Designation: D 3039/D 3039M - 07 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials’ “This sandr nse une he ed denigntion D203 3020M he ntmberinmeisy following the designation nia he ‘Teagproval, superscript epsilon (e) indicates an eral charge sine the last revision cr reapproval Ti i ov i ey RE ts ria Dif 1. Seope 1.1 This test method determines the in-plane tensile prop: ceties of polymer mairix composite materials reinforced by high-moduins fibers. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforeed compos- ites in which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to he regarded separately as standard, Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in ‘exch system sre not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may resule in nonconformanee with the standard, 13 This standard does not purport w address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. Tt is the responsibility of the user of this standart to establish appro: priate sajety and health practices and detennine the applica: bility of regulators limitations prior 10 use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standants: > 1D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela. tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics 1D 2584 Tes! Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins 12734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas ties D317! Tesi Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials 13878 Terminology for Composite Materials Compose Matias and she diet rexponsblty of Suxomvmlgee D304 ot (Curent aion apposed Dee. 15, 2007. Published January 2008. Origa spypovel i 1971 Le previous ean app i 2006 wD 3020 O00. or sferencsd ASTM standards, vi the ASTM webs, wowing, contct ASTM Customer Service at srvielastacrg Fo nl Hook of 1818 ‘Stands volun information refs the sandals Document Summary pase ot 5220/1 $220M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma- trix Composite Materials E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test- ing E8} Practice for Verification and Classification of Exien- someter Systems E11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, ihe Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process 192 Test Method for Poisson's Ratio at Room Tempera E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Prevision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics. of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics E 1012 Practice for Verification of Test Frame and Speci: men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Fore Application E1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages 3. Terminology 3.1 Defintions —Teminology D 3878 defines terms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminolo; D883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology F.6 defines. terms relating. (0 mechanical testing, Temninology E456 and Practice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D 387% shall have precedence over the other standards 32 Definitions of Terms Specite 10 This Siandard ‘Noie—Ii the wim represents a physical quantity its analy cal dimensions are stated immediately following the term (or letter symbol) in fundamental dimension form, using the following ASTM standard symbology for fundamental dimen: sions, shown within square brackets: (MI for mass, [1 for length, (71 for time, (@] for thermodynamic temperature, and [nnd] for nondimensional quantities. Use of these symbols is, ony © AST nbrratore,10 Bar Har Or, PO Box CON, Wet Conehakan PA 028260, Une Satsly p 3039/0 3039M - 07 restricted to analytical dimensions when used with square brackets, asthe symbols may have other definitions when used without the brackess 32.1 nominal value, n—a valve, existing in meme only, assigned to a measurable propery forthe purpose of conve nient designation, Tolerances may be applied 10 nominal value to define an acceptable range for the property. 32.2 transition region na strain region of sees or sirain-strain canve over which « significant change in the slope of the curve occurs within small stain range 3.2.3 transition strain, 6" [nd], n—the sirain value at the mid range of the transition region between the two cescentially linear portions of a bilinear stress-crain or strain sirtin curve 3.23.1 Discussion—Many filamentary composite materils show essentially bilinear behavior during force application such as scen in plois of either Tongitedinal stress. yersis longitudinal rain or transverse sain versus long longitainal sirun, There ae varying physical reasons forthe existence of 2 transition region. Common examples include: matrix rack: ing under tensile force application and ply delamination 3.3 Symbols: ‘A—minimum cross-sectional area of a coupen 28,—percent bending for a uniaxial coupon of rectangular cress section about axis of the specimen (about the naroxs dircetion. B.—percent bending for a uniaxial coupon of rectangular cress section about 2 axis of the specimen (about the wide slrection) CY—coetici ariati for a given propery (in percent ‘E—modslus of elasticity in the test dircetion. F"—altimate tensile strength inthe test diection ultimate shear strength in the test direction, coupon thickness. {L,—extensomeier28ge length me 1 required bonded tab fe n-mamber of coupons per sample poptlation P—force cari by test coupon. P>—force catied by test coupon at failure. P= —maximam force caried by fest coupon before fale. Sp-y-standard deviation statistic of a sample population for 1 phen property w-eoupon With xi-—test result for an individual coupon fiom the sample population for a given property f—aean or average (estimate of mean) of @ Simple pops lation fora given propery, extensional displacement general symbol for strain, whether strain ‘indicated normal strain from strain ansducer oF exten someter. ‘anormal stress Poisson's ratio tic of a sample population il sain or shear 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 A thin flat steip of material having a constant rectangular cross section is mounted in the grips of a mechanical testing machine and monotonically loaded in tension while recording the force. ‘The ultimate strength of the material can be determined from the maximum force carried before failure. IF the coupon strain is monitored with strain or displacement ‘ansducers then the stress-strain response of the material can bbe devermined, frm which the ultimate tensile strain, consile modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, and transition strain ean be derived. 