Prepared by : LIM PHALKUN

- Inequality

- Functional Equation

-
Number Theory

- Geometry


Tel: 017 768 246
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ii


092


Tel : 017 768 246
Email: lim_phalkun@ymail.com
Website: www.mathtoday.wordpress.com

iii


- a ,b ,c


a + b + c =1

1 1 c 1 1
(1 + )b (1 + ) (1 + )a 1 +
a b c ab + bc + ca

- a ,b ,c

b+c c+a a+b a b c 9

+ + + + +
a b c b+c c+a a+b 2

- a ,b ,c

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) abc +
2

- a ,b ,c

a b c 3
+ +
b 2 + c2 + 2bc c2 + a 2 + 2ca a 2 + b 2 + 2ab 2 2
- a ,b ,c

a3 + b 3 + c3 ab + bc + ca
+3 2 2
3abc a +b +c
2 2

- a ,b ,c

a b c n ab + bc + ca n+3
+ + + n
b+c c+a a+b 2 a2 + b 2 + c2 2

n 2 , n IN

- a ,b ,c > 0

a5 + 2b 5 + 4c5 + 7 4a5 + b 5 + 2c5 + 7 2a5 + 4b 5 + c5 + 7

+ + 21
ab( a + b ) bc( b + c ) ca( c + a )
- ABC a ,b ,c

a 2 sin A + b 2 sin B + c2 sin C 6S ?

( S ABC )

- a ,b ,c

a b c 27 (ab + bc + ca)3
+ + + . 2
b+c c+a a+b 2 (a + b + c) 6

0- a ,b ,c

a b c ab + bc + ca
+ + + 2 4
b + c a c + a b a + b c a + b 2 + c2

- a ,b ,c

a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b)

+ + 3 2
bc(b + c )
2 2
ca(c + a )
2 2
ab(a + b )
2 2

- a ,b ,c

a b c ab + bc + ca 5
+ + +
b+c c+a a+b a2 + b 2 + c2 2

(Spain Mathematical Olympiad 2011)

a ,b ,c


a + b + c =1

1 1 c 1 1
(1 + )b (1 + ) (1 + )a 1 +
a b c ab + bc + ca

1
f (x)= ln(1 + )= ln(x + 1) ln x 0 < x < 1
x
1 1
f=
'(x)
x+1 x
1 1 2x + 1
f ''(x) =
+ = > 0 0 < x < 1
(x + 1) 2
x 2
x (x + 1)
2 2

f (x)

Jensen a ,b ,c > 0

af (c) + bf (a) + cf (b) ab + bc + ca

f( ) a + b + c =1
a+b+c a+b+c

1 1 1 1
a ln(1 + ) + b ln(1 + ) + c ln(1 + ) ln(1 + )
c a b ab + bc + ca
1 1 1 1
ln (1 + )a (1 + )b (1 + )c ln(1 + )
c a b ab + bc + ca

1 1 c 1 1
(1 + )b (1 + ) (1 + )a 1 +
a b c ab + bc + ca

b 1

.dx = b [ ln(x + a)] 0 = ln(1 + )b
1
x+a a
0

Lemma Cauchy-Schwarz

b2 (a + b + c)2

b
=
cyc
x+a cyc
bx + ab (a + b + c)x + ab + bc + ca

b 1
a + b + c =1
cyc
x + a x + ab + bc + ca

1 1

b dx
.dx
cyc
x+a x + ab + bc + ca
0 0

1 1

b b 1
= .dx = dx ln(1 + )b
cyc
x+a cyc 0
x+a cyc
a
0

1 1 1
= ln (1 + )b (1 + )c (1 + )a
a b c
1

dx 1

= ln(1 + )
x + ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
0

1 b 1 c 1a 1
(1 + ) (1 + ) (1 + ) 1 +
a b c ab + bc + ca

a ,b ,c

b+c c+a a+b a b c 9

+ + + + +
a b c b+c c+a a+b 2

1 1 4
AM HM + (x, y > 0)
x y x+y

b+c c+a a+b 1 1 1 1 1 1

+ + = a( + ) + b( + ) + c( + )
a b c b c c a a b
b+c c+a a+b a b c
+ + 4( + + )
a b c b+c c+a a+b
a b c 3

+ +
b+c c+a a+b 2

Lemma Cauchy-Schwarz

a2 (a + b + c)2

a
=
cyc
b+c cyc
a(b + c) 2(ab + bc + ca)

3 (a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 3

a
+
cyc
b+c 2 4(ab + bc + ca) 2

a a b c a
4 = + + +3
cyc
b+c b+c c+a a+b cyc
b+c

a 3 a a b c 9

4 = + + +
cyc
b+c 2 cyc
b+c b+c c+a a+b 2

b+c c+a a+b a b c 9

+ + + + +
a b c b+c c+a a+b 2

a ,b ,c

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) abc +
2

u =(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) , v =abc

u + v = (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) + abc = (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)

u
u + v v+
2
u
u + v v + + 2 uv u 2 2 uv
2

u 2 8uv u 8v

u = (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 2 ab .2 bc.2 ca = 8abc = 8v

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) abc +
2

a ,b ,c

a b c 3
+ +
b 2 + c2 + 2bc c2 + a 2 + 2ca a 2 + b 2 + 2ab 2 2

b 2 + c 2 + 2bc 2(b + c)

( b 2 + c2 + 2bc )2 2(b + c)2

b 2 + c2 + 2 2bc(b 2 + c 2 ) + 2bc 2b 2 + 4bc + 2c 2

2 2bc(b 2 + c 2 ) b 2 + c 2 + 2bc

( b 2 + c2 2bc )2 0 Bti

a 1 a 3

cyc b 2 + c2 + 2bc 2 cyc
b+c 2 2

a 3
(
)
cyc
b+c 2

10


a ,b ,c

a3 + b 3 + c3 ab + bc + ca
+3 2 2
3abc a +b +c
2 2

a3 + b 3 + c3 4 a2 b2 c2

= + +
3abc 3 4bc 4ca 4ab

a2 a2
(b + c) 2
4bc
4bc (b + c) 2

a3 + b 3 + c3 4 a2 b2 c2
+ +
3abc 3 (b + c)2 (c + a)2 (a + b)2

Cauchy-Schwarz

a2 b2 c2 a b c
2
3 + + + +
2 b+c c+a a+b
(b + c) (c + a) (a + b)
2 2

2
a3 + b 3 + c3 4 a b c
+ +
3abc 9 b + c c + a a + b

11


a3 + b 3 + c3 2 a b c
( + + )
3abc 3 b+c c+a a+b

Lemma Cauchy-Schwarz

a2 (a + b + c)2 a2 + b 2 + c2

a
= =
1+
cyc
b + c cyc a(b + c) 2(ab + bc + ca) 2(ab + bc + ca)

a3 + b 3 + c3 2 a2 + b 2 + c2
+
3abc 3 3(ab + bc + ca)

a3 + b 3 + c3 ab + bc + ca 2 a2 + b 2 + c2 ab + bc + ca
+3 2 + + 3
3abc a + b 2 + c2 3 3(ab + bc + ca) a2 + b 2 + c2

a2 + b 2 + c2 ab + bc + ca 4
+3 2
3(ab + bc + ca) a +b +c
2 2 3

a2 + b 2 + c2
= t 3 1
ab + bc + ca

t3 1 4 (t 1)2 (t 2 + t + 3)
+ 0 Bt
i
3 t 3 3t

a3 + b 3 + c3 ab + bc + ca
+3 2 2
3abc a +b +c
2 2

12


a ,b ,c

a b c n ab + bc + ca n+3
+ + + n
b+c c+a a+b 2 a2 + b 2 + c2 2

n 2 , n IN

a b c a2 b2 c2
+ + = + +
b + c c + a a + b ab + ac bc + ab ac + bc

Lemma Cauchy-Schwarz

a b c (a + b + c)2 a2 + b 2 + c2
+ + =
1+
b + c c + a a + b 2(ab + bc + ca) 2(ab + bc + ca)

a2 + b 2 + c2 n ab + bc + ca n+1

+ n
2(ab + bc + ca) 2 a2 + b 2 + c2 2

a2 + b 2 + c2 tn n n + 1
= t n
1 +
ab + bc + ca 2 2t 2
n
t + n + 1
n
t

13


AM GM

1 1 1 1
t n + + + .... + (n + 1)n+1 t n . n = n + 1
t (
(t (( t t
n

n
tn + n + 1
t
a b c n ab + bc + ca n+1 n+ 3
+ + + n 1+ =
b+c c+a a+b 2 a2 + b 2 + c2 2 2

a b c n ab + bc + ca n+3
+ + + n
b+c c+a a+b 2 a2 + b 2 + c2 2

14


a ,b ,c > 0

a5 + 2b 5 + 4c5 + 7 4a5 + b 5 + 2c5 + 7 2a5 + 4b 5 + c5 + 7

+ + 21
ab( a + b ) bc( b + c ) ca( c + a )

a5 + 2b5 + 4c5 + 7 4a5 + b 5 + 2c5 + 7 2a5 + 4b 5 + c5 + 7

T= + + 21
ab( a + b ) bc( b + c ) ca( c + a )

a5 + 2b5 + 4c5 + 7
= ab( a + b )
cyc

- t 5 + 1 2 t 5

a5 + 2b 5 + 4c5 + 7 = (a5 + 1) + 2(b 5 + 1) + 4(c5 + 1)

2 a 5 + 4 b 5 + 8 c5

a 5 + 2 b 5 + 4 c5
T 2 ab( a + b )
cyc

15


x5 + 2y 5 + 4z 5

= x =
a ,y =
b ,z c T 2 x 2y 2 (x + y)
cyc

(x 2 y 2 )(x 3 y 3 ) = x5 + y 5 x 2y 2 (x + y) 0

1 1
x5 + y 5 x 2y 2 (x + y) 2 2 5
x y (x + y) x + y 5

x5 + 2y 5 + 4z 5
T 2 x5 + y 5
cyc

u + 2v + 4w

= u x=
5
, v y=
5
, w z 5 T 2 u+ v
cyc

u + 2v + 4w v + 4w v + 4w

u+ v
= 1+
u+ v
T 6 + 2 u+ v
cyc

T 21

v + 4w 15
u+ v

2

cyc

16


Lemma Cauchy-Schwarz

v + 4w (v + 4w)2 25(u + v + w)2

=
u+ v 2 2
(u + v)(v + 4w) u + v + w 2 + 9(uv + vw + uw)
cyc cyc

v + 4w
25 u 2 + 50 uv
u+ v

cyc cyc

cyc
u2 + 9 uv
cyc cyc

25 u 2 + 50 uv 15

cyc cyc

2
u2 + 9 uv
cyc cyc

50 u 2 + 100 uv 15 uv
u 2 + 135
cyc cyc cyc cyc

u2 uv
cyc cyc

17


(u v)2 0
1

5
cyc

a5 + 2b5 + 4c5 + 7 4a5 + b5 + 2c5 + 7 2a5 + 4b 5 + c5 + 7

+ + 21
ab( a + b ) bc( b + c ) ca( c + a )

18


ABC a ,b ,c

a 2 sin A + b 2 sin B + c 2 sin C 6S ?

