Table 1: Simple model of true cost of ownership for a new high density data center

Energy and power use/costs Units Servers Disk storage Tape storage Networking Totals Notes

% of racks 80% 8% 2% 10% 100% 1

# of racks 160 16 4 20 200 2
# of U per rack 42 42 42 42 42 3
% filled % 76% 76% 76% 76% 76% 4
# of U filled 5120 511 128 638 6397 5

Power use/filled U W 385 200 50 150 340 6

Total power use/rack kW/rack 12.3 6.4 1.6 4.8 10.9 7
Total Direct IT power use kW 1971 102 6 96 2175 8

Total electricity use

IT (UPS) load kW 1971 102 6 96 2175 8
Cooling kW 1281 66 4 62 1414 9
Auxiliaries kW 690 36 2 34 761 10
Total power use kW 3942 204 13 192 4351 11

Electric power density

IT load W/sf elect. Active 99 5 0 5 109 12
Cooling W/sf elect. Active 64 3 0 3 71 12
Auxiliaries W/sf elect. Active 34 2 0 2 38 12
Total power use W/sf elect. Active 197 10 1 10 218 12

Total electricity consumption

IT load M kWh/year 16.4 0.9 0.1 0.8 18.1 13
Cooling M kWh/year 10.7 0.6 0.0 0.5 11.8 13
Auxiliaries M kWh/year 5.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 6.3 13
Total electricity use M kWh/year 32.8 1.7 0.1 1.6 36.2 13

Total energy cost

IT load M $/year 1.11 0.06 0.00 0.05 1.23 14
Cooling M $/year 0.72 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.80 14
Auxiliaries M $/year 0.39 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.43 14
Total electricity cost M $/year 2.23 0.12 0.01 0.11 2.46 14

Capital costs (Cap Ex)

IT capital costs
Watts per thousand $ of IT costs watts/thousand $ 86 30 6 100 15
Cost per filled U k $/U 4.5 6.7 8.3 1.5 16
Cost per filled rack k $/rack 189 280 350 63 17
Total IT costs M$ 23.0 3.4 1.1 1.0 28 18
 Other capital costs Units Servers Disk storage Tape storage Networking Totals Notes
Rack costs k $/rack 3 3 3 3 19
External hardwired connections k $/rack 5 5 5 5 20
Internal routers and switches k $/rack 5 5 5 5 21
Rack management hardware k $/rack 3 3 3 3 22

Rack costs total M$ 0.48 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.6 23

External hardwired connections total M$ 0.80 0.08 0.02 0.10 1.0 23
Internal routers and switches total M$ 0.80 0.08 0.02 0.10 1.0 23
Rack management hardware total M$ 0.48 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.6 23

Cabling costs (total) 1.3 24

Point of Presence (POP) M$ 3.5 25

kW related infrastructure costs M$ 46.9 2.4 0.2 2.3 51.8 26

Other facility costs (elect. active) M$ 5.2 27

Interest during construction M$ 4.0 28
Land costs M$ 0.50 29
Architectural and engineering fees M$ 2.9 30
Inert gas fire suppression M$ 1.0 31

Total installed capital costs M$ 101.8

$/sf elect. active 5091
Capital costs with 3 year life M$ 30 32
Capital costs with 15 year life M$ 72 33

Annualized capital costs M $/year 19.3 34

Annual operating expenses (Op Ex)

Total electricity costs M $/year 2.2 0.1 0.01 0.1 2.5 35

Network fees M $/year 0.5 36
Other operating expenses 37
IT site management staff M $/year 0.39 38
Facilities site management staff M $/year 0.52 39
Maintenance M $/year 0.42 40
Janitorial and landscaping M $/year 0.16 41
Security M $/year 0.70 42
Property taxes M $/year 0.72 43
Total other operating expenses M $/year 2.91