5. Significance and Use 5.1 This test method is designed to produce vensile property data for material specifications, research and development, ‘quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should therefore be reported include the following: matenal, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement Properties, in the west direction, which may be ebvained from this test method include the following: S.L1 Ukimate tensile strength, 5.1.2 Ulimate tensile strain, 5.13 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity, 5.14 Poisson's ratio, and 5.1.5 ‘Transition strain. 6. Interferences 6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and damage induced by Improper coupon machining are known ‘causes of high material data seatter in composites. 62 Gripping—A high percentage of grip-induced failures, especially when combined with high material deta scatter, isan indicator of specimen gripping problems. Specimen gripping methods are discussed further in 7.24, 8.2, and 11.5. 63 Sysiem Alignment—Excessive bending will cause pre~ manne failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus. of elasticity determination. Every effort should be made w el ute excess bending from the test system, Beading may occur 4484 resull of misaligned grips or from specimens themselves if improperly installed in the grips or out-of-tolerance caused by poor specimen preparation, If there is any doubt as to the alignment inherent in a given test machine, then the alignment should be checked as discussed in 72. 64 Edge Effects in Angle Ply Laminies—Premature failure and lower stfinesses are observed as a result of edge softening in laminates containing off-axis plies. Because of this, the strength and modulus for angle ply laminates can be drastically underestimated, For quasi-isotropic laminates containing sig- nificant 0 plies, the effect is not as significant 7. Apparatus 7.1 Micromeiers—A micrometer with a 4- to S-mm (0.16 10 0.20-in} nominal diameter double-ball interface shall be used to measure the thickness of the specimen. A micrometer with a lat anvil interface shall be used to measure the width of the specimen. The accuracy of the instruments shall be suitable{lpr 0 3039 3030M - 07 for reading to within 1 % of the sample wieth and thickness. For ypical specimen geometries, an instrument with an aceu- racy of +25 jim [0.0001 in is adequate for thickness measurement, while an instrament with an accuracy of =25 um [0.001 in.] is adequate for width measurement. 72 Testing Machine—The testing machine shall be in conformance with Practices F.4 and shall satisfy the following requirements: 7.21 Testing Machine Heads—the testing machine. shall have both an essentially stationary head and a movable head. 7.22 Drive Mechanism—The testing machine drive mecha- nism shall be capable of imparting 0 the movable head a controlled velocity with respect 10 the stationary head. The Yelocity of the movable head shall be capable of being regulated as specified in 11.3, 7.23 Force Indicaror—The testing machine force-sensing device shall be capable of indicating the toxal foree being carried by the test specimen. This device shall be essentially free from inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the force with an accuracy over the force range(s) of interest of within +1 % of the indicated value. The force range(s) of interest may be fainly low for modulus evaluation, much higher for strength evaluation, or both, as required. Nowe 1—Obaining pression force data over fang range of mterestin the same test. such as when fo elise males and ukimate force are sing determined, place extreme requirements on the oad exll and is ‘aliraton. For some equipment, & special calibation may De requ For some combinations of material and load eel, simultaneous preivon measurement of bath claste modulas and ume suength may no. be tossble and measurement of moduhs and steagth may have 10 be Perfonnod in separte tests using a dierent lad cll range fr cach ost 7.2.4 Grips—Bach head of the testing machine shall carry ‘one grip for holding the test specimen so that the direction of forve applied to the specimen is coincident with the longicud ral axis of the specimen. The grips shall apply sufficient lateral pressure to prevent slippaze between the grip face and the ‘coupon. If tabs are used the grips should be long enough that they overhang the beveled portion of the tab by approximately, 10 o 15 mm (05 inJ. Itis highly desirable to use grips rotationally self-aligning to minimize bending stresses in the ‘coupon Nonk 2—Grip surtaces that are Tighly serrated. approvimately 1 serraon/nm [25 semationvin., have teen found saisfactory for ase in wedge-scion grips when kept clean and shar: course serations me) Produse gripinduced failures in anuabhod coupons. Smooth gripping Surlaces hae been use suevessully wih ether hydraulic gaps OF an emery clth interface. ve bath 7.25 System Alignment-—Poor system alignment can be a ‘major contributor to premature failure, to elastic property data scatter, or both, Practice E1012 describes bending evaluation, uidelines and describes potential sources of misalignment, during tensile testing. In addition to Practice E1012, the degree of bending in a tensile system can also be evaluated using the following retated procedure. Specimen tending is, considered separately in 11.6.1 7.25.1 A rectangular alignment coupon. preferably similar in size and silfness to the test specimen of interest, is instrumented with a minimum of three longitudinal stain gages of similar type, two on the front face across the width ‘and one on the back face of the specimen, 2s shawn in Fig. 1 ‘Any difference in indicated strain between these gages during loading provides a measure of the amount of bending in the thickness plane (B,) and width plane (B1.) of the coupon. ‘The sirzin gage location should normally be located in the middle ‘of the coupon gage section (if medlalus determination is @ cconcem), near 2 grip (if premature grip failures are a problem), ‘or any combination of these areas. 7.2.8.2 When evaluating system alignment, itis advisable to perfarm the alignment check with the same coupon inserted in ‘each of the four possible installation permutations (described relative to the initial position): initial (Jop-front facing ob- server), rotated back to front only (top back facing observer), rotated end for end only (bottom front facing observer), and rotated both front to back and end co end (bextom back Facing observer). These four data sets provide un indication of whether the bending is due to the system itself or 10 tolerance in the alignment check coupon or gaging. 