( S ABC )

T = a 2 sin A + b 2 sin B + c 2 sin C

a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
a = 2R sin A

b = 2R sin C R
c = 2R sin C

=
T 4R 2 (sin 3 A + sin 3 B + sin 3 C)

sin 3 A + sin 3 B + sin 3 C 3sin A sin B sin C

T 12R 2 sin A sin B sin C

19


a = 2R sin A
abc
S = b = 2R sin C
4R c = 2R sin C

8R 3 sin A sin B sin C

S = 2R 2 sin A sin B sin C
4R

T 6 2R 2 sin A sin B sin C =6S

a 2 sin A + b 2 sin B + c 2 sin C 6S

20


a ,b ,c

a b c 27 (ab + bc + ca)3
+ + + . 2
b+c c+a a+b 2 (a + b + c) 6

a b c a2 b2 c2

+ + = + +
b + c c + a a + b ab + ac bc + ab ac + bc

Lemma Cauchy-Schwarz

a b c (a + b + c)2
+ +
b + c c + a a + b 2(ab + bc + ca)

(a + b + c)2 27 (ab + bc + ca)3

+ 2
2(ab + bc + ca) 2 (a + b + c) 6

(a + b + c)2
t
= 3
ab + bc + ca
t 27 t 4 4t 3 + 27 (t 3)2 (t 2 + 2t + 3)
+ 3 2=
3 3
0
2 2t 2t 2t
a b c 27 (ab + bc + ca)3
+ + + . 2
b+c c+a a+b 2 (a + b + c) 6

21


a ,b ,c

a b c ab + bc + ca
+ + + 2 4
b+ca c+ab a+bc a +b +c
2 2

a b c a

T = + + =
b + c a c + a b a + b c cyc b + c a

b + c a > 0

a ,b ,c c + a b > 0
c + a b > 0

Lemma Cauchy-Schwarz :

a2 (a + b + c)2
T
cyc ab + ac a
2

2(ab + bc + ca) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca

ab + bc + ca 2(ab + bc + ca) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) > 0

(a + b + c)2 (a + b + c)2

2(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c ) ab + bc + ca
2 2 2

22


(a + b + c)2 a2 + b 2 + c2
T =
2+
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca
T + 2 2+ + 2 4
a +b +c
2 2
ab + bc + ca a + b + c2 2

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca
+ 2 2 ( AM-GM)
ab + bc + ca a + b + c2 2

a b c ab + bc + ca
+ + + 2 4
b + c a c + a b a + b c a + b 2 + c2

23


a ,b ,c

a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b)

+ + 3 2
bc(b + c )
2 2
ca(c + a )
2 2
ab(a + b )
2 2

(b + c) = (b + c ) + 2bc 2 2bc(b + c )
2 2 2 2 2

a(b + c) a
2 2.
bc(b 2 + c 2 ) b+c

a(b + c) a
2 2 3 2
cyc bc(b 2 + c 2 ) cyc b+c

a 3
(
)
cyc
b+c 2

a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b)

+ + 3 2
bc(b + c )
2 2
ca(c + a )
2 2
ab(a + b )
2 2

24


(Spain Mathematical Olympiad 2011)

a ,b ,c

a b c ab + bc + ca 5
+ + +
b+c c+a a+b a +b +c
2 2 2
2

Cauchy-Schwarz

a a2 (a + b + c)2 a2 + b 2 + c2

cyc b + c

=
cyc a(b + c)

2(ab + bc + ca)
=
1+
2(ab + bc + ca)

AM-GM

a2 + b 2 + c2 ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
+ + 3
ab + bc + ca a2 + b 2 + c2 a2 + b 2 + c2

a2 + b 2 + c2 ab + bc + ca 3
+
2(ab + bc + ca) a2 + b 2 + c2 2

a ab + bc + ca 3 5
+ 1 + =
cyc b+c a +b +c
2 2 2
2 2

a b c ab + bc + ca 5
+ + +
b+c c+a a+b a +b +c
2 2 2
2

25


- x , y , z x + y + z =1

x y z 9
+ +
x + 1 y + 1 z + 1 10
2 2 2

- a ,b ,c > 0 ab + bc + ca =
1

1 1 1 1
+ + 2
a+b b+c c+a a+b+c

- a ,b ,c > 0 a + b + c =1

a b 3c
+ +
a+b 2
b+c 2
c+a 2 2

- a ,b ,c > 0

a2 b 2 c2 a2 + b2 b 2 + c2 c2 + a2
+ + + +
b c a 2 2 2

- a ,b ,c > 0

a b c 2 1 1 1
+ + (ab + bc + ca) + + 2
b+c c+a a+b 3 (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
2 2

26


- a ,b ,c > 0

a b c 3
+ +
5a + 2b + c a + 5b + 2c 2a + b + 5c 8

- x , y , z > 0

x(y + z)2 y(z + x)2 z(x + y)2 4

+ + 3xyz(x + y + z)
3x + 2y + 2z 2x + 3y + 2z 2x + 2y + 3z 7

- x , y , z > 0 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 =
1

x+y y+z z+x 9

(x + y + z)( + + )
1 + xy 1 + yz 1 + zx 2

- a ,b ,c > 0

a b c a+b+c 1 1 1
+ + + ( )( + + ) 3 2
b+c c+a a+b 2 a b c

- a ,b ,c > 0 abc = x 3

a b c 3x
+ +
1 + a + bc 1 + b + ca 1 + c + ab 1 + x + x 2

27


- x , y , z > 0

x y z 4xyz
+ + + 2
y + z z + x x + y (x + y)(y + z)(z + x)

- a ,b ,c > 0

a(b + c)2 b(c + a)2 c(a + b)2

+ + 4(a + b + c)
b b c +c
4 2 2 4
c c a +a
4 2 2 4
a a b +b
4 2 2 4

- a ,b ,c > 0 abc = 1

2 2 2
a b c 3
+ +
1 + ab 1 + bc 1 + ca
4

(Spain Mathematical Olympiad 2009)

-


a ,b ,c

a + b + 3c a + 3b + c 3a + b + c 15
+ +
3a + 3b + 2c 3a + 2b + 3c 2a + 3b + 3c 8

(Spain Mathematical Olympiad 2010)

28


- f (x)

x+1 2 4
f( ) =1 + + 2 x 0
x x x

- f : IR IR

x 2f (x) + f (1 x) = 2x x4 x IR

- f (x) g(x)

f (3x 1) + g(6x 1) = 3x

f (x + 1) + x.g(2x + 3) = 2x + x
2

x IR

- f : IR IR

f (x + y) =x + f (y) x , y IR

29


- f : IR IR

4xy x, y IR
f (x + y) f (x y) =

- f : IR IR

= f (xy) + x + y x, y IR
f (x)f (y)

- f : Q + Q +

y f (y)
f (x + ) = f (x) + + 2y x, y Q +
x f (x)

- f : IR IR

f (xf (y) + x) = xy + f (x) x y

- f

f (x) x f (x + y) f (x) + f (y) x, y

f (x) = x x

30


- Q +

f : Q + Q +

f (x + 1)= f (x) + 1 f (x 3 ) = f 3 (x) x Q +

- f : IR IR

f (f (x + y)) = f (x + y) + f (x)f (y) xy x, y IR

- f : IR IR

y + x f (x) x , y IR
f (x 2 + f (y)) =

31


f (x)

x+1 2 4
f( ) =1 + + 2 x 0
x x x

f (x)

x+1 2 4
f ( ) =1 + + 2 (1)
x x x
x+1 1
t = x =
(1)
x t 1

f (t) =1 + 2(t 1) + 4(t 1)2 =4t 2 6t + 3

f (x) = 4x 2 6x + 3

32


f : IR IR

x 2f (x) + f (1 x) = 2x x4 x IR

f (x)

x 2f (x) + f (1 x) = 2x x 4 (1)

x 1 x (1)

(1 x)2 f (1 x) + f (x) = 2(1 x) (1 x)4 (2)

(1) f (1 x) = 2x x 4 x 2f (x) (3)

(3) (2)

(1 x)2 (2x x 4 ) x 2 (1 x)2 f (x) + f (x) = 2(1 x) (1 x)4

f (x)= 1 x 2

33


f (x) g(x)

f (3x 1) + g(6x 1) = 3x

f (x + 1) + x.g(2x + 3) = 2x + x
2

f (x) g(x)

f (3x 1) + g(6x 1) = 3x (1)

f (x + 1) + x.g(2x + 3) = 2x + x (2)
2

t+1
- 3x 1 =t x= (1)
3

f (t) + g(2t + 1) =t + 1 (3)

- x + 1 =t x= t 1 (2)

f (t) + (t 1)g(2t + 1) = 2t 2 3t + 1 (4)

