Men Frit Va Phuong Phap Tinh Bai Phoi Lieu Frit Trang Len Tam Op Lat Ceramic

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TRNG CAO NG CNG NGHIP HU
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KHA LUN TT NGHIP CAO NG

ti:
TM HIU V CC LOI FRIT, MEN FRIT
V PHNG PHP TNH BI PHI LIU FRIT
TRNG LN TM P LT GCH CERAMIC
Gio vin hng dn: Sinh vin thc hin:

ThS. V Th Thanh Kiu Nguyn Th Hng
Nguyn Thanh Hng
Nguyn Th Liu
Thi Th Nguyt
Nguyn Nht Thng
Lp: 11CDCH01
Nin kha: 2011 - 2014
Ket-noi.com din n cng ngh, gio dc
Hu, thng 5 nm 2014
Bo co kha lun tt nghip

Li Cm n
Trong thi gian thc hin ti kha lun tt
nghip, di s ch dn tn tnh ca gio vin
hng dn v c pha nh trng to iu
kin thun li cho chng em tm hiu, hc tp v
nghim tc hon thnh ti ny. Kt qu thu
c khng ch do s n lc ca mi c nhn
chng em m cn c s gip ca qu thy (c),
gia nh, bn b. Cho nn chng ti xin gi li cm
n pha lnh o nh trng, n qu thy (c),
gia nh v cc bn tn tnh gip chng em
hon thnh tt bi bo co.
c bit chng em xin cm n ti c gio V
Th Thanh Kiu tn tnh hng dn, dn dt
chng em trong vic tm hiu su hn v thc t
sau nhng kin thc t c s l thuyt chng em
c hc v ti nghin cu. Chc c sc
khe v cng tc tt.
Nh
m sinh vin thc hin

MC LC
DANH MC VIT TT...........................................................................................1
DANH MC CC BNG.......................................................................................2
LI M U..........................................................................................................3
PHN I: T VN ..........................................................................................4
1. L do chn ti...........................................................................................4
2. Mc tiu ti...............................................................................................5
3. ngha ca vic thc hin ti...................................................................5
4. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ti........................................................5
5. Phng php nghin cu...............................................................................5
PHN II: NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU..............................6
Chng 1. TNG QUAN V FRIT V MEN FRIT............................................6
1.1. Cc khi nim [3,7]........................................................................................6
1.1.1 Men........................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1.1. Khi nim........................................................................................6
1.1.1.2. Tc dng ca men.............................................................................6
1.1.1.3. Nguyn nhn ti sao s dng men frit cho gch p lt ceramic............7
1.1.2. Frit [3,7]..................................................................................................7
1.1.2.1. Khi nim........................................................................................7
1.1.2.2. Tc dng ca frit...............................................................................7
1.1.3. Men frit...................................................................................................8
1.1.4. Engob [3,11]...........................................................................................8
1.1.5. Mu gm, men mu.................................................................................9
1.1.5.1. Bn cht ca cht mu gm [3].........................................................9
1.1.5.2. Men mu.........................................................................................10
1.2. Phn loi frit v men frit...............................................................................10
1.2.1. Phn loi frit [11,12].............................................................................10
1.2.1.1. Frit kh chy...................................................................................10

1.2.1.2. Frit c nhit nng chy trung bnh.............................................11

1.2.1.3. Frit d chy.....................................................................................11
1.2.1.4. Frit trong.........................................................................................12
1.2.1.5. Frit c............................................................................................12
1.2.1.6. Frit matt..........................................................................................12
1.2.1.7. Frit mu..........................................................................................12
1.2.2. Phn loi men frit..................................................................................13
2.2.1. Men trong [3].........................................................................................13
2. 2.2. Men c [3]..........................................................................................13
2.2.3. Men m [3,11].......................................................................................14
2.2.4. Men mu [3]..........................................................................................15
1.3. Nguyn liu sn xut Frit v men Frit......................................................15
1.3.1. Nguyn liu sn xut frit...................................................................15
1.3.1.1. Nhm nguyn liu t nhin.............................................................15
1.3.1.2. Nhm nguyn liu nhn to ( k thut ) [8]....................................18
1.3.2. Nguyn liu sn xut men frit...........................................................21
1.3.2.1. Frit..................................................................................................21
1.3.2.2. Cao lanh [3,8].................................................................................21
1.3.2.3. t st [8].......................................................................................22
1.3.2.4. Cht in gii [11]..........................................................................23
1.4. Vai tr ca cc oxyt trong men [3,7,11]........................................................23
1.4.1. SiO2.......................................................................................................23
1.4.2. B2O3.......................................................................................................24
1.4.3. PbO........................................................................................................25
1.4.4. Kim _ K2O, Na2O, Li2O.......................................................................26
1.4.5. CaO........................................................................................................27
1.4.6. BaO........................................................................................................27
1.4.7. MgO.......................................................................................................28
1.4.8. ZnO........................................................................................................28

1.4.9. Al2O3......................................................................................................29
1.4.10. TiO2......................................................................................................29
1.4.11. SnO2.....................................................................................................30
1.4.12. ZrO2.....................................................................................................30
1.5. Cc tnh cht ca men...................................................................................31
1.5.1. S to thnh lp men. S to thnh lp trung gian gia xng v men.
nht ca men [3,7].....................................................................................31
1.5.1.1. S to thnh lp men......................................................................31
1.5.1.2. nht ca men.............................................................................32
1.5.1.3. S hnh thnh lp trung gian...........................................................33
1.5.2. Sc cng b mt ca men [3,7]..............................................................34
1.5.3. S gin n nhit ca men [3,7]..............................................................36
1.5.4. cng ca men [3,7]..........................................................................37
1.5.4.1. bn chng li vt xc..............................................................38
1.5.4.2. bn ln......................................................................................38
1.5.4.3. bn chng mi mn...................................................................39
1.5.5. Tnh cht in [3,7]................................................................................39
1.5.6. bn ha ca men [3,7]......................................................................40
1.5.7. S to mu [7].......................................................................................41
1.5.8. trong sut ca men [2].....................................................................42
1.5.9. bng ca men [2].............................................................................42
1.6. Mt s khuyt tt ca men............................................................................43
1.6.1. Khuyt tt b mt men...........................................................................43
1.6.1.1. Nt men, bong men........................................................................43
1.6.1.2. L chn kim....................................................................................44
1.6.2. Men b tch............................................................................................44
1.6.3. Men nh git, vn cc...........................................................................45
1.6.4. Men b sn.............................................................................................45
1.6.5. Mu loang l trn b mt men [7]..........................................................46

1.6.6. Men chy khng u..............................................................................46

1.6.7. Khuyt tt khi trng chung...................................................................46
1.6.8. Khuyt tt do men..................................................................................47
1.6.9. Khuyt tt do qu trnh sn xut............................................................47
Chng 2. TNH BI PHI LIU FRIT............................................................49
2.1. Phng php nghin cu..............................................................................49
2.2. Cng thc seger v tnh ton bi phi liu....................................................49
2.2.1. Cng thc Seger....................................................................................49
2.2.2.1.Tnh hm lng cc nguyn liu a vo phi liu nhiu oxyt........53
2.2.2.2.Tnh hm lng cc nguyn liu a vo phi liu mt oxyt..........55
2.2.2.3.Tnh hm lng cc nguyn liu a vo b sung cho cc oxit
a vo m cn thiu...................................................................................55
Chng 3. NH HNG V GII PHP.......................................................58
3.1. nh hng...................................................................................................58
3.2. Gii php......................................................................................................58
PHN III. KT LUN V KIN NGH............................................................59
1. KT LUN.................................................................................................59
2. KIN NGH................................................................................................59
TI LIU THAM KHO.....................................................................................61

DANH MC VIT TT
- CMC: Cacbon metyl cellulos

- MKN: Mt khi nung
- PTL: Phn trm trng lng
- STPP: Sodium tripoly photphat hay Natri triphosphate
- TL: Trng lng
DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1. Phn loi theo tnh cht v nhit chy trung bnh........................13
Bng 1.2. Phn loi theo tnh cht v nhit chy thp...................................13
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn ha ca nguyn liu.........................................................52
Bng 2.2. Thnh phn ha theo phn trm trng lng ca frit M2................52
Bng 2.3. Tnh ton cc oxyt ca frit M2.............................................................56
Bng 2.4. Phn trm trng lng ca nguyn liu trong phi liu frit M2..............57
Bo co kha lun tt nghip 1

LI M U
Nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng pht trin, khng ch n no mc

m m l n ngon mc p. V vy nhu cu v nh ca p cng l vn quan
trng trong cuc sng ca mi gia nh. V gch men l mt trong nhng vt
liu gip ngi nh c tnh thm m v tnh c o cao. Men frit chnh l lp o
ngoi ca gch men, chnh n lm tng tnh thm m, tnh a dng v mu sc,
mu m cho gch v n s p ng c th hiu ca mi ngi.
Nh vy men frit v nguyn liu sn xut men frit l frit chnh l yu t
quan trng cn phi quan tm. p ng vn ny chng ti mnh dn lm
ti Tm hiu v cc loi frit, men frit v phng php tnh bi phi liu
frit trng ln tm p lt gch ceramic

PHN I: T VN
1. L do chn ti.
Trong nhng nm gn y, nn kinh t nc ta c nhng chuyn bin
tch cc t bao cp chuyn sang kinh t th trng. Cng vi s pht trin chung
ca nn kinh t t nc, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cng tng bc trng
thnh v pht trin khng ngng ln mnh c v th v lc. Nhanh ha nhp vo
nn kinh t khu vc v th gii.
Mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam c c nhng tng
trng theo nhng chin lc mc tiu chin lc pht trin kinh t, x hi. Hn
th na, thu ht u t nc ngoi nc ta khng ngng xy dng cc c
s h tng. Cc khu cng nghip mc ln v cc nh my cng khng ngng
c xy dng. Trong cc nh my gch men cng c xy dng ln vi s
chuyn giao cng ngh ca Italia, ca Ty Ban Nha
Cng vi qu trnh i mi pht trin nn kinh t t nc v cc ngnh
cng nghip khc, ngnh cng nghip gch p lt khng ngng pht trin hon
thin t chc sn xut kinh doanh, vi nhng sn phm t cht lng cao p
ng c nhu cu trong nc. ng thi gii quyt c vn vic lm cho
hng trm lao ng, gim s mt cn i trong cn cn thng mi ca t nc.
Mc d vi nguyn liu phong ph v c sn trong nc, nhng hin nay
nc ta c rt t nh my sn xut frit p ng nhu cu sn xut cho cc
nh my gch men Vit Nam. M a s chng ta u phi nhp frit nc
ngoi vi gi thnh cao.
Trong lc cuc sng ca con ngi ngy cng y th nhu cu i hi
v thm m ca con ngi ngy cng cao. p ng nhu cu i hi gch
men ngy cng a dng v mu m, kch thc, mu sc. V men l mt trong
nhiu yu t quyt nh. Men khng ch gip gch lm tng tnh thm m m cn
lm tng bn c, bn ha, ht nc, mi mn. Tuy nhin xt v s
lng, cht lng, mu m th men ca Vit Nam sn xut ra khng bng men
ca cc nc trn th gii. Hn na vi vic nhp khu frit vi gi thnh cao

lm cho cc doanh nghip gp nhiu kh khn trong vic gim gi thnh. V vy

gch men ca chng ta ch c th kinh doanh trong nc m cha th xut khu
ra th trng th gii vi s lng ln.
Vi tt c cc l do trn vic chng ti chn ti Tm hiu v cc loi
frit, men frit v phng php tnh bi phi liu frit trng ln tm p lt
Ceramic l mt ti ng c quan tm hin nay.
2. Mc tiu ti.
- Tm hiu v cc loi frit, men frit trng ln tm p lt Ceramic.
- Tnh bi phi liu Frit.
3. ngha ca vic thc hin ti.
Vic tm hiu cc loi frit, men frit v phng php tnh bi phi liu frit s
lm tin cho vic sn xut gch Ceramic p ng c nhu cu ca ngi
tiu dng v cc ngnh cng nghip. Vn ny ang c rt nhiu nh khoa
hc quan tm v hu ht cc loi frit v men frit ang c s dng trong sn
xut gch Ceramic nc ta hin nay ch yu c nhp ngoi t cc nc
ngoi nh Trung Quc.
4. i tng v phm vi nghin cu ti.
- i tng nghin cu:
+ Frit
+ Men Frit
- Phm vi nghin cu ti: Tm hiu trn c s l thuyt v phng php
tnh bi phi liu frit.
5. Phng php nghin cu
Phng php nghin cu m chng ti p dng y ch yu l thu thp thng
tin t bo ch, internet, bo co khoa hc, sch hc t trng i hc, cao ng.
Nghin cu ti liu gip thu thp c cc thng tin cn thit nh cc khi
nim lin quan n frit, men frit, cc lai, nguyn liu, vai tr, tnh cht, cng
nh cc khuyt tt ca frit v men frit.

PHN II: NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

Chng 1. TNG QUAN V FRIT V MEN FRIT
1.1. Cc khi nim [3,7].
1.1.1 Men
1.1.1.1. Khi nim
Lp ph gm hai loi:
- Lp ph silicat (men).
- Lp ph oxyt.
Lp ph silicat gm:
- Lp ph trng ln sn phm gm s hay cn c gi l men s.
- Lp ph trng ln kim loi.
Vy men s c nh ngha nh sau: Men v bn cht l mt lp thy tinh
mng, chiu dy t 0,1 0,4mm ph ln b mt xng gm s. Nhit nng
chy ph thuc vo nhit nng chy ca xng, thng thng trong khong
900 1400 oC.
Tuy nhin so vi thy tinh thng thng th n cng c nhng tnh cht
khc. N khng ng nht, lp trn khi nung th phn ng vi mi trng l
nung, lp di th phn ng vi xng. Ngoi ra trong men cn c nhng cht
khng tan hay kt tinh.
1.1.1.2. Tc dng ca men
Men c tc dng lm cho b mt sn phm tr nn st c li. iu ny
nng cao c tnh cht k thut v s dng cng nh cht lng trang tr ca
sn phm. Lp men ph thnh mt mng thy tinh mng lm tng bn c
hc, bn ha hc, bn in ca sn phm ng thi bo v cho sn phm khi b
xm nhp ca cht lng v cht kh, lm cho b mt nhn bng v c nh p,
nng cao cht lng, tnh thm m ca sn phm. Men cn bo v cc chi tit
trang tr khc nm di men.

