. & .

: 25

, bits
.

1.3.

.
, -
. -
-
.

1.3.1.

()
.

) (unit sample) -
(unit impulse sequence): -
:

1, n = 0
(n) = (1.25)
0, n 0

) (unit step sequence): :

1, n0
u(n) = (1.26)
0, n<0

) (constant sequence):

x(n) = A - < n < (1.27)

) (linear sequence):
. & . : 26

x(n) = An - < n < (1.28)

1.10
1.13.

) (exponential sequence):

x(n) = an - < n < (1.29)

.
a. , a , |a|<1 (
1.14,) |a|>1 ( 1.14,). a , a=rej,
x(n)= rnejn x(n)= rn [cos(n) + j sin(n)]. r=1

1.15. r<1
1.15 r>1
1.15.
. & . : 27

(n) u(n)

1 1

-2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

1.10. 1.11.

x(n)
x(n)

A 3A

2A

A
n
-2 -1 n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
-A

-2A

1.12. 1.13.

()
()

()
()

1.14. x(n) = an a () 0<a<1, () 1<a<0, () a>1

() a<-1
. & . : 28

()

()

()

1.15. -
x(n) = an a (a=rej), () r=1, () r<1 () r>1

1.3.2.

-
. , no (-
) :

1, n = n o
(n n o ) = (1.30)
0, n n o
. & . : 29

1.16 2!(n-3) 2!(n+3).

2(n-3) 2(n+3)

2 2

n n

-1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

() ()
1.16. () 2!(n-3) () 2!(n+3).

no :

1, n no
u(n no ) = (1.31)
0, n<no

1.17 -
(no = 2) .
Au(n-2) Au(n+2) Au(-n+2)

A A A

n n n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

() () ()

1.17. () !u(n-2), () !u(n+2) ()

!u(-n+2)

(") . ,
u(") . -
, 4 n=3,
4(n-3). 2 n,
n=0, x(n)=-2u(n). -
x(-n)=-2u(-n). 2 n, -
. & . : 30

n=0. 4
x(-n+4)=-2u(-n+4).

n
u (n ) = ( m ) (1.32)
m =

(n ) = u (n ) u (n 1) (1.33)

, x(n-n0) x(n) -
. n0>0 (delay)
, n0<0 -
(advance) .

x(n)
:

+
x( n) = x( m)( n m) (1.34)
m=

, 1.18. (n)
, (n-m) n=m. x(n),
{x(n)}={... 0, 0, -2, 2, 3, 2, 0, -1, 2, 0, 0, ...}, -
n=0 ( 3), :

x(n) = -2(n+2) + 2(n+1) + 3(n) + 2(n-1) - (n-3) + 2(n-4) + =

= + x(-2)(n+2) + x(-1)(n+1) + x(0)(n) + x(1)(n-1) + x(3)(n-3) +
x(4)(n-4) +
. & . : 31

(1.34). -
(convolution), -
1.4.

x(n)

A(n) A(n-m)
3
A A
2 2 2

n n -2 3 n
0 0 m -4 -3 -1 0 1 2 4 5 6

-1

-2
() () ()

1.18.
x(n):() A(n), () A(n-m), () x(n)

4 / 1

p(n) 1.19 -
.

p(n) g(n) x(n)

4

1

n -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
n n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

()
-2
() ()

1.19.

2 / 1

g(n), x(n) 1.19 1.19.

. & . : 32

(, , -
) . -
,
.

1.4.

-
x(n) y(n) ( 1.20).
-
. (linear) (time-invariant).
' LTI (Linear Time-Invariant) -
.

x(n) y(n)

1.20.

.
, , 3,
, (-
) -
, .
: y1(n) x1(n) y2(n) -
x2(n), ax1(n) +
bx2(n) ay1(n) + by2(n), a, b .

