Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu

CHNG I

CC TNH CHT C BN CA VT LIU XY DNG

I. Khi nhim chung v tnh cht ca vt liu

i vi mt cng trnh, tu theo cng nng ca n khi lm vic vt liu xy dng c th chu
cc yu t tc ng bn ngoi nh:
- Tc ng c hc (chu lc trng lng bn thn, gi, hot ti s dng, sng, ng t,
tuyt...)
- Tc ng ha hc (xm thc ca mi trng axit (cc b nc thi), nc bin, sinh vt
bin, nc ma...)
- Cc tc dng khc (p sut hi, nhit, phng x)

Bn trong vt liu, kh nng lm vic ca vt liu ph thuc cc yu t nh:

- S sp xp cc cu trc
- Hm lng cc thnh phn khong
- Cc lin kt (ion, phn t, cng ho tr...)
- Thnh phn pha....

Mi tnh cht ca vt liu c c trng bi mt i lng c th, chng c xc nh bng

cc th nghim, hay tnh ton dn xut...Vic xc nh cc tnh cht ca tng loi vt liu s c gii
thiu trong mn hc v th nghim Vt liu xy dng, phn tip theo s trnh by cc tnh cht c
bn ca vt liu.

II. Cc tnh cht c l v ho l c bn ca vt liu

II.1. Khi lng ring ( [F]/[L]3): (Specific gravity)

Cng thc xc nh
G
a = (g/cm3 , kg/m3, Tf/m3) (1-1)
Va

Trong : G- Khi lng mu th nghim trng thi kh, (g).

Va - Th tch c tuyt i ca vt liu, (cm3).

Bng I.1 Trnh by mt s c trng ca cc loi vt liu thng dng

Phng php xc nh:

- Cn o vi vt liu c hon ton, c kch thc hnh hc r rng: thp, knh.

I- 1
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
- Dng bnh t trng vi vt liu rng, ri rc. V d: ct, xi mng, khng dng dung dch c
phn ng ha hc vi vt liu .

Phm vi ng dng:
- tnh c, rng ca vt liu .
- Phn bit vt liu cng loi.
- Tnh cp phi b-tng .

II. 2. Khi lng th tch: (Unit weight, [F]/[L]3)

Cng thc xc nh
G
o = (g/cm3 , kg/m3, T/m3). (1-2)
Vo
Trong : G - Khi lng mu th nghim trng thi t nhin , (g).
Vo - Th tch t nhin ca vt liu, (cm3).

o bin ng trong phm vi rng (0.02 - 7.85 g/cm3). i vi nhng vt liu hon ton c th
o a.

Phng php xc nh
- Cn v o vi vt liu c kch thc hnh hc r rng.
- Bc mu bng parafin, cn trong cht lng tm th tch cht lng di ch. p dng cho
mu c hnh dng bt k.
- Dng dng c c dung tch xc nh i vi vt liu dng ri rc.

Phm vi ng dng
- Vt liu cng m, o cng cao. o c ngha thc t ln,
- Bit o c th xc nh m, cng v h s truyn nhit ca vt liu.
- Dng o tnh c, rng ca vt liu .
- Tnh n nh ca cng trnh, chn phng tin vn chuyn v tnh cp phi b-tng

Bng I.1. Mt s c trng ca cc loi vt liu thng dng

STT Vt liu Tnh cht

3
o (g/cm ) a (g/cm3)
1 thin nhin, 2.20 - 3.30
nhn to
2 Kim loi en 7.25 - 7.85
3 g, bitum, nha 0.90 - 1.80
tng hp

I- 2
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
4 Gch t st 1.6 - 1.9
nung
5 B tng nng 1.8 - 2.4
6 Gch silicat 1.2 - 1.6
Mipo c nhiu l 0.02
rng

II.3. rng, r(%):

Cng thc xc nh

Vr V Va
r= .100% = o .100% (1-3a)
Vo Vo
Vr V
r= .100% = 1 a .100% = (1 d).100% (1-3b)
Vo Vo

r = 1 a .100% (1-3c)
o

Vi: Vr: Th tch l rng ca vt liu .

Vo : Th tch t nhin ca vt liu.

Phng php xc nh
Theo cch tnh ton t cc i lng bit, hoc dng phng php bo ho heli lng.