Total operating expenses M $/year 5.9 44

Total Annualized costs

Total M $/year 25.2 45
Per unit of electrically active floor spac $/sf/year 1260 46
Per server $/server/year 4922 47
Assumptions (Note: All costs are 2007 dollars. Contact JGKoomey@stanford.edu with questions or comments)
1) Fraction of racks allocated to different categories based on Uptime institute consulting experience and judgment for high
performance computing in financial applications.
2) Number of racks calculated based on 20ksf electrically active floor area, 100 square feet per rack, and percentage breakdown
from previous row.
3) Racks are standard (6.5 feet high with 42 Us per rack).
4) % of rack filled based on Uptime consulting experience.
5) The total number of Us filled is the product of the number of racks times total Us per rack times the % filled.
6) Energy use per U taken from selective review of market/technology data. Server power and costs per watt assumes IBM X-3550
1U system.
7) Energy use per rack is the product of the total number of Us filled times watts per installed U.
8) Total direct IT energy use is the product of watts per rack times the number of racks of a given type.
9) Cooling electricity use (including chillers, fans, pumps, CRAC units) is estimated as 0.65 times the IT load .
10) Auxiliaries electricity use (including UPS/PDU losses, lights, and other losses) is estimated as 0.35 times IT load.
11) Total electricity use is the sum of IT, cooling, and auxiliaries. Cooling and auxiliaries together are equal to the IT load (Power
overhead multiplier = 2.0).
12) Electricity intensity is calculated by dividing the power associated with a particular component (eg IT load) by the total
electrically active area of the facility.
13) Total electricity consumption is calculated using the total power, a power load factor of 95%, and 8766 hours/year (average
over leap and non-leap years).
14) Total energy cost calculated by multiplying electricity consumption by the average U.S. industrial electricity price in 2007 (6.8
cents/kWh, 2007 dollars).
15) Watts per thousand 2007 dollars of IT costs taken from selective review of market and technology data. Server number
calculated assuming IBM x3550 1U server as described in next note.
16) Cost per filled U taken from selective review of market and technology data. Server street cost calculated assuming IBM
x3550 1U server with 8 GB RAM, two dual core 2.66 GHz Intel processors (19.2 GFLOPS max/server).
17) Cost per filled rack is the product of the cost per U and the total # of Us per rack (42).
18) Total IT costs are the product of the number of filled Us and the cost per filled U.
19) Rack costs are the costs of the rack structure alone.
20) External hardwired connections costs are Uptime estimates.
21) Internal routers and switch costs are Uptime estimates.
22) Rack management hardware costs are Uptime estimates.
23) Total costs for racks, hardwired connections, and internal routers and switches are the product of the cost per rack and the
number of racks.
24) Cabling costs totals are Uptime estimates.
25) Point of presence costs are Uptime estimates for a dual POP OC96 installation.
26) kW related infrastructure costs (taken from Turner and Seader 2006) are based on Tier 3 architecture, $23,801 per kW cost.
Assumes immediate full build out. Includes costs for non electrically active area. Construction costs escalated to 2007$ using
Turner construction cost indices for 2005 and 2006 (http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=20) and 2007
forecast (http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=5952). Electricity prices escalated to 2007$ using the GDP
deflator 2005 to 2006 and 3% inflation for 2006 to 2007.
27) Other facility costs are based on $262 per square foot of electrically active area (taken from Turner and Seader 2006. Costs are
in 2007 $, escalated as described in the previous footnote).
28) Interest during construction estimated based on total infrastructure and other facility capital costs assuming a 7% real interest
rate for one year.
29) Land cost based on $100,000 per acre, 5 acres total.
30) Architectural and engineering fees are estimated as 5% of kW related infrastructure costs plus other facility costs (electrically
active). Cost percentage is based on personal communication with Peter Rumsey of Rumsey Engineers, 9 July 2007.
31) Cost for inert gas fire suppression are Uptime estimates ($50/sf of electrically active floor area).
32) Capital costs with 15
33) three year
year life include
lifetime includeallallITcapital
equipment
costs costs (which
besides include
IT costs internal
(these routers
costs also and rack,
include switches).
cabling, and external
hardwire connection costs).
34) Capital costs are annualized with the capital recovery factor calculated using the appropriate lifetime (three or 15 years) and a
7% real discount rate.
35) Total electricity costs include both IT and infrastructure energy costs (see notes 11, 12, 13, and 14).
36) Network fees are Uptime estimates.
37) Other operating expenses based on Uptime Institute estimates for a Midwest mid-size town location. Benefits are assumed to
be equal to 30% of salary.
38) IT site management staff costs assume $100k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 1 shift per day.
39) Facilities site management staff costs assume $100k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 1 shift per day.
40) Maintenance costs assume non-union in-house facilities staff, $80k/yr salary, 4 people per shift, 1 shift per day.
41) Janitorial and landscaping costs assume $4/gross square foot of building area per year (based on Uptime estimates).
42) Security costs assume $60k/yr salary, 3 people per shift, 3 shifts per day.
43) Annual property taxes estimated as 1% of the total installed capital cost of the building (not including IT costs).
44) Total operating expenses include electricity costs, network fees, and other operating expenses.
45) Total annualized costs include capital and operating costs.
46) Costs per square foot per year are calculated by dividing total annualized costs by the total electrically active floor area.
47) Costs per server are calculated assuming that all servers are 1U Volume servers and by dividing total annualized costs by the
number of Us occupied by servers.
 For the report

