,

, 2017

(UNFPA) .
(EMC). , ,
(UNFPA)
.

:
:

,
,
(EMC) .

: . 12, ,

: +995 032 2 23 37 06

. : humanrightsemc@gmail.com

fb: http://fb.com/RIGHTSEMC

: www.emc.org.ge

....................................................................................................................4
1. ,
...............................................................................................................5
2. ,
..................6
2.1. ,
............................................................................................8

2.2. ,
................13

...................................................14

...........................................................15

.............................................................................20

...........................................22

..............................24

................................................30

3. , ............33
3.1. ,
..................................................................................33

3.2. ,
..........................................................................................35

, ........36

, ......43

4. .............................................................................................................48
5. ..................................................................................................54

,
, , ,
.
,
,
1
.

, ,

. ,
,

.
, ,
,

, ,
.

. ,

.


, , .

,
/
,
.

1 , , 2016,
14, 55.

4
 ,

,
,
.

1. ,

.
.

-19 ( (1883),
(1891))
,2
, ,
. , (ILO)

.3 , ,

,
.4

.

, ,
,
.5 -20

2 ABC of Women Workers Rights and Gender Equality, ILO, 2007, 8.

3 Maternity Protection Convention, ILO, 1919 (No. 3).
4 Ruhm C. J. & Teague J. L., Parental Leave Policies in Europe and North America, National Bureau of Economic

Research, 1995, 2.
5 .

5
 ,

.6 1970-
, 1974
,
, . ,
,

.

-20 80-
,
,
.
, 80-
,

.7

,
,
.
,
,
,
.

2. ,

, ,
.
, ,

6 ABC of Women Workers Rights and Gender Equality, ILO, 2007, 9.

7 , 8.

6
 :
(Maternity Leave), (Paternity Leave),
(Parental Leave), (Home Care Leave).
,
:

, ,
( ).

.

.8

, ,
9
.10
-
.11

.

, ,
.
.
, . ,
,

8 , ,
, , , , . . 13th International Review of Leave
Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P., International Network on Leave Policies and
Research, 2017, 6, :
http://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/Leavenetwork/Annual_reviews/2017_Leave_Review_2017_final.pdf.
: 24.08.2017.
9 (OECD) , :

http://www.oecd.org/gender/data/length-of-maternity-leave-parental-leave-and-paid-father-specific-leave.htm.
: 24.08.2017.
10 10th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Ed. Moss P., International Network on Leave

Policies and Research, 2014, 13.

11 OECD- 1970-

: - 1 , - 2 , - 3 . 1990
. Trends in
Parental Leave Policies since 1970, OECD - Social Policy Division, 2017, :
https://www.oecd.org/els/family/PF2_5_Trends_in_leave_entitlements_around_childbirth.pdf. :
24.08.2017.

7

.12

.13
.

( , 14), 15 .

.

. , ,

/ .

2.1. ,

,
, ,

.

,
. ,
16

.17 , ,

12 , , , . 9 ,
, - , - . . 13th International
Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P., International Network on Leave
Policies and Research, 2017, 9.
13 Key Characteristics of Parental Leave Systems, OECD - Social Policy Division, Directorate of Employment, Labour

and Social Affairs, Updated: 15-03-17, 1, :

https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf. : 24.08.2017.
14 , , 8 . . Eydal G.B. & Gslason, I.V., Iceland Country Note,

International Review of Leave Policies and Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski A., & Moss P., 2017.
15 , 18 .

16 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations.

17 , Art. 10. , : 1994 .

8

,
.18
.

.
19
. ,
.20 ,
,
,
,
.21

. 22

.
(CEDAW)23
, ,
,
.
, ,
/ 24
,
.25

. ,

18 General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, Para. 1, of the Covenant), Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Right (1990), paras. 1-2.
19 European Social Charter (Revised), 3 May 1996, Council of Europe.

20 The European Social Charter, The Charter at a Glance, : http://www.coe.int/en/web/turin-

european-social-charter. : 24.08.2017.
21 European Social Charter (Revised), 3 May 1996, Council of Europe, Art. 20.

22 2005 1 N1876 .

23 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations.