7.2.8.3 The zero strain point may be taken either before ‘gripping or after gripping, The stain response of ihe alignment ‘coupon is subsequently monitored during the gripping process, the tensile loading provess, or both. Eq |-3 use these indicated sirains to ealcalate the ratio of the percentage of bending strain to average extensional strain for each bending plane of the alignment coupon and the total percent bending, By... Ploting percent bending versus axial average strain is useful in Understanding trends in the bending behavior of the system, 7.2.54 Problems with failures during gripping would be ‘reason to examine bending strains during the gripping process inthe location near the grip. Concer over modulis data seatter ‘would be reason to evaluate beading strains over the modulus evaluation force range for the typical tansducer location, Excessive failures near the grips would be reason 10 evaluate bending strains near the grip at high loading levels. While the ‘maximunt advisable amount of system misalignment is: mate Fal and location dependert, good testing practice is generally able to limit pereent bending to a range of 310 5 % at moderate ae s ssa |]s & 6 ft ile ? 2 sez |}3 _j a TIvP 2PL) Front site FIG. 1 Gage Locations for System Augnment Check Coupon,4] D 3039/0 3039m - 07 strain levels (>1000 pe). A system showing excessive bending for the given gpplication should be readjusted or modified x 109 0 where BR, percent bending about system y axis {about the narrow plane), as calculated by Eq 1% 8, percent bending about system = axis about the wide plane), as calculated by Eq 2, %: €) €) and € = indicated longitudinal stains displayed by Gages 1, 2, and 3, respectively, of Fig 1, we: and ee = (ie He V+ey2 The total bending component is: Bg = 8) + ° Nore }—Experimenial error muy be introduced by sources sich as poor sysem alignment, specimen preparation and sumin gage precision sna calenion, These soures of error may result in amaverage cafeulated stain (@q) ef 0, causing B, and B, (Lg 1 and Eq 1) t0 approach iniity 28 the average cakulated Sain is the denominator To minimize the prea for this ecerrenee ding system alignment erletion, tf reugmmended tat force be apied tothe alignment coupon ull thee “ruin gages meas: positive sini of no les than £00 pe With fe fF no les than 1000 fe, If these conditions can not be met. the est configuration should te adjusted price to pecforning father system alignment evaluation 73 Sirain Indieoting Deviee—Force strain data, if required, shall be determined by means of either a strain transducer or an extensometer. Atachimen: of the sitain-ingicating device to the coupon shall not cause damage to the specimen surface. If Poisson's ratio is to be determined, the specimen shall be instrumented to measure strain in both longitudinal and lateral directions. Ifthe modilus of elasticity isto be determined, the Jongitudinal sirain should be simultanzously measured on ‘opposite faces of the specimen to allow for a correction as & result of any bending of the specimen (see 11.6 for further ‘uidance). 73.1 Bonded Resisiance Strain Gage Setection—Strain _z1ge selection is 1 compromise based on the type of material [An active gage length of 6 mm {0.25 in is recommended for most materials. Active gage lengths should not be less than 3 mm [0.125 in.]. Gage calibration centification shall comply ‘with Test Methods E251. When testing woven fabric lami nates, gage selection should consider the use of am active gage length that is at least as great as the characteristic repeating unit 9A alata wel fe 2 its wee Mh, 360 9 stnin ring of 3 or bate, andthe approprne envicamenta rviance and femal coofigen, of the weave. Some guidelines on the use of strain gages on ‘composites follow. A general reference on the subject is Tuttle and Brinson. 73.1.1 Surface preparation of fiber-reinforced composites in accordance with Practice E1237 ean penetiate the matrix material and cause damage to the reinforcing fibers resulting in Iimpcoper coupon failures, Reinforcing fibers should no: be exposed or damaged during the surface preparation process. ‘The strain gage manufacturer should be consulted regarding surface preparation guidelines and. recommended bending agents for composites pending the development of a set of standard practices for strain gage installation surface prepata. tion of fiber-reinforced composite materials, 73.1.2 Consideration should he given to the selection of gages having larger resistances 10 reduce healing effects. on Jow-conductivity materials. Resistances of 350 or higher are preferred, Additional consideration shoud be given to the use ‘of the minimum possible gage excitation voliage consistent with the desired accuracy (1 t0 2 V is recommended) to reduce further the power consumed by the gage. Heating of the ‘coupon by the gage may affect the performance of the material directly, or it may affect the indicated strain as a result of a difference between the gage temperature compensation factor and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the coupon mate: rial. 73.1.3 Consideration of some form of temperacure compen sation is recommended, even when resting at standard labora- ‘ory atmoxphere. Temperature compensation is required when testing in nonambient temperature environments 73.1.4 Consideration should be given to the transverse sensitivity of the selected strain gage, The strain gage manu- facturer should be consulted for recommendations on trans- verse Sensitivity corrections and effects on composites. This is particularly important for a transversely mounted gage used to determine Poisson's ratio, as discussed in Note 13, 7.32 Exeensomeiess—For most purposes, the extensometer ‘sage length should be in the range of 10 to 50 mm [D.5 to 2.0 ing. Extensometers shall satisfy, at a minimum, Practice F-83, Class B-1 requirements for the strain range of incerest and shall be calibrated over that strain range in accordance with Practice E83. For extremely still’ materials, or for messurement of transverse Strains, the fixed error allowed by Cliss B-] extensometers may be significant, in which case Class A extensometers should be considered, The extensometer shall be essentially free of inertia lag at the specified speed of testing, and the weight of the extensometer should not induce bending strains greater than those allowed in 6.3. Nor: 41 is generily tess diffiesh to perform sirain calibration oa ‘exensomeiers of longer gage length as ess precision in dsplacemint is required of the extenscmeterealpration device 74 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials, at nonlaboratory environments, a temperature/vaporlevel: controlled environmental conditioning chamber is required that shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to “Tle, ME. and Brion HP “Resiance Ril Sinn Gage Techlony Applied Comporite Matern,” Experimental Mechanir, Wl 24, No.1, Macc 1S: pp 54-65, errata nna in Vl 6, No.2, are 1984 gp 153-154{lp » 3039 3030 - 07 within £3°C [5°F] and the required relative vapor level 10 TABLE 1 Tensile Specimen Geometry Requirements within =3 %, Chamber conditions shall be monitored either on ———Pawneer——fegrere in aslomatsd continous basis or on a manval bass ot reeular ~Gaypon Roguenons interval are cena etna aos ton 75 Environmental Tet Chunber—An environmental west MOirumlenatn rig «2 tes with + age eng chamber is required for test environments other thon ambient SESS" once a testing laboratory conitions. This chamber shall be capable of Sesomer ease smo maintaining the gaze section of the tex specimen at the SEe0M™*E Minna lance SEG aloes required test environment during the mechanical test. 1a Remonors (005) co aoa senses 8. Sampling and Test Specimens Setoreratencmpsie tbe Sere 8.1 Sampling—Test at least five specimens per test condi- ‘ab thickness variation between 1% tab thickness. tion unless valid resis can be gained through he use of fewer s St onetage 5.090% msn specimens, such as in the ease of a designed experiment. For statistically significant data, the procedures outlined in Practice £122 should be consulted. Report the method of sampling _—BiL sen at bevel te swecinen _fonhos without derachw eoecinen_ 75ee 82:2 Tale 2 Te cormeraons. fore sles cokes coke eine Aes Uremic a cmconrnar sane Raa ea ua Pr ether yey helper epee SSUES SIE GMS 8.221 id, Mees and Lengih— Seat th spsinen Fr ats uunienes eee Meth ae area : reac see Feo gore reece SSG A pelea sncacan aaeeiaay See coe by since git etic: Keg eee Son un epotseausably pre deporte ee dg ried mpeg produce a more slaustically significant result. The minimum Faas Te ose eles er ate Ley ee a eee ol Bicien sigen she Thacee comma Eee nna couanoa t soils ee yeast soci Sees e ee ane eee Geomerry—Design of mechanical test coupons, espe ly these using end tabs, remains to a large extent an art rather thin a science, with no industry consensus on how 10 ‘approach the engineering of the gripping interface. Each major composite testing laboratory has developed gripping methods for the specific material systems and environments commonly encountered within that laboratory. Comparison of these meth- ‘ods shows them to differ widely, making it extremely difficult © recommend a universally useful approach or set of ap- proaches. Because of this difficulty, definition of the geometry ‘of the test coupon is broken down ino the following Uree Tovels, which are discussed further in each appropriate section: Laine Dacian Caen by @ number of testing laboratories to produce acceprable ay chienliaileniens shiny Sus soa eats, failure modes on a wide variety of material systems, but use of 22 Spas Reconmerdatons _Nowardalry Suggested Dnersions them does mot guaranice success for every existing or future 823 Ooarea exams Nonraraatey Typeal Precices peaaral ayer 8.21 Generat Requiremen 8.2.2.2 Gripping/Use of Tabs—There are many material 82.1.1 Shape, Dimensions, and Tolerances—The complete configurations, such as multidirectional laminates, fabric-based list of requirements for specimen shape, dimensions, and macerials, or randomly reinforced shezt-molding compounds, tolerances is shown in Table | which can be successfully tested without tabs. However, tabs 8.2.1.2 Use of Tabs—Tabs are not required. The key factor are strongly recommended when testing unidirectional materi- in he selection of specimen tolerances and gripping methods is als (or strongly unidirectionally dominated laminates) to failure the successful introduction of force into the specimen and the in the fiber direction. Tabs may also be required when testing prevention of premature failure as 2 result of a significant —uniditectional materials in the matrix dizection to prevent discontinuity. Therefore, determine the need to use tabs, and gripping damage specification of the major tab design parameters, by the end 8.2.2.3 Tub Geomerry—Recommendacions on important i- result: acceptable failure mode and location. If acceptable mensions are provided for typical material configurations in TABLE 2 Tensile Specimen Geometry Recommendations Fon ‘Wid, Greral Leng, Ticiness, Tab Lng, Tub Telnaes, Tab Bol ientation reef vom a re on Fal vm ‘ange OF wnithetnal 15S Berea] so pow] sepa} Te omg] Teneo fo unidrecton 2510) {70} 2300) ELOY eee} @ blanc and symenetc 2110) zef00] 23.100] omeystah 2 ransomatiooranicus B19) getioo) 250.100) __sneyaom S “Diversions this le andthe olrancos of Fig. 2 or Fig, are reoarmondons only and may bo vere 0 long as th roquvoments of Table 1 awe metfly 3039/0 3039 - 07 ‘Table 2. These din shave been found by a number of testing laboratories to produce acceptable failure modes on a wide variety of material systems, but use of them does not ‘guarantee success for every existing of future material system, ‘The selection of a tab configuration that can successfully produce @ gage section tensile failure is dependent upon the ‘coupon material, coupon ply orientation, and the type of grips being used. When pressure-operated nonwedge grips are used with care, squared-off 90° tabs have been used successfully. ‘Wedge-operated grips have been used most successfully with tabs having low bevel angles (7 (0 10°) and a feathered smooth wansition into the coupon. For alignment purposes, it is ‘essential that the tabs be of matched thickness 8.2.2.4 Friction Tabs—Tabs need not always be bonded to the material under test to be effective in introducing the force Into the specimen. Friction tabs, essentially nonbonded tabs held in place by the pressure of the grip, and often used with ‘emery cloth or some other light abrasive between the tab and ‘the coupon, have been successfully used in some applications. In specitie cases, lightly serrated wedge grips (see Note 2) have been successfully used with only emery cloth as the interface between the grip and the coupon, However, the abrasive used ‘must be able to withstand significant compressive forces, Some types of emery cloth have been found ineffective in this application because of disintegration of the abrasive. 