1.1.1.3. Nguyn nhn ti sao s dng men frit cho

gch p lt ceramic.
Theo phm vi nhit ngi ta chia men thnh cc loi:
- Men d chy c nhit nung t 710 1120oC.
- Men chy trung bnh c nhit nung t 1060 1200oC.
- Men kh chy c nhit nung t 1200 1280oC.
- Men rt kh chy c nhit nung ln hn 1280 oC.
Do nhit nung ca men cho gch p ceramic khong t 1080 1100oC
v cho gch lt ceramic khong 1140 1190oC.
ng vi nhit nh vy nn phi s dng men d chy hoc men chy
trung bnh. V c cc loi men nh vy th ta phi s dng cc cht chy:
PbO, B2O3, alkali, trng thch theo t l thch hp.
Tuy nhin nhng cht chy ny a s u ha tan trong nc v rt c nn
phi frit ha. Sau ly frit cng vi cao lanh, v cc nguyn liu khc nh t
st, trng thch, Al2O3 to thnh men frit ph hp sn xut sn phm gch
men p lt ceramic.
1.1.2. Frit [3,7].
1.1.2.1. Khi nim
Frit l qu trnh nu chy trc phi liu nhit cao sau lm lnh
t ngt trong nc lnh to nhng ht nh gip qu trnh nghin d hn. Frit
c biu th nh mt hn hp thy tinh nng chy hay cn gi l qu trnh thy
tinh ha. Frit cn c coi nh mt men chy trc.
1.1.2.2. Tc dng ca frit
- Frit s lm cho nhit nng chy ca men gim xung khong 60 80oC.
- Frit s lm tng bng ca men.
- Frit s chuyn ha nhng nguyn liu d ha tan trong nc thnh cc
nguyn liu kh tan, v khuych tn nhng cht khng ha tan (ZrO 2).
- Frit s kh c tnh c hi ca cc oxyt gy c c trong men nh oxyt ch.

- Frit gip cho qu trnh ng nht v phn tn cc oxyt gy mu trong men

tt hn.
Frit thng tin hnh nhit = 1250 1400oC. Frit nu ng phi trong
sut, khng cn nhng phn khng nng chy. nhn bit th ngi ta dng
kp ko thnh si mng, nu si khng thy nhng ch cha chy l c,
ngc li phi nu tip. Nu frit cha t, khi nghin s xy ra s thy phn dn
n khuyt tt men.
1.1.3. Men frit
Men frit l loi men d chy. Cc loi men frit ni chung c nhit nng
chy thp hn men sng t 60 80 oC. Men frit c to ra t 80 90% v 10
20% cao lanh, t st cha nung.
V frit c nhc im l rt d lng nn ta phi cho thm cao lanh, t st
vo chng lng, trit tiu kim t do v men gn cht vo xng. Ngoi ra
ngi ta cn a vo men frit mt lng nh STPP v cht hu c CMC iu
chnh nht ca men, tng hiu qu qu trnh nghin, v chng lng.
1.1.4. Engob [3,11].
Khi nung th gia men v xng hnh thnh mt lp trung gian nhng
nhiu khi khng nn phi trng mt lp engob h tr cho lp trung gian v
che nhng khuyt im hay b mt li lm ca xng v lm cho cht mu
ni ln men p hn.
Engob l lp ph ln xng gm, dng :
- To mt lp trung gian gia xng gm v mt lp men.
- Che ph xng gm khng c mu thch hp (chng hn snh xp hay
dng ).
- Che ph cc khuyt tt trn xng.
- iu chnh h s gia men v xng.
- To hiu qu trang tr ca lp mu trng ln.

- Trong trng hp engob dng thay men, n phi c cho thm cht
tr dung thch hp (nu khng phi nghin tht mn).
Engob c tnh cht nh men t. (Men t chnh l ly nhng ht t st
lm xng mn nht) Trong thnh phn ca n ngi ta dng t st d chy c
mu thch hp cng trng thch, thch anh, cao lanh hay chnh bn thn men.
Engob lm men t c th c dng trang tr (nu khng trng men).
V engob l trung gian gia xng v men, tc khng th nh xng nhng
khng chy nh men.
Engob nu trng ln xng nung phi c co khi sy nh.
Mun engob mu th phi dng t st trng, ph gia v cc oxyt gy mu.
V d: engob mu xanh dng thm 1 3%Co3O4, xanh l th 1 3%CuO,
nu th 5 10%MnO2, v nu th 3 8%Fe2O3.
Engob gch p v lt th khc nhau, gch p chy hn bn gch lt.
Lp engob chng dnh: c thnh phn chnh l nhng nguyn liu th,
trnh cc git men nh bm mt di gch dnh vo con ln l, lm bn con
ln v lm thay i nhit nh hng ti xng.
1.1.5. Mu gm, men mu
1.1.5.1. Bn cht ca cht mu gm [3].
Cht mu gm = cht to mu + cht mang mu + cht to thy tinh + cht
tr mu.
Trong :
- Cht to mu: chnh l nhng sc t (pigment).
- Cht mang mu: l bn thnh phm sn xut cht mu. Chng thng
l cc hp cht to khong c mng tinh th nht nh. N quyt nh l mu
em dng c bn trong qu trnh s dng v sn xut khng.
- Cht to thy tinh: hay cn gi l cht tr dung, n gip h thp nhit
nung, c tc dng lm tng cng tc dng ca cht mu gm .

Yu cu ca cht mu gm l phi n nh trong qu trnh sn xut cng nh

qu trnh s dng. N ph thuc vo vic s dng cht mang mu. S n nh ca
cht mang mu li ph thuc vo cu trc tinh th ca n. Mt s kiu mng li
tinh th ca cht mang mu nh: spinen 1, spinen 2, zircon, corun Ngoi ra cn
c cht mang mu dng khc l cc oxyt khng mu c cu trc tinh th nh
corun. Cc oxyt to mu ha tan vo trong n to thnh dung dch rn.
1.1.5.2. Men mu
Men mu cng ging nh men trong, men c, tuy nhin trong bi men ca
n c thm mt t % hm lng cc cht mu to ra mu thch hp.
1.2. Phn loi frit v men frit
1.2.1. Phn loi frit [11,12].
Trong cng nghip, frit biu th cho mt hn hp thy tinh nng chy c
lm lnh t ngt trong nc. Frit c s dng nh l mt cht c bn trong
thnh phn ca men, c nhit nng chy thp to hp cht khng tan.
Nhiu loi frit vi nhng c tnh khc nhau v kh nng nng chy, sng,
c v m ngy nay c sn trn th trng. Ty theo c tnh ca chng m
c phn loi nh sau.
1.2.1.1. Frit kh chy
Thnh phn ca loi frit nay nm trong khong sau:
- SiO2: 50 60%.
- Cht chy: Na2O + K2O + PbO + B2O3 = 20 25%.
- Cht n nh: Al2O3 + ZnO + BaO + CaO + MgO thng nhiu nht l 7 9%.
Phi liu cha hm lng SiO2 cao n s lm tng nhit nng chy ca
frit v nht cao. Loi ny c trong sut v bng lng p. Frit ny ch yu
dng lm men cho nhng sn phm c nhit nng chy cao. Ngoi ra n
cn a vo mt lng nh cho cc bi men khc.

1.2.1.2. Frit c nhit nng chy trung bnh

L frit m thnh phn ca n cha hm lng SiO 2 nm trong khong 35
50% v cc oxyt gip cho qu trnh nng chy chim khong 30 40%.
Frit ny c s dng rt nhiu cc nh my sn xut gch p lt
ceramic.
trong sut v bng lng ca cc loi men frit ny cn ty thuc vo
thnh phn, hm lng va mc nghin mn ca men.
i khi chng c s dng vi hm lng t chun b cho cc loi men
c bit c nhit cao nh men gi da, men hoa cng trng.
Do bn cht d chy men ny c php a vo mt lng ln nguyn
liu khng frit ha v gip cho qu trnh kt tinh i vi men matt.
1.2.1.3. Frit d chy
L frit m trong thnh phn ca n cha cc oxyt chu la thp.
Do kh nng chy cao frit ny c gi l cht chy. Ty tc nhn d chy
cha trong chng ta c th phn ra cc loi cha ch (silicat ch) v cc
loi khng cha ch (cc cht chy l B 2O3 v alkali).
Loi c ch:
- PbO: 65% - SiO2: 35%
- PbO: 75% - SiO2: 25%
- PbO: 85% - SiO2: 15%
Loi khng c ch:
- Kim: 5 15%
- Kim th: 5 10%
- B2O3: 20 30%
- SiO2: 40 50%
Frit ny s lm h nhit nung ca men.

1.2.1.4. Frit trong

Loi frit ny khi sn xut cn ch n vic tuyn chn nguyn liu, c
bit l cc oxyt gy mu trong men nh Fe 2O3, TiO2, nn hn ch cc oxyt ny
n mc thp nht c th. c c frit trong sut th ta phi khng ch sao
cho t s Al2O3/ SiO2 = 1/10.
Frit ny c dng sn xut men trong, trng ln xng trng nh s dn
dng cao cp v n cn bo v cc sn phm trang tr mu di men. Khi nung
xong do men c trong sut cao nn mu di men vn thy r rt v rt p.
1.2.1.5. Frit c
Frit c khc vi frit trong nh tnh cht c.
Frit c c c trng bi s kt tinh ca mt s oxyt trong pha thy tinh
vi hm lng ln c chit sut khc vi chit sut ca pha thy tinh.
Cc oxyt to c c th l: TiO2, ZrO2, ZrSiO4 (khong 8 14%).
1.2.1.6. Frit matt
Tt c cc loi frit c c trng bi s kt tinh ca mt s nguyn t a
vo trong pha thy tinh vi s lng qu nhiu c xp vo loi frit m.
CaO, BaO, ZnO, TiO 2 l nhng cht to kt tinh, l nhng cht gy m
cho frit.
Frit m CaO, BaO th thng khng c oxyt ch.
Frit m oxyt km th kh nng chy thp, c oxyt ch (25 30%) to c
mt na v chy mt na.
Frit m oxyt titan cng c kh nng chy thp, c oxyt ch, to c v lun
c mu vng.
1.2.1.7. Frit mu
Loi frit ny ch khc vi loi frit trn trong vic to mu.
L loi frit thuc nhm frit d chy c mu sn, c sn xut di dng sn
phm n nh, ch dng i vi mt s mu c bit: Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Cd, Se.

c bit: Theo nhit nng chy v mau sc ca frit ta c bng phn

loi frit theo thnh phn oxyt nh sau: [10].
Bng 1.1. Phn loi theo tnh cht v nhit chy trung bnh
Chngloi SiO2 B2O3 Al2O3 CaO BaO MgO ZnO K2O Na2O ZrO2
Frit trong 50 70 0 5 3 105 20 0 4 0 5 2 15 2 101 5 0
Frit c 50 65 2 7 3 7 5 10 0 2 1 5 0 15 2 7 1 5 5 15
Frit matt 51 65 2 10 3 105 15 0 0 3 0 10 1 5 1 7 5 10
Bng 1.2. Phn loi theo tnh cht v nhit chy thp
ChngloiSiO2 B2O3 Al2O3 CaO BaO MgO ZnO K2O Na2O ZrO2
Frit trong 40 60 0 30 0 200 20 0 5 0 5 0 20 0 100 10 05
Frit c 41 60 0 30 0 100 20 0 5 0 5 0 20 05 05 0 20
Frit matt 30 50 0 20 0 200 30 0 400 100 30 03 03 0 10
1.2.2. Phn loi men frit
T cc loi frit m ta c cc loi men frit tng ng, l men trong, men
c, men matt (m), men mu.
2.2.1. Men trong [3].
L lp men mng, khng c bt kh v cc tinh th khng ha tan hay l
cc hp cht kt tinh ra m bo cho trong ca n.
Men trong cho nh sng xuyn qua, i qua.
2. 2.2. Men c [3].
Trong men ny c cc phn t lm c men, h s lm c t ti a nu
cc ht khuych tn c kch thc 2 200m. c th l nhng tinh th nh,
bt kh hay cc git lng.
Men c khng cho nh sng xuyn qua, i qua tc nh sng b chn li do
chit sut ca cht lm c > chit sut ca thy tinh (nn, hoa vn).
Vic thy tinh c l do cc nguyn nhn:
- Cht gy mu (pigmen) khng tan.
- Tinh th kt tinh li: ZrO2, TiO2...
- Do pha phn tn khi lm ngui chuyn thnh thy tinh.
- Do bt kh.