- (4) (3)

(t 2)g(2t + 1) = 2t 2 4t = 2t(t 2)

34


g(2t + 1) =
2t t 2

g(x)= x 1

(3) f (t) = t + 1 g(2t + 1) = t + 1 2t = t + 1

f (x) = x + 1

- x = 1 (1) (2)

3 f (2) =
f (2) + g(5) = a , g(5) =
3 a (a IR)

f (x) = x + 1 , g(x) =x 1

f (2) = 3 a (a IR)
a , g(5) =

35


f : IR IR

f (x + y) =x + f (y) x , y IR

f (x + y) =x + f (y) (1)

= , y v (1) f (u + v) =u + f (v) (2)

x u=

= =
x v, y u (1) f (v + u) =v + f (u) (3)

(2) (3) u + f (v) =+

v f (u)

f (u) u= f (v) v f (x) x

f (x) x =c f (x)= x + c

f (x)= x + c c

36


f : IR IR

4xy x, y IR
f (x + y) f (x y) =

f (x + y) f (x y) =
4xy (1)

u+ v uv
x + y =u x y = x
v= = ,y
2 2

(1) f (u) f (v) =u2 v2

f (u) u 2 = f (v) v 2

f (x) x 2 x IR

f (x) x 2 =
c f (x)
= x2 + c

= x 2 + c c
f (x)

37


f : IR IR

= f (xy) + x + y x, y IR
f (x)f (y)

f (x)f (y)
= f (xy) + x + y (1)

x= y= 0 (1) f 2 (0) = f (0)

f (0) = 0 f (0) = 1

y = 0 (1) f (x).f =
(0) f (0) + x

- f (0) = 0 f (x) 0 =x (

- f (0) = 1 f (x)= 1 + x

- f (x)= x + 1 (1) : (x + 1)(y + 1)= (xy + 1) + x + y Bti

f (x)= x + 1

38


f : Q + Q +

y f (y)
f (x + ) = f (x) + + 2y x, y Q +
x f (x)

y f (y)
f (x + ) = f (x) + + 2y (*)
x f (x)

(x, y) = {(1,1),(1, 2),(2, 2)}

(*)

f (2)
= f (1) + 3

f (2)
f (3) =f (1) + +4
f (1)
f= (3) f (2) + 5

= f (1) 1=
, f (2) 4=
, f (3) 9

f (n) = n 2 n IN

f (n + 1) = (n + 1)2

39


x= y= n
(*) f (n + 1)
= f (n) + 1 + 2n

f (n) = n 2 f (n + 1) = n 2 + 1 + 2n = (n + 1)2

f (x)= x x Q
2 +

-= , y m m,n IN (*)
x n=

m f (m) m2
f (n + ) =f (n) + + 2m =n + 2 + 2m (1)
2

n f (n) n

m
-
= x = , y m m,n IN (*)
n
m m f (m) m m2
f ( + n) = f ( ) + + 2m = f ( ) + + 2m (2)
n n m n m
f( ) f( )
n n

(1) (2)

m m2 m2 m m2 n2
f( ) + =+
n 2
2
[f ( ) 2 ][1 ]=
0(**)
n m n n n m
f( ) f( )
n n

40


p
Q + p IN q IN
q

q2
- 1 0 (**) = ,n q
m p=
p
f( )
q
2
p p 2
p
f( =) =
q q 2 q

f (x)= x 2 , x Q +

q2 f (2q) 4q 2 q2
- 1 0
= = =1
p 2p p p
f( ) f( ) f( ) f( )
q 2q q q

(**)
= =
m 2p ,n 2q
2
p 2p (2p)2 p
=
f ( ) f=
( ) =
q 2q (2q)2 q

f (x)= x 2 , x Q +

41


f : IR IR

f (xf (y) + x) = xy + f (x) x y

f :

f (xf (y) + x) = xy + f (x) (*)

- x =1 , y =1 f (1) (*)

f (f ( 1 f ( 1)) + 1) =1 f (1) + f (1) =1

a = f ( 1 f ( 1)) + 1 f (a) = 1

- y = a (*)

f (xf (a) + x) = ax + f (x) f (a) = 1

f ( x + x) = ax + f (x) f (x) =ax + b b = f (0)

42


f (x) =ax + b
(*)

a 2 xy abx ax + b = xy ax + b

a2 = 1 a = 1

b=0 b=0

f (x) = x f (x) = x

43


f (x) x f (x + y) f (x) + f (y) x, y

f (x) = x x

f (x) = x

-
= =
x 0, y 0 f (0) 0 f (0 + 0) f (0) + f (0)

f (0) 0 f (0) = 0

- y = x f (x x) f (x) + f ( x) f (x) + f ( x) 0

f (x) x f (x) + f ( x) x x =0

0 f (x) =f ( x) x IR
f (x) + f ( x) =

f ( x) x x f ( x) =f (x) f (x) x

f (x) = x x

44


Q +

f : Q + Q +
f (x + 1)= f (x) + 1

f (x 3 ) = f 3 (x) x Q +

f :

f (x + 1)= f (x) + 1 f (x + n)= f (x) + n

n IN

p p
Q + p,q IN
t = f( )
q q

p
x= + q 2 f (x 3 ) = f 3 (x)
q
3 3
p p p
f[( + q 2 )3 ] = f ( + q 2 ) = f ( ) + q 2
q q q
= (t + q 2 )3 =t 3 + 3t 2q 2 + 3tq 4 + q 6 (1)

45


p p3
f[( + q ) ] = f ( 3 + 3p 2 + 3pq 3 + q 6 )
2 3

q q
p3
= f ( 3 ) + 3p 2 + 3pq 3 + q 6
q
3 p
= f ( ) + 3p 2 + 3pq 3 + q 6
q
=t 3 + 3p 2 + 3pq 3 + q 6 (2)

(1) (2)

3t 2q 2 + 3tq 4 =3p 2 + 3pq 3

t 2q 2 + tq 4 =p 2 + pq 3
(t 2q 2 p 2 ) + (tq 4 pq 3 ) =
0
(tq p)(tq + p) + q 3 (tq p) =
0
(tq p)(tq + p + q 3 ) =0

p p + q3
t = t= t Q +
q q

p p
t =
t = f ( )
q q

f (x)= x , x Q +

46


f : IR IR

f (f (x + y)) = f (x + y) + f (x)f (y) xy x, y IR

f :

f (f (x + y)) = f (x + y) + f (x)f (y) xy (1)

- y = 0 (1) f (f (x))= (1 + f (0))f (x) (2)

- x x + y (2)

f (f (x + y)) =(1 + f (0))f (x + y) (3)

(1) (3)

(1 + f (0))f (x + y) = f (x + y) + f (x)f (y) xy

f (0)f (x =
+ y) f (x)f (y) xy (4)

- y = 1 (4) f (0)f (x =
+ 1) f (x)f (1) x (5)

47


- y = 1 (4) f (0)f (x =
1) f (x)f ( 1) + x

f (0)f (x)= f (x + 1)f ( 1) + x + 1 (6)

f (0)f (x + 1) f (x)f (1) = x

(5) (6)
f ( 1)f (x + 1) f (0)f (x) = x 1

f (x + 1)

[f 2 (0) f (1)f ( 1)]f (x)

= [f (0) f ( 1)]x + f (0) (7)

0 x = 0 (7) f (0) = 0
f 2 (0) f (1)f ( 1) =

(4) f (x)f (y) = xy f (x)f (1) = x x IR

x = 1 f ( 1)f (1) =
1

f 2 (0) f (1)f ( 1) = 1 0

0
f 2 (0) f (1)f ( 1) =

f 2 (0) f ( 1)f (1)

(7) f (x)
= ax + b

48


f (0) f ( 1) f (0)
a = b =
f 2 (0) f ( 1)f (1) f 2 (0) f ( 1)f (1)

f (x)
= ax + b (1)

f (a(x + y) + b) = a(x + y) + b + (ax + b)(ay + b) xy

a[a(x + y) + b] + b = a(x + y) + b + (ax + b)(ay + b) xy
a 2 x + a 2 y + ab + b = ax + ay + b + a 2 xy + abx + aby + b 2 xy
a 2 x + a 2 y + ab = (a 2 1)xy + (a + ab)x + (a + ab)y + b 2

a 2 1 =0
2
a = a + ab
= a 1=
,b 0
ab = b 2

f (x) = x x IR

49


f : IR IR

y + x f (x) x , y IR
f (x 2 + f (y)) =

f :

f (x 2 + f (y)) =
y + x f (x) (*)

x = 0 f (f (y)) = y (1) y IR

y x 2 + f (y) (1)

f (f (x 2 + f (y))) =+
x 2 f (y) (2)

(*) (2) f (y + xf (x)) =

x 2 + f (y) (3)

x f (x) (3)

f (y + f (x)f (f (x))) =
f 2 (x) + f (y)
f (y + xf (x)) =f 2 (x) + f (y) (4) ( eRBaH f (f (x)) =x )

(3) (4) f 2 (x) = x 2 (5)

50


y f (y) (*)

f (x 2 + f (f (y))) =
f (y) + xf (x)
f (x 2 + y)= f (y) + xf (x)

( ) = ( f (y) + xf (x) )
2 2
f (x 2 + y)
(x 2 + y)2 = f 2 (y) + 2xf (x)f (y) + x 2f 2 (x)
x4 + 2x 2 y + y 2 = y 2 + 2xf (x)f (y) + x4
2x 2 y = 2xf (x)f (y)

f (x)f (y) = x y (6)

(5) f (x) = x f (x) = x

- f (x) = x (6)
f (y) = y y IR

f (x) = x x IR

- f (x) = x (6) f (y) = y y IR

f (x) = x f (x) = x x IR

51


- f : IR IR

= xf (x) y f (y) x, y IR
f (x + y)f (f (x) y)