8.2.2.5 Tub Marerial—The most consistently used bonded tab ‘material has been continuous E-glass fiber-reinforced polymer matrix materials (woven or unwoven} in a {0/9Dlns laminate configuration. The tab material is commonly applied at 45° to the Force direction to provide a soft interface. Other ‘configurations that have reportedly been successfully uscd have inco:porated steel tabs or tabs made of the same material as is being tested, 8.2.2.6 Bonded Tab Lengrh—When using bonded tabs, es. timate the minimum suggested tab length for bonded tabs by the following simple equation. AS this equation does not account for the peaking stresses that are known to exist at the ends of bonded joints. The tab length calculated by this equation should normally be increased by some factor to reduce the chances of joint failure: i = Pune «4 ‘minimum required bonded tab length, mn (iI ultimate tensile strength of coupon material, MPa [psi {hopon thickness um fin: ae Utimate shear strength of adhesive, coupon mate Fial, or tab material (whichever is lowest), MPa psi} $.2.2.7 Bonded Tab Adhesive—Any high-elongaton (tough) adhesive systcm that meets the environmental requirements may be used when bonding tabs to the material under test. A uniform boruline of minimum thickness is desirable wo reduce undesirable stresses in the assembly, 8.2.3 Detailed Examples—The minimum requirements for specimen design discussed in $2.1 are by themselves insu ent to create a properly dimensioned and (oleranced coupon drawing. Dimensionally toleranced specimen drawings. for ~ both tabbed and untabbed forms are shown as examples in Fig, 2 (SI) and Fig. 3 (inch-pound). The tolerances on these drawings are fixed, but satisfy the requirements of Table | for all of the recommended configurations of Table 2, For a specific configuration, the tolerances on Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 might be able to be relaxed, 8.3 Specimen Preparation: 83.1 Panel Fabricarion—Contro| of fiber alignment is critical. Improper fiber alignment will reduce the measured properties. Erratic fiber alignment will also increase the coef: ficient of variation, The specimen preparation method shall be reported. 8.3.2 Machining Meshods—Specimen preparation is ex- tremely important for this specimen, Mold the specimens individually to avoid edge and cutting effects or cut them from plates. IF they are cut from plates, take precautions to avoid notches, undercuts, rough or uneven surfaces, or delaminations caused by inappropriate machining methods. Obtain final dimensions by water-lubricated precision sawing, milling, or grinding. The use of diamond tooling has been found to be extremely effective for many material systems. Edges should be flat and parallel within the specified tolerances. 8.3.3 Labeling—Label the coupons so that they will be istinet from each other and traceable back to the raw material and in manner that will both be unaffected by the test and not influence the test 9. Calibration 9. The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have certified calibrations that are current at the time of use of the equipment. 10, Conditioning 10.1. The recommended pre-test condition is effective mois, Ture equilibrium at a specific relative humidity as established by Test Method D 5229/D 522M; however, if the test re questor does not explicitly specify a pre-test conditioning environment, no conditioning is required and the test speci ‘mens may be tested as prepared, 10.2 The pre-test specimen conditioning process, to include specified environmental exposure levels and resulting moisture ‘content, shall be reported with the test data. Nore 6—The term moisture, as used in Test Method D 5220/D 5226, includes act only the vapor of ig and its condensate, bet the lipid ise in lange quanies, a8 for inanersion. 10.3 If no explicit conditioning process is performed, the specimen conditioning process shall be reported as “uncondi- tioned” and the moisture content as “unknown.” 11. Procedure 11.1 Parameters To Be Speciied Before Test: 11.1.1. The tension specimen sampling method, coupon type and geometry, and conditioning travelers (if required). 11.1.2 The tensile properties and data reporting. format desired, Nome 7—Decenmine specitic meri proper, accursey, and Gata reporting requirments before tes for proper selection of insinumensaton ane da-rocurding equipment, Esme opening stess and stn levels{fl 0 3039/0 3039m - 07 oa Se seenores, stenores” | rar ee note s i LC ceenores | = Sle CREH Siklaaw cr ic2 | PNAS eats SS sr “Ein ‘COUPON YHTHOUT TABS FIG. 2 Tension Test Specimen Drawing (SI) voaid ia transducer slecion, cl of equipment setin 11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters 11.1.4 If performed, the sampling method, coupon geom- etry, and lst parameters used 10 determine density and reinforcement volume. 1.2 General Instructions: 11.2.1. Report any deviations from this test method, whether imventional or inadvertent, 11.2.2 If specific gravity, density, reinforcement volume, oF void volume are to be reported, then obtain these samples from the same panels being tension tested. Specific gravity and density may be evaluated by mens of Test Methods D792. Volume percent of the constituents may be evaluated by one of the mauix digestion procedures of Test Method D 3171, of, for certain reinforcement materials such 2s glass and ceramics, by the matrix burn-off technique of Test Method D 2584. The void content equations of Test Methods D 2734 sre applicable to both Test Method D 2584 and the matrix digestion procedures, 11.2.3 Following final specimen machining and any condi- tioning, but before the cension testing, determine the specimen ration of equipment. und detrminaion area as A= wh, at three places in the gage section, and report the area as the average of these three determinations 10, the accuracy in 7.1, Record the average area in units of mm? (in), 11.3 Speed of Testing —Set the speed of testing to effect a nearly constant strain rave in the gage section, If statin control rot available on the testing machine. this may he appro. mated by repeated monitoring and adjusting of the rate of force application to maintain a nearly constant strain rate, as mea. ‘sured by strain transducer response versus time. The strain rate should be selected so as to produce failure within 1 to 10 min. If the ultimate strain of the material cannot be reasonably ‘estimated, initial tials should be condveted using standard speeds until the ultimate strain of the material and the ‘compliance of the system are known, and the strain rate can be adjusted. The suggested standard speeds are: 113.1 Sirain-Comrolied Tesis—A standard sain rate of 0.01 min” 113.2 Constant Hennd-Spoed Tests—A standard head dis- placement rate of 2 mi/min {0.05 in Ain}(fl D 3039/0 3039M - 07 5) Fintlon nachnepencss ney ro feces bay (¥ AL tar Por DIS avon REFEMENCE RELATIVES La | NO AOMESIVE BUILDUP ALLOWED NS eA a oF sewer ft ca Tz] —stenores = by sents some Sima (Tails fot | 47 mers - “2 SS pomouine TicRNee at) SL oe ¢ i courox wirrowr 7308 FIG.3 Tension Test Specimen Drawing (Inct-pound) Noms —Use ofa fet head speed in testing mactave systems with 3 igh compliznce m required. Use of wedge grips can cause exten compliance i he system, «specially when using compliant tb materials. In some such cases. actual strain rues 10 to SO tines lower than estimated by head specds have beet obieved result in strain rate that is much lower than 11.4 Tes: Environment—Condition the specimen 10 the de: sired moisture profile and, if possible, test under the same conditioning fluid exposure level. However, cases such as elevated temperature testing of « mois: specimen place urne- alistic requirements on the capsbilities of common testing machine environmental chambers. In suc cases, the mechani: cal test environment may need to be modified, for exemple, by lesting at elevated temperature with no fluid exposure control ‘but with a specified limit on time 1 failure from withdrawal from the conditioning chamiser. Modifications to the test environment shall be recorded. In the case where there is n0 fluid exposure control, the percentage moisture loss of the specimen prior to fest completion may be estimated by placing 4 conditioned wavelet coupon of known weight within the test chamber at the same time as the specimen is placed in the chamber. Upon completion of the test, the traveler coupon is removed from the chamber, weighed, and the percentage weight calculated and reported, T1d.1 Store the specimen in the conditioned environment until test time, ifthe testing area environment is different than the conditioning environment 11.5 Specimen Insersion—Place the specimen in the gripsof the testing machine, taking care to align the long axis of the gripped specimen with the test direction. Tighten the grips, recording the pressure used on pressure controllable (hydraulic ‘or pneumatic) grips Nort 9—The ens ofthe grip jaws on wel type grips should be even with eachother folowing insertion to avoid inducing a bending moment that results i premature failure of the specimen a the grip, When using iuniabhed specimes, 2 folded stip of metiam grade (80 10 150 eri sense cloth between the specimen faces aad the grip jaws (pitside toward specimen) provides a nonsip grip on the specimen without jaw seration damage to the surface of the specimen. When using tabted specimens, iver the coupon so dat he grip jaws extend approximatelyAl} b 3039/0 s030m - 07 1010 15 mm 105 in] post the beginning of the tapered potion of theta ‘Coupons having tabs that extend beyond the grips ave prone File the tah ends because of excessive inesiaminar stresses, 11.6 Transducer Installation If strain response is to be determined attach the strain-indication transiuceris) t0 the specimen, symmetrically about the mid-span, mid-wicth loca tion, Auch the strain-recording instrumentation to the trans- ducers on the specimen, 11.6.1 When determining modulus of elasticity, itis reeom- ‘mended that at least one speeimen per like sample be evaluated with back-to-back axial transducers to evaluate the percent bending, using Fq 5, at the average axial strain checkpoint value (ihe mid range of the appropriate chord modulus strain range) shown in Table 3. A single transducer can be used if the persent bending is no more than 3.%. When ending is greater than 3% averaged strains from back-to-back transducers of like kind are recommended, 6) where: indicated strain from front transducer, je indicated strain from back wansducer, pe; and B= percent bending in specimen 11.7 Loading—Apply the force to the specimen at the specified rate until failure, while recording data. 11.8 Daia Recording—Recond force versus crosshead dis: placement (and force versus strain, if extensometers are uti lized) continuously or at frequent regular intervals. For this test method, 4 sampling rate of 2 to 3 data recordings per second. and a target minimam of 100 data points per test are recom: mended. If @ transition region or initial ply failures are noted. record the force, strain, and mode of damage at such points, Record the method used to determine the initial failure (visual, ‘acoustic emission, ete). IF the specimen is to be failed, record the maximum force, the failure force, and the strain (or transducer displacement) al, or as near as possible 10, the ‘moment of rupture. Nove 10—Other vatuable data that can be useful in understanding testing anomalies and gripping or specimen slipping probleme inches foyee versis head displacement daa and fore versus tne dat. 119 Failure Mode—Record the made and location of failure of the specimen. Choose, if possible, # standard description using the three-part failure mede code that is shown, in Fig. 4, TABLE 8 Specimen Alignment and Chord Modulus Calculation ‘Stain Ranges Trae Grand neduus Gecuaron ‘Checepot or ol Stal ea Eso — Bend Tienes oet abscess = The oain angele tobe contanadintho lower hat fhe rosin cue, For merits tht ft bolo €D00 ye, asin rang of 26 te £0 cof nao crn Toignaral San 12. Validation 12.1 Values for ultimate properties shall not be calculated for any specimen thar breaks at some obvious flaw, unless such flaw constitutes a variable being studied. Retests shall be performed for any specimen on which values are not calcu ated. 12.2 Grip/Tab Failures—Reexamine the means of force introduction into the material if a significant fraction of failures ina sumple population occur within one specimen width of the tab or grip. Factors considered should inchide the tab ment, tab material, tab angle, tab adhesive, grip type, grip pressure, and grip alignment, 13, Calculation 13.1 Tensile Siress/Tensile Srrengihh Calculate the ultimate tensile strength using Eq 6 and report the results to three significant figurcs. If the tensile modulus is 10 be calculated, e stress at each cequired data point using Eq determine the tensi Paps o PIA 0 where FS = ultimate tensile strength, MPa [psi P= maximum force before failure, N [Ibfl: 9, = tensile siress at ith date point, MPa [psils P. force at ith data point, N [ibil: and 4 erage cross-sectional area from 11.2 fin? 12.2 Tensile StrainfUbimare Tensile Strain—IP tensile modulus or uldmate tensile strain is 10 be calculated, and material response is being determined by an extensometer, determine the tensile strain trom the indicated displacement at ‘each required data point using Eq 8 and report the results 10 three significant figures, =i, o where = tensile strain at ith data point. ye: 3, = extensometer displacement at th dete point, mm fin and Lg. = extensometer gage length, mm fin} AB3 Tensile Modulus of Elasticity [Nowe 11 To minimize potential efosts of bending it is commended thatthe stain data wsed for modulus of elascity determination be the avenige of the indicaed tmins from each side of the specimen, 2: discussed in 723 and 1.6 133.1 Tensile Chord Moduius of Elasticiny—Select the “appropeiate chore modulus strain range from Table 3, Calculate the tensile chon! modulus of elasticity from the stress-strain data using Eq 9, If data is not available atthe exact strain range fend points (as often occurs with digital data), use the closest available datz_point, Report the tensile chord modulus of elasticity 10 three significant figures, Also report the strain range used in the calculation, A graphical example of chord modulus is shown in Fig. 5. 