C th nh sau:
- Pigment: nhng pigment khng tan trong men khuch tn u n. i
vi men c mu trng th dng SnO 2, ZrO2, ZrSiO4, CeO2, Sb2O3, CaF2, TiO2.
Thng dng nht ngi ta dng ZrSiO 4 c ch s khc x 2,0. ZrSiO 4 c a
vo khi frit ha v kt tinh li khi lm lnh. Phng php dng SnO 2 (ch s
khc x 2,0) c khc l a vo khi nghin men, nh l nhng phn t d th c
ch s khc x cao hn mi trng n = 1,5.
- Cc tinh th kt tinh li: t trong men kt tinh li cc mm tinh th vi h
s khc x cao nh TiO2, ZrSiO4. Vic lm c ny ty thuc rt ln vo tc
thch hp ca vic lm ngui men.
- Cc phn t tch ra di dng cc git phn tn m khi lm ngui n vn
dng thy tinh (thy tinh bor). Hiu qu lm c trong trng hp ny khng
ln v s khc nhau v ch s khc x ca hai pha khng ln.
- Cc bt kh phn tn: xy ra men trng thch c nht cao.
Vy phng php lm c hiu qu nht l lm c bng pigment hay cc
mm tinh th kt tinh li. V cc bt kh th phn tn khng u, cc phn t tch
ra dng thy tinh th ging men nn gy c khng tt.
2.2.3. Men m [3,11].
Men m c c nh s pht trin ca cc tinh th nh trn b mt men.
Bng cch nung nhit thp hn nhit chy hay tng cao hm lng SiO 2
c trong men. Cc tinh th anortit, volastonit, ty theo hm lng thch hp ny
c th pht trin thnh cc tinh th ln hay ch lm m b mt ca men. Ph gia
ZnO hay TiO2 cng lm m b mt tt.
Cc loi men to m bi ZnO hoc TiO 2 thng cha ch yu l mt phn
thy tinh d chy khng c ch. Khi tc nhn to m l ZnO th men khng trng
nhng c mu xm v vng khi s dng TiO2.
Men to m bi cc oxyt kim th ni chung l c mu trng v c nht
ng k.

2.2.4. Men mu [3].

Men mu c to ra bng cch nhum mu cho men trong.
Cc phng php nhum mu nh sau:
- Nhum mu ion: mu xanh dng ca coban, xanh l cy ca ng, vng
ca st, tm ca mangan. Cc cht mu ny ha tan trong men.
- Pigment (cht gy mu): l cc cht mu khng ha tan m ch phn tn
u trong men nh xanh crm, mu nu st.
- Nhum mu keo: l trung gian gia c v ha tan to thnh dng huyn
ph, dng keo. Nhum mu keo c lm bng s khuch tn cc ht kim loi
vng, ng c kch thc 10 100nm to nn mu .
1.3. Nguyn liu sn xut Frit v men Frit
1.3.1. Nguyn liu sn xut frit
1.3.1.1. Nhm nguyn liu t nhin
a. Ct quartz ( nguyn liu cung cp oxyt SiO2) [7,8].
Ct l sn phm phn hy ca cc khong cha nhiu SiO 2 di tc dng
c hc, ha hc, kh hu... Sn phm phong ha c dng nc hay gi mang
i, cc ht mn b ko i xa, ht th (tc l ht ct) ng li ch trng hnh
thnh cc m hay bi ct ln cc ca sng hay bi bin...
Loi ct cha nhiu SiO2 l nguyn liu chnh cho cng ngh thy tinh v
men s.
Ct l nguyn liu chnh cung cp SiO2 (thng hm lng SiO2 93
99,5%). Ngoi ct ra, c th dng thch anh, quartz, flint lm nguyn liu
cung cp SiO2. Ct c th ln nhiu tp cht, d thy nht l Fe 2O3 lm cho ct b
nhum mu, loi ct ny khng dng cho men s hay thy tinh m ch dng lm
ct xy dng.
b. vi (nguyn liu cung cp CaO ) [8].

vi c cng thc ha hc CaCO3 l loi rt ph bin trong t nhin.

vi l nguyn liu ch yu cung cp CaO cho cng ngh silicat. Trong cng
ngh gm s, CaO l thnh phn rt quan trng ca mt s xng gm v men.
Tp cht ln trong vi thng l Al2O3, SiO2, FeO, Fe2O3 lm cho c
mu. phn cng l vi, trong thnh phn c nhiu ht CaCO 3 v nh hnh
v do t tp cht nn c mu trng.
vi dng trong cng ngh slicat thng dng nguyn liu t nhin,
khng lm giu. V s cng l nguyn liu ch yu cung cp CaO c hm lng
cao hn trong vi v cha t tp cht hn. Tuy nhin, v s khng th a vo
sn xut vi hm lng ln v gi thnh cao hn v tr lng khng ln nh
vi. V th, v s ch lm nguyn liu cho nhng cng ngh sn xut vi quy m
nh nh cng ngh frit v men.
c. lmit ( nguyn liu cung cp MgO, CaO ) [8].
lmit c cng thc ha hc CaMg(CO3)2 hoc CaCO3.MgCO3 l dung
dch rn ca canxi cacbonat va magie cacbonat, trong cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ l
nhng ht thay th ng hnh trong cu trc.
lmit l nguyn liu cung cp ng thi MgO v CaO. Khi dng
lmit, s thy ha chm ca CaO v MgO t do trong sn phm lun l vn
cn quan tm gii quyt.
nhit cao hn 600oC xy ra phn ng phn hy CaCO3
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Qu trnh phn hy ny nhanh hay chm cn ph thuc vo nhit v p
sut hi ring phn ca kh CO2.
MgCO3 phn hy nhit thp hn, khong (400 480)oC.
MgCO3 MgO + CO2
MgCO3 trong lmit phn hy nhit cao hn mt cht, s phn hy
ca lmit nm gia khong nhit ny (400 950)oC.
d. Trng thch (nguyn liu cung cp Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, Na2O)

Trng thch l hp cht ca silicat_alumin khng cha nc.

Trng thch l nguyn liu cung cp ng thi SiO 2, Al2O3 v mt lng
Na2O, K2O, CaO.
Trong cng ngh gm s trng thch l nguyn liu gy khng c tnh do.
Trng thch lun ng vai tr cht chy trong mc v men gm s.
Trng thch c chia lm 3 loi:
- Trng thch Natri: c cng thc phn t l Na 2O.Al2O3.6SiO2, cn c tn
gi khc l trng thch abt, c nhit nng chy l 1120 oC v ngay lp tc
chuyn thnh pha lng ng nht. Abt thch hp trong men s, lm cho nht
men b, bng long hn v c khong nung hp.
- Trng thch Kali c cng thc phn t l K 2O.Al2O3.6SiO2, cn c tn gi
khc l trng thch orthoclaz, c nhit nng chy cao 1170 oC. Trng thch
orthoclaz c tc dng tt trong xng s, c khong nhit nung rng, nht
cao, s t b bin dng nn cn gi l trng thch phi liu. Trng thch Kali
nng chy phn hy to thnh leucite c nhit nng chy cao 1700 oC. Leucite
tan dn vo pha lng nng chy lm cho trng thch kali c khong chy di v
nht cao.
- Trng thch Canxi: c cng thc phn t l CaO.Al 2O3.2SiO2, cn c tn
gi l trng thch anortit, t c s dng trong cng ngh gm .
Trong trng thch Kali lun ln trng thch Natri, v trong trng thch
Natri lun ln trng thch Canxi.
Khi trng thch K / Na = 60 / 40 th gi l trng thch Kali.
Khi trng thch K / Na = 50 / 50 th gi l trng thch Natri.
Vai tr ca trng thch trong cng ngh gm s rt quan trng v:
- Khi nng chy trng thch c kh nng ha tan SiO 2.
- Quyt nh iu kin cng ngh (nhit nung).

- nh hng ln n cc tnh cht k thut ca s v men s. Mun s c

trng cao (kh nng cho nh sng xuyn qua ln) ngoi vic hn ch cc oxyt
gy mu nh Fe2O3, TiO2 ngi ta cn a vo mt lng trng thch 29 30 %.
1.3.1.2. Nhm nguyn liu nhn to ( k thut ) [8].
a. Oxyt nhm ( Al2O3 )
Sn phm cng nghip thng l dng _ Al2O3. nhit cao 1100
1200oC th _ Al2O3 chuyn thnh _ Al2O3 c dng bt xp.
b. Axit boric (H3BO3)
Axit boric c 56,45% B2O3 (theo l thuyt), c dng bt, tinh th mu trng
lun cha mt lng nc, lng nc ny rt kh tch.
c. Nguyn liu cung cp oxyt ch (PbO)
Cc nguyn liu cung cp c th l oxyt ch PbO (trng), minium Pb 3O4
(ch ), baz ch cacbonat (2PbCO3.Pb(OH)2), ch sunfua PbS. Trong cng
nghip thng dng hai loi chnh l oxyt ch v minium.
- Oxyt ch (PbO):
+ Oxyt ch c nhit nng chy l 888oC, mt 9,3 9,5 g/cM3, c
sn xut bng cch nu chy ch kim loi trong mi trng oxy ha. nhit
cao PbO v cc hp cht ca n nh 2PbO.SiO2, PbO.SiO2 rt d b kh thnh
kim loi. V th, khi s dng PbO phi nung trong mi trng oxy ha.
+ PbO c dng bt mu trng hoc hi vng c nhng m en do ln 1
2% ch kim loi v c xem nh l mt tp cht.
+ PbO c tnh n mn mnh do nu frit cha ch hay thy tinh cha ch
cn vt liu chu la trong l loi c chu la cao. PbO d to thy tinh c chit
sut cao, d chy lng u trong phm vi rng. Khi sn xut cng nh s dng
cn ht sc ch v Pb v PbO rt c, n d nhim c vo c th v nh
hng n mi trng xung quanh.
- Minium Pb3O4:

+ Minium hay cn gi l ch , gm nhng ht tinh th mu sng. Theo

l thuyt, hm lng PbO chim 97,66%. Trong cng thc th c tn ti ch
monooxyt, vit tt ca cng thc 2PbO.PbO2.
+ Minium khng tan trong nc, khi nhit trn 500oC n bt u phn
hy cho ra oxy, v th n ng vai tr nh l cht oxy ha. Minium cng rt c
do cc men ch c sn xut t ch silicat, ngha l minium c frit ha
trc.
d. Oxyt kim (R2O)
* Nguyn liu cung cp oxyt natri ( Na2O)
Nguyn liu c th l sunfat natri, cacbonat natri, natri nitrat, natri clorua.
Sunfat natri (Na2SO4): nng chy nhit 884oC, phn hy thnh Na2O
nhit 1200 1220oC c dng trong cng ngh thy tinh v men l ch yu.
Cacbonat natri ( sa Na2CO3 ): c nhit nng chy l 852oC, phn hy
thnh Na2O nhit 1750oC.
Na2CO3 Na2O + CO2
Sa tinh th khan hoc ngm nc Na2CO3.10H2O. Trong cng nghip
ngi ta khng dng loi ngm nc do phi tiu tn mt nhit ha hi ln. Loi
sa khan rt d ht m do phi bo qun ni kh ro.
Natri nitrat ( NaNO3): l cht oxy ha mnh c s dng nhiu trong men kh.
S phn hy bt u 380oC v kt thc 800oC. Thng dng trong men frit.
Natri clorua ( NaCl ): mui NaCl l tinh th khng mu, tan mnh trong
nc, c s dng trong men mui. S dng mt lng nh khng qu 0,3%
trong men.
* Nguyn liu cung cp oxyt kali ( K2O)
Nguyn liu cung cp K2O l kali cacbonat v kali nitrat
Kali cacbonat ( K2CO3 potas): K2CO3 c nhit nng chy 897oC. Trong
cng nghip gm s ch yu dng dng khan, n cng c tnh ht m mnh. Do
, cn bo qun ni kh ro, trc khi s dng cn kim tra hm lng nc.

Thy tinh, men s dng potas lm nguyn liu c nht cao hn dng sa
nn trong cng ngh thy tinh thng dng chung hai loi nguyn liu ny.
Kali nitrat ( selit kali KNO3): KNO3 l cht khng mu, tan mnh trong
nc, c nhit nng chy 336oC, nhit 500oC phn hy thnh KNO2 v
O2, nhit 900oC phn hy thnh K2O.
KNO3 KNO2 + O2
4KNO3 2K2O + O2 + 4NO2
* Nguyn liu cung cp oxyt liti ( Li2O )
Nguyn liu cung cp Li2O l Li2CO3 v LiF.
Liti cacbonat Li2CO3: c mu trng, tan km trong nc. Ti nhit
1000oC, Li2O bt u to thnh. Thm 1% Li2CO3 vo phi liu s lm tng
bng ca men, gim c qu trnh bay hi.
Liti florua LiF: bt mu trng, khng tan trong nc, bay hi nhit
1000oC.
e. Oxyt zircon (ZrO2)
Nguyn liu cung cp l oxyt zircon hoc zircon silicat.
Zircon dioxyt ZrO2: l cht nng, c mu trng n vng, khng tan trong
nc. Trong thng mi hm lng ZrO2 t 75 79%.
Zircon silicat (ZrSiO4) tn ti trong t nhin dng khong zircon.
ZrO2.SiO2, trong 67,1%ZrO2 v 3,9%SiO2, hp cht khng tan trong nc, c
h s gin n thp = 35.10-7K-1.V vy trong qu trnh sn xut frit ngi ta
thng dng ZrSiO4.
f. Nguyn liu cung cp oxyt bari (BaO)
Nguyn liu cung cp: bari cacbonat, bari sunfat, bari clorua, bari nitrat.
- Bari cacbonat (BaCO3): l tinh th khng mu, tn ti nhiu trong t
nhin dng khong viterit. Ti nhit 811oC xy ra hin tng o pha v kt
thc qu trnh trn trc 982oC, to ra CO2 nhit 1450oC.