- f (x) x 0;1

1
f (x) + f ( )=
x
1 x

- f (x + y) + f (x y) =
f (x)cos y

f (x + y)= f (x) + f (y) + xy(x + y)

- f : IN IN
f (n + 1) > f[f (n)]

f (n) = n n

f (x + y)= f (x) + f (y) + f (x)f (y)

52


-
x , y IR :

(x y)f (x)f (y)

xf (y) + y f (x) =+

- f : IN IN f (n) + f (f (n)) =
6n n IN

f (n)

- f : Q + Q +

f (x + 1)= f (x) + 1 f (x 2 ) = f 2 (x) x Q +

x f (x) + f (1 x) = x 3 x x IR

f (x.f (x) + f (y)) = f 2 (x) + y x, y IR

- f : Q + Q +

f (x)
f (x f (y)) = x, y Q +
y

53


f (x 2 + f (y)) =
y + f 2 (x) (IMO 1992)

f (x f (y)) = f (f (y)) + xf (y) + xf (y) + f (x) 1 x, y IR

(IMO 1999)

(f (x) + f (y))(f (u) + f (v)) = f (xu yv) + f (xv + yu)

(IMO 2002)

- f : IR IR

f (x f (x + y)
= ) f (y f (x)) + x 2 x, y IR

(IMO 2009 Shortlist)

- f : IR + IR +

f (xf (y)) = y f (x) x, y IR + x : f (x) 0

(IMO 1993)

54


- f : IR IR

f (x + f (y)) = f (x + y) + f (y) x, y IR

- f : IR IR

f (xf (y) + f (x)) = 2f (x) + xy x, y IR

- f : IR IR

f ( f (x) + y)= f (x 2 y) + 4y f (x) x, y IR

- f : IR IR

f (x 3 + y 3 ) =(x + y)[f 2 (x) f (x)f (y) + f 2 (y)] x, y IR

f (1996x) = 1996f (x) x IR

- f : IR [0, + )

f (x 2 + y 2 ) = f (x 2 y 2 ) + f (2xy) x, y IR

- f f (1) = 1

n > 1 : f (1) + f (2) + ... + f (n) =n 2f (n) f (2002)

55


-(APMO 2011) a ,b ,c

a 2
+ b + c ,b 2
+ c + a ,c 2
+ a + b

-(Etvs Competition 1899)

2903 803 464 + 261

n n n n

1897 n

-(IMO 1986) d 2, 5 13

a ,b

{ 2,5,13,d } ab 1

56


-(IMO 1998)

(x , y) x 2 y + x + y

xy 2 + y + 7

-(IMO 2003)

( a , b )

a2

2ab b + 1
2 3

-(IMO 1961)

m , n 3

am + a 1
a n
a +a 12

-(IMO 1997)

a b a 2 + b 2

a + b q r

(a , b ) q + r =1977
2

57


-(IMO 1960)

N 11
N
11

N ?

-(IMO 1978)

m n 1 m < n

m + n

1978m 1978n

-(IMO 1962)

n 6

58


-(IMO 1967)

m + k + 1
k ,m,n

c= s(s + 1)
n + 1 s

(cm +1 ck )(cm + 2 ck )(cm + 3 ck )...(cm + n ck )

c1 .c 2 .c 3 ...cn

-(IMO 2005)

a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 , ... an = 2n + 3n + 6n 1

59


-(IMO Shortlist 2003)

x1 , x 2 , x 3 ,...., xk x13 + x 2 3 + ..... + xk 3 =

20022002

-(IMO 1976)

(un )

5
u=
0 2 , u=
1 ,un +=
1 un (un 12 2) u1 n = 1, 2,...
2
2n ( 1)n
n un = 2 3

( x x )
-(IMO 2010)

f : IR IR

f ( x y ) = f (x) f (y) x , y IR

( a a )

60


-(IMO 1984)

a ,b

(i) : ab(a + b) 7

(ii) : (a + b)7 a 7 b 7 77

-(Russia 2001)

a
b

a b(a + b ) 2
+ + 2
a a b b

| a b | > ?
3
a

- n 2 + 2 28n 2 + 1

2 + 2 28n 2 + 1

61


- n 3n + n 3

7 3n n 3 + 1 7

-(IMO 1959)

21n + 4

14n + 3

62


SOLUTION

Tel: (017) 768 246

www.mathtoday.wordpress.com

63


(APMO 2011)

a ,b ,c

a 2 + b + c ,b 2 + c + a ,c 2 + a + b

a 2 + b + c ,b 2 + c + a ,c 2 + a + b

a 2 + b + c (a + 1)2

a ,b ,c b 2 + c + a (b + 1)2
c 2 + a + b (c + 1)2

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2a + 2b + 2c (a + 1)2 + (b + 1)2 + (c + 1)2

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2a + 2b + 2c a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2a + 2b + 2c + 3

0 3

a 2 + b + c ,b 2 + c + a ,c 2 + a + b

64


(Etvs Competition 1899)

2903n 803n 464n + 261n

1897 n

1897= 7 271 GCD(7 , 271) = 1

2903n 803n =
(2903 803)q1 =
7 300q1

464n 261n =
(464 261)q 2 =
7 29q 2

2903n 8032 464n + 261=

n
7(300q1 29q 2 )

7 | 2903n 803n 464n + 261n

2903n 464n =(2903 464)q 3 =271 9q 3

803n 261n =(803 261)q 4 =271 2q 4

271 | 2903n 803n 464n + 261n

2903n 803n 464n + 261n 1897

65


(IMO 1986)

d 2, 5 13

a ,b

{ 2,5,13,d } ab 1

a ,b { 2,5,13,d }

ab 1 {9, 25, 64 , 2d 1, 5d 1, 13d 1 }

a ,b ab 1

2d 1 , 5d 1, 13d 1

2d 1 , 5d 1, 13d 1 a ,b ,c

2d=
1 a 2 , 5d= 1 c2
1 b 2 , 13d=

2d 1 =a 2 a

=
a 2x + 1 x IN

66


(2x + 1)2 + 1
d= = 2x(x + 1) + 1
2

d 1 (mod 4)

d= 2x(x + 1) + 1

5d 1 =b 2 13d 1 =c 2 b c

= =
b 2y , c 2z

(13d 1) (5d 1) = c 2 b 2 = 4(z 2 y 2 )

1 2

= d (z y 2 ) z y
2
d 0 (mod 4) d 1

d
2d 1 , 5d 1, 13d 1

a ,b { 2,5,13,d }

ab 1

67


(IMO 1998)

(x , y) x 2 y + x + y

xy 2 + y + 7

(x , y)

a= x 2 y + x + y b= xy 2 + y + 7

a b ay bx b

ay bx = y(x 2 y + x + y) x(xy 2 + y + 7) = y 2 7x

x 1 xy 2 y 2

y 2 7x xy 2 7x < xy 2 + y + 7 =
b

y 2 7x b y 2 7x 0

.

y 7x =
2
0 y 2 = 7x

y x = 7k 2
y = 7k

68


.
y 2 7x < 0 7x y 2 > 0

7x y < 7x
2

7x y
2

b= xy 2 + y + 7

7x > 7x y 2 xy 2 + y + 7

y 2 < 7 y = 1 y = 2

- y = 1 7x y 2 = 7x 1
b= x + 8

7x 1= 7(x + 8) 57 b= x + 8

b 57

b = x + 8 > 8 b = 19 b = 57

x = 11 x = 49

= =
x 11 x 49
,y 1 = = ,y 1

69


- y = 2 7x y 2 = 7x 4
=
b 4x + 9

GCD(4x + 9;4) =
1 7x 4 4x + 9

4(7x 4) 4x + 9

4(7x 4)= 7(4x + 9) 79

79 4(7x 4)
35
4x + 9 4x + 9 =79 x =
2

y = 2

(x, y) { (11, 1 ), (49, 1 ) , (7k 2 ,7k) } ,k =

1, 2,...

70


(IMO 2003)

( a , b )

a2

2ab b + 1
2 3

( a , b )

a2
=k k IN
2ab 2 b 3 + 1

a 2 2kb 2a + k(b 3 1) =
0 (1)

= 4k 2b 4 4k(b 3 1)

= (2kb 2 b)2 + 4k b 2

(1) IN

= (2kb 2 b)2 + 4k =
b2 d2

71


- 4k b =
2
0 k=
b2
4

b b3 b b

=
a 2b k = 2
a=
2 2 2

a , b

=
b 2p , p IN

(2p)2
a= 2(2p) p= 8p 4 p
2

4
2p

=
a = p
2

(a , =
b) ( 8p 4 p , 2p ) ; ( p , 2p ) , p IN

- 4k b 2 > 0

(2b 2k b)2 + 4k b 2 = d 2 (2b 2k b + 1)2 , k IN

4k(b 2 1) + (b 1)2 0 b = 1

(1) a 2 2k a =
0 a = 2k

( a , b ) = ( 2k , 1 ) k IN

72


- 4k b 2
<0

(2b 2k b)2 + 4k b 2 = d 2 < (2b 2k b 1)2

(2b 2k b)2 + 4k b 2 (2b 2k b 1)2 < 0

b 2 (4k 3) + 2b(b 1) + (4k 1) < 0 (

IN )

(a,b) ( 2k , 1 ) ; ( k , 2k ) ; (8k 4 k , 2k )

k IN

73


(IMO 1961)

m , n 3

am + a 1
a n
a +a 12

( m , n )

am + a 1

a n
+ a 2
1
a +a 1
n 2

am + a 1
m>n

m=
n + k , k IN

am + a 1= an + k + a 1
= ak (an + a 2 1) + (1 a)(ak +1 + ak 1)

an + a 2 1 am + a 1

n= k + 1 k=2

(m , n ) = ( 5 , 3 )

74


(IMO 1997)

a b a 2 + b 2

a + b q r

(a , b ) q + r =1977
2

(a , b )

a + b =(a + b)q + r (*)