24 . Progress of the

Worlds Women 2015-2016, Transforming Economies, Realizing Rights, UN Women, 2015, 29, :
http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/UNW_progressreport.pdf. : 24.08.2017.
25 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations,

Art. 2.a).

9
 , ,
,

.26 , ,


. .27

.
28 (CRC) ,

.29 .

.
(ILO)
30 ,
,

.

.31

. (ILO)
. ,
(ILO)
32,
, -
.33 ,

26 , Art. 12.2.c).
27 1994 22 N561 .
28 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, United Nations.

, : 1994 .
29 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, Art. 18.

30 Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, ILO, 1981 (No. 156).

31 , Art. 3.

32 Resolution concerning Gender Equality at the Heart of Decent Work - ILC 2009, adopted by the International Labour

Conference at its Ninety-eighth Session, Geneva, 19 June 2009.

33 , para. 6.

10
 ,
.34

. ..
35 ,
, , , .
. ,
,
.36

. 2006 ..
37 ,
, , ,
,

.38
.39

. .. 40

,
41,
.42

34 .
35 Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the
safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
36 ,

, , 2014 (
), XXX. 2014 18 #2495
.
37 Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the

principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation.
38 , Art. 21(2).

39 , XXX.

40 Council Directive 2010/18/EU of 8 March 2010 implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave

concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing Directive 96/34/EC (Text with EEA
relevance).
41 Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the

safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
42 Leon M. & Millns S., Parental, Maternity and Paternity Leave: European Legal Constructions of Unpaid Care Giving,

58 N. Ir. Legal Q., 2007, 343, 345.

11
 . ..
43
,
. ,

.
,

.

.44

.
1994
-
.45

. 2002
.46
,

.47 ,
,
. , ,
;
48; ;
(on-site crches);
.49

43 Council Directive 97/81/EC of 15 December 1997 concerning the Framework Agreement on part-time work
concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC - Annex : Framework agreement on part-time work.
44 , XXX.

45 Equality of Rights between Men and Women, Resolution 1018 (1994).

46 Parental Leave, Resolution 1274 (2002).

47 , para. 2.

48 . .

Parental Leave, Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, Doc. 9315, 15 January 2002, para. 67.
49 Parental Leave, Resolution 1274 (2002), para. 8.

12
 , ,
, .50

,
. 2013
,
51 ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .52
,

.53

, ,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
. ,

,
.

2.2. ,

, ,
,


.

50 Parental Leave, Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, Doc. 9315, 15 January 2002, para. 67.
51 Gender Equality, Reconciliation of Private and Working Life and Co-Responsibility, Resolution 1921 (2013).
52 , para. 1.

53 , para. 3.

13


,
, ,
. -

.
, ,
.

(ILO) , ,
. , ..
54
(

), (
), ,
( ,

).

, ,
.. . ,
,
. ,
, ,
.55 ,
,
,
, 10

54 Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the
safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
55 Council Directive 2010/18/EU of 8 March 2010 implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave

concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing Directive 96/34/EC (Text with EEA
relevance), 2(2).

14
, .56
. , ,
,
.

, ,
, , . ,
57
(
), ,

.
,
.

. ,

.

, , ,
,
,
.58

, ,
, ,

56 Maternity Leave: MEPs Urge Council to Restart Talks, :

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20150513IPR55443/maternity-leave-meps-urge-council-to-restart-
talks. : 24.08.2017.
57 .

58 Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the Proposal for a Directive of the European

Parliament and of the Council on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of
men and women in matters of employment and occupation, COM(2004) 279 final 2004/0084 (COD), 2005/C 157/14,
para. 2.3.

15
 .59 ,
(1)

, (2)
.60

, .

,
.61
,
,
,

.62

, ,
,

, .

,
,

.

-

59 Parental Leave as a Way to Foster Gender Equality, Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination, Doc. 13207, 13
May 2013, 1.
60 .

61 Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the Proposal for a Directive of the European

Parliament and of the Council on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of
men and women in matters of employment and occupation, COM(2004) 279 final 2004/0084 (COD), 2005/C 157/14,
para. 4.1.
62 General recommendation No. 25, on article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women, on temporary special measures, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination
against Women, para. 8.

