
Facultad de Ingeniera de Minas.
La Prospeccin de Placeres de Oro y otros Minerales Densos- Departamento de Geoqumica,

Petrologa y Prospeccin Geolgica Facultad de Geologa. Universidad de Barcelona
Prospeccin, Muestreo y Evaluacin de Depsitos Aluviales - Oscar Kempff.
Mtodos de Prospeccin del Oro en diferentes depsitos aluvionales - Luis Carlos Prez Garca
(Espaa).
Minera Aurfera Aluvial - Ministerio de Energa y Minas del Per.
www.cec.uchile.cl/~vmaksaev/PLACERES.pdf

2016-II

Auriferous Placer Sampling and Dimensioning Caychive River Area

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Auriferous Placer Sampling and Dimensioning Caychive River Area

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE

Auriferous Placer Sampling and Dimensioning -

Alcantara Chuco, Octavio Fermin

Ing. Jorge H. Paredes Angeles

2 PLACER DEPOSITS .................................................................................................................................4

3 SAMPLING IN PLACERS ......................................................................................................................15

5 MODELING - CASE PLACER DEPOSIT RIO CAYCHIVE .............................................................34

5.3.2 MESOZOIC ........................................................................................................................ 40

Tabla 2.1 1: Mineral associations in placers. 14

Tabla 2.1 2: Alluvial placers characteristics and shapes. 14

Figura 2.1.41: Colluvial deposits typical chart 8

Figura 2.1.42: Alluvial deposits Typical chart 9

Figura 2.1.43: Lacustrine deposits typical chart 9

Figura 2.1.44: Supe/Lima littoral deposit typical chart 10

Figura 2.1.45: Glacier deposits typical chart 11

Figura 2.1.46: Characteristics of arid and desert climates deposits 12

Figura 2.1.47: Sea placers forming zone 13

Figura 2.1.48: Gold Plio-Quaternary placers on the world. 15

Figura 3.1.11: Sampling by hand in excavations (wells) or channels. 17

Figura 3.31: Placer sampling basic tools. 21

Figura 3.32: Other tools for placer sampling. 22

Figura 3.33: Hand tools for placer sampling. 23

Figura 3.34: Other hand tools for placer sampling. 23

Figura 3.35: Bars and Point-Bras. 24

Figura 3.41: .- Sampling in major accidents. 25

Figura 3.42: .- Sampling in minor accidents. 25

Figura 3.43: Field Jig (BRGM Model). 27

Figura 3.71: Wells line tracing. 28

Figura 3.72: Well kinds. 29

Figura 3.73: Well lithology. 29

Figura 3.74: Sampling on extracted and mixed gravel. 30

Figura 3.75: Laboratory splitters. 32

Figura 3.76: Mineral concentrated. 32

Gabbro, basalt 0.007

Granite, rhyolite 0.003

Muestreo (metodologa, tecnologa) y dimensionamiento de Placeres Aurferos Page: 1

Gold in Peru is mostly found in primary deposits such as:

Mantels with quartz, arsenopyrite, pyrite and gold in schist.

Skarn deposits, wiht auriferous content.

Au-Ag veins (base metals) in volcanic rocks.

Au-Ag disseminations and stockwork in volcanic rocks.

Au-Ag porphyry deposits.

Gold as byproduct in polymetallic veins and porphyry copper-gold deposits.

1.1 Weathering and Erosion

Many mineralized gold-containing occurrences are subjected to mechanical and

Muestreo (metodologa, tecnologa) y dimensionamiento de Placeres Aurferos Page: 2

Spanish English Weight (mg) Diameter (mm)

Muestreo (metodologa, tecnologa) y dimensionamiento de Placeres Aurferos Page: 3

A placer deposit is composed of sand, gravel or other residual or detrital materials

Its characteristics are:

- The valuable metal is concentrated in economic contents.

a) A properly lithospheric phenomenon such as the presence of an enriched or pre-

b) An environmental phenomenon of a climatic type, which may also be local, susceptible

c) A geodynamic - geomorphological phenomenon, capable of accumulating and

Muestreo (metodologa, tecnologa) y dimensionamiento de Placeres Aurferos Page: 4

SnO2 Cassiterite (tin ore)

FeCr2O4 Chromite (chrome ore)

(Ce,La,Y,Th)PO4 Monazite (REE-bearing mineral)

Muestreo (metodologa, tecnologa) y dimensionamiento de Placeres Aurferos Page: 5

In paleoplaceres (old pleasures preserved in sedimentary sequences) these will probably be

2.1 Placers classification

2.1.1 Residual Placers

2.1.2 Eluvial or Mountain foot Placer