IT capital costs

Site infrastructure capital costs

Other operating expenses

Ba
Energy costs

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Percentage of total annualized cost

For presentations

IT capital costs

Site infrastructure capital costs

 IT capital costs

Site infrastructure capital costs

Other operating expenses

Energy costs

0% 5% 10% 15%
Percentage of total annua
 Bars sum to 100%

% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

al annualized cost
 Bars sum to 100%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

tage of total annualized cost
Price indices

From
Table 1.1.4. Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product
Downloaded 1 Feb 07 from http://bea.gov/bea/dn/nipaweb/SelectTable.asp?Selected=Y
1929 11.943
1930 11.48
1931 10.334
1932 9.15
1933 8.91
1934 9.351
1935 9.534
1936 9.644
1937 9.998
1938 9.81
1939 9.688
1940 9.771
1941 10.405
1942 11.255
1943 11.885
1944 12.165
1945 12.478
1946 13.934
1947 15.488
1948 16.372
1949 16.364
1950 16.493
1951 17.626
1952 18.009
1953 18.24
1954 18.434
1955 18.709
1956 19.36
1957 20.039
1958 20.512
1959 20.754
1960 21.044
1961 21.281
1962 21.572
1963 21.801
1964 22.134
1965 22.538
1966 23.18
1967 23.897
1968 24.916
1969 26.153
1970 27.538
1971 28.916
1972 30.171
1973 31.854
1974 34.721
1975 38.007
1976 40.202
1977 42.758
1978 45.762
1979 49.553
1980 54.062
1981 59.128
1982 62.738
1983 65.214
1984 67.664
1985 69.724
1986 71.269
1987 73.204
1988 75.706
1989 78.569
1990 81.614
1991 84.457
1992 86.402
1993 88.39
1994 90.265
1995 92.115
1996 93.859
1997 95.415
1998 96.475
1999 97.868
2000 100
2001 102.402
2002 104.193
2003 106.409
2004 109.429
2005 112.744
2006 116.053
2007 119.535 assume 3% growth in prices 2006 to 2007
Price indices based on turner construction cost indices, http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/c

Index Annual growth

2005 717
2006 793 10.6%
2007 853 7.60% Use 7.6% forecast Q2 2007 rel to Q2 2006, http
nerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=20

ast Q2 2007 rel to Q2 2006, http://www.turnerconstruction.com/corporate/content.asp?d=5952

Report #: DOE/EIA-0383(2007)
Release date full report: February 2007
Next release date full report: February 2008

Table 3. Energy Prices by Sector and Source

(2005 dollars per million Btu, unless otherwise noted)

2004 2005 2006 2007

Residential
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 18.21 19.29 21.16 24.54
Distillate Fuel Oil 12.89 14.73 16.91 17.45
Natural Gas 10.72 12.43 13.04 11.83
Electricity 27.10 27.59 27.64 27.49

Commercial
Distillate Fuel Oil 10.48 12.68 14.63 15.32
Residual Fuel Oil 6.25 8.41 10.10 7.88
Natural Gas 9.40 11.20 11.38 10.27
Electricity 24.59 25.25 25.74 25.34

Industrial 1/
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 11.18 16.96 18.96 17.51
Distillate Fuel Oil 10.99 13.08 15.14 15.44
Residual Fuel Oil 5.77 7.77 9.34 9.88
Natural Gas 2/ 6.47 8.16 7.45 7.36
Metallurgical Coal 2.31 3.06 3.25 3.30
Other Industrial Coal 1.80 2.15 2.20 2.24
Coal to Liquids N/A N/A N/A N/A
Electricity 15.88 16.69 18.26 18.77

Transportation
Liquefied Petroleum Gases 3/ 19.68 23.92 26.81 22.71
E85 4/ 20.91 23.10 24.81 27.77
Motor Gasoline 5/ 15.72 18.64 21.15 20.96
Jet Fuel 6/ 9.22 13.14 14.96 12.99
Distillate Fuel Oil 7/ 13.58 17.52 19.79 19.71
Residual Fuel Oil 4.85 5.51 7.16 8.82
Natural Gas 8/ 11.91 14.76 11.98 12.28
Electricity 26.10 25.22 26.12 25.63