- Bari sunfat (BaSO4): tn ti trong t nhin dng khong barit v t khi

c s dng lm nguyn liu cho men.
- Bari clorua (BaCl2.2H2O): l tinh th khng mu, khng tan trong nc v
c s dng lm nguyn liu ph cho men.
- Bari nitrat (Ba(NO3)2): l hp cht mu trng tan t trong nc, c s
dng nh l mt nguyn liu ph cho men frit.
g. Nguyn liu cung cp oxyt km (ZnO)
Nguyn liu cung cp: ZnO c cung cp dng oxyt cng nghip. Trong
t nhin, c th tn ti dng km orthosilicat 2ZnO.SiO 2 hoc hp cht
ZnO.B2O3 cha 53,89% ZnO c nhit nng chy 1000oC, hoc 3ZnO.P2O5
cha 63,23% ZnO nng chy nhit 900oC.
1.3.2. Nguyn liu sn xut men frit
1.3.2.1. Frit
L thnh phn chnh trong bi men frit, chim t 65-83%
1.3.2.2. Cao lanh [3,8].
Cao lanh c thnh phn khong chnh l caolinit nn cao lanh km do hn
t st. Thc t, cao lanh vn do v c xp vo nhm nguyn liu do do
trong nguyn liu lun ln cc khong c tnh do cao nh khong hallosit,
montmorilonit hoc s c mt ca nhng ht kch thc rt mn. Do cao lanh c
tnh do nn ngi ta a cao lanh vo men frit chng lng v tng do
ca men.
Ngoi ra, tnh do ca t st cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh:
thnh phn ht, mc phn tn, loi khong do v hm lng ca n, m
ca t st.

S bin i ca t st v cao lanh khi nung theo s sau:

Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O ( caolinit)
500600oC
Al2O3.2SiO2 ( metacaolinit)
9001000oC
Al2O3.SiO2 ( spinel)
> 1000oC
3Al2O3.2SiO2 + SiO2
( mulit ) ( cristobalit)
1.3.2.3. t st [8].
t st l tn gi chung cho nguyn liu t cha cc nhm khong
alumosilicat c cu trc lp, cn gi l cc khong st. Do ht mn c phn
tn cao nn khi trn vi nc c tnh do ln v khi nung to sn phm kt khi
rn chc. Trong t st c 3 loi khong chnh:
Khong caolinit: Al2O3.SiO2.2H2O
Khong montmorilonit: Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O + nH2O
Khong mica ( illit ): Al2xMgxK1-x-y(Si1,5yAl0,5+yO5)2(OH)2
Ngoi ra cn c khong hallosit Al2O3.SiO2.4H2O, khong pirophilit
Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O
t st l nguyn liu cung cp ng thi Al2O3 v SiO2, ngoi ra trong
thnh phn ca n lun c ln ct, vi, trng thch v cc tp cht khc. Nh
c tnh do v phn tn cao nn t st c vai tr c bit quan trng trong
men frit, n tng tnh do ca men v chng li s sa lng ca frit do frit khng
c tnh do
t st c tnh do l do trong thnh phn ca n c cha cc khong c
tnh do cao nh khong montmorilonit v hallosit. Montmorilonit c cu trc ba
lp v hallosit c cu trc hai lp nn khi c nc cc phn t nc i su vo
v phn b gia cc lp cu trc lm cho mng li ca n trng n rt ln,

lm gim lc lin kt gia cc lp m cu trc c bn vn khng b ph v. Nh

vy, t st c tnh do cao. Li dng tnh do ny, ngi ta a vo men frit
tng tnh do ca men, chng sa lng do frit khng c tnh do.
1.3.2.4. Cht in gii [11].
CMC: cacboxyl metyl celulos
STPP: sodium tripoly photphat
Khi sn xut men, ngi ta a CMC v:
- N l tc nhn gn kt cho men gip men c dn khi phun, chm kh,
ci thin dn u trn b mt men v gim bi men.
- Tng nht ca men v chng sa lng.
Khi sn xut men, ngi ta a STPP v:
- N lm tng hiu qu ca qu trnh nghin.
- Gim nht ca men.
- Tng tnh linh ng ca men, gim m ca men.
1.4. Vai tr ca cc oxyt trong men [3,7,11].
Frit c to thnh t vic nu chy mt hn hp phi liu bao gm nhiu
thnh phn khc nhau nhit cao. Trong bao gm:
- Tc nhn to thy tinh: SiO2, B2O3.
- Cht chy: Na2O,K2O, Li2O, PbO, B2O3.
- Cht n nh: CaO, BaO, MgO, PbO, Al2O3, ZnO.
- Ngoi ra i vi men c cn c
- Cht to c: ZrO2, CaO.
- Tc nhn lm cng: Al2O3, ZrSiO4
1.4.1. SiO2
SiO2 c a vo t ct quartz, cao lanh, t st, trng thch
Silicat l thnh phn chnh trong hp cht thy tinh do kh nng to thnh
pha thy tinh di tc dng ca cht chy trong mt khong nhit rt rng.

Quarzit c tc dng gim h s gin n ca men, chng li hin tng nt

men, c bit khi quarzit c nghin mn.
Lp men ph c hm lng SiO2 cng cao th cng v bn ha cng cao.
Hm lng SiO2 c trong men c nh hng r rt i vi nhit chy
ca men. Hm lng SiO2 cng cao men cng kh chy, nhit nung ca men
cang cao (SiO2 nng chy nhit = 1670oC).
V vy SiO2 qu nhiu s to kt tinh, SiO 2 v cc thnh phn khc s to
thnh cc silicat khng tan.
c bit nguyn liu cha SiO2 c TiO2 v Fe2O3 rt nh. Nu nhiu th men
s c mu , ng vng m khng trng nh hng n vic trang tr mu, in la.
1.4.2. B2O3
B2O3 c a vo men di dng axit boric H 3BO3, mui borat
Na2O.2B2O3.10H2O, v khong colemanic 2CaO.2B2O3.5H2O.
ng sau silicat B2O3 l thnh phn c kh nng to pha thy tinh rt ln.
B2O3 l thnh phn quan trng trong men. B 2O3 c th thay th mt phn
SiO2 trong men v c th trn ln vi bt k t l no.
B2O3 c nhit nng chy thp = 741 oC, c tc dng h nhit nng
chy ca men. V vy B 2O3 rt cn thit trong nhng men khng cha ch, n s
to im nng chy thp v c tc dng nh mt tc nhn chy trong men silic,
B2O3 gip chy cc oxit mu, tng sng, lm gim nht v h thp h s
gin n nhit ca men.
B2O3 c h s gin n nh do c kh nng chng nt men nhng hm
lng trn 12% th li lm cho men nt.
B2O3 to lp trung gian tt nh CaO nn ta c th kt hp c hai. Trong
men va c cha B2O3 va cha CaO c nhng u im nh c bn chng
nt cao ng thi c kh nng chy lng tt v c khong chy rng (100 oK) nn
c tc dng lm cho b mt men nhn v u. Ngoi ra canxi borat cn c tc
dng chng lng cho men sng.

Tuy nhin hm lng B2O3 khng nn cho vo qu nhiu, nht l khi trong
men c cha ZnO hoc CaO s lm cho men c v to thnh mng mng c
gi l mng bor. Khi c mng bor ch cn cho thm vo men vi phn trm SnO 2
th men s tr nn mt mu trng ng nht. Nu mun cho men mt mng bor
v tr nn trong sut th thng phi tng thm hm lng Al 2O3 trong men hoc
nu khi men ch c CaO th c tc dng mt mng bor.
B2O3 thng dng chung vi K2O v Na2O trong men alkali.
1.4.3. PbO
Cc nguyn liu cung cp PbO c th l oxit PbO, minium Pb 3O4 (ch ),
baz ch cacbonat PbCO 3, PbO2 (ch trng), ch sunfit PbS. Trong cng nghip
thng dng hai loi chnh l oxyt ch v minium.
PbO l nguyn liu hay dng to men baz, nhit nng chy ca PbO
= 880oC. Cc hp cht silicat ch cng l cht d chy. Thy tinh do ch to ra c
kh nng ha tan mnh cc oxyt to mu v mt phn xng sn phm. Do
men ch bm chc c vo xng sn phm ng thi to ra b mt lng bng.
PbO lm tng tnh n hi ca men, lm cho men mm. Do men mm v c
kh nng chy lng tt nn thng c dng lm men chy.
Ngoi ra oxyt ch cn em li cho men nhng c tnh:
- Kh nng chy cao (d chy).
- Tng ch s khc x lm cho men bng.
- Tng t trng v bng.
- nht ca men thp.
- bn axit thp nu hm lng PbO vt qu mt t l nht nh.
- c cao.
Nhc im ca men cha ch l phn ln l cc hp cht cha ch u rt
c v ch rt d tan trong mi trng axit long v kim. V vy ngi ta phi
frit ha to thnh cc hp cht silicat ch khng tan trong nc. Tuy nhin n
vn cn nhc im na l to ra mu vng khng mong mun do d PbO t do

(PbO.SiO2 c mu vng, PbO.2,2SiO2 th men trong sut khng mu). Ngoi ra

PbO lin kt vi kim th cng lm men mt mu vng. V vy ngi ta thng
thay mt phn PbO bng oxyt kim hoc km. Tuy nhin nu l Zn th PbO d b
kh v Pb gy ht en cho xng v men. V vy ngi ta thng chuyn PbO
thnh ch silicat v thng phi nung trong mi trng oxy ha.
1.4.4. Kim _ K2O, Na2O, Li2O
Kim c a vo di dng cc mui nitrat, mui clorua, mui
cacbonat, trng thch v nephelin.
Kim c s dng nhiu trong men d chy sau PbO. Kim c kh nng chy
tt nn c th thay cho PbO. Hn na kim va khng c, khng mu , r tin.
Kim l cht tr dung mnh (cht chy), n s lm gim nhit nung ca
sn phm. V l nhng cht lm bin i mng li ca men dn n h thp
im nng chy ca n. Tuy nhin LiO 2 l cht gip chy mnh mc d im
nng chy ca n rt cao (trn 1700 oC). LiO2 c th c s dng vi phn trm
rt thp so vi Na2O v K2O c c cng mt kt qu.
Kim c tc dng lm mt mu vng trong men ch, c kh nng ha tan
mnh cc oxyt mu. nht b nn men d chy lm cho b mt men bng
long.
Kim lm tng h s gin n nhit ca men (Li 2O lm tng t hn K2O v
Na2O). V vy d to ra cc vt nt trn b mt sn phm.
Kim c nhc im l lm cho men c khong chy hp ( nht gim
nhanh khi tng nhit ) nn vic nung men rt kh. khc phc th phi a
vo Al2O3, ZnO, BaO, oxyt mu Cr 2O3, SnO2 tng nht, ngi ta thng
a kim vo di dng trng thch (tt hn l trng thch kali).
c bit Li2O lm tng bn axit ca men hn K 2O, Na2O. Do mu
Li2O bn vi thi tit hn cc kim loi kim khc. V Li 2O c tc dng lm tng
r rt trng v bng ca men hn, song do gi thnh cao nn t s dng.
K2O, Na2O thng c dng thm vi B2O3 trong men alkali

Ngoi ra kim cn c xu hng kt tinh v d ha tan trong nc nn cn

phi frit ha.
1.4.5. CaO
CaO c a vo di dng CaCO3 tinh khit, lmit, vi, phn,
volastonit, anotit.
CaO l nhn t n nh.
CaO lm tng cng ng thi lm gim h s gin n nhit ca men.
CaO l cht tr dung nhit cao. CaCO 3 nng chy nhit cao
>1400oC.
Khi CaO c trn vi cc silicat khc n d dng to ra pha thy tinh. Vi
mt phn trm ng k ca CaO s dn n vic men b kt tinh to thnh men
matt CaO. Nu a vo 510%, CaO gip tng n nh ca sn phm, ci
thin cng chu un v tng kh nng bm dnh ca men vo xng lm
tng chiu dy ca lp trung gian dn n gim nt men v bong men.
Nu trong men co cha nhiu B 2O3 th CaO s kt hp vi B 2O3 to kt
tinh trng thnh m trng. khc phc tnh trng trn c th tng hm lng
Al2O3 hoc thm SrCO3, ngoi ra cng co th dng BaCO3 hn ch nhng
m trng.
V d kt tinh nn CaO c s dng to men m (kt tinh trn b mt)
hay men c (kt tinh trong lng).
Trong hp cht c nung nhit cao CaO lm tng nht ca men.
1.4.6. BaO
Thng c a vo di dng BaCO3.
BaO lm tng t trng men v tng kh nng khc x nn lm tng bng
ca men.
BaO l tc nhn gy chy tuyt vi, n c th thay th cho PbO nhng
khng c. Nu BaO t th c tc dng lm tng chy lng cho men, nu BaO

nhiu th to c cho men. Vi BaO >3% ng lng mol n s lm cng men

v to kt tinh.
Men bari nng chy nhanh hn v nht thp hn men canxi.
BaO c tc dng lm tng bn c song lm gim bn ha khi a vo
phi liu men. Trong men kim khng nn dng BaO lm cht to bt gy ra
hin tng khuyt tt l chn kim v c c khng u.
1.4.7. MgO
MgO a vo di dng lmit, MgCO3, talc 3MgO.4SiO2.H2O, static.
Tc dng ca MgO trong thnh phn men tng t nh CaO, ch khc l n
tng nht nhiu hn.
MgO a vo vi hm lng nh s lm tng bng ca men, nhng vi
hm lng cao th s lm tng nhit nung ca sn phm (nhit chy ca
men cao) v c tc dng to c.
MgO c h s gin n nh nn c tc dng lm gim h s gin n nhit
cho men, c tc dng chng nt men v lm tng bng cho men.
MgO lm tng sc cng b mt men nn thng c dng lm men co.
Vi loi nguyn liu cha nhiu Fe2O3 th khng nn dng nhiu MgO v
d lm cho men c mu khng mong mun.
1.4.8. ZnO
ZnO c cung cp dng oxyt cng nghip (ZnO), trong thin nhin c
th tn ti dng km ortho silicat 2ZnO.SiO 2, hoc ZnO.B2O3.
Trong cc men axit v trong men c Al 2O3 cao, ZnO ng vai tr cht chy.
Ty thuc phn trm ZnO s c nhiu hiu qu khc nhau.
- Nu % thp: n s lm tng sng, chy lng ca men ngoi tr
mu xanh l cy v xanh da tri. Cng vi Al 2O3, ZnO ci thin c v tng
trng (vi men c %CaO thp v khng c B 2O3), ngoi ra ZnO cn lm gim
h s gin n nhit.