Phm vi ng dng

rng r l ch tiu quan trng, nh hng n nhng tnh cht khc ca vt liu nh khi
lng th tch 0, cng R, ht nc Hp, h s truyn nhit ,... Vt liu c r nh s c cng
cao v thm nc nh. Vi vt liu c r cao li c cch nhit cao. Xu hng hin nay l
chn nhng loi vt liu c rng nhng cng cao.

II.4. c, d(%):

Cng thc xc nh
Va G G
d= .100% = = o .100% (1-4a)
Vo a o a
o
d= .100% (1-4b)
a
c lun lun nh hn 1 v ty thuc vo rng ca vt liu. Vt liu xp
d = 0.20 ~ 0.30%

I- 3
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu

5. ht nc (%):
Cng thc xc nh

ht nc ca vt liu c th biu din theo khi lng (Hp) hay theo th tch (Hv).

G1 G G
Hp = .100% = n,bh .100% (1-5a)
G G m,k
G1 G V
Hv = .100% = n,bh .100% (1-5b)
G Vm,k
trong : G1 - Khi lng mu ngm nc.
G - Khi lng mu sy kh.
Vo: Th tch t nhin ca mu th nghim.

Lin h gia Hp v Hv:

H v G1 G G G G
= .100% 1 .100% = = o (1-5c)
H p Vo G Vo

H v = o .H p (1-5d)

Hv lun lun < 100%; Hp c th > 100% i vi vt liu rt rng v rt nh. ht nc

ph thuc rng r v tnh cht l rng ca vt liu, v vy c th dng Hp v Hv nh gi
truyn nhit v nhng tnh cht khc ca vt liu .

V d: Gch t st tt Hp = 8 - 20%
Gch t st xu Hp = 25 - 30%
B tng nng Hp = 3%.

Phm vi ng dng

Bit c Hp hoc Hv c th bit bit c mt s nhng tnh cht khc ca vt liu nh

rng r, cng R, h s truyn nhit , khi lng th tch o.

II.6. bo ha nc:

nh ngha:

bo ha nc l kh nng ht nc ti a ca vt liu di p sut 20mmHg hoc khi

un trong nc si. N c nh gi bng h s bo ha nc.

I- 4
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu

H s bo ha nc Cbh c nh gi thng qua ht nc th tch bo ha Hvbh v rng

r . Cng chnh l t s % th tch nc cha trong vt liu trng thi bo ha vi th tch rng ca
vt liu .

K hiu: Cbh

Cng thc: Dng h s bo ha Cbh nh gi mc bo ha nc:

CBH =
H bh
vv
.100% =
( Vn Vo ) V
.100% = n (1-6a)
r ( Vr Vo ) Vr

Vi: Hvbh : ht nc bo ha theo th tch.

R : rng ca vt liu.

Cbhmax = 1. Khi Cbh tng lng nc vo l rng ca vt liu cng nhiu. Vt liu cng bo ha
nc, khi lng th tch o , th tch V0 , h s truyn nhit cng tng nhng cng R s cng
gim.

Phng php xc nh: C 2 phng php xc nh:

+ Phng php 1: - Sy kh mu th nghim, cn G.
- un trong nc si, ngui.
- Cn G1, tnh tan theo cng thc ht nc trn.
+ Phng php 2: - Ngm mu trong bnh nc c np y kn.
- H p sut xung 20mmHg, rt chn khng.
- Gi p sut ny n khi khng cn bt kh thot ra na.
- a v p sut bnh thng 760mmHg.
- Gi sau 2 gi, vt mu, cn v tnh kt qa.

II.7. H s mm

nh ngha:
L t s gia cng ca vt liu bo ha nc vi cng ca n trng thi kh.
K hiu: Mc gim cng c biu th bng h s mm Km.

R bh
Km = (1-7)
Rk
Vi:
Rbh : Cng mu bo ha nc.
Rk : Cng mu th nghim trng thi kh.

I- 5
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
Km [ 0,1 ] : t vt liu t st khng nung n thp, knh.)
Km 0.75 : Vt liu bn nc.
Km < 0.75 : Vt liu km bn nc, khng nn s dng trong iu kin tc dng
ca nc.