3
()
n=n0, x(n).
. & . : 33

.

y(n)=x(n)-x(n-1). x1(n), y1(n)=x1(n)-x1(n-
1). x2(n) y2(n)=x2(n)-x2(n-1). -
x3(n)
, x3(n)=a x1(n)+b x2(n), y3(n)
:

y3(n) = x3(n)-x3(n-1) = [a x1(n)+b x2(n)] [a x1(n-1)+b x2(n-1)]

= a[x1(n) - x1(n-1)] + b[x2(n) - x2(n-1)] = a y1(n)+b y2(n)

, y( n) = (x( n) ) . x1(n)
2

y1 ( n) = ( x1 ( n) ) . x2(n)
2

y 2 ( n ) = (x 2 ( n ) )2 . x3(n)=ax1(n) +
bx2(n) :

y 3 ( n ) = (x 3 ( n ) )2 = (ax 1 ( n ) + bx 2 ( n ) )2 = (ax 1 ( n ) )2 + (bx 2 ( n ) )2 + 2abx 1 ( n ) x 2 ( n ) =

= a 2 y1 ( n ) + b 2 y 2 ( n ) + 2abx 1 ( n ) x 2 ( n ) ay 1 ( n ) + by 2 ( n )

.
. , y(n)
x(n), y(n-n0)
x(n-n0).

(stable) -
(Bounded Input Bounded Output, ).
,
(|x(n)|Mx<), (|y(n)|My<) n, Mx, My -
. (unsta-
ble).
. & . : 34

(causal) , -
,
. , (-
) .

,
,
, -
.

5 / 1

-
, , ,
.

. y(n)=3x(n)-2x(n-1) . y(n)=nx(n-2)-x(n+3)

. y(n)=x(n)+2y(n-1) . y(n)=cos[x(n)]

: ,
.
, .
.

, .
,
x(n)=C(n), C .
, y(-1)=0. :

y(0)=C(0)+2y(-1)=C1+20=C

y(1)=C(1)+2y(0)=C0+2C=2C

y(2)=C(2)+2y(1)=C0+22C=22C
. & . : 35

y(n)=C(n)+2y(n-1)=C0+22n-1C=2nC

, , BIBO
, .

n -
.

5 / 1

y(n)=3x(n)+3 .

6 / 1

y(n)=nx(n) y(n)=x(2n) .

1.4.1.

(n). 1 n=0
0 (. 1.10).
LTI , ,
n=0. ,
n=0, .
, h(n), .
. -
1.21.
. & . : 36

(n) h(n)

1
LTI

n
0 1 n

1.21.

n=1, -
, n=1,
1.22. , n=m,
m ( 1.22).

.

(n-1) h(n-1)

LTI

() 0 1
0 1
(n-m) h(n-m)

LTI

m
0 0 m
()

1.22. () (n-1) () (n-m)

1.4.2.

:
x(n), h(n);

(con-
volution). y(n) ( 1.20)
x(n) h(n) , :

y(n) = x(n) * h(n) (1.35)

. & . : 37

* . ;

, , x(n) h(n) -
. , (1.34),
-
. ,
( ) . ,
x(n) :

x (n ) = x(m)(n m) = ... + x (1)(n + 1) + x(0)(n) + x(1)(n 1) + x(2)(n 2) + ...
m =

(1.36)

x(m)(n-m),
1.4.1, x(m)h(n-m). -
, y(n) , -
:

y( n ) = x (m)h (n m) (1.37)
m =

-
1.23, {x(n)}={1,2,3,-1}
{h()}={1,-1,2}. 1.23, x(n), h(n).
1.23 1.23 x(m)(n-m),
.
, , -
1.23.
. & . : 38

x(n) h(n)

3
2 2
1 1

n n
-1 -1

() ()

(-1)(n+1) x(-1)h(n+1)

2
1 1

n n
-1
()

x(0)(n) x(0)h(n)
4

2
2
n

n
()
-2
6
x(1)(n-1) x(1)h(n-1)

3 3

n n
()
-3
. & . : 39

x(2)(n-2) x(2)h(n-2)

n
n -1
-1
() -2

y(n)

1 1

n
-2
()

1.23.

6 . , 1
2 , -
1+2-1.
.
, 6 / 1,
7 / 1.