133.1.1 The tabulated strain ranges should only be used for materials that do not exhibit @ transition region (a significant4flly D s039/ 3030m - 07 tow 8 acme) xem Tals Type Roa ge Osamtzaton pita ser Staode teas Siting eplive i age ool Avgrptad Tie ab rear FIG. 4 Tensile Test Fallure Codes/Typical Modes see) FIG.5 Typical Tensile Stress-Strain Curves ‘change in the slope of the stress-strain curve) within the given surain range. If & iansiiion region occurs within the recon mended srsin range, then a more suitable strain range shall be used and reporied. Bt = Avite o where "= tensile chord modulus of elasticity. GPa [psi Ag = difference in applicd tensile stress between the two strain poinis of Table 3, MPa Ipsil: and Ae difference between the two strain points of Table 3 (nominally 0.002), 13.3.2 Tensile Modulus of Blasiielty (Other Definitions) — Other definitions of elestic modulus may be evaluated and reported at the user's diseretion, If such data is generated and reported, report also the definition used, the strain range used, and the results to three significant figures. Test Method E111 provides additional guidance in the determination of modulus of elasticity,48] D 3039/0 s039m - 07 Nore 12_An example of another modulus definition i the secondary ‘Chord modulus of elasicty for materials chat exhibk essential bilinear strese-stain behavior An example of secondary chord modulus i shown inFig 5 134 Poisson's Rario: Nove I3—If honded resistnce strain gages are being used, the enor produced by the transverse sencivity effect on the tansverte gage will {Eoncrally be much lager foe composites than for metals. Ae accurate mmessurement of Poisson's raio requires corwetion for this effec. The strain gage manufacturer should he contacted for information nthe te ‘of conection factors for trunsverse sensitivity. 134.1 Poisson's Ratio By Chont Method—Select the ap- ‘propriate chord modulus longitudinal strain range from Table 3, Determine (by plotng or otherwise) the Iransverse strain (measured perpendicular to the applied fores), ¢,, at each of the two longitudinal strains (measured parallel to the applied force), ¢; strain range end points. If data is not avilable at the ‘exact strain range end points (as often occurs with digital data), use the closest available data point, Calculate Poisson's ratio by Eq 10 and report to three significant figures. Also report the sirain range used. Acide, 419) where: ¥ = Poisson's ratio; Ac, = difference in lateral strain between the two longitu- inal serain points of Table 3, wes and Ae, = difference between the two longitudinal strain points ‘of Table 3 (nominally either 0.001, 0.002, or 0.005) 13.4.2 Tensile Poisson's Ratio (Other Definitions)—Other definitions of Poisson's ratio may be evaluated and reported at the user's direction. IF such data is generated and reported, report also the definition used, the strain range used, and the results to three sant figures. Test Method E 132 prov additional guidance in the determination af Poisson's ratio 13.5 Transition Strain—Where applicable, determine the transition strain from cither the bilinear longitudinal stress versus longitudinal sirain curve or the bilinear transverse str versus longitudinal strain curve, Create a best linear fit or chord line for each of the two linear regions and extend the lines until they intersect, Determine to three significant digits the longi- tudinal strain that corresponds 10 the interseetion point and record this value as the transition strain, Report also the method of linear fit (if used) and the strain ranges over which the linear fit or chord Tines were determined. A graphical example of transition strain is shown in Fig. 5. 13.6 Statistics—For each series of tests calculate the aver- age Value, standard deviation and coefficient of variation (in percent) for cach property determined: 2=(3,96 w b= Vie B= nein — Uy (tay CV" = sample coetiicient of variation, in percent: " amber of specimens; and u measured or derived property. 14, Report 14.1 Report the following information, or references po ing to other documentation containing this information, to the maximam extent applicable (reporting of items beyond the control of a given testing laboratory, such as might occur with material details or panel fabrication parameters, shall be the responsibility of the requestor): 14.1.1 The revision level or date of issue oF this est method. 14.1.2 The date(s) and location(s) of the test. 14.1.3 The name(s) of the test operators) 14.1.4 Any variations to this test method, anomalies noticed. ‘uring testing, or equipment problems occurring during testing. MM.1.5 Identification of the material tested including: mate- rial specification, material type, material designation, manufac- turer, manufacturer's lot of batch number, source (if not from manufacturer), date of certification, expiration of certification, filament diameter, tow or yam filament count and twist, sizing, form or weave, fiber areal weight, matrix type, prepreg matrix content, and prepreg volatiles content. 14.1.6 Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare the laminate including; fabrication start date, fabrication end date, process specification, cure cycle, consolidation method, 14.1.7 Ply onientation stacking sequence of the laminate 14.1.8 IF requested, report density, volume percent rein: forcement, and void content test methods, specimen sampling method and geometries, test parameters, and test results, 14.1.9 Average ply thickness of the material 14.1.10 Results of any nondestructive evaluation tests 111 Method of preparing the test specimen, including specimen labeling scheme and method. specimen geometry. sampling method, coupon cutting method, identification of tab ‘geometry, tab material, and tab adhesive used 14.1,12 Calibration dates and methods fer all measurement and test equipment, 14.1.13 ‘Type of test machine, grips, jaws, grip pressure, alignment results, and data acquisition sampling rate and ‘equipment type. 14.1.14 Results of system alignment evaluations, if any such were done, 14.1.15 Dimensions of each test specimen, 14.1.15 Conditioning parameters and results, use of travel cers and traveler gecmeiry, and the procedure used if other than that specified in the test method, 141.17 Relative humidity and temperature of the testing laboratory. 