II.8. m t nhin (W):

nh ngha: m l t l phn trm lng nc c tht nm trong vt liu. m ph thuc vo

mi trng kh m xung quanh.

Cng thc:
G1 G 2
1. m tng i : Wrh = .100% (1-8a)
G1
G1 G 2
2. m tuyt i : Wah = .100% (1-8b)
G2
Vi: G1: Khi lng mu trng thi m.
G2: Khi lng mu sy kh.

m thay i theo mi trng, khi m tng hay gim lm cho th tch vt liu tng v
gim theo, gy hin tng co n th tch, sinh ra ni ng sut ph hy cu trc ca vt liu.

Mi vt liu c h s co n th tch khc nhau. Cng mt loi vt liu , h s co n th tch

cng khc nhau. V d: G c n dc th l 1% v n ngang th l 3 - 10%.

II.9. Tnh truyn nhit:

L tnh cht ca vt liu cho nhit truyn qua t pha c nhit cao sang pha c nhit
thp.
Q.a
= kCal/m.0C.gi (1-9)
F(t1 t 2 )T

Q: nhit lng truyn qua mu VL (Kcal)

a: chiu dy mu VL em TN (m)
F: tit din chu nhit ca mu (m2)
T: thi gian nhit lng truyn qua (gi)
(t1 t2): chnh lch nhit , gia hai mt truyn nhit

Nu: l = 1m, F = 1m2, t1 - t2 = 1C, T = 1 gi. => =Q

Vy h s truyn nhit chnh l nhit lng Q truyn qua mt bc tng dy 1m, c din
2
tch 1m trong thi gian 1 gi vi chnh lch l 1C.

I- 6
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu

Vi vt liu kh trong khng kh, c th xc nh bi cng thc thc nghim gn ng ca

Nh-cra-xp [Ti liu]

= 0.0196 + 0.22. o2 0.14

Hoc theo cng thc ca Vla-xp: = o (1 + 0.002t)

Vi: , : H s truyn nhit nhit C v 0C.

t: Nhit trung bnh khi tin hnh th nghim.
Ch s dng cng thc trn khi t < 100C.

II.10. Nhit dung - T nhit:

a. Nhit dung: L nhit lng vt liu dung np vo khi c nung nng .

Q = C.G.(t1-t2) (kCal) (1-10a)

Vi: C: T nhit, kCal/ kg. 0C.

G: Khi lng vt liu c un nng, kg.
t1: Nhit vt liu c un nng, 0C.
t2: Nhit vt liu lc cha un nng, 0C.

b. T nhit: T nhit C l lng nhit cn thit tnh bng kCal un nng 1 kg vt liu nng ln 1
C.
Q
C= kCal / kg.0C. (1-10b)
G(t1 t 2 )

Khi G = 1kg v t1 - t2 = 1C, ta c C = Q

+ T nhit ca liu thay i theo m, c tnh theo cng thc:

C = C + 0,01.W
Vi: C : T nhit ca liu kh.
C : T nhit ca liu m W%.
W : m ca liu , %.

Vi liu hn hp, cu to bi nhiu thnh phn khc nhau (b-tng , va,...). T nhit c
tnh theo cng thc sau :

I- 7
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
n

C .G i i
C= i =1
n
(1-10c)
G i =1
i

Vi: C : T nhit hn hp.

Ci, Gi : T nhit v khi lng ca tng thnh phn cu to.

V d: T nhit ca mt s loi vt liu thng dng

- thin nhin, nhn to : C = 0.18 - 0.22 kCal / kg.0C.

- G : C = 0.57 - 0.65 kCal / kg.0C.
-Thp : C = 0.115 kCal / kg.0C.
- Nc : C = 1.00 kCal / kg.0C.

II.11. Tnh chng chy - Tnh chu la :

a. Tnh chng chy: Tnh chng chy l kh nng ca liu chu tc dng ca nhit cao m
khng b ph hy. Da vo kh nng chng chy, vt liu c chia lm 4 nhm:

+ Vt liu khng chy: Khi gp tc dng ca la hoc nhit cao, vt liu khng b chy v khng
b bin hnh ng k. V d: Gch, ngi, b-tng , vt liu aming.