Electric Power 9/
 Distillate Fuel Oil 9.52 11.38 13.24 14.26
Residual Fuel Oil 4.99 6.96 7.85 7.19
Natural Gas 6.11 8.18 6.97 7.12
Steam Coal 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.69

Average Price to All Users 10/

Liquefied Petroleum Gases 12.69 17.48 19.46 19.00
E85 4/ 20.91 23.10 24.81 27.77
Motor Gasoline 5/ 15.71 18.60 21.11 20.96
Jet Fuel 9.22 13.14 14.96 12.99
Distillate Fuel Oil 12.91 16.22 18.42 18.44
Residual Fuel Oil 5.10 6.59 7.92 8.25
Natural Gas 7.83 9.65 9.14 8.76
Metallurgical Coal 2.31 3.06 3.25 3.30
Other Coal 1.43 1.57 1.71 1.73
Coal to Liquids N/A N/A N/A N/A
Electricity 23.01 23.73 24.38 24.32

Non-Renewable Energy Expenditures by Sector

(billion 2005 dollars)
Residential 195.99 215.13 218.81 221.30
Commercial 141.78 154.38 157.85 156.07
Industrial 184.23 196.07 205.40 217.88
Transportation 385.00 474.66 545.72 538.79
Total Non-Renewable Expenditures 907.00 1040.25 1127.78 1134.03
Transportation Renewable Expenditures 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04
Total Expenditures 907.02 1040.29 1127.82 1134.07

1/ Includes energy for combined heat and power plants, except those whose primary business
2/ Excludes use for lease and plant fuel.
3/ Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local taxes.
4/ E85 refers to a blend of 85 percent ethanol (renewable) and 15 percent motor gasoline (non
varies seasonally. The annual average ethanol content of 74 percent is used for this forecast.
5/ Sales weighted-average price for all grades. Includes Federal, State, and local taxes.
6/ Kerosene-type jet fuel. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and local ta
7/ Diesel fuel for on-road use. Includes Federal and State taxes while excluding county and lo
8/ Compressed natural gas used as a vehicle fuel. Includes estimated motor vehicle fuel taxe
9/ Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants whose primary business is to
10/ Weighted averages of end-use fuel prices are derived from the prices shown in each secto
Btu = British thermal unit.
N/A = Not applicable.
Note: Data for 2004 and 2005 are model results and may differ slightly from official EIA data
Sources: 2004 and 2005 prices for motor gasoline, distillate fuel oil, and jet fuel are based on
DOE/EIA-0487(2005) (Washington, DC, August 2006). 2004 residential and commercial natural
(Washington, DC, December 2005). 2005 residential and commercial natural gas delivered pric
2004 and 2005 industrial natural gas delivered prices are estimated based on: EIA, Manufactur
Natural Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004) (Washington, DC, December 2005) and the Natu
transportation sector natural gas delivered prices are based on: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2004,
federal taxes, and dispensing costs or charges. 2005 transportation sector natural gas delivere
EIA, Electric Power Monthly, May 2005 through April 2006, Table 4.11.A. 2004 and 2005 coal pri
(2005/4Q) (Washington, DC, March 2006) and EIA, AEO2007 National Energy Modeling System r
2005, DOE/EIA-0384(2005) (Washington, DC, July 2006). 2004 and 2005 ethanol prices derived
Energy Modeling System run aeo2007.d112106a.
 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

24.49 23.96 23.67 23.26 23.11 22.91 22.94 22.88

16.91 15.84 14.87 14.03 13.36 12.60 12.52 12.60
11.74 11.25 10.98 10.59 10.44 10.25 10.29 10.24
27.37 27.15 26.91 26.51 26.28 26.17 26.04 25.99

14.44 13.45 12.72 11.98 11.34 10.85 10.67 10.73

7.80 7.68 7.54 7.06 6.92 5.99 6.31 6.49
10.16 9.63 9.34 8.92 8.75 8.54 8.55 8.48
25.27 24.92 24.50 23.86 23.59 23.44 23.31 23.33

17.39 16.75 16.42 15.94 15.77 15.62 15.63 15.57

14.29 13.42 12.95 12.48 11.88 11.64 11.35 11.40
10.08 9.79 9.50 8.78 8.47 8.04 7.98 8.21
7.29 6.74 6.43 6.02 5.87 5.68 5.69 5.65
3.29 3.19 3.09 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.74 2.72
2.25 2.24 2.26 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.21 2.20
N/A N/A N/A 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89
18.85 18.52 18.01 17.25 16.79 16.59 16.47 16.46