16
. , 63
(1998), 64 (2012)
. ,

, ,

.
,
,
,
.

,

.65
, ,
,

.66

,
, ;
,
.67
,
.68

.
,

63 Petrovic v. Austria, App. no. 20458/92, 1998.

64 Konstantin Markin V. Russia, App. no. 30078/06, 22 March 2012.
65 , para. 99.
66 , para. 99.
67 , para. 132.

68 , para. 142-143.

17
 .69 , 70 -
.71 ,
2010
.
,

,
(1976 9 76/207/EEC 2006 5
2006/54/EC ).

,
, 9
.
,
, .72 ,
,

,
,

.

,
,
. ,
, ,

.73
,
. ,
,

69, Marc Betriu Montull v Instituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social , Case C5/12, 19 September 2013;
Ulrich Hofmann v Barmer Ersatzkasse, Case 184/83, 12 July 1984. . Timmer A., Gender Stereotyping in the case law
of the EU Court of Justice, European Equality Law Review, 2016; Research Handbook on European Social Security Law,
Eds. Pennings F. & Vonk G., 2015, 240-241.
70 Pedro Manuel Roca lvarez v Sesa Start Espaa ETT SA, Case C-104/09, 30 September 2010.

71 Timmer A., Gender Stereotyping in the case law of the EU Court of Justice, European Equality Law Review, 2016, 37.

72 Pedro Manuel Roca lvarez v Sesa Start Espaa ETT SA, Case C-104/09, 30 September 2010, para. 9.

73 , para. 36.

18


.74 ,
,

.

,

, ,
.75

(2015).76 ,

, ,
,
, ,

.77
78
79.

,
. ,

74 , para. 28.
75 Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men
and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working condition, Art. 2(1), 3, 4,
5.
76 Konstantinos Mastrellis v Ypourgos Dikaiosynis, Diafaneias kai Anthropinon Dikaiomaton, Case C222/14, 16 July

2015.
77 , para. 15.

78 Council Directive 96/75/EC of 3 June 1996 on the framework agreement on parental leave concluded by UNICE,

CEEP and the ETUC (OJ 1996 L 145, p. 4), as amended by Council Directive 97/75/EC of 15 December 1997.
2010 ,
2010/18/EU . Council Directive 2010/18/EU of 8 March 2010 implementing the revised
Framework Agreement on parental leave concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing
Directive 96/34/EC.
79 Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the

principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation.
2018
. .: , XXX.

19
 , ,
.80

,
,
. , ,
,
(,

.)81. ,
,
.

; , .

.
, ( ) ,
.
. , ,
(, , , ,
).
(, , , , , ,
).

,
,
.
,
.
, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , .

80
Konstantinos Mastrellis v Ypourgos Dikaiosynis, Diafaneias kai Anthropinon Dikaiomaton, Case C222/14, 16 July
2015, paras. 50-51.
81 , para. 41.

20
 , , , ,
, , , ; , , ,
, ,
, . ,
() ()
.82

,
.
;
,
(
).

, ,
.
,
.83
,

.
(,
, -
, ).
,
.84

.
.

. , ..

82 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P.,
International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2017, 16.
83 Council Directive 2010/18/EU of 8 March 2010 implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave

concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing Directive 96/34/EC (Text with EEA
relevance), 2(2).
84 Parental Leave as a Way to Foster Gender Equality, Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination, Doc. 13207, 13

May 2013, para. 22.

21
 , ,
, ,
, , .85
, 6
, .86

(, ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , ),
(, , ,
, , , , ). ,
,
, , , , ,
.87

,

, ,
.
.

. ..
, 14
. /
. (ILO)
14

85 Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the
safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC), Art. 8.
86 : (1)

; (2) ,
, . .: Maternity Protection
Convention, ILO, 2000 (No. 183), Art. 4(4).
87 Jurviste U., Prpic M. & Sabbat G., Maternity and Paternity Leave in the EU, European Parliamentary Research

Service, PE 593.543, 2016.