+ Vt liu khng chy nhng c th bin hnh nhiu (nh thp), hoc b ph hy (nh thin
nhin, hoa, thch cao).

+ Vt liu kh chy: L nhng vt liu bn thn d chy, nhng nh c lp bo v nn di tc dng

ca la hoc nhit cao li kh chy thnh ngn, ch chy m .
V d : Tm Fibrolit.

+ Vt liu d chy: chy bng ln thnh ngn khi gp la v nhit cao.

V d: G, tm lp bng nha hu c, cht do,...

b. Tnh chu la: Tnh chu la l tnh khng ca vt liu khng b bin hnh khi chu tc dng lu
di ca nhit . C 3 nhm vt liu khc nhau :
Vt liu chu la: chu tc dng t > 1580C. Gch samt, gch dinat.
Vt liu kh chy: chu tc dng t [1350 - 1580C].
Vt liu d chy: chu la < 1350C. V d : Gch t st thng.
Vt liu chu la c s dng xy cc b phn tip xc vi la nh bung r, ng
khi,... v nhng b phn phi chu lc nhit cao thng xuyn.

I- 8
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
III. CC TNH CHT C HC.
Tnh cht c hc ca vt liu l tnh bin hnh v kh nng chng li s ph hoi khi c ngoi
lc tc dng,

III.1. Tnh bin hnh.

L tnh thay i hnh dng v bin i th tch ca vt liu khi c ngoi lc tc dng. S bin
dng thc cht l do ngoi lc tc dng lm thay i hay ph hoi v tr cn bng gia cc phn t
bn trong ca vt liu lm cho chng c s chuyn v tng i.

a. Bin dng n hi.

Khi chu tc dng ca ngoi lc vt liu b bin hnh, khi khng cn tc dng ca ngoi lc
na thi n tr li hnh dng ban u. y l loi bin dng n hi. Tnh cht phc hi li hnh dng
ban u khi mt ngoi lc tc dng gi l tnh n hi.

V d : S phc hi li hnh dng ban u ca mt thanh dm (b tng, thp) chu un, l

xo...

Khi ngoi lc gy bin dng nh hn lc lin kt trong bn thn vt liu, n s gy bin dng
n hi. Cng do ngoi lc sinh ra s bin thnh ni nng ca vt liu, chnh l nng lng n
hi. Khi b tc dng ca ngoi lc, nng lng n hi s chyun li thnh cng dch chuyn cc
cht im v v tr cn bng lm cho bin dng trit tiu.

Lc Lc

P P

p dA
p
Bin dng Bin dng
L

h lc v bin dng n hi Hnh I.1b Quan h lc v bin dng do
Hnh I.1b Quan

b. Bin dng do.

L bin dng khng phc hi ca khi vt liu di tc dng ca ngoi lc.

I- 9
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
Bin dng do xut hin khi ngoi lc tc dng ln hn lc lin kt gia cc cht im. Lc
ny ngoi lc sinh ra khng bin ht thnh ni nng v ng thi gy lc ph hoi mi lin kt gia
cc cht im trong cu trc vt liu, lm cho bin dng khng th trit tiu,

Cn c vo hin tng bin dng do ca vt liu trc khi bin dng phn bit vt liu
thuc loi do hay dn.

V d:

Vi vt liu do nh thp t carbon, bitum, trc khi b ph hoi c hin tng bin dng
do r rt,

Vt liu dn nh , b-tng , gang , trc khi b ph hoi khng xy ra hin tng bin
dng do.
c. Hin tng t bin.
Hin tng t bin l hin tng bin dng tng dn theo thi gian khi ngoi lc khng i
tc dng lu di ln vt liu rn. nhit cao vt liu c hin tng t bin rt r rt.
Trong cu trc ca vt liu rn c mt phn phi tinh th c tnh chy nht gn nh th lng,
v do cu to ca mng tinh th cha hon chnh. Di tc dng ca ngoi lc, nhng nguyn nhn
trn s gy nn hin tng t bin.

d. Hin tng chng ng sut.

Di tc dng ca ngoi lc, gi cho bin dng khng i v ng sut n hi gim dn theo
thi gian s sinh ra hin tng chng ng sut.

Nguyn nhn l do mt b phn ca vt liu c bin dng n hi chuyn sang bin dng
do. Nng lng n hi cha trong vt liu s chuyn thnh nhit mt i, lm cho hin tng n
hi gim dn.