2 2

0 r a + b 1

r a + b 1 q + r q + a + b 1
2 2

q + a + b 1 1977
2

q + a + b 1978 (**)
2

r 0 a + b = (a + b)q + r (a + b)q
2 2

(a + b)2
a + b
2 2
2

75


(a + b)2
(a + b)q a + b 2q
2

(**) q + 2q 1978
2

(q + 1) 1979 = 44 + 43
2 2

q + 1 45 q 44

q q + r= 1977= 44 + 43
2 2 2

q 44

q = 44
r = 1977 44 = 41
2

(*) a + b = 44(a + b) + 41
2 2

(a 22) + (b 22) =
2 2
1009

u= | a 22 | v= | b 22 | u , v IN

u 2 + v 2 =
1009

{0,1,4,9,5,6 }

76


4 5

5 4 0 9 9 0

u 2 + v 2 = 1009 = 312 + 48 0 u 31

u v 2u 2 u 2 + v 2 =
1009

1009 41
u 2 =222 + u 23
2 2

23 u 31

u 2 { 0 , 4 , 5 ,9}

u {30, 28, 25, 23, 27 }

u 2 + v 2 =
1009
= v2 1009 u 2

- u = 30 v= 1009 900= 109

- u = 28 v= 1009 784= 15

77


- u = 25 v = 1009 6225 = 384

- u = 23 v= 1009 529= 480

- u = 27 v= 1009 729= 280

u 2 + v 2 =
1009 (a ,b )

(b ,a)

= =
u 28 u 15
, v 15 = = , v 28

| a 22 |=
-
= u =
28 , v 15
28
| b 22 |=
15

= a 50
= 37=
a 50,b = ,b 7

| a 22 |=
-=u =
15 , v 28
15
| b 22 |=
28

= =
a 37 a 7=
,b 50 = , b 50

(a,b) = {(50, 37);(37,50);(7,50);(50,7)}

78


(IMO 1960)

N 11
N
11

N ?

N = abc = 100a + 10b + c (1)

N
= a 2 + b 2 + c 2 N= 11(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) (2)
11

(1) =
N 11(9a + b) + a b + c

N 11 a b + c 11

1 a 9 0 b 9 , 0 c 9

8 a b + c 18 a b + c =0

79


ab+c=11

- ab+c=0 b= a + c

N
= 11(9a + b)
= 11(a + b + c )2 2 2

9a + a + c = a + (a + c) + c
2 2 2

2a 2 + 2(c 5)a + 2c 2 c =0 (E1 )

(E1 ) '1 = (c 5)2 2(2c 2 c)

'1 =3c 2 8c + 25

(E1 ) '1 0 '1

'1 < 0 c 2
= c 0=
,c 1

'1 c = 0

(E1 ) 2a 2 10a =
0
a = 5 b = a + c = 5 + 0 = 5

= a 5=
, b 5=
,c 0
N = 550

80


- ab+c=11 b = (a + c) 11

=
N 11(9a + b +=
1) 11(a + b + c ) 2 2 2

9a + a + c 11 + 1 = a 2 + (a + c 11)2 + c 2

2a 2 + 2(c 32)a + 2c 2 23c + 131 =

0 (E2 )

(E2 )

'2 = (c 32)2 2(2c2 23c + 131)

=
3c 2 + 14c 6

(E2 ) '2 0 '1

'2 < 0 c 5 c = {1, 2 , 3,4}

'2 c = 3

(E1 ) 2a 2 26a + 80 =
0

= ;a 8
a 5=

81


-
= a 5=
,c 3

b =a + c 11 =8 11 =3 < 0

-
= a , c 3 b = 8 + 3 11 = 0
8=

= a 8=
, b 0=
,c 3 N = 803

82


(IMO 1978)

m n 1 m < n

m + n

1978m 1978n

?

m+n

1978m 1978n


=d 1978n 1978m 1000

nm
d 1978 (1978
= 1) 1 m < n
m

1000= 8 125 = 989 2

1978

d 1978m (1978nm 1) 1000

1978m 8 1978nm 1 125

1978
= m
989m 2m 8 m 3

83


1 m < n n > m 3

1978 =15 125 + 103 =125q1 + 103 q1 = 15

1978 = (125q1 + 103) = 125q 2 + 103

2 2 2

1032 =84 125 + 109

19782 = (q 2 + 84) 125 + 109

=
1978 2
125q 3 + 109 q 3 = (q 2 + 4) IN

=
19784 (125q 3 + 109)2

= 125q 4 + 1092
= 125(q 4 + 95) + 6
= 125q 5 + 6 ; q 5 = (q 4 + 95) IN

p IN

19784p= (125q 5 + 6)p= 125q 6 + 6p

p
6 =(1 + 5) = C(p,k).5
p p k

k =0

84


25p(p 1) p
=1 + 5p + + 125 C(p,k)5k 3
2 k =3

25p(p 1)
1978
= 4p
125q 7 + 1 + 5p +
2

( )
p
k 3
q=
7 q6 + C(o,k)5
k =3

5p(5p 3)
19784p =
1 125q 7 +
2
nm

1978 1 125

5p(5p 3)
nm
= 4p ,p IN 125
2
5p(5p 3)

125 p
2
25 =
p 25k , k IN

n m =
4p n m =
100k m 3

m + n = (n m) + 2m 100k + 6 k IN

m + n 106 k = 1

85


(IMO 1962)

n 6

n k + 1

= =
n ak ak 1 ....a1 6 10.N + 6 N = ak ak 1 ....a 2a1

p = 6 10k + N
6ak ak 1 ....a1 =

p= 4 n

6 10 +=
N 4(10.N + 6)
k

86


10k 4
N= 2
13

k

10 4
k

105 4
13 k = 5
N=
2 =
15384
13

n= 10N + 6= 153846

87


(IMO 1967)

m + k + 1
k ,m,n

c= s(s + 1)
n + 1 s

(cm +1 ck )(cm + 2 ck )(cm + 3 ck )...(cm + n ck )

c1 .c 2 .c 3 ...cn

(cm +1 ck )(cm + 2 ck )(cm + 3 ck )...(cm + n ck )

c1 .c 2 .c 3 ...cn

n n
Pn
= (c
i =1
m+i ck ) Qn = ( ci )
i =1

c x c y = (x y)(x + y + 1)

88


n
=
Pn (m + i k)(m + i + k + 1)
i =1

n n

=i 1=i 1
= (m + i k) (m + i + k + 1)
(m + n k)! (m + n + k + 1)!

= Pn
(m k)! (m + k + 1)!
n

Qn = [ i(i + 1)]=
i =1
n!(n + 1)!

Pn (m + n k)!(m + n + k + 1)!
=
Qn n!(n + 1)!(m k)!(m + k + 1)!

(m + n k)!
Cnm + n k =
n!(m k)!

(m + n + k + 1)!
Cnm++1n + k +1 =
(n + 1)!(m + k)!

Pn 1
= .Cnm + n k .Cnm++1n + k +1
Qn m + k + 1
n
Cm + n k

89


1 (m + n + k + 1)!

Cnm++1n + k +1 =
m+k +1 (n + 1)!(m + k)!(m + k + 1)

(m + n + k + 1) !
=
(n + 1) (m
! + k + 1)

m + k + 1 n + 1

(n + 1)!
(m + n + k + 1)!
(n + k + 1)!

Gauss Cnm++1n + k +1 m + k + 1

(cm +1 ck )(cm + 2 ck )(cm + 3 ck )...(cm + n ck )

c1 .c 2 .c 3 ...cn

90


(IMO 2005)

a1 ,a 2 ,a 3 , ... an = 2n + 3n + 6n 1

p an

p = 2 p = 3

a 2 = 22 + 32 + 62 1 = 48

p 5 Fermat

2p 1 1 (mod p)
3p 1 1 (mod p)
6p 1 1 (mod p)

91


3.2p 1 + 2.3p 1 + 6p 1 3 + 2 + 1 6 0 (mod 6)

6(2p 2 + 3p 2 + 6p 2 1) 0 (mod p )

6ap 2 p

p 6 ap 2 p

92


(IMO Shortlist 2003)

x1 , x 2 , x 3 ,...., xk x13 + x 2 3 + ..... + xk 3 =

20022002

k k = 4

20022002

2002 4 (mod 9) 2002 43 1 (mod 9)

= 20022002 (20023 )67 .2004 4 (mod 9 )

x 3 0, 1 (mod 9) x

x13 + x 2 3 + x 3 3
9 4
2 0 0
2 0 0 2

93


20022002

2002= 1000 + 1000 + 1 + 1= 103 + 103 + 1 + 1

2002
= 2002
20022001 2002

= (2002667 )3 (103 + 103 + 1 + 1)

= (2002667.10)3 + (2002667.10)3 + (2002667 )3 + (2002667 )3

k = 4

94


(IMO 1976)

(un )

5
u=
0 2 , u=
1 ,un +=
1 un (un 12 2) u1 n = 1, 2,...
2
2n ( 1)n
n un = 2 3

( x x )

2n ( 1)n
un = 2 3

u 2 ,u 3 ,u 4 , u 5

1 5 1
u0 =
2= 2 0 + 0 , u1 = =21 + 1
2 2 2
5 1 1
u2 = =
21 + 1 , u 3 =
23 + 3
2 2 2
1 1
u4 =
2 + 5 ,
5
u5 =
2 + 11
11

2 2

95


1
un u
= n 2Vn +
2Vn

(Vn ) (Vn ) : 0 ,1,1, 3 , 5 ,11, .....