- Nu vi % cao: n s to kt tinh t khi thu tinh lm b mt chuyn

thnh matt, c bit i vi men c c tnh baz.
- % cao hn: n to tinh th. Nhng tinh th ZnO silicat tch ra. Men
giu ZnO rt chu bn axit.
1.4.9. Al2O3
Al2O3 c a vo di dng Al2O3 nung hoc Al(OH)3, trng thch,
cao lanh, t st, corundon.
Al2O3 lm tng nhit chy ca men, hn ch vic kt tinh nhng li ko
di khong chy men.
Al2O3 c vai tr trong vic to mu, n lm cho cc oxyt mu tr nn chu
nhit, hm lng ca Al2O3 trong men cng nh hng n mu sc. Nh Al 2O3/
SiO2 = 1/10 l men trong sut, nhng Al2O3/ SiO2 = 1/2 th to men c baz
Khi Al2O3 a vo thnh phn men chim t 4 8% s to cho sn phm
nhng c tnh sau:
- Tng nht, gim (loi tr) xu hng kt tinh.
- Tng bn ha, tng bn un, h thp h s gin n nhit.
- Tng kh nng chu axit, ci thin c.
Phn trm ca Al2O3 trong men tng th nhit nung cng tng v ngc
li. Trong men matt c % Al 2O3 cao hn v trong men bng c % Al 2O3 thp hn
trong men c.
Al2O3 l mt oxyt lng tnh, Al2O3 c th kt hp c vi SiO 2 v vi cc
oxyt baz khc. V vy n l tc nhn n nh hiu qu.
1.4.10. TiO2
TiO2 thng a vo men di dng TiO2 tinh khit hoc qung rutin.
TiO2 l cht gy c t. Tuy nhin TiO2 rt d ha tan trong men bor do
qu trnh to c b hn ch, thng c khng ch bng cch lm ngui.
Ngi ta thng dng TiO2 kt hp vi ZnO tng kh nng to c v c tc
dng tt trong vic to mau kt tinh cho men kt tinh.

Oxyt titan trong men lm tng bn ha v bn nt rn. bn nt rn

th hin ngay vi %TiO2 rt nh v khng i khi tng % ln.
TiO2 lm men c mu: vi 2% lm tng mu sn phm bt u chuyn
mu, 7% th mu sn phm chuyn thnh mu vng (ty thuc vo hm lng
Fe2O3 b nhim), ng thi b mt chuyn sang dng men matt.
1.4.11. SnO2
SnO2 c a vo di dng oxyt cng nghip SnO2.
L cht to c tt nht ngay c phn trm thp (6 8%).
SnO2 kh ha tan trong men v phn tn u to ra s khc x di tc
dng ca nh sng lm cho men c mu trng c bt c nhit no
SnO2 vn gy c ngay c khi c mt cc oxyt gy c khc nh TiO2, ZrO2...
Ngi ta c th to men c bng cch a vo men trong 5% SnO 2 v 5%
TiO2.
Kh nng to c ca SnO2 ph thuc vo mn ca SnO2.
SnO2 khng ha tan trong nc v khng c hi bt k nhit no. V
vy n c s dng tt trong men sng.
SnO2 c tc dng lm tng n hi ca men do kh nng chng nt
men s tng ln. bn va p v bn ha men cng tng.
SnO2 cn l cht ti mu quan trng ngay c i vi men c v cht mu.
Tuy nhin SnO2 t c s dng do gi thnh cao.
1.4.12. ZrO2
ZrO2 c s dng di dng ZrO2 hoc silicat zircn ZrSiO4.
ZrO2 thng c a vo di dng frit do n kh phn tn hn SnO 2.
ZrO2 l cht to c tt (khng bng SnO2), nhng gi thnh r hn nn
c s dng rt ph bin.
Phn trm ZrO2 cng cao th nhit nung cng cao. Thc t ch mt phn
nh ZrO2 l nng chy, phn ln nm dng ban u.

Khi thm mt t SnO 2 vo men cha ZrO 2 s lm tng bn chng li

nt men.
ZrO2 di dng ZrSiO4 s lm men bng hn dng ZrO 2 do tc dng ca
SiO2 gy ra.
1.5. Cc tnh cht ca men
Bn cht ca men l mt lp thy tinh nn men cng c nhng tnh cht
tng t nh thy tinh. Tuy nhin do nhit nng chy ca men thp v men
ch ph mt lp mng trn b mt xng gm nn s th hin cc tnh cht ca
men c nhng c trng ring.
Trong qu trnh men nng chy chng ta ch xt n cc tnh cht:
- nht
- Sc cng b mt.
Khi men hnh thnh (qu trnh s dng) th xt n tnh cht:
- cng.
- Tnh cht in.
- bn ha.
V trong c hai qu trnh trn chng ta u phi quan tm n gin n
nhit ca men.
1.5.1. S to thnh lp men. S to thnh lp trung gian gia xng
v men. nht ca men [3,7].
1.5.1.1. S to thnh lp men
Chiu dy ca lp men to thnh ph thuc vo:
- dy lp xng, tc ph thuc vo xp ca xng gm, c bit khi
l xp nh va (d = 50 2nm) v vi xp (d < 2nm) v t hn s l xp ln (d >
50nm). V n nh hng n ht nc s nh hng n chiu dy ca men.
- Tnh cht huyn ph ca men.
- dy ca lp men trng.
- Thi gian nung men.

Khi nung trong men xy ra cc qu trnh phn hy cc cht u, chng hn

CaCO3 v cc phn ng khc v chng nng chy.
MnO2 MnO + O2
Sb2O5 Sb2O3 + O2
3Fe2O3 2Fe3O4 + O2
2Fe3O4 6FeO + O2
1.5.1.2. nht ca men
Ti nhit ti u men c nht = 2,102 2,103 Pas. nhn ca men
ph thuc vo nht ng ca n khi nung.
- Nu nht thp: men s c nhiu bt kh (do s phn hy, phn ng ca
xng v men hay kh ca mi trng trong l b gi li khi men b ng rn
trong qu trnh nung) ngoi ln trn lp b mt v b mt ca men cn thi gian
n nh sau khi kh thot ra.
- Khi nht ca men cao v sc cng b mt ln th kh thot ra to ln
trn b mt nhng knh hnh ng hay phu (to khuyt tt l chn kim).
- Khi nht ca men ng th cc bt kh tp trung bin gii xng v
men v khng lm nh hng n b mt men.
Cng nh thy tinh, men khng c nhit nng chy xc nh m c s
thay i dn t trng thi do qunh sang trng thi chy lng. Do nht
cng s thay i dn theo nhit , nhit tng th nht gim v ngc li.
nht ca men ph thuc phc tp vo thnh phn ha ca men.
Qua thc nghim ngi ta c th kt lun cc oxyt sau y lm tng
nht ca men: SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, Cr2O3, SnO2, MgO, CaO (ring MgO, CaO
nht tng khi a vo vi hm lng ln. B 2O3 hm lng di 12% cng c tc
dng tng nht, nu trn 20% s c tc dng lm gim nht).
Cc cation kim loi kim lm gim mnh nht ca men theo chiu sau:
Li+ > Na+ > K+.

Trong cng nghip sn xut men iu quan trng nht l tm ra c men

c khong chy mm rng, c ngha l tm ra c cc thnh phn phi liu sao
cho nht t thay i hay thay i chm khi thay i nhit . cho men c
th nng chy hon ton v bm chc vo xng m khng c hin tng chy
dn (men c chy dn u tt).
1.5.1.3. S hnh thnh lp trung gian
Trong thi gian nung thng ny sinh gia men v xng mt lp trung
gian c dy 10 50m. Lp trung gian ny c thnh phn ha, hm lng v
thnh phn pha tinh th, pha kh ... khc vi xng v men.
S xut hin lp trung gian ph thuc vo:
- Thnh phn ha.
- Thnh phn ht ca xng v men.
- Nhit nung sn phm.
- Thi gian lu mu nhit nung cao nht.
- xp ca xng sn phm.
- ha tan ca cc oxyt trong men.
Steger cho rng khi nung men cn phi to ra gia xng v men mt lp
trung gian. Lp ny gp phn iu ha ng lc xut hin gia xng v men, c
tc dng lm gim bt ng lc trong sn phm, lp trung gian cng dy th
xng v men cng ph hp.
to lp trung gian ngi ta thng cho thm axit boric vo men lm cho
lp trung gian pht trin rt tt. V B 2O3 c kh nng ha tan tt v n su vo
xng s. Ch v kim cng l nhng cht c kh nng tan mnh tuy nhin do
kim c h s gin n ln nn t c ch .
Trong cc nguyn liu hnh thnh lp trung gian th CaCO 3 l ph gia tt
nht. N c tc dng chng nt men tt nht v cn c tc dng lm cho vt nt
st c tr li bi v:
- N lm tng h s gin n cho xng.

- Lm tng qu trnh to lp trung gian.

- Cn tr s trng n ca xng.
Do vy trong hu ht cc loi men u c CaO a vo. Trong qu trnh
nung, Cao trong men tan ra, th trong xng cng vy, ko theo s tan ra ca cc
phn t khc, qua lp trung gian c hnh thnh v pht trin t hai pha.
Tng t nh canxi, SiO2 v cc ht phi liu khc ca men cng tan ra
hoc gim bt to nn lin kt bn vng vi men. Cng nung nhit cao v
thi gian lu mu nhit cao cng lu th lp trung gian c to thnh cng
dy. Volastonit CaO.SiO2 v lmit cng l nhng cht c kh nng to lp
trung gian tt. Nhng CaO.SiO2 trnh c s trao i CO2 nn men chy lng
bng, cn lmit c tc dng km hn c.
Tm li vic hnh thnh lp trung gian l s xm nhp ca men nng chy
vo cc l xp ca xng, s ha trn t hai pha: ca men nng chy v pha
lng ca xng, s khuych tn cc cu t ca men vo trong xng v ngc
li l s ha tan cc tinh th ca xng trong men nng chy dn n s hnh
thnh lp trung gian.
Thnh phn lp trung gian p ng gia xng/men = (60 65)/(40 35).
Lp trung gian gp phn lm cn bng ng sut nhit gia xng v men.
1.5.2. Sc cng b mt ca men [3,7].
Sc cng b mt (nng lng b mt) tc dng ln ranh gii ca pha lng
theo chiu hng thu nh mt pha lng . i vi cc pha silicat nng chy sc
cng b mt nm trong khong 300dyn/cm.
Sc cng b mt thng c nh ngha l nng lng cn thit to nn
mt n v din tch b mt. Sc cng b mt ln lm men kh chy lng u
trn b mt. Sc cng b mt qu nh khng to b mt lng bng cn thit.
Sc cng b mt ca mt pha lng silicat nng chy ph thuc vo nhit
nung hay thnh phn ha ca n. Tnh sc cng b mt theo phng php cng
ty theo thnh phn ha ca men.

Sc cng b mt lun c khuynh hng thu nh ranh gii tip xc ca pha

lng. Ti ranh gii gia pha lng, rn, kh s hnh thnh sc cng b mt, iu
ny rt quan trng trong qu trnh thm t. Mt cht lng c sc cng b mt
ln lun c khuynh hng t co li thnh hnh cu. iu ny c ngha ln nu
ngi ta trng hai men cch nhau hoc chng ln nhau th phi tnh sc cng b
mt sao cho hai men ph hp nhau.
Nu trng hai men cch nhau v mun c ranh gii tip xc sc nt th c
hai men phi c sc cng b mt bng nhau. Nu khng, men c sc cng b
mt ln hn s co li, cn men c sc cng nh hn s b men c sc cng ln
hn ko gin ra, s lm nhe men.
Trng hp cn trang tr men co ngi ta c th da vo sc cng b mt
iu chnh men thch hp.
Sc cng b mt ca men ln, kh nng thm t ca men vi xng km,
thng xy ra khuyt tt nh phng rp, nt men, bt si tm cun men.
c th xc nh sc cng b mt c th tinh theo Dietzel hoc c th xc
nh ging nh xc nh thy tinh bng cc phng php sau:
Trng lng git Bppen, cn trng lng mt git v xc nh.
So snh b mt thm t ca mt git men vi mu bit (phn ln p li
tng vin) trn mt b mt phng sau khi nng chy.
Xc nh gc thm t bng cch o gc ranh gii trong qu trnh nng
chy bng knh hin vi nhit cao.
Da vo thc nghim ngi ta xc nh:
- Sc cng b mt ca men tng theo dy sau:
B2O3 < ZnO < CaO < NiO < V2O5 < Al2O3 < MgO < SnO2 < Cr2O3.
- Sc cng b mt ca men gim theo dy sau:
SrO2 > BaO > SiO2 > TiO2 > Na2O > PbO > K2O > Li2O.
Men giu CaO, BaO v c t l Al2O3 v MgO cao cho ta sc cng b mt ln.