14.1.18 Environment of the test_machine environmental ‘chamber (if used) and soak time at enviconment. 14.1.1 Number of specimens tested. 14.1.20 Speed of testing. 14.121 Transducer placement on the specimen and trans: ducer type for each transchicer used.iy p 3039/0 3039m - 07 141.22 If stain gages were used, the type, resistance, size ‘gage factor, temperature compensation method, transverse Sensitivity, lead-wire resistance, and any correction factors uscd 141.23 Stressstrain curves and tabulated data of stress versts sirain for each specimen, 141.24 Percent bending results for each specin ated 141.25 Individual stengihs and average value, standard esiaton, and coefficient of variation (in percent) for the population. Note if the failure force was less than the maxi- mum foree before failure, 141.26 Individual strains at failure and the averaze value standard deviation, and coetficient of variation (in percent) for the population 14.1.27 Strain range used for chord modulus and Poisson's ratio determination, 14,1.28 If another definition of medulus of elasticity is used in addition to chord modulus, deseribe the method used, the wf correlation coefficient Gf applicable), and the stain sked for the evalation 141.29 Individual values of modulus of elasticity, and the average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation {in percent) for the population, 141.30 If another definiion of Poisson's ratio is used in auldtion to the chordwise definition, describe the methed used, the resulting correletion coefficient (if applicable), and the sirain range used for the evalustion. 141.31 Individual values of Poisson's ratio, andthe average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in percent) for the population, Vo432 A. Mansion, Stra, i$ determined, he melbes ef linear fit (iFused) and the strain ranges over which the linear fit or cherd lines were determined. 14.1.33 Individual values of tranition (Gf applicable), and the average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in percent) for the population. 141.34 Failure mode and location of failure for each specimen, 15, Precision and Bias ISA Precision: 15.1.1 The precision and bias of tension sest sirength and modulus measurements depend on strict adherence 10 the Test ‘Method D 3039/D 3030M and are influenced by mechanical ‘and material factors, specimen preparation, and measurement 15.1.2 Mechanical factors that can affect the test results include: the physical characteristics of the testing machine (stifiness, damping, and mass), accuracy of force application and displacemeni/strain measurement, speed of force applica tion, alignment of test specimen with applied force, parallelism ‘of the grips, grip pressure, and type of force control (displace- meni, strain, oF force). 151.3 Material factors that can affect test results include: material quality and representativeness, sampling scheme, and specimen preparation (dimensional accuracy. tab material, tab taper, tab adhesive, and so forth). 15.1.4 The mean tensile strength for a strain rae sensitive, lass/epoxy tape composite testing in the fiber direction was found to increase by approximately two standard deviations with decreasing time 10 failure tested at the limits of the recommended tine 10 failure prescribed in Test Method 1D 3039/D 2039M. This result suggest that caution must be used when comparing test dita obtained for strain rate sensitive composite materials tesied in sceordance with this andard 15.1.5, Measurement errors arise from the use of specialized measuring instruments such as load cells, extensometers and stain gages, micrometers, data acquisition devices, and so forth 15.1.6 Data obtained from specimens that fracture outside the gage are should be used with caution as his data may not be representative of the material. Failure ip the grip region Indicates the siress concentration atthe tab is greater than the natural strength variation of the material in the gage section. A tapered tab, bonded witha ductile ow-modiulus adhesive has a relatively How-stress concentration and should result in the lowest frequency of grip failures. Low-strength bias increases With the frequency of grip failures by an amount proportional to the siress concentration at the tab, 15.1.7 An imerlaboratory test program was conducted where an average of five specimens each, of six different materials and lay-up configurations, were tested by nine different laboratories.“ Table 4 presents the precision statistics generated from this study as defined in Practise E691 for tensile strength, modulus. and failure stain. AU dats except that for Mareral B (90° lay-up) was normalized with respect to an average thickness. The materials listed in Table 4 are defined as: PN64/5801-6 anne On IM-W0501-6 ure IME50501-6.n-ape 99 geese 87570 Epon) Sap align Caters fave (66108 ‘ctoibs R66 D c 15.18 The averages of the cneficents of variation are in Table 5. The values of $/X and Sy/X represent the repeatability and the reproducibility coefficients of variation, respectively. ‘These averages permit a relative comparison of the repeatabi- ity (within laboratory precision) and reproducibility (between laboratory prevision) of the tension test parameters. Overall, this indicates thatthe failure strain measurements exhibit the least repeatability and reproducibility of all the parameters measured while modulus was found to provide the highest repeatability and reproducibility of the parameters meastred. 15.1.9 The consistency of agreement for repeated texts of the same material is dependent on lay-up configuration, mate- via and specimen preparation techniques, test conditions, and tmeasurementsof the tension test parameters. 15.2 Bias—Bias cunnot be determined for this test method 4s no azceptable reference standard exists. * raion! Harmenintion of Compost Matviae—Phse 1: Harmonization ‘of ASTM D 2030/0 SOM aad 180 527-2, Final Repos, ASTM Inoue for Stands Reach, Api 1597(Gv D 3099/0 3039M - 07 TABLE 4 Procision Statistios TABLE 5 Avorages of the Cootficients of Variation Wawel s¥_—*S_—*S, _—SRSSR Paramier reas of ‘eer of Soe ot pias Se Sa aaa ‘Seengh si 00 a wasg sao 106s aie ae are — S i 3 "as 052 oss 0920 ame Mae. el 2S G waa7 3a toes mas Re Modis Ma 16. 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