(w n ) w=
n Vn + Vn +1 n 0

(Wn ) : 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 ,16 , .... (Wn )

W0 = 1 q = 2

Wn = 2n Vn +1 + Vn =
2n

( 1)n +1

( 1)n +1 Vn +1 ( 1)n Vn = ( 1)n +1 2n

n 1 n 1
( 1) k +1
Vk +1 ( 1) V=
k

k (1) k +1
2k
k 0=k 0

( 1)n 2n 1
( 1) Vn V0 =
n

( 1)n 2n 1 2n ( 1)n
V0 = 0=
Vn =
( 1)n .3 3

96


2n ( 1)n
2 (31)
n n

=
un 2 3
+2

2n ( 1)n (mod 3 ) 3 | 2n ( 1)n

2n ( 1)n

2 3
<1

2n ( 1)n
un = 2 3

97


(IMO 2010)

f : IR IR

f ( x y ) = f (x) f (y) x , y IR

( a a )

f : IR IR

x , y IR

x = 0 y = 0 f (0) = f (0) f (0)

f (0) ( 1 f (0) )=
0 f (0) = 0 f (0) = 1

- f (0) = 1

y = 0
(*) f (0) = f (x) f (0)

f (x) = f (0) f (x)

f (x) = c
(*) c = c c

98


c 0=
= , c 1

f (x) = 0 f (x) = c

c [1, 2 ) ( c = 1 )
- f (0) = 0

x= y= 1
(*) f (1) = f (1) f (1)

f (1) = 0 f (1) = 1

.
f (1) = 0 x = 1
(*)

f (y) = f (1) f (y) = 0 y IR

.
f (1) = 1 y = 1

f ( x ) = f (x) (**)

1 1

= x 2=
,y (*) f (1) = f (2) f ( )
2 2

99


1
(**) f (= (0) 0
) f=
2
f (1) = 0 f (1) = 1

f (x) = 0 , x IR

f (x)= c , x IR 1 c < 2

100


(IMO 1984)

a ,b

(i) : ab(a + b) 7

(ii) : (a + b)7 a 7 b 7 77

a ,b

(a + b)7 a 7 b=
7
7ab(a + b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )2

(i) : ab(a + b) 7

(ii) : (a + b) a b 7
7 7 7 7

a 2 + ab + b 2 7 3

(a + b)2 > a 2 + ab + b 2 7 3 a + b 19

101


= , b 18
a 1=

a 2 + ab + b 2 = 12 + 1 18 + 182 = 343 = 7 3

= , b 18
a 1=

GCD(a ,n) = 1 a (n) 1 ( mod n )

a 3 b 3 = (a b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )

a + ab + b 7
2 2 3

a 3 b 3 (mod 7 3 ) a b 7

(7 3 ) =7 3 7 2 =6 7 2 =3 98

c 7

(c98 )3 1 (mod 7 3 )

a 1 (mod 7 ) a = c
3 3 98

102


- c = 2 298 18 (mod 7 3 )

( )
298
3
183 1 (mod 7 3 )

= =
a 18 , b 1

- c = 3 398 324 (mod 7 3 )

(3 )
3
98
3243 1 (mod 7 3 )

=
a 324
= , b 1

103


(Russia 2001)

a
b

a b(a + b ) 2
+ + 2
a a b b

| a b | > ?
3
a

| a b | > 3
ab

=GCD(a,b)

(u , v) a = u b = v

ab(a + b) uv(u + v)
=
a + ab + b
2 2
u + uv + v
2 2

GCD(u 2 + uv =
+ v 2 ,u) GCD(v
= 2
,u) 1

GCD(u + uv +
2
= =
v 2 , v) GCD(u 2
, v) 1

GCD(u 2 + uv + v 2 ,u
= + v) GCD(v 2 ,u
= + v) 1

104


uv(u + v)
u 2
+ uv + v 2
|
u 2 + uv + v 2

u 2 + uv + v 2

(u , v)

| u v | 1 | a b | =3 | u v | 3. 3 3

u 2 + uv + v 2 | a b |3 2 (u 2 + uv + v 2 ) > 2uv

ab = 2uv | a b |3 > ab

| a b | > 3 ab

105


n 2 + 2 28n 2 + 1

2 + 2 28n 2 + 1

2 + 2 28n 2 + 1

2 + 2 28n 2 + 1 m IN

28n 2 + 1 =m2 m 2 28n 2 =

1 Pell

= =
m 127 , n 24

127 2 28 242 =
1

k 1

m 2 28n 2= 127 2 28 242= (127 28 242 )k

(m 2 7n)(m + 2 7n) =(127 48 7 )k (127 + 48 7 )k

106


m 2 7n =(127 48 7 )k

m + 2 7n =(127 + 48 7 )
k

(127 48 7 )k + (127 + 48 7 )k
m=
2
(127 + 48 7 )k (127 48 7 )k
n=
4 7

2 + 2 28n 2 + 1 = 2 + 2m

2 + 2 28n 2 + 1 =
2 + (127 + 48 7 )k + (127 48 7 )k

127 48 7 =
(8 3 7 )2

(8 + 3 7 )(8 3 7 ) =
1

2 + (1 +4 7 )k + 2(1 84 [
7 )k =72(8 + 38 7 )k + (87 3 7 )k ] 2

2 + 2 28n 2 + 1 = [(8 + 3 7 )k + (8 3 7 )k ]2

(8 + 3 7 )k + (8 3 7 )k

107


n 3n + n 3

7 3 n + 1 7
n 3

- 3 n
+ n 3 7 n 7

Euler n 6 1 (mod 7 )

3n + n 3 7 n 3 (3n + n 3 )

n 3 (3n + n=
3
) (n 3 3n + 1) + (n 6 1)

n 6 1 (mod 7 ) n 3 3n + 1

108


- n 3 3 n
+ 1 7 n 7

Euler n 6 1 (mod 7 )

n 3 3n + 1 7 n 3 (n 3 3n + 1) 7

n 3 (n 3 3n + 1) = (n 6 1)3n + n 3 + 3n

n 6 1 (mod 7 ) n 3 + 3n 7

3n + n 3 7 3n n 3 + 1

109


(IMO 1959)

21n + 4

14n + 3

21n += 4 (14n + 3) 1 + (7n + 1)

14n + 3= (7n + 1) 2 + 1
7n + 1= (7n + 1) 1 + 0

GCD(21n + 4,14n + 3) =
1

21n + 4 14n + 3

21n + 4

14n + 3

110


- x y

x3 + x2 + x = y 2 + y

(Croatia Team Selection Tests 2011)

- (an )

a=
1 1 ; a=
n n(a1 + a 2 + ... + an 1 ) , n > 1

/ n , an n!

/ n

an n!

(Albania National Olympiad 2011)

- (a , b)

3a 2b 2 + 1
=

(Brazil National Olympiad 2010)

111


- (a , b)

3a + 7b

(Canada National Olympiad 2009)

45 56
- 3 +4

102009

(Costa Rica Final Round 2009)

n 1
- n
2 n+1

(Georgia Team Selection Tests 2005)

x 3y 2 (2y x)= x 2y 4 36

(Greece National Olympiad 2011)

112


- n > 1 n 2

(n 2)!

(India National Olympiad 2010)

- a b a > b

1 GCD(a + b,ab 1) =
GCD(a b,ab + 1) = 1

(a b)2 + (ab + 1)2

(Iran National Math Olympiad (Second Round) 2010)

0- (a,n,p,q,r)

an 1= (ap 1)(aq 1)(ar 1)

(Japan Mathematical Olympiad Finals 2011)

7x 25 10
- x IN

83

(Korea National Olympiad 1993)

113


x 3 + 7x 2 + 35x + 27 =
y3

(Kyrgyzstan National Olympiad 2010)

- m ,n m + n + 1

2(m 2 + n 2 ) 1

m = n (Switzerland Final Round 2010)

- m ,n

(a,b)

1
a + b |ama + bnb ; gcd(a,b) =

(China National Olympiad 2011)

- x , y , z

13xy45z 792

(Croatia National Olympiad 2005)

114


- ABC =
BC a=
, AC b=
, AB c

P I ABC

a.PA 2 + b.PB 2 + c.PC2 = (a + b + c).PI 2 + abc

- ABC =
BC a= , AB c
, AC b=

P

a.PA 2 + b.PB 2 + c.PC2

115


- ABC D E

BC AD AE

ABC B C

2
BE AB
= ?
CD AC

- ABC I

A , B , C
1 AI.BI.CI 8
A' , B' , C' <
4 AA'.BB'.CC' 27

- I ABC

ABC [BC],[CA],[AB]

K , L , M B

(MK) (LM) (LK) R S

RIS

116


- I O

ABC

OIA =
90o AB ,BC,CA

- ABC a ,b ,c S

DEF ABC

8S 2
DE + EF + FD
abc

- I O ABC

A A AB , AC BC

K , M N

P KM

ABC O , I , N

117


- ABC D, E , F

[BC] [CA],[AB]

[EF]
P [AD]

AB AC AD
DC + DB = BC
AF AE AP

- I O

ABC

AIO 90o 2BC AB + AC

- ABCD BDC =
90o

D (ABC)

ABC

(AB + BC + CA)2 6(AD2 + BD2 + CD2 )

118


- ABC D

E F D AE

BE AF
CF E F

D M N BC

EF

AN
NM

119


ABC =
BC a= , AB c
, AC b=

P I ABC

a.PA 2 + b.PB 2 + c.PC2 = (a + b + c).PI 2 + abc

B D C

120


a+b+c
p = ABC
2

D AI BC AD

A ABC

S=
ABC S ABD + S ADC

1 1 A 1 A
=
bcsin A c.ADsin + b.ADsin
2 2 2 2 2
2bc A
AD = .cos
b+c 2

b 2 + c2 a2
cos A =
2bc

A 1 + cos A 2bc + b 2 + c 2 a 2

= cos 2
=
2 2 4bc

(b + c)2 a 2 (b + c + a)(b + c a)
= =
4bc 4bc
2p(2p 2a) p(p a)
= =
4bc bc

121


4b 2c2 p(p a) 4bcp(p a)

AD =
2
= .
(b + c) 2 bc (b + c) 2

AD A ABC

BD DC BD + DC BC
= = =
AB AC AB + AC AB + AC
ac ab

= BD = , DC
b+c b+c

BI B ABD

AI ID AI ID AI ID AI + ID AD
= = = = =
AB BD c ac b + c a b + c + a 2p
b+c
AI b + c ID a