III.2. Cng .

Cng l kh nng chu lc ca vt liu chng li s ph hoi khi c tc dng ca ngoi

lc (nh ti trng, nhit , gi, thay i thi tit,...). Cng ca vt liu ph thuc vo thnh
phn cu to, ng nht ca cu trc, loi vt liu,...

Cng ca vt liu c biu th bng cng chu nn gii hn, chu un, chu ko, sc
chu ct,... ca vt liu. Nhng gi tr ny tng ng vi ng sut khi mu b ph hoi.

a. Gii hn cng chu nn, chu ko, chu ct (Rn, Rk, Rc).

L t s gia lc ph hoi P tc dng ln mu khi nn, ko, ct vi tit din F ban u ca

mu vt liu .

I- 10
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
Pmax
R n ,k = , kG/cm2 (1-11)
F

P (lc nn)

F (d.tch mt ct ngang mu)

Mu th nghim

Hnh I.2. Th nghim chu nn

Gii hn cng chu nn c xc nh bng phng php ph hoi mu: Mu c t

giia 2 mm nn ca thit b th nghim v tng lc cho n khi mu b ph hoi, l lc mu c xut
hin cc vt nt, b tch lp hay bin hnh.

b. Gii hn cng chu un, Ru.

xc nh Ru, mu c ch to hnh thanh, c tit din hnh ch nht. Khi mu lm vic,

phn trn chu nn, phn di chu ko. Lc th nghim, mu c t ln 2 gi ta v c tc
dng ln bi 1 hay 2 ti trng tp trung. Tng lc cho n khi mu b ph hoi hon ton.

a. Trng hp t ti gia:

P P/2 P/2
h

L b a a a

Hnh I.3a. Th nghim un a) 1 im t lc, b) 2 im t lc

3 P.L 3.P.(L a)
Ru = = v Ru = (1-12a,b)
2 b.h 2 b.h 2

Vi: P : Ti trng gy un (kgf))

l : Khong cch gia 2 gi ta (cm)
b,h: B rng, chiu cao tit din ngang mu, cm.
a : Khong cch gia 2 trc t ti,cm.

I- 11
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu

III.3. cng:

L tnh cht ca vt liu chng li s xuyn m ca mt vt liu khc cng hn n. C 2

phng php xc nh cng:

a. Bng phn loi cng Morh. (i vi vt liu khong).

Mun th cng ca vt liu , ngi ta em khong vt trong bng Mohr rch ln mu th.

V d: Mt loi vt liu rch c thch anh nhng li khng rch c topal, vy vt liu s
c cng nm trong khong t 7 - 8.

Bng thang cng s cho bit cng hn hay km ca vt liu ch khng th nh lng
chnh xc cng gp hn bao nhiu ln.

b. cng Brinell.

cng Brinell c dng xc nh cng ca vt liu kim loi, g, b tng. Dng vin
bi thp c ng knh D mm, n vo vt liu cn th mt lc P. Da vo vt lm trn vt liu nng
hay su xc nh cng.

P 2.P
H BR = =
cng Brinell :
(
F .D. D D 2 d 2
) kG/mm2 (1-13)

P
D
d
Vi: F: Din tch chm cu, mm2.
D: ng knh bi thp, mm.
d: ng knh vt lm, mm.
P: Lc p vin bi vo mu th nghim, kG.

Hnh I. 4. Th nghim
Ty thuc vo ng knh vin bi v loi vt liu, cng Brinell
P = K.D2

K: H s phm cht ph thuc vo tnh cht ca vt liu .

* Kim loi en: K = 30.
* Kim loi mu: K = 10.
* Kim loi mm: K = 3.

HBR C gi tr cng ln th vt liu cng cng.

I- 12
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
Bng I. 2. Bng phn loi cng Morh.