22
 , , ,
18 .88

,
,

. ,
18 ,
6 . (
(ILO) ).
2010 -
20 2
. , , ,
2015 .89

.

.

. ,
,
, ,

.

, , 2-
15 .

. ,

,
4

88Maternity Protection Recommendation, ILO, 2000 (No. 191), Art. 1(1).

89Maternity and Paternity Leave in the EU, :
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2016/593543/EPRS_ATA(2016)593543_EN.pdf.
: 24.08.2017.

23
 .90

.91

.

, .

. ,

.
,
.

.
. ,
(ILO) ,
,
(
, ( , )
.),
,
,
.92

.93

90 Council Directive 2010/18/EU of 8 March 2010 implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave
concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing Directive 96/34/EC (Text with EEA
relevance), Art. 2 (2).
91 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P.,

International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2017, 18-22.

92 Maternity Protection Convention, ILO, 2000 (No. 183), Art. 6(3)(4).

93 , Art. 6(2).

24
 (ILO)
,
;
,
,
.94

,
,
.95

,
. ,
,

.96

,
(
):

i.
. .
, -
, , , , , ,
, , , .; -
(90%), (85 %), (72%), (70%),
(70%), (70%).97

94 , Art. 7(1).
95 , Art. 7(2).
96 Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the

safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC), Art. 11;
,
2020 . . ,
XXX.
97 Maternity Leave Provisions in the EU Member States: Duration and Allowances, European Foundation for the

Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2015, 27. :

https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1525en.pdf. :
24.08.2017.

25
 ii.
. , 82%-
, , 10 75%-.
100%
,
(
).98

,
,
(, ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ).99

. ,
, ,
.100 , ,
- , , , ,
, , , , , ;101 -
, . ,
(10 ), ,
100%-, 82%-.102
,
, , , ,
, , , , .103

.
. ,
,

98 Maternity Leave Provisions in the EU Member States: Duration and Allowances, European Foundation for the
Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2015, 27.
99 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P.,

International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2017, 9-11.

100 (ILO) , ,

, 90%- .
101 Belle J., Paternity and Parental Leave Policies Across the European Union, RAND, 2016, 7.

102 Jurviste U., Prpic M. & Sabbat G., Maternity and Paternity Leave in the EU, European Parliamentary Research

Service, PE 593.543, 2016.

103 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P.,

International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2017, 13-15.

26

.104

(, , , , , )
(,
, , ).105 ,
,

.106

.
(ILO)
,
/ ,
.107

,
: (1) ,
- ()
( (contributory schemes) () ,
( )108; (2)
; (3)
.

(ILO) , 185
: 58%- (107 )
; 25%- (47 )

104 Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the Word, ILO, 2014, 65.
105 Promoting Uptake of Parental and Paternity Leave among Fathers in the European Union, European Foundation for
the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2015, 2. :
https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1508en.pdf :
24.08.2017.
106 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P.,

International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2017, 18-22.

107 Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183), Art. 6(8).

108 Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the Word, ILO, 2014, 20.

27
 ; 16%- (29 )
; .109

,
(83%), , (13%). ILO , ,

. , 1994
2013 ,
,
, ,
.110
(ILO) ,
.

, ,
, .

(, , ,
, ).111
:

(
). , 14

. ,

,
.112
,
. , ,
20- ,
,

109 Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the Word, ILO, 2014.
110 .
111 Maternity Leave Provisions in the EU Member States: Duration and Allowances, European Foundation for the

Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2015, 29.

112 , 30.

28
 . .113
100 %-
.
100%-. ,

. ,
100%-
, 80%-
.
.

.
( ,
), .
(ILO) ,
.
, 58%-
, 28%- .114 ,
115 116
. , ,
. ,
63%- ,
17%- , 13%-
( 8%- ). , ,
, 100%- ,

(sickness and indemnity insurance scheme).117

- ( 60%-,
).

113 , 29.
114 Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the Word, ILO, 2014, 58.
115 Luxembourg: Working Life Country Profile, 19. :
https://ec.europa.eu/epale/sites/epale/files/luxembourgworking_life_country_profile.pdf : 04.08.2017.
116 Romania: Working Life Country Profile, 19. :
https://ec.europa.eu/epale/sites/epale/files/romania.pdf : 04.08.2017.
117
Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the Word, ILO, 2014, 57.