= = ,
AD 2p AD 2p

a(b + c) abc p a
AI.ID
= = .AD 2
.
4p 2 b+c p

Stewart

- PD
PBC

122


BC.(PD2 + BD.DC) = BD.PC2 + DC.PB 2

a 2bc ac ab
a(PD + 2
)= .PC2 + .PB 2
(b + c) 2 b+c b+c

a 2bc
(b + c).PD = b.PB + c.PC
2 2
(1) 2
b+c

- PI
PAD

AD.(PI 2 + AI.ID) = AI.PD2 + ID.PA 2

AI ID
PI 2 = .PD2 + .PA 2 AI.ID
AD AD
b+c a abc p a
PI 2 = .PD2 + .PA 2 .
2P 2P b+c p

2abc(p a)
2p.PI 2 =
(b + c).PD2 + a.PA 2
b+c
abc(b + c a)
2p.PI 2 =
(b + c).PD2 + a.PA 2 (2)
b+c

(1) (2)

a.PA 2 + b.PB 2 + c.PC2 = (a + b + c).PI 2 + abc

123


(Korea National Olympiad 1993)

ABC =
BC a= , AB c
, AC b=

P

a.PA 2 + b.PB 2 + c.PC2

I ABC

EULER P

a.PA 2 + b.PB 2 + c.PC2 = (a + b + c).PI 2 + abc

PI 2 0 a.PA 2 + b.PB 2 + c.PC2 abc

a.PA + b.PB + c.PC

2 2 2

P I

P
ABC

a.PA 2 + b.PB 2 + c.PC2 abc

124


(Spain Mathematical Olympiad 1998)

ABC D E BC

AD AE

ABC B C

2
BE AB
= ?
CD AC

D B E C

125


ABC B C

SBC =
BAC

AE / /SB SBC =
AEB (

SBC =
BAC =
AEB

ABE (
ABC = ) AEB CAB

BE AB AB 2
= BE = (1)
AB BC BC

AC2
CD = (2)
BC

AB 2
2
BE AB
(1) (2) = =BC
CD AC2 AC
BC
2
BE AB
=
CD AC

126


( IMO 1991 )

ABC I

A , B , C

A' , B' , C'

1 AI.BI.CI 8
<
4 AA'.BB'.CC' 27

1 AI.BI.CI 8
<
4 AA'.BB'.CC' 27

C' B'
I

B A' I' H C

127


= BC a= , AB c r
, AC b=

S T ABC IBC

1 1

S= AH.BC T = II '.BC
2 2
T I I'
= (i)
S AH

AA'H I A'I ' A' AH =

A'I I'

( )

II ' IA' AA' AI AI

= = = 1 (ii)
AH AA' AA' AA'
T AI
(i) (ii) = 1
S AA'
1 a+b+c
T = a .r =
S p=
r .r
2 2
1
ar AI
2 = 1
a+b+c AA'
.r
2

128


AI a b+c
=
1 = (1)
AA' a+b+c a+b+c
BI c+a CI a+b
= (2) = (3)
BB' a + b + c CC' a + b + c

(1) , (2) (3)

AI.BI.CI (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

= (4)
AA'.BB'.CC' (a + b + c) 3

AM GM

(a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a) 3 3 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
2(a + b + c) 3 3 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
3
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 2 8
=
(a + b + c)3 3 27

AI.BI.CI 8
(*)
AA'.BB'.CC' 27
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 1
>
(a + b + c) 3 4

4(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) > (a + b + c)3

129


(a + b + c)3 = a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

4(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) > a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) a 3 b 3 c 3 > 0

(a + b c)(a + c b)(b + c a) + 4abc > 0

a + b > c

a , b , c a + c > b
b + c > a

(a + b c)(a + c b)(b + c a) + 4abc > 0

AI.BI.CI 1
> (**)
AA'.BB'.CC' 4
1 AI.BI.CI 8
(*) (**) <
4 AA'.BB'.CC' 27
1 AI.BI.CI 8
<
4 AA'.BB'.CC' 27

130


( IMO 1998 )

I ABC

ABC [BC],[CA],[AB]

K , L , M B

(MK) (LM) (LK) R S

RIS

A
RIS
L
M
R I

B K C

131


A
AML =
BMR =
90o
2
C
CKL =
BKS =
90o
2
B
BKM =
BMK =
90o
2
B
LMK =
MRS =
90 o

2

BRM BSK

o A A
RB sin(90 ) cos

= = 2 2
BM sin(90o C ) cos C
2 2
C A
SB cos cos
= 2 BK = 2

BK cos A SB cos C
2 2
RB BK
= BM.BK = RB.SB
BM SB

BM = BK BM 2 = RB.SB (1)

132


(RS) / /(MK)
(IB) (KM) (IB) (RS)

RIB SIB

IR
= 2
RB 2 + IB 2 (2)

=
IS 2
SB 2 + IB 2 (3)

RIS

R 2
=I 2
+ I SR2 2IS .I . cR SR o (4)

(1),(2),(3) (4)

RB 2 + SB 2 + 2IB 2 (RB + SB)2

cos RIS =
2IR.IS

2IB 2 2RB.SB IB 2 BM 2
= =
2IR.IS IR.IS

BIM IB
= 2
IM 2 + BM 2

IM 2
cos RIS= > 0 RIS
IR.IS

133


I O

ABC

OIA =
90o AB ,BC,CA

90o AB ,BC,CA
OIA =

O
A H C

134


a+b+c

= BC a=
, AC b=
, AB c p =
2

r R ABC

H I [AC]

IH = r AH= p a

- OIA =
90o OA
= 2
OI 2 + IA 2

OI
= 2
R(R 2r)

AHI : =
IA 2 AH 2 + IH 2

R 2 = R(R 2r) = r 2 + (p a)2

2rR = r 2 + (p a)2

abc
S = pr = p(p a)(p b)(p c) =
4R
abc (p a)(p b)(p c)
2rR = r 2 =
2p p

abc (p a)(p b)(p c)

= + (p a)2
2p p

135


abc = 2(p a)(p b)(p c) + 2p(p a)2

abc = 2(p a)[(p b)(p c) + p(p a)]
abc = (2p 2a)(p 2 pb pc + bc + p 2 pa)
abc= (2p 2a)[2p 2 p(a + b + c) + bc]
abc = (b + c a)(2p 2 2p 2 + bc)
= bc(b + c a)
abc
a= b+ca

2a= b + c c ,a ,b

- c ,a ,b 2a= b + c

OIA

OA 2 = OI 2 + IA 2 2OI.IA cos OIA

OI 2 + IA 2 OA 2
cos OIA =
2OI.IA

R(R 2r) + r 2 + (p a)2 R 2

=
2OI.IA
r 2 2rR + (p a)2
=
2OI.IA

136


a + b + c 3a
b + c = p
2a = =
2 2
3a 3a 3a
( a)( b)( c) a(3a 2b)(3a 2c)
r2 =2 2 2
3a 12a
2

9a 2 6(b + c)a + 4bc 4bc 3a 2

=
12 12
abc bc

= =
R 2rR =
3a
2( ) 3
2

4bc 3a 2 bc 3a
+ ( a)2
cos OIA
= 12= 3 2 0
2OI.IA

OIA =
90o

OIA =
90o AB ,BC,CA

137


ABC a ,b ,c S

DEF ABC

8S 2
DE + EF + FD
abc

8S 2
DE + EF + FD
abc

B D C

0 < x < a

= BD x= , AF z 0 < y < b
, CE y=
0 < z < c

138


DC =
a x , AE =
b y , BF =
cz

BDF

D 2
= x 2 + (cF z )2 2x(c z ) c B

cos B = cos( (A + C)) = cos(A + C)

DF 2 = x 2 + (c z)2 + 2x(c z)cos(A + C)

= [xcos A + (c z)cos C]2 + [xsin A (c z)sin C]2

DF | xcos A + (c z)cosC |

DE
= | y cos B + (a x)cos A |

EF
= | z cos C + (b y)cos B |

DE + EF + FD | acos A + b cos B + ccosC | (1)

T = acos A + b cos B + ccos C

139


= R sin 2A + R sin 2B + R sin 2C

= R(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)
= 4R sin A sin B sin C
abc abc abc 8S 2
= 4R. = 3
= 2
=
8R 2R abc 2 abc
2( )
4S

8S 2
DE + EF + FD
abc

140


I O ABC

A A AB , AC BC

K , M N

P KM

ABC O , I , N

O , I , N

I
B O
C
N M

K
P Q

141


Q PM (ABC)

KP
= PM
= x PQ = y

KB= p c MC= p b

K M (ABC)

KP.KQ = KA.KB MP.MQ = MC.MA

x(x + y) = p(p c) x(x y) = p(p b)

2x=
2
p(2p b a)
= pa

1
x2 = pa MK
= 2
=
4x 2
2pa
2

AKM

MK 2 = MA 2 + KA 2 2MA.KA cos A

MA = p MK 2 = 2pa
= KA

A A
2pa =
2p 2 2p 2 cos A =
4p 2 sin 2 a = 2p sin 2
2 2

142


A (p b)(p c)
sin =
2 bc
2p(p b)(p c)
a = abc = 2p(p b)(p c) (1)
bc

D I BC
N'

(OI) [BC] E

BC

N' = N N'C= NC= p b

BD= p b ED = EN' E

[DN']

N'DI N'EO DN'I

DI DN' 2DE
= = = 2 DI = 2.EO
EO EN' EN'
BOC
BAC = = EOC
2

143


OE
EOC cos EOC = cos A =
OC

OE = OC.cos A DI = 2.OC cos A

DI = r OC = R ( ABC )
r
r = 2R cos A cos A =
2R
abc
ABC =
S = pr
4R
b 2 + c2 a2
cos A =
2bc
S
b 2 + c2 a2 p 2S 2
= =
2bc abc abcp
2S