6 / 1

x(n) h(n), 1.37, -

:

1. () h(m) m=0,
h(-m).
2. h(-m) n, h(n-m).
3. x(m)h(n-m), ,
n.
. & . : 40

4. .
y(n) -
{h(n)} = {1,2,3} {x(n)} = {3,4,5,2},
1.24. x(n) h(n) 1.24
1.24 . 1.24 h(n-
m) n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
. -
x(n) h(n), y(n)
1.24. x(n) 4 h(n)
3, y(n), , 4 + 3 - 1 = 6 .

x(n) h(n)

5
()
()
3

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 n
n

h(-m)
h(1-m)

3 3
2 y(0)=x(0)h(0)=3.1=3 y(1)=3.2+4.1=6+4=10
2
1 1

0 n 0 n

h(2-m)
h(3-m)

y(2)=3.3+2.4+1.5=9+8+5=22 y(3)=4.3+5.2+2.1=12+10+2=24
3 3
2 2
1 1

0 n 0 n

h(4-m) h(5-m)

3 3
y(4)=5.3+2.2=15+4=19 2 y(5)=2.3=6
2
1 1

0 0 n
n

()

y(n)

25

20 ()

15
{y(n)}={3,10,22,24,19,6}
10

0 n

1.24. .
. & . : 41

7 / 1

6 / 1, -

. ,
1.25 x(n), h(n) -
6 / 1.

3 4 5 2
x(n)

h(n) 1 2 3

h(-m) 3 2 1 y(0)=3.1=3

h(1-m) 3 2 1 y(1)=3.2+4.1=6+4=10

h(2-m) 3 2 1
y(2)=3.3+4.2+5.1=9+8+5=22

h(3-m) 3 2 1 y(3)=4.3+5.2+2.1=12+10+2=24

h(4-m) 3 2 1 y(4)=5.3+2.2=15+4=19

h(5-m) 3 2 1 y(5)=2.3=6

1.25. .

: ,
.
, .

x(n)*h(n) = h(n)*x(n) (1.38)

(1.35) (1.37)
. & . : 42

y( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) = x (m)h (n m) (1.39)
m =

, y(n)

y( n ) = h ( n ) * x ( n ) = h (m) x (n m) (1.40)
m =

x(n) h(n) ,
1.26.

1.26.

[x(n)*h1(n)]*h2(n) = x(n)*[h1(n)*h2(n)] (1.41)

1.27, h(n)= h1(n)*h2(n). -
,
(in cascade). L LTI -
h1(n), h2(n), , hL(n) LTI ,
h(n)

h(n) = h1(n)*h2(n)* *hL(n) (1.42)

, -
, , LTI -
.

, 1.27 -
. , -
, , .
. & . : 43

1.27. () , ()

x(n)*[h1(n)+h2(n)] = x(n)*h1(n) + x(n)*h2(n) (1.43)

LTI -
h1(n) h2(n), x(n),

h(n)=h1(n)+h2(n). ,
LTI ( 1.28). , L
h1(n), h2(n),, hL(n)
x(n),

h(n) = h1(n)+h2(n)++ hL(n) (1.44)

, LTI -
.

1.28. : LTI , -

. & . : 44

-
. -
. -
, -
. .

8 / 1

h(n)=anu(n)
x(n)=bnu(n), a, b ab. y(n)
.

: y(n) -
. (1.40) :

n
y( n ) = h ( n ) * x ( n ) = h( m)x ( n m) = a m u ( m) b n m u ( n m ) = a m b n m
m = m = m =0

( u(m)=0 m<0 u(n-m)=0 m>n).

m, bn -
, :

n n
y( n ) = b n a m b m = b n (ab 1 ) m
m =0 m =0

n+1
1 ab-1

n 1 (ab 1 ) n +1 n ba
n +1 n
b b n +1 a n +1 b n a n
y( n ) = b ( 1
)=b ( )= = b a = Cb bn Ca a n
1 ab ba ba ba ba

n0. x(n)=bn, n0,

h(n)=an, n0. -
,
.
. & . : 45

7 / 1

8 / 1 -
.

8 / 1

h(n)=(an+bn)u(n),
, .

9 / 1

h(n)
1 1 1
1.29, h1(n)=(n)+ (n-1), h2(n)= (n)- (n-1), h3(n)=2(n),
2 2 4
1
h4(n)=-2( )nu(n).
2

1.29. 9 / 1
. & . : 46

- (LTI)
. ,
LTI
. -
(, , )
, .

-
, , -
.

, , -
.
( )
.

, Fs2Fmax (
Shannon).

, , -
bits .

, .