Ngi ta c th iu chnh sc cng b mt m khng cn thay i thnh

phn ha bng cch thay i nhit nung.
1.5.3. S gin n nhit ca men [3,7].
S gin n nhit ca men c biu th bng s gin n ca vt khi nng
ln mt gi l h s gin n nhit.
Khi lm lnh nhit chuyn ha men c nht 10 13 Pas. nhit
phng men c nht 1020 Pas. Cng nh mt lp thy tinh di nhit
chuyn ha men c tnh gin v ng rn nn tnh cht quyt nh nh hng
n xng v men lc ny l h s gin n nhit.
S chnh lch h s gin n nhit ca men v mc trong phm vi hp
s khng gy khuyt tt v men c kh nng n hi trong mt phm vi
nht nh trc nhng ng lc sinh ra, nn gi c cho men khng b nt,
b bong. Tuy nhin nu ng lc sinh ra ln hn bn th s c hin tng
nt men v bong men.
Nu h s gin n nhit ln th khi nung s gin n nhiu v khi lm lnh
s co nhiu . Ngc li nh th khi nung gin n t v co t khi lm lnh.
Nhng qu trnh lm lnh l qu trnh m ta phi quan tm nhiu nht. V
vt liu lc ny ang trng thi gin, nu xy ra bt c s c g cng c th gy
nt v sn phm. V s khc nhau ca xng (x) v men (m) th hin ra
r rng nht l khi lm ngui sn phm, tc l khi c xng v men cng co li.
C 3 trng hp xy ra:
- x = m : y l trng hp qu l tng, kh xy ra.
- x < m : khi lm ngui lp men s b co nhiu hn lp xng. Lc
men s b ng sut ko, nu ng sut ny khi vt qua gii hn bn ko ca men
s lm cho men b nt.
- x > m : khi lm ngui lp xng s b co nhiu hn lp men. Lc
men s chu ng sut nn, nu ng sut ny khi vt qu gii hn bn nn ca
men n s gy hin tng bong men.

Tuy nhin men chu ng sut nn tt hn ng sut ko nn nu khng

to ra c x = m th tt nht l x > m, nhng gii hn cho php l
x- m 0,5.10 -6K-1
Men mng i th gim c ng sut ca men v xng. Nhng men mng
qu (<150m) th men s b sn. Nh vy men phi t c dy t nht l
150 250m (0,15 0,25mm). Cn nu qu gii hn trn th men s b bong
hoc phng rp.
H s gin n nhit ca men c o bng ilatomet hoc tnh ton.
H s gin n nhit ca men ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: thnh phn
ha, thnh phn khong, thnh phn pha, nhit nung. Theo kinh nghim th h
s gin n nhit ca men tng theo dy sau:
Al2O3 < Li2O < K2O < Na2O.
V gim theo dy sau:
CaO > ZnO > MgO > SnO2 > B2O3 > SiO2.
H s gin n nhit tng s hn ch kh nng bong men. H s gin n
nhit gim s hn ch hin tng nt men.
Theo Purdy v Potts th st c ca phi liu tng s lm gim h s gin
n nhit.
R_Riecke chng minh rng h s gin n nhit ph thuc nhiu vo
dng th hnh ca SiO2 cho vo phi liu.
H_Kohn chng minh rng nu a trng thch vo cng nhiu th h s
gin n nhit ca phi liu s tng nhng ch tng n 1180 oC, nhit ny
gin n nhit ca phi liu s gim. CaCO 3 c tc dng tng s gin n nhit, s
gin n t ngt l do s bin i th hnh ca SiO 2 gy ra.
1.5.4. cng ca men [3,7].
cng ca men l kh nng chu tc dng c hc ca men. Vi nhng
c tnh tc ng ca lc c hc ln vt liu khc nhau, vt liu s th hin kh

nng chng tc ng khc nhau, nn khng c mt phng php chung nh

gi cng. C th xc nh cng bng cc phng php sau:
- Kh nng chng tc dng ca vch xc.
- Kh nng chng n ln ( cng t vi).
- Kh nng chng mi mn.
Mi phng php nh gi c u im ring, v mi phng php xc nh
cng c th cho kt qu khc nhau. Trong thc t xc nh cng ca
men ngi ta dng cc phng php tng ng vi tng loi men.
i vi sn phm s dn dng (chn, bt, a), gch men, hoc vt phm k
thut thng ngi ta xc nh cng thng qua bn chng li ng vch
(vt xc) v bn ln ca sn phm, cn sn phm l gch lt nn, ng dn,
cc loi trang tr bn ngoi th ch yu o bn chng bo mn.
1.5.4.1. bn chng li vt xc
Dng cho gm dn dng, gch men, gm k thut.
Xc nh bng kim cng hay nhng vt liu c cng cao, xong i
chiu vi mu xc nh trc theo thanh Mooc.
Theo kinh nghim cng ca men tng theo dy sau: MgO < CaO < SnO
< ZnO < Al2O3 < TiO2 v B2O3. Trong B2O3 hm lng di 12% tng
bn chng vt xc, B2O3 hm lng trn 12% ngc li s gim bn
chng xc.
Tm p c bn chng xc ln hn rt nhiu so vi tm lt.
- Tm p 3 Mobs.
- Tm lt > 5 Mobs.
1.5.4.2. bn ln
Dng cho gm dn dng, gch men, gm k thut.
ln c o bng lc n xung ca mt hnh nn bng kim cng ln
b mt ca men v khi rt ln li l trng.

1.5.4.3. bn chng mi mn
bn chng mi mn c biu th bng hao mn trng lng ca vt
liu sau khi mi.
H s mi mn c xc nh bng t s gia mt mt khi lng mu sau
khi th nghim vi din tch b bo mn (g/cM3).
Tm lt c bit cn tnh cht ny. bo mn ca tm lt nn khong
0,1g/cM3.
Ngi ta c th xc nh bng cch mi, cy theo phng php Scett
(phng php di ct ln b mt sn phm ng vi mt cao nht nh v sau
mt thi gian nht nh).
bo mn khng ch biu hin cho cng m cn c lin quan n tnh
cht n hi, st c ca sn phm.
Theo Weyl th PbO tuy lm gim bn chng vt xc nhng li lm tng
bn chng mi mn.
Theo kinh nghim bn chng mi mn tng theo dy sau: PbO < Al 2O3 <
SnO2 < SrO < MgO < CaO < B2O3 < SiO2, ring B2O3 c bn chng bo mn
cao nht ng vi hm lng SiO2 l 12%.
1.5.5. Tnh cht in [3,7].
Nhim v ca men l phi m bo tnh cch in tt v chng li hin
tng bong men, nt men khi cc chi tit s lm vic tip xc trc tip vi in.
Ngi ta xc nh c in tr tng theo dy sau:
CaO < BaO < B2O3 < PbO < Fe2O3 < MgO < ZnO < SrO2.
Cc oxyt sau y lm gim in tr ca men: Al 2O3, K2O, Na2O.
Chiu dy ca v nc ng li trn thy tinh ca dy cht nng chy trong
hi nc bo ha c xc nh bi kh nng dn in ca n.
Ngi ta c th sp xp cc cht to thy tinh theo nh hng i vi s cn
tr vic to thnh mt v nc theo th t sau: CaO, BaO, B 2O3, Al2O3, Fe2O3,
MgO, ZnO, PbO, SiO2 nhng K2O v Na2O li thun li cho vic to v nc.

Kh nng dn in l do nh hng chnh ca kim i vi men, hm

lng kim cng cao th cng dn in tt. i vi cc vt liu gm cch in tt
nht l dng t kim cng hiu qu v tt nht l khng nn dng kim. Qua vic
loi b kim th u tin l s t c yu cu v tnh cch in tt, ngi ta
thu c kt qu tt khi thay K2O + Na2O bng Li2O th tnh cch in ca men
vn t yu cu.
Men s cch in nung 800oC, PbO cao lm gim s giao ng ca cc
ion kim.
1.5.6. bn ha ca men [3,7].
Men trong qu trnh s dng phi bn vi mi trng, chng hn nc, khng
kh (CO2), bn trong mi trng axit v kim long. y cn c vn khi gm
c dng trong thc phm. Men s trn thc t khng thi ra cc cht c hi.Vn
chnh l men nh la rt khng bn vi cc axit t trong thc phm.
bn ha ca men l kh nng ca vt liu khng b ph hy di tc
dng ca mi trng tip xc vi n trong qu trnh s dng nh: mi trng m
CO2, mi trng axit, mi trng kim long v.vQu trnh n mn b mt xy
ra di hai dng ha tan v xm thc, thng c hai dng ny xy ra ng thi
lm ph hoi b mt vt liu trong qu trnh s dng.
Tuy nhin khng c nhng quy tc chung cho bn ha nhng da vo
kinh nghim c th nu ln mt s kt lun sau:
+ Men hon ton ch c kim c bn ha km nht v hu nh kim
khng bn trong mi trng m, do men dng cng t kim cng tt.
+ Men photphat c bn ha km, hm lng BPO 4 trn 25 30% c th
b n mn mnh.
+ Men ch cng nh men bor it bn ha, nu thay PbO bng SrO th bn
axit gim.
+ Men c hm lng SiO2 cng cao th bn ha cng tng.

+ Men c hm lng B 2O3 cng t th bn axit cng tng (ch dng

ti a 10%).
+ Men cha Al2O3 lm tng bn ha nhng hm lng phi di 18%.
Keppler chng minh rng nu thay K 2O bng Li2O th bn axit tng,
bn ha ca men tng theo dy sau:
TiO2 < CeO2 < SnO2 < ZrO2.
Nh vy bn ha ca men ph thuc vo thnh phn ha, thnh phn
khong v mi trng, nhit tc ng ln men.
1.5.7. S to mu [7].
Men mu c to thnh t hai phng php sau:
1) Cho vo men cc oxyt mu hoc cc mui ca cc thnh phn khc trong
men to cc silicat mu ha tan trong men.
2) a vo men cc cht to mu bn nhit, cc cht ny hu nh khng
tan trong cc cht nng chy m phn tn u trong men to nn men mu.
Trng hp 1 nh thy tinh mu, nn mu ny thng to men trong c
mu. Cng mu ph thuc vo nng oxyt mu a vo.
Trng hp 2 thng to mu c, cc ht mu khng tan trong men m
phn tn rt u trong men ngi ta thng gi l cht nhum mu.
S pht mu l do kh nng hp th v phn x ca men trong vng nhn
thy. Nu men phn x hon ton th mu ca men l mu trng. Nu men hp
th hon ton cc bc sng th mu ca men l mu en. Nu men ch hp th
mt s tia, cn li mt s tia khc phn x tr li th mu ca men ng vi cc
bc sng khng hp th ca tia phn x tr li.
S pht mu ph thuc nhiu vo thnh phn ha ca men mu v c bit
s phi tr ca cc cht cho cc mu khc nhau.
V d: Coban c s phi tr l 4 cho mu lam v s phi tr l 6 cho mu hng,
v cc kim loi khc cng c tnh cht nh trn. Ngoi ra hin tng phn cc v s

trao i ha tr cng c nh hng ln n kh nng hp th mu sc ca men. S

hnh thnh cc cu trc tinh th khc nhau do tnh phn cc khc nhau.
V d: Tinh th Ni_Zn to nn mu lam ngc li Ni_Ba li c mu . C
ch ca qu trnh to mu ni chung rt phc tp. C th c nhng cht khng c
tc dng to mu nhng li c tc dng h tr to nn s pht mu ca cc
cht mu.
1.5.8. trong sut ca men [2].
trong sut ca men to cho sn phm mt dng v p. trong sut
ca men cn nh hng n nghin mn ca cc cu t. Phi liu cng mn
th trong sut ca men cng tng do ha tan ca thch anh ln.
1.5.9. bng ca men [2].
bng ca men l yu t quan trng nh gi mc thm m ca
sn phm.
V mt nh tnh ngi ta nhn bit s tn x nh sng ca b mt khi chiu
ri nh sng vo c bng iu c th hin ch chi ca b mt theo
hng phn x. S cm nhn th gic i vi bng ph thuc vo c tnh
chiu sng, mu sc, trng thi b mt, cng nh cc khuyt tt trn b mt.
V nh lng bng c xc nh nh l t s gia nh sng hng ti
b mt v ton b dng tia sng phn x.
bng b mt ca men cng ln nu chit sut (s phn x) ca lp men
cng ln, bi v nu chit sut ca men cng tng th thnh phn ca tia phn x
cng s tng, chnh l yu t gy ra cm gic bng hay nh ca men. Chit
sut ph thuc trc tip vo c ca men. c ca men cng ln nu khi
lng ring ca cc oxyt c trong n cng ln. Khi tt c cc iu kin khc nh
nhau th men c cha thnh phn bari, strronxi, km, thic v cc nguyn t khc
c mt cao s c chit sut cao hn v bng s ln hn.
Chit sut hay bng ca men tng nu a vo trong men cc vt liu c
h s chit sut cao nh: oxyt ch PbO = 2,61; sunfat ch PbS = 3,912; zircon

silicat ZrSiO4 = 1,95 v cn nh hng n duy tr nhit nung sao cho men
c chy lng u to ra b mt nhn bng.
1.6. Mt s khuyt tt ca men
Khuyt tt ca men xut hin ngay sau khi ra l hoc l mt thi gian sau
mi xut hin. Cc khuyt tt ca men thng xut hin l: nt men, bong
men, cun men, phng rp, to nn cc bt nh nh l chn kim, trn b mt
men c hin tng mu sc khng ng u hoc c nhng mu khng mong
mun, men m nhm v.v loi b cc khuyt tt cn ch :
- Kim tra k mu trong phng th nghim trc khi a ra sn xut hng
lot, ty theo tng loi khuyt tt m c bin php khc phc ring.
- Kim tra cc thit b trn dy chuyn trng men.
-Kim tra nguyn liu nht l khi mi nhp m nguyn liu mi.
- Kim tra qu trnh cn phi liu
- Kim tra cc thng s cn thit ca men.
Mt s cc khuyt tt thng dng l:
1.6.1. Khuyt tt b mt men
1.6.1.1. Nt men, bong men
Khi men v xng c h s gin n nhit khng ph hp th d gy ra nt
men hoc bong men. Ngoi ra do lp trung gian gia xng v men khng tng
thch v s bin i th hnh ca ct, thch anh t do v cristobalit trong xng
sn phm.
cui qu trnh nung, giai on lm lnh, men chy nhit cao bt
u tc ng vi xng, nu chng qu khc nhau th ng sut xut hin s to
nhng vt nt men (men rn), thm ch c th nt c xng (khc trng hp
nt xng do c hc).
Khi m >> x th men co nhiu, lp men chu lc ko, nu lc ko ln hn
n hi lp men b rn theo nhng ng mnh, khng u n (rn chn kim).