Ch s
cng Tn khong vt c im cng
1 Tal hoc phn Rch c d dng bng mng tay
2 Thch cao Rch c bng mng tay
3 Calcit hay thch cao cng Rch c d dng bng dao thp
4 Rch c bng dao thp vi p lc khng ln lm
Fluorine
5 An dao mnh mi rch c, khng rch c
Apatit knh
6 Khng rch c bng dao thp, lm knh xc
Octoclaz nh
7 C th rch c knh d dng, khng rch c
Thch anh bng dao thp
8 Topal -//-
9 Coridon -//-
10 Kim cng -//-

III.4. mi mn.

mi mn l kh nng ca vt liu chu tc dng ca lc ma st. Hin tng ny thng

gp mt ng, mt cu, ng ray. Xc nh mi mn bng my mi mn.

- Mu hnh tr c kich thc d = 2.5cm, h = 5cm.

- Kp mu ln da, quay trn vi tc 33 vng/pht .
- Quay trong 1000 vng v c rc ct thch anh c ct thch
anh
0,3-0,6mm (rc 2.5 lt ct/1000 vng).

mi mn:

G1 G 2
Mm = (g/cm2 ) (1-14)
F

Hnh I.5 Th nghim mi mn

Vi: F: Tit din mu, cm2.
G1,G2: Khi lng mu trc v sau khi mi mn.

I- 13
Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
III.5. chng va chm.

chng va chm ca vt liu (tnh bng

kG.m/cm3) l cng cn thit (kG.m) p v 1 n v
th tch vt liu (cm3) ca mu th nghim. Ba
xc nh chng va chm dng my ba Tr
c bit. t mu nm trn b gia 2 tr. Qa cn
treo cao nht nh s ri t do p vo mu cho
n khi xut hin vt nt. Mu

III.6. hao mn.

hao mn l kh nng ca vt liu chu tc

Hnh I.6 Th nghim x/ kh
dng ng thi ca 2 lc mi mn v va chm. hao
nng chng va p ca vt liu
mn xc nh bng my quay hnh trng Devan.

- c p thnh vin khong 100gr.

- Cn 5 kg ( 50 2 vin), cho vo my.
- Quay 10,000 vng, xc nh hao mn theo cng thc.

G1 G 2
Hm = (1-15)
G1

- G1 : Khi lng mu ban u (g).

- G2 : Khi lng mu sau khi quay 10,000 vng v ry st sng 2mm (g).
- Hm: hao mn (%).

i vi mi loi vt liu yu cu c hao mn nht nh. Vi qui nh nh sau:

Hm = 4% : chng hao mn rt khe.

Hm = 4-6% : chng hao mn khe.
Hm = 6-10% : chng hao mn trung bnh.
Hm = 10-15%: chng hao mn yu.
Hm > 15% : chng hao mn rt yu.

III.7. H s an ton.

Trong thit k, ngi ta ch tnh theo cng ti a cho php ca vt liu. Cng ny
phi nh hn cng gii hn thc ca vt liu th mi an ton. H s an ton k l t s gia cng
gii hn thc v cng ti a cho php ca vt liu. k lun lun ln hn 1.

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Bi ging Vt liu xy dng Chng 1: Cc tnh cht c bn ca vt liu
R
k= (1-16)
[R ]

Vi: R : Cng gii hn thc t.

[R] : Cng gii hn cho php.

III.8. H s phm cht ca vt liu.

L t s gia cng R v khi lng th tch o ca vt liu . Kpc c dng nh gi

phm cht ca vt liu .

R
K pc = (1-17)
o

Vi: R : Cng gii hn ca vt liu (kG/cm2)

o : Khi lng th tch ca vt liu (kg/cm3)
Kpc cng cao vt liu cng tt.

MT S CNG THC LIN QUAN N M CA VT LIU

1. Tnh khi lng kh:

Mk = Mw - Mk . W Mk + Mk . W = Mw
Mk (1 + W) = Mw
Mk = Mw / (1 + W)

2. Tnh th tch kh:

V0k = V0w - V0k.V V0k + V0k.V = V0w
V0k (1 + V) = V0w
V0k = V0w / (1 + V)

3. Tnh khi lng th tch trng thi m v kh :

0w = Mw / V0w 0k = Mk / V0k

VD: Tnh V ?
Cho bit tng th tch ca mu vt liu l 0.2% khi m ca n tng 1%.
Vy, khi m tng 30%, th th tch tng bao nhiu ?
V = 0.002 x 30 = 0.06

gii bi ton ny c th vn dng rng theo cng thc : r = 1 - 0k / a

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