29
 . , ,
, ,
.118
,119 ,
, , , .120

, ,

. ,
.121

( 23.6%-, 4.7%-),
, .122

,
.
, ,
.
:

.

: , ,
.
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , .123 ,

118 , 65.
119 Promoting Uptake of Parental and Paternity Leave among Fathers in the European Union, European Foundation for
the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2015, 2.
120
Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the Word, ILO, 2014, 65.
121 Braziene R., Lithuania Country Note, International Review of Leave Policies and Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski

A., & Moss P., 2017.

122 Meil G., Lapuerta I. & Escobedo A., Spain Country Note, International Review of Leave Policies and Research, Eds.

Blum S., Koslowski A., & Moss P., 2017, 376.

123 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P.,

International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2017, 18-22.

30
 4-4
: (1) ; (2)
- 8 ; (3)
- 20 . ,
.
, ,
2003 15%, 2011
27%- .124

.

(, , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , ).


. , ,
, , ,
, .125
, ( 8 )
.

.
,
, (,
, , , , , , ,
, , , ).

/
( ).
- .

,

124 Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the Word, ILO, 2014, 68.
125 , 67.

31
 .126 ,
( 10
). , (8.7 )
,
, ( ) 14
.
2007 , , 2006
3%, 2012
28%- .127
6 ,
10 .
, 1 ,
, 11 .128

.
.

(, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, ),

(, , , , ).129

.
(, ,
, , , , , , ).

: (1)

; (2)

126 Key Characteristics of Parental Leave Systems, OECD - Social Policy Division, Directorate of Employment, Labour
and Social Affairs, Updated: 15-03-17, 19-22.
127 Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the Word, ILO, 2014, 63.

128 , 63.

129 13th International Review of Leave Policies and Related Research, Eds. Blum S., Koslowski E. & Moss P.,

International Network on Leave Policies and Research, 2017, 18-22.

32
 ; (3) ,
(, ).

,

.
, ,
,
.

3. , 130

3.1. ,

. ,
, , ,

.

-14
-.
,
, ,
.131 ,
,
, ,
.

130 /
(, ,
; ;
), / .
131 2010 27 1/1/493

, II-1.

33
 :

.
.
,
,
,
.132
,
,
,
.133

, 2017
134
,
,

.

, ,
.

/
- . ,
.135 ,

,
,

132 2014 4 2/1/536

, , ,
, , II-
21.
133 , II-25.

134 ,

, -11 , :
http://info.parliament.ge/file/1/BillReviewContent/152668, : 24.08.2017.
135 , 1995, 30- .

34
 .136
,
,
/ .
/
, ,
, /
.

, ,
,
,

.

3.2. ,

.

137 ( ), ,
,
,
138

.139

136 2016 19 2/2/565

, II-36.
137 , 4113-, 2010.

138 , ,

,
, 231/, 2006 25 .
139 ,

, 281/, 2007
25 .

35

140.

: (1) , , (2)
, (3)
.

, ,

, ,
, .
,
,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
, ,
.

,
.141 ,
,

, -3 -3
... , ,
, .

, ,

. , ,

140 , 4346-I, 2015.

141 , 27- 1- .

36
, , ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
, 730 ,

, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,

.

, 183
, - 200
. ,
,
, .
,
,
.

, ,

, 2006
25 231/ , , ,
(231/
-8 ), , -9 -7
, ,

37
 . , -9
, /
/ ,

, ,
/
, , -9 -7
,
, ()
, ,
,
.

,

,
.
, 2007 25
281/ , -6
, . -6

183
, .

, ,

,
. ,

.

,

,
,
, , .... (27-30)

38
 ,
.142

2016 ,
,
,
,
. 143

, ,
,
. ,
,
. . ,

.
, 2011 2016

(
).144

,

(730 ). ,
(183 ,
200 ).145

142 ,
, . 04/83180, 13//2014.
143 , , 2016,

14, 55.
144
,
, . 04/59763, 04//2016.
145 , 27- .