Ngc li m << x, men chu lc nn. Trong trng hp xu nht men s

v thnh tng mng to hin tng bong men. Hin tng ny t xy ra do kh
nng chu nn ca men cao (gp 10 ln kh nng chu ko).
H s gin n nhit c th tnh ton c da vo % oxyt ca men. Do
ta c th chn thnh phn men cho ph hp.
Kinh nghim ngh men hi b nn nh (gch hi mo mt t) phng
xng b n th tch do ht m trong qu trnh lt gch.
Lp men cng dy, cng lm tng kh nng khng ph hp gia xng
v men.
1.6.1.2. L chn kim
l nhng l nh hnh trn t xng ln, xuyn qua lp men hoc nhng
l trn nh trn b mt men.
Nguyn nhn:
- Do kh trong xng vn thot ra khi men chy lng tc l trong phi
liu xng cn khng kh hay c nhng thnh phn chy hay c cha nhng
cht to bt trong qu trnh nung: SiC, C, SO 42-, FeS2, CaSO4
- Do frit cha hon ho (do nu frit cha t, cha ng nht).
- Do tnh nng ca men cha tt: nht qu ln
- Do thm ph gia khng thch hp vo men lm men tch kh nhit cao.
- Do men nghin qu mn dn n gim nhit nung dn n si men.
- Do nung nhit qu cao so vi nhit nng chy ca men (men b
qu nhit), nht l cc men c hm lng kim cao, rt nhy vi hin tng ny
do oxyt kim d bay hi nhit nung cao dn n hin tng si men.
1.6.2. Men b tch
B mt vin gch hoc cnh, gc khng bm vo xng.
Nguyn nhn:
- Do sc cng b mt ca men qu ln im nhit men nng chy.

- dnh ca men vo xng km do dng vt liu do v hm lng vt

liu do a vo men.
- Do qu trnh sy men v co: S khc nhau qu ln v co gia men
v xng trong qu trnh sy hoc nung c th lm tng lc cng gia xng v
men, v to thnh nhng vt nt nh u qu trnh nung. Sau nu men c
nht im nng chy cao, vt nt s khng c hn li m s co theo
nhng ng nt c.
1.6.3. Men nh git, vn cc
Do a phun b nghing, a b nt, b hoc c vt l bn trong bung men.
Git men cn c th do cc git men tch t li bn trong cabin do lc ht qu
ln i khi to thnh vy ri xung, nht l i vi nhng men c hm lng
cao, hoc khi cabin b rung, cng tng cng s ri ca lp vy men.
Khc phc
- Hn ch s sa lng cu men trnh men vn cc.
- Trnh ht chn khng qu ln.
- Trnh rung ng ln.
- nh k v sinh cabin a trong tng ca.
1.6.4. Men b sn
i vi phun a c th do:
- nht men qu cao.
- Nhit gch qu nng.
- Mt s l trong a phun b nt.
- Hai a c trng lng phun b lch.
Khc phc
- iu chnh nht.
- Phun m.
- nh k v sinh.
- Cn trng lng tng a.

1.6.5. Mu loang l trn b mt men [7].

Nguyn nhn: Do s khuych tn cc oxyt to mu trong men khng tt,
iu ny c th do cc cht to mu trong men khng tt hoc cng c th do cc
oxyt gy mu to nn. ng thi s kt hp cc oxyt gy mu khng mong
mun cng l nguyn nhn to ra hin tng ny. Ngi ta th nghim ch
cn 0,0405 CO2 cng c th to ra pink yu, mu s m ln nu trong men c
cha CaO.
Bin php khc phc:
- S dng cc oxyt gy mu c kh nng khuych tn cao.
- iu chnh nht s khuych tn cc oxyt gy mu l tt nht.
- Kim tra s tng tc ca cc oxyt gy mu khng mong mun, c th s
dng cc oxyt to mu khc thay th sao cho thch hp.
- Khng ch trong men khng co CO 2 bng cch khuy lin tc ui ht
kh CO2 ra.
1.6.6. Men chy khng u
Nguyn nhn: Cc cu t ca men nghin cha k, cht lng frit km,
nhit nung v thi gian lu cha hp l, khi s dng cc loi men kh chy.
Do nguyn nhn trn c th hin trn b mt sn phm c vt, ht phi liu
men cha chy to ra b mt g gh, c bng thp.
Bin php khc phc:
- Cn tng cng qu trnh nghin ca cc loi men c nhit nng chy cao.
- iu chnh thi gian lu cho hp l khi s dng cc loi men kh chy.
- Kim tra cht lng frit t yu cu mi em vo s dng.
1.6.7. Khuyt tt khi trng chung
- Men b to bt: dn n vic x rch mng men v to thnh nhng vng
ovan khng c men trn vin gch. Nguyn nhn c th do:
+ Do tnh cht ca men cha ph hp d to bt.

+ Do mc men trong thng cha qu thp dn n vic to thnh bt trong

qu trnh bm.
+ ng hi lu men chy qu ln, dn n khuy trn to bt.
- Men b gn sng:
+ Gn sng vung gc vi hng di chuyn do:
- T trng, nht men thp.
- Do s rung ng ca dy curoa hoc ca sn nh.
+ Gn sng cng hng vi chuyn ng ca vin gch do: mng men
chy t chung xung b phn dng do men b ng trn mp chung hoc ng
bn trong chn (c th do dng men chy ra ng qu ln).
- Mng men khng ng nht: Do mt phng chung khng cn bng, do
men b ln du, nh hng ca gi thi, kh nn
1.6.8. Khuyt tt do men
Men nghin cha t mn: b mt khng phng, mu men khng u,
men d ng cn, kh trng.
Men nghin qu mn: dn n ph v lc lin kt bn trong ca men, mt s
lng mui ha tan b tch ra. B mt men xu sau khi trng v c sau khi nung.
Men thiu do: men c kh nng bm vo xng km dn n bong men.
tng dnh kt trong nung mt ln ngi ta thm CMC vo men. Ngoi ra
trong men cn a vo 8 10% cao lanh. Tuy nhin nu lng cao lanh cao s
kh khn cho qu trnh sy. Cao lanh ngoi vic tng tnh do n cn c tc dng
chng lng, gi men dng huyn ph c t trng ng u chng li vic lng
ng nhng ht c kch thc ln.
1.6.9. Khuyt tt do qu trnh sn xut
- Git men: xut pht t a do v, nghing, chp bt thng, bi men ri
xung do b rung.
- Sn men: do
+ nht men cao (phun a).

+ Gch nng.
+ Trt a, lch a (trng lng).
+ Trng lng men thp.
- Ln men: do
+ m mc khng u.
+ Men ln du.
- Ht sn: do mc bn, men bn ( mng c xng), st sng th khng qua
lc xng vng gc ln.
- Vng engob.
- Chy men: t trng thp, phun m nhiu.

Chng 2. TNH BI PHI LIU FRIT

2.1. Phng php nghin cu.
Da trn bng thnh phn ho cho frit trong, frit c, frit m vi nhit
nng chy trung bnh v thp,bng 1.1, bng 1.2, chng ti tin hnh tnh bi
phi liu [10].
Trc tin chng ti chn thnh phn ho cho frit sao cho n thuc cc
bng trn. Ri da vo thnh phn ho chng ti tnh nhit chy l thuyt, h
s gin n nhit v cc tnh cht c trng ca frit v men frit sao cho nhit
chy ca frit t 1000 1190oC v h s gin n nhit t 5072.10-6.K-1. Sau
t nhng thnh phn ho c tnh kh thi nht, da vo phng php phn tch c
in tnh bi cp phi cho frit. Frit sau khi nu xong s c trn vi cao lanh
hay cc nguyn liu khc theo bi cp phi men frit, ri c trng ln xng
tm p hay mc tm lt. Sn phm sau khi nung xong c kim tra cht lng
nh trong, bng, phng, khuyt tt. Nu sn phm t cht lng th
frit l tt, v men frit vi bi cp phi nh vy l t. Ngc li th frit
khng tt . T nhng frit khng t , ta hiu chnh li thnh phn ho ca frit,
ri tip tc lm tng t ging nh trn sao cho t yu cu th thi.
Kt qu cui cng l tm ra c khong ti u ca hm lng cc oxyt
trong frit v tm ra nhng bi men frit vi cp phi thch hp s cho sn phm
t cht lng cao.
2.2. Cng thc seger v tnh ton bi phi liu
2.2.1. Cng thc Seger
Men l thy tinh v nh hnh nn kh xc nh cng thc ha hc ca
men. Seger a ra cng thc men c tnh tng i vi cc quy c sau:
- Vit theo nhiu hng.
- B du hai chm (:), v t l nguyn t khng xc nh.
- Tng cc oxyt baz quy v bng 1.
Cng thc Seger c biu din di hai dng sau:

a) Cng thc Seger tng qut:

Oxyt baz Oxyt trung tnh Oxyt axit
RO + R2O R2O3 RO2 v R2O3
(Al2O3) (B2O3)
(RO + R2O) = 1
Vy cng thc chung l:
RO + R2O m R2O3 n RO2
Trong :
- Cng thc ny tnh bng n v l mol.
- nRO2 / nR2O3 = 9 11
- H s axit : y = RO2/ (R2O+ RO + 3R2O3)
- Nu y tng th RO2 tng dn n SiO2 tng lm cho men c nhit nng
chy cao. Men no c oxyt axit cng cao th men c nhit nng chy cao.
b) Cng thc Seger chung (cng thc Seger gii hn)
Cng thc Seger chung l cng thc Seger a ra mt loi men trong
ch ra mt lng mol ti thiu v ti a ca tng loi oxyt trong men ng vi
mt nhit nung xc inh.
V d: Chuyn v cng thc Seger bi men c thnh phn ho nh sau [6].
SiO2 Al2O3 PbO CaO K2O Na2O B2O3
52.50% 11.32% 16.73% 5.60% 2.01% 2.36% 6.65%
Cc bc chuyn nh sau:
- Tnh s lng mol cc xyt:
52.50 : 60 = 0.875 mol SiO2 11.32 : 102 = 0.111 mol Al2O3
16.73 : 223 = 0.075 mol PbO 5.60 : 56 = 0.100 mol CaO
3.01 : 94 = 0.032 mol K2O 2.36 : 62 = 0.038 mol Na2O
6.65 : 70 = 0.095 mol B2O3
0.075 PbO
0.100 CaO
0.032 K2O 0.111 Al2O3 0.875 SiO2
0.038 Na2O 0.095 B2O3

Tng cc oxyt bazo: 0.245

Quy tng cc oxyt bazo bng 1 (chia cho 0.245) Cng thc Seger nh sau:
0.306 PbO
0.408 CaO
0.131 K2O 0.453 Al2O3 3.571 SiO2
0.155 Na2O 0.388 B2O3
Cng thc Seger cho mt ci nhn tng qut v men. Chng ta c th d
dng so snh cc loi men vi nhau v cng c th bit kh nng chy ca n.
Tuy nhin khng c nh gi cng thc Seger qu cao v n khng xt n
kh nng phn ng ca nhng nguyn liu khc nhau a vo cng mt oxyt.
V d: Na2O trong trng thch, trong Na2CO3, trong Na2SO4 khng th
phn bit c.
Cng thc Seger ch mang tnh cht nh hng, khng c kh nng xc
nh tnh cht ca men mt cch ton din.
2.2.2. Cch tnh ton bi phi liu

Khoa: CN Ha Mi Trng GVHD: V Th Thanh Kiu
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn ha ca nguyn liu

N/liu SiO2 B2O3 Al2O3 CaO BaO MgO ZnO K2O Na2O ZrO2 PbO Fe2O3 TiO2 MKN
ZrSiO4 33 - 1 - - - - - - 63.5 - 0.02 0.01 2.47
lmit 4.0 - 0.28 30 - 19.5 - - - - - 0.04 - 46.18
T/thch 66.5 - 17.1 0.87 - - - 11.7 2.8 - - 0.06 0.04 0.93
vi 2.5 - 0.03 54.6 - - - - - - - 0.01 - 42.86
Ct 99.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.4
H3BO3 - 52.47 - - - - - - - - - - - 47.53
ZnO - - - - - - 99.5 - - - - - - 0.5
BaCO3 - - - - 76.89 - - - - - - - - 23.11
K2CO3 - - - - - - - 67,48 - - - - - 32.52
Al2O3 0.01 - 99 - - - - - 0.1 - - - - 0.89
Na2CO3 - - - - - - - - 57.91 - - - - 42.09
Bng 2.2. Thnh phn ha theo phn trm trng lng ca frit M2
T/phn SiO2 B2O3 Al2O3 CaO BaO MgO ZnO K2O Na2O ZrO2 PbO Fe2O3 TiO2
FFM2 52.5 0 8 8 8 1.5 15 4 1 3 0 0 0 101
100% 52.0 0 7.9 7.9 7.9 1.5 14.9 4 1 3 0 0 0 100