4S=
2
ap(b 2 + c 2 a 2 ) S = p(p a)(p b)(p c)

4p(p a)(p b)(p =

c) ap(b 2 + c 2 a 2 )

4(p a)(p b)(p c)= a(b 2 + c 2 a 2 )

144


b 2 + c 2 a 2 = (b c)2 a 2 + 2bc

= 2bc + (b c + a)(b c a)
= 2bc 4(p b)(p c)

4(p a)(p b)(p c) = 2abc 4a(p b)(p c)

abc =2(p a)(p b)(p c) + 2a(p b)(p c)

abc = 2p(p b)(p c) (2)

(1) (2) N' = N

O , I , N

145


(Indonesia National Science Olympiad 2009)

A BC D,E,F

[BC] [C ]A
, [ A ]B P [ AD]

[EF]

A BA CA
D + D =
C B
B
A FA EA

AB AC AD
DC + DB = BC
AF AE AP
A

E
P
F I

D
B C
J

146


(BI) / /(EF) (CJ) / /(EF) I , J (AD)

ID DB
IBD JCD =
JD DC
ID JD ID + JD IJ DB.IJ
= = = ID =
DB DC DB + DC BC BC
IJ.DC
JD =
BC
DB.IJ
AI = AD ID = AD
BC
AI.DC AD.DC DB.IJ.DC
= (1)
AP AP AP.BC

IJ.DC
AJ
= AD + JD JD
= AD +
BC
AJ.DB AD.DB DB.IJ.DC
= + (2)
AP AP AP.BC

(1) & (2)

AI.DC AJ.DB AD.DC + AD.DB AD.BC

+= = (3)
AP AP AP AP

DC + DB =
BC

147


AB AI
ABI AFP = (4)
AF AP

A P E AJC AC = AJ (5)
AE AP
( 4) & 5

(3)

AB AC AD
DC + DB = BC
AF AE AP

148


(Hong Kong National Olympiad 1999)

I O

ABC

AIO 90o 2BC AB + AC

AIO 90o 2BC AB + AC

O
C A
H

149


a ,b ,c r , R

ABC AIO 90o

OI 2 + IA 2 OA 2 (1) , H I [CA]

a+b+c
IH= r , AH= p a p =
2

AIH IA 2 =(p a)2 + r 2

Euler OI=
2
R 2 2rR
OA = R

(1) (p a)2 + r 2 + R 2 2rR R 2

(p a)2 + r 2 2rR
(p a)(p b)(p c) abc
(p a)2 + 2 .R
p 4Rp
2p(p a)2 + 2(p a)(p b)(p c) abc
2(p a)[p 2 ap + p 2 (b + c)p + bc] abc
(b + c a)bc abc
b + c 2a
AIO 90o 2BC AB + AC

150


(IMO 1970)

ABCD BDC =
90o

D (ABC)
ABC

(AB + BC + CA)2 6(AD2 + BD2 + CD2 )

E
H F
B

151


[CE] [BF] ABC

H

(CED) (ABC) (AB) (CE) (CE)

(CED) (ABC)

(AB) (CDE)
(DE) (CDE)

(AB) (DE) BED E

BD
= 2
DE2 + EB 2 (1)

BDC =
90o BDC D

BC
= 2
BD2 + CD2 (2)

(1) (2) BC2 = DE2 + EB 2 + CD2

BC
= 2
CE2 + EB 2

CE2 + EB 2 = DE2 + EB 2 + CD2 CE

= 2
DE2 + CD2

CED D

152


(CD) (ED) (CD) (BD) (CD) (ABD)

(AD) (ABD) (CD) (AD) CDA

(AD) (BD) ADB

AB
= 2
AD2 + BD2

BC=2
BD2 + CD2

=
CA
2
AD2 + CD2

AB 2 + BC2 + CA 2= 2(AD2 + BD2 + CD2 ) (3)

Cauchy Schwarz

(AB + BC + CA)2 3(AB 2 + BC2 + CA 2 ) (4)

(AB + BC + CA)2 6(AD2 + BD2 + CD2 )

AB
= BC
= CA

ABC

153


ABC D

E F D AE

BE
AF
CF E F D

M N BC EF

AN NM

A
Q F

P
E
B D M C

154


(w1 ) (w 2 )
AB AC

E (w1 ) AE BE
F (w 2 )
AF CF

P Q (AN) (w1 )

(w 2 )

N (w1 ) NE.ND = NQ.NA (1)

N EF

(w 2 ) NF.ND = NP.NA (2)

(1) & (2) NQ.NA = NP.NA NQ = NP

MB = MC MN / /PC

AP PC

AN NM

155


( IMO 1981)

P ABC
D, E , F

P BC,CA , AB

BC CA AB
P

+ +
PD PE PF

E
c F b
z
P y

B D C
a

156


= BC a= , AB c
, AC b=

= PD x= , PF z P
, PE y=

BC,CA , AB

ABC

1
S= S PBC + S PCA + S PAB= (ax + by + cz)
2

ax + by + cz =
2S Cauchy-Schwarz
a b c
(a + b + c)2 (ax + by + cz)( + + )
x y z

BC CA AB a b c (a + b + c)2
+ + = + +
PD PE PF x y z 2S

ax by cz
= =
a b c
x y z

BC CA AB
x= y= z + +
PD PE PF

157


P ABC
D, E , F

P BC,CA , AB

PA + PB + PC 2(PD + PE + PF)

PA + PB + PC 2(PD + PE + PF)

E
F
P

B D C

158


PDC + PEC =180o PDCE

PC

PDE

DE2 = PD2 + PE2 2PD.PE.cos DPE DPE = 180o C

DE2 = PD2 + PE2 + 2PD.PE.cos C

= PD2 + PE2 + 2PD.PE.cos(180o (A + B))
= PD2 + PE2 2PD.PEcos(A + B)
= (PDsin B + PEsin A)2 + (PDcos B PEcos A)2

cos(A
= + B) cos A cos B sin A sin B

(PDcos B PEcos A)2 0 DE PDsin B + PEsin A

CDE PC

DE sin B sin A
PC = PD. + PE. (1)
sin C sin C sin C
sin B sin C
PA PF. + PE. (2)
sin A sin A

159


sin A sin C
PB PF. + PD. (3)
sin B sin B

(1),(2) (3)
sin C sin B sin C sin A sin B sin A
PA + PB + PC PD( + ) + PE( + ) + PF( + )
sin B sin C sin A sin C sin A sin B
AM GM

sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B sin C

+ 2, + 2, + 2
sin B sin A sin A sin C sin C sin B

PA + PB + PC 2(PD + PE + PF)

160


ABC P

ABC PAB , PBC

PCA 30o

R
S
P

B Q C
PAB = , PBC = , PCA =

Q , R ,S P BC,CA, AB

PS PQ PR

= sin =
, sin =,sin
PA PB PC

161


, , 30o , ,

1 1 1
150o sin > , sin > ,sin >
2 2 2
PS 1 PQ 1 PR 1
> , > , >
PA 2 PB 2 PC 2

PA + PB + PC < 2(PQ + PR + PS)

PA + PB + PC 2(PQ + PR + PS)

(Erdos-Mordell :
)

PAB , PBC PCA

30o

162


- ABC
BC,CA , AB

D, E , F

2 2 2
BC CA AB
+ + 12
EF FD DE

- ABC AD, BE ,CF

2 2 2
EF FD DE 3
+
+

BC CA AB 4

- P ABC
D, E , F

AP ,BP ,CP BC,CA , AB

AD BE CF 9
+ +
AP BP CP 2

- A1 ,B1 ,C1

BC,CA , AB
1 AA1 + BB1 + CC1 3
ABC < <
2 AB + BC + CA 2

163


- ABC a ,b ,c S

T ABC

2 3S 2
T 2
a + b 2 + c2 + 4 3S

- ABC XYZ

AX / / BC , BY / /CA , CZ / /AB

a ,b ,c ABC x, y, z XYZ

x+y+z x y z
1 + + 3
a+b+c a b c

- ABC A AH = h

r 1
2 1 <
h 2
?

164


- P ABC

D, E , F AP ,BP ,CP

BC,CA, AB

AP BP CP AP BP CP
+ + 6 . . 8
PD PE PF PD PE PF

- ABC

cos 2 A + cos 2 B cos 2 B + cos 2 C cos 2 C + cos 2 A r

+ + 1+
cos A + cos B cos B + cos C cos C + cos A R

- ABC A M , N , P

BC,CA, AB

4 3
MN + MP BC
9

- ABC O R

R1 , R 2 , R 3 OAB,OBC,OCA

1 1 1 3+ 2 3
+ +
R1 R 2 R 3 R

165


-(APMO, 1996) a,b,c

a+bc + b+ca + c+ab a + b + c

-(IMO, 1964) a,b,c

a 2 (b + c a) + b 2 (c + a b) + c 2 (a + b c) 3abc

-(IMO, 1983) a,b,c

a 2b(a b) + b 2c(b c) + c 2a(c a) 0

- ABC A

n 2 ABn + ACn BCn

- ha ,hb ,hc ABC

r
I

. 1 1
= +
1
+
r ha hb hc
1

.
ha + hb + hc 9r

166


-(Korea, 1995) ABC

L ,M , N

BC,CA , AB P ,Q R

AL ,BM CN

ABC

AL BM CN
+ + 9
LP MQ NR

-(Shortlist IMO, 1997) ABCDEF

= AB BC,CD
= DE EF = FA

B CD E
F A3
B + +
ED F C2
A

- AD,BE ,CF ABC

PQ , PR, PS P BC,CA, AB

AD BE CF
+ + 9
PQ PR PS

167


- P ABC

= =
PA = PC
,m PB,n

(m + mn + n )( + m + n) a 2 + b 2m + c2n

a ,b ,c ABC

-(APMO, 1997) ABC

A BC X
AX
ABC Y La =
AY

Lb Lc

La Lb Lc
2
+ 2
+ 2
3 ?
sin A sin B sin C

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