39
 , 14
.
,
,
, 1992 19
92/85/EEC
2018 .146

,
. ,
..
2010/18/EU 147 ,
,
.

,
,
,
,
,

.

, ,
183
,

146 Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the
safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
. , ,
, .. ,
,
, 14 ,
2 .

.
147
Council Directive 2010/18/EU of 8 March 2010 implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave
concluded by BUSINESSEUROPE, UEAPME, CEEP and ETUC and repealing Directive 96/34/EC (Text with EEA
relevance).

40
 200 .148
,
.149
, 1000
.150

, ,
,
. ,
1000 ,
,

.151
,

, ,

.152 ,
(ILO) ,

,
, ,

.153
, , ,

148 , 27- -2 .
149 , ,
,
, 231/, 2006 25 .
150
, ,
,
, 231/, 2006 25 , -4 .
151 Maternity Protection Convention, ILO, 2000 (No. 183), Art. 6(2).

152 Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the

safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding (tenth
individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC), Art. 11;
,
2018 . . ,
XXX.
153 . 2.6.

41


. ,
,
,
; , ,

.

,

,


.

,
,
. ,
, ,

.154 ,
,

.

, ,
,
550 .
90 .155

, ,
, , . ,

154 , 36- -4 .
155 , 28- .

42

. ,
,
, ,
, ,
, ,

.

,
.
, 2011
2016

.156

, -,
2 ,
12 , 5 .
,
.157

,
2017 ,
: (1)
, (2)
. ,

.

156
,
, . 04/59763, 04//2016.
157 , 30- .

43
,

, ,

730 .158
,
, .159
550
90 , ,
,
.160

,
,
, , ,
.

, ,
() ,
( ).
, ,
, ,

,

. , ,
, ,
. ,
,
,

158 , N4346-I, 64- .

159 , 64- -6 .
160 .

44
 ()
.

, ,
.

,
,
, . 2015
,
- -
,

30-
. ,
,

. ,
,
.161

- , ,

, ,
, ,
,
.162
, ,

.163
, ,

161 , 24//2015, 1-3.

162 , 10.
163 , 10-11.

45
 ,
.164

, ,
, ,

.
,
-
-
.165

2016
,

.166

,
, 730
, 183 ,
200
.167 , 550
90 ,
, ,
.

, ,
,
, ,
.
, ,

164 , 11.
165 , 12.
166 #3/436-16, 05//2016.

167 , N4346-I, 64- .

46
 ,

.

,


.

,

(730 183 ,
200
; , 550
90 ) ,
,
,168
.

,
,
,
,

,
.

,
, 1
. 550
, 90 .

168 , 64- .

47
 ,
.169

4.

, ,

;
, ,
,
, ,
,

;
,
.
, ,
;

.

. ..

.

;

. , ,
( ) ,
;

169 .

48

.
;
,
,
;

, ,

. ,

;

, ,
, ;

. ..
,
14 ;

.

;
, ,

, ,
;

,
4
.


;

.

49
 (ILO) ,

.
,
(
, ( , )
.),

, ,

;

,
;

. ,
,

;
, ,
,
, ;

.
,
;

(ILO) ,

/ ,
. ,

: (1) ,
- ()
( (contributory schemes) () ,
( ); (2)

50
 ; (3)
;

( , ,
),
.
, ,
;
, ,
:
,
,
, /
,
.

, :

,
, ,
,
,
, ,
, , ;
,
.
,
, , ,

. , ,
, ,
,
;

51
 ,

, .
,
;
,

, 14
.
,
,
;

,

. ,
, ,

;
,

,
;
,
1000
,
;
,

.
,

;
,
, ,

52
 ,
.

, :

,
,
.
, ,
() , ,
( );

,

. , ,
,
,
. ,
,
,

()
;

, ,
,
, ,

;
,
, ,

;

53

;
,
. ,

,

,
;

,
- .

5.

,
:

,

,
;

,
, . , ,

;


;
,

;
,
, , ,

54
 , ,


;
,


;

.

.

,
,

;
,

;
,
,



;
,


.

55

:

,

;
, ,
,
,
;

,
.

56