2.2.2.1.Tnh hm lng cc nguyn liu a vo phi liu nhiu oxyt

ZrO2 a vo phi liu di dng Zircn silicat.
a vo phi liu 3 PTL ZrO2 ta cn a vo mt lng ZrSiO4 l:
3 * 100
= 4.68 PTL ZrSiO4
63.5
Lng tp cht km theo l:

4.68 * 33
SiO2 = = 1.54 PTL
100
4.68 * 1
Al2O3 = = 0.0468 PTL
100
4.68 * 0.02
Fe2O3 = = 0.0009 PTL
100
4.68 * 0.01
TiO2 = = 0.0005 PTL
100
MgO a vo phi liu di dng lmt.

a vo phi liu 1.5 PTL MgO ta cn a vo mt lng lmt l:
1.5 * 100
= 7.62 PTL lmt
19.5

7.62 * 4
SiO2 = = 0.3 PTL
100
7.62 * 0.28
Al2O3 = = 0,02 PTL
100
7.62 * 30
CaO = = 2.28 PTL
100
7.62 * 0.04
Fe2O3 = = 0.003 PTL
100
K2O a vo di dng Trng thch.

a vo phi liu 70% *4 = 2.772 PTL K 2O ta cn a vo mt lng
trng thch l:
2.772 * 100
= 23.69 PTL Trng thch.
11 .7

23.69 * 66.5
SiO2 = = 15.76 PTL
100
23.69 * 17.1
Al2O3 = = 4.05PTL
100
23.69 * 0.87
CaO = = 0.21 PTL
100
23.69 * 2.8
Na2O = = 0.66 PTL
100
23.69 * 0.06
Fe2O3 = = 0.0142 PTL
100
23.69 * 0.04
TiO2 = = 0.0095 PTL
100
CaO a vo phi liu di dng vi.

a vo phi liu 7.9- 2.28- 0.21= 5.43 PTL CaO ta cn a vo mt
lng vi l:
5.43 * 100
= 9.9447 PTL vi.
54.6

9.9447 * 2.5
SiO2 = = 0.25 PTL
100
9.9447 * 0.03
Al2O3 = = 0.003 PTL
100
9.9447 * 0.01
Fe2O3 = = 0.001 PTL
100
SiO2 a vo phi liu di dng ct quc.

a vo phi liu 52-1.54-0.3-15.76-0.25= 34.13 PTL SiO 2 ta cn a
vo mt lng ct quc l:
34.13 * 100
= 34.263 PTL Ct quc.
99.6

2.2.2.2.Tnh hm lng cc nguyn liu a vo phi liu mt oxyt

a vo phi liu: 0 PTL B2O3 ta cn a vo mt lng axit boric
(B2O3.3H2O) l:
0 * 100
= 0 PTL H3BO3.
52.47
a vo phi liu: 14.9 PTL ZnO ta cn a vo mt lng ZnO l:

14.9 * 100
= 14.926 PTL ZnO.
99.5
a vo phi liu: 7.9 PTL BaO ta cn a vo mt lng BaO l:

7.9 * 100
= 10.302 PTL BaCO3.
76.89
a vo phi liu: 30%*4=1.1881 PTL K 2O ta cn a vo mt lng

K2CO3 l:
1.1881 * 100
= 1.7607 PTL K2CO3
67.48
2.2.2.3.Tnh hm lng cc nguyn liu a vo b sung cho cc

oxit a vo m cn thiu
Al2O3 cn a thm vo l 7.9-0.047-0.02-4.05-0.003 = 3.8 PTL Al 2O3.
m bo yu cu trn ta cn a thm vo mt lng Al 2O3 l:
3.8 * 100
= 3.8363 PTL Al2O3
99

3.8363 * 0.01
SiO2 = = 0.0004 PTL
100
3.8363 * 0.1
Na2O = = 0.0038 PTL
100
Na2O cn thm vo =1-0.66-0.003 = 0.32 PTL Na2O.

m bo yu cu trn ta cn a thm vo mt lng Na 2CO3 l:
0.32 * 100
= 0.56 PTL Na2CO3.
57.91

Bng 2.3. Tnh ton cc oxyt ca frit M2
Nguyn liu PTL SiO2 B2O3 Al2O3 CaO BaO MgO ZnO K2O Na2O ZrO2 PbO Fe2O3 TiO2 Tng
ZrSiO4 4.68 1.54 0 0.047 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0 0 0.0009 0.0005
lmit 7.62 0.30 0 0.02 2.28 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.0030 0
Trng thch 23.69 15.76 0 4.05 0.21 0 0.00 0 2.772 0.66 0 0 0.0142 0.0095
vi 9.9447 0.25 0 0.003 5.43 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0.0010 0
Ct 34.263 34.13 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
H3BO3 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ZnO 14.926 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.9 0 0 0 0 0 0
BaCO3 10.302 0 0 0 0 7.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
K2CO3 1.7607 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1881 0 0 0 0 0
Al2O3 3.8363 0.00040 3.80 0 0 0 0 0 0.0038 0 0 0 0
Na2CO3 0.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.32 0 0 0 0
Tng 111.58 51.98 0.00 7.92 7.92 7.92 1.49 14.85 3.96 0.99 2.97 0.00 0.02 0.01 100.12
Q/v100% 51.92 0.00 7.92 7.92 7.92 1.48 14.85 3.96 0.99 2.97 0.00 0.02 0.01 100.00
Phn t lng 60.09 69.62 101.96 56.08 153,3 40.31 81.39 94.20 61.98 123.22 223.2 159.7 79.87 molbaz
S mol 0.86 0.00 0.08 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.18 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47
S mol Seger 1.84 0.00 0.17 0.30 0.11 0.08 0.39 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00

Bi Frit M2 theo cng thc Seger:
0.03 Na2O
0.09 K2O 1.84 SiO2
0.30 CaO 0.17Al2O3 0.00 B2O3
0.11 BaO 0.00 Fe2O3 0.05 ZrO2
0.08 MgO 0.00 TiO2
0.00 PbO
0.39 ZnO
Quy i v 100% TL cc cu t trong phi liu Frit M2
Bng 2.4. Phn trm trng lng ca nguyn liu trong phi liu frit M2
Nguyn liu Hm lng (%)
ZrSiO4 4.192
lmit 6.826
Trng thch 21.236
vi 8.913
Ct 30.708
H3BO3 0.000
ZnO 13.377
BaCO3 9.233
K2CO3 1.578
Al2O3 3.438
Na2CO3 0.500
Tng cng 100.00

Chng 3. NH HNG V GII PHP

3.1. nh hng
Trn c s nghin cu l thuyt, chng ti hiu r hn c rt nhiu
vn lin quan n frit v men frit nh khi nim, phn loi, tnh cht, cc
khuyt tt. Tuy nhin chng ti cng nhn thy tm quan trng ca rt ln ca
chng gp phn trong sn xut gch Ceramic p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu
dng v khu cng nghip ca chng ta hin nay. Chnh v vy, chng ti mong
mun trong tng lai c th nghin cu sn xut ra frit v men frit. Vi mc tiu
khng phi nhp ngoi t nc ngoi vi gi thnh cao, c tnh kh thi v gp
phn ch ng vt cng ngh trong s pht trin chung ca ngnh cng nghip
nc nh.
3.2. Gii php
sn xut ra nguyn liu quan trng frit cng nh men frit chng ti d
kin thc hin theo cc bc sau:
- Chun b nguyn liu.
- Sn xut theo cc bi cp phi khc nhau.
- Kim tra tnh cht, cht lng ca frit va men frit sn xut c bng cch
a vo trong sn xut gch Ceramic thc t.
- Ti u bi phi liu tnh ton gi thnh, so snh vi gi thnh ca n
khi c nhp ngoi m bo tnh kinh t khi a vo s dng.

PHN III. KT LUN V KIN NGH

1. KT LUN
Sau 3 thng thc hin ti Tm hiu v cc loi frit, men frit v
phng php tnh bi phi liu frit trng ln tm p lt gch ceramic,
chng ti tm hiu c nhng vn sau:
- Tm quan trng ca frit v men frit trong cc tm p lt gch Ceramic.
- Cc loi Frit v men frit.
- Nguyn liu sn xut Frit v men Frit..
- Vai tr ca nguyn liu v cc oxyt trong phi men.
- Cc tnh cht men trong gch
- Ngoi ra chng ti cn rt ra c mt s nguyn nhn gy khuyt tt b
mt men.
- Cch tnh mt bi phi liu frit
Tuy ch tm hiu nghin cu trn l thuyt nhng cng gip chng ti
hiu c tm quan trng ca Frit v men Frit gp phn lm tng tnh thm
m ca gch p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng.
2. KIN NGH
Qua qu trnh thc hin ti, mc d thi gian c hn tuy nhin chng ti
thc hin c mc tiu t ra. Trong qu trnh nghin cu chng ti vn cn
mt s nhng hn ch sau:
- V thi gian qu ngn nn chng ti ch dng li vic tm hiu l thuyt.
Nu c thi gian v c hi chng ti s tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut frit v
men frit p dng t cc bi phi liu.
- Dng nh cc cng ty sn xut gch u nhp Frit t Trung Quc v
cc nc v vi gi thnh cao nn Vit Nam chng ta nn ch trng pht trin
cc nguyn liu sn xut Frit khng ph thuc vo cc nc m li phi
chu gi thnh t .

- Men sau khi ra s c nhng khuyt tt nht nh nn s nh hng ti

gch nn trong qu trnh sn xut men cn kim tra k nguyn liu, thit b, cc
qu trnh cn phi gim ti thiu cc khuyt tt ca men.
- Cc nguyn liu sn xut men Frit c mt s loi rt c hi nn cn ch
trong sn xut.

TI LIU THAM KHO
I. Ting Vit.
1. Bn Tin Ni B S 17 Thng 1-2003 Hip Hi Gm S Xy Dng Vit
Nam.
2. Cng Ngh Gm Xy Dng (V c Minh). Nh Xut Bn Xy
Dng.
3. Gio Trnh Mn K Thut Sn Xut Gm S ( Nguyn Vn Dng).
4. Hng Dn Cc Phng Php Th Nghim Trong Sn Xut Gch Men
Ceramic.
5. Hng Dn Thit K Nh My Sn Xut Gm S.
6. http://vi.scribd.com/doc/92467228/Bai-tp- v-tinh- n-phi-liu
7. K Thut Sn Xut Gm S (Phm Xun Yn Hunh c Minh
Nguyn Thu Thy). Nh Xut Bn Khoa Hc v K Thut.
8. K Thut Sn Xut Vt Liu Gm S ( Quang Minh). Nh Xut
Bn Quc Gia Thnh Ph H Ch Minh.
9. Tuyn Tp Tiu Chun Xy Dng Ca Vit Nam Nh Xut Bn Xy
Dng 1997 Tp X.
II. Ting Anh.
10. COLORBBIA Italia.
11. From Technology Through Machinery To Kins For Sacmi Tile-
Techological Notes On The Manu facture Of Ceramic Tiles.
12. LaTecnologia Ceramica Ceramic Tecnology Vulume6

Men Frit Va Phuong Phap Tinh Bai Phoi Lieu Frit Trang Len Tam Op Lat Ceramic

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Men Frit Va Phuong Phap Tinh Bai Phoi Lieu Frit Trang Len Tam Op Lat Ceramic

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Ket-noi.

com din n cng ngh, gio dc

KHA LUN TT NGHIP CAO NG

Gio vin hng dn: Sinh vin thc hin:

Hu, thng 5 nm 2014

Bo co kha lun tt nghip

Bo co kha lun tt nghip

Bo co kha lun tt nghip

1.2.1.2. Frit c nhit nng chy trung bnh.............................................11

Bo co kha lun tt nghip

Bo co kha lun tt nghip

1.6.6. Men chy khng u..............................................................................46

Bo co kha lun tt nghip

- CMC: Cacbon metyl cellulos

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 1

Nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng pht trin, khng ch n no mc

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 2

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 3

lm cho cc doanh nghip gp nhiu kh khn trong vic gim gi thnh. V vy

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 4

PHN II: NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 5

1.1.1.3. Nguyn nhn ti sao s dng men frit cho

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 6

- Frit gip cho qu trnh ng nht v phn tn cc oxyt gy mu trong men

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 7

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 8

Yu cu ca cht mu gm l phi n nh trong qu trnh sn xut cng nh

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 9

1.2.1.2. Frit c nhit nng chy trung bnh

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 10

1.2.1.4. Frit trong

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 11

c bit: Theo nhit nng chy v mau sc ca frit ta c bng phn

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 12

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 13

2.2.4. Men mu [3].

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 14

vi c cng thc ha hc CaCO3 l loi rt ph bin trong t nhin.

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 15

Trng thch l hp cht ca silicat_alumin khng cha nc.

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 16

- nh hng ln n cc tnh cht k thut ca s v men s. Mun s c

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 17

+ Minium hay cn gi l ch , gm nhng ht tinh th mu sng. Theo

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 18

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 19

- Bari sunfat (BaSO4): tn ti trong t nhin dng khong barit v t khi

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 20

S bin i ca t st v cao lanh khi nung theo s sau:

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 21

lm gim lc lin kt gia cc lp m cu trc c bn vn khng b ph v. Nh

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 22

Quarzit c tc dng gim h s gin n ca men, chng li hin tng nt

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 23

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 24

(PbO.SiO2 c mu vng, PbO.2,2SiO2 th men trong sut khng mu). Ngoi ra

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 25

Ngoi ra kim cn c xu hng kt tinh v d ha tan trong nc nn cn

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 26

nhiu th to c cho men. Vi BaO >3% ng lng mol n s lm cng men

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 27

- Nu vi % cao: n s to kt tinh t khi thu tinh lm b mt chuyn

Bo co kha lun tt nghip 28