22.76 22.27 24.34 23.93 23.76 23.54 23.56 23.49

26.00 24.27 21.29 20.53 20.34 20.20 20.01 20.09
19.72 18.69 17.90 17.23 16.86 16.57 16.09 16.06
11.72 11.26 10.91 10.37 10.06 10.03 9.84 9.89
18.21 17.31 16.81 16.00 15.39 15.21 14.82 14.86
9.05 8.60 8.05 7.69 7.34 7.10 6.97 7.04
12.14 12.32 13.97 13.51 13.29 13.04 12.94 12.86
25.75 25.39 24.86 24.32 24.13 23.98 23.79 23.81
 13.77 12.70 11.71 10.78 10.03 9.29 9.20 9.26
7.29 6.99 6.58 6.21 5.90 5.46 5.45 5.60
7.07 6.53 6.22 5.83 5.69 5.50 5.54 5.50
1.70 1.70 1.71 1.67 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.60

18.88 18.29 18.02 17.57 17.42 17.27 17.29 17.24

26.00 24.27 21.29 20.53 20.34 20.20 20.01 20.09
19.72 18.69 17.90 17.23 16.86 16.56 16.08 16.06
11.72 11.26 10.91 10.37 10.06 10.03 9.84 9.89
17.20 16.30 15.70 14.92 14.36 14.18 13.86 13.92
8.41 8.06 7.61 7.19 6.87 6.45 6.41 6.55
8.66 8.13 7.83 7.44 7.29 7.09 7.12 7.06
3.29 3.19 3.09 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.74 2.72
1.74 1.73 1.74 1.70 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.63
N/A N/A N/A 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89
24.30 24.02 23.66 23.09 22.80 22.66 22.55 22.55

223.50 221.10 220.44 218.08 218.46 217.85 219.40 221.00

159.31 158.54 157.97 156.35 157.31 158.59 160.74 163.37
214.15 207.11 200.48 191.81 187.29 184.92 184.25 184.11
508.11 488.45 476.38 463.41 458.16 458.57 452.79 459.42
1105.07 1075.20 1055.27 1029.66 1021.22 1019.93 1017.18 1027.91
0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09
1105.12 1075.25 1055.33 1029.74 1021.30 1020.01 1017.26 1028.00

se primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.

motor gasoline (nonrenewable). To address cold starting issues, the percentage of ethanol actually
for this forecast.
d local taxes.
g county and local taxes.
uding county and local taxes.
or vehicle fuel taxes and estimated dispensing costs or charges.
mary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public.
hown in each sector and the corresponding sectoral consumption.

m official EIA data reports.

et fuel are based on prices in the Energy Information Administration (EIA), Petroleum Marketing Annual
 ommercial natural gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004)
l gas delivered prices: EIA, Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2006/04) (Washington, DC, April 2006)
n: EIA, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey 1994 and industrial and wellhead prices from the
2005) and the Natural Gas Monthly, DOE/EIA-0130(2006/04) (Washington, DC, April 2006). 2004
l Gas Annual 2004, DOE/EIA-0131(2004) (Washington, DC, December 2005) and estimated state taxes,
natural gas delivered prices are model results. 2004 and 2005 electric power sector natural gas prices
4 and 2005 coal prices based on: EIA, Quarterly Coal Report, October-December 2005, DOE/EIA-0121
Modeling System run aeo2007.d112106a. 2004 and 2005 electricity prices: EIA, Annual Energy Revie
anol prices derived from weekly spot prices in the Oxy Fuel News. Projections: EIA, AEO2007 National
 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

22.98 23.19 23.13 23.09 23.18 23.15 23.29 23.42

12.63 12.74 12.83 13.05 13.15 13.26 13.42 13.36
10.33 10.56 10.49 10.44 10.54 10.54 10.67 10.83
26.09 26.30 26.45 26.36 26.37 26.42 26.42 26.46

10.87 10.93 11.02 11.29 11.35 11.46 11.69 11.51

6.45 6.59 6.70 6.99 7.07 7.24 7.40 7.24
8.55 8.74 8.66 8.60 8.67 8.64 8.75 8.87
23.48 23.75 23.94 23.89 23.95 24.00 24.01 24.08

15.68 15.87 15.87 15.86 15.91 15.88 15.99 16.11

11.63 11.63 11.74 12.06 12.04 12.14 12.42 12.17
8.41 8.56 8.61 8.81 8.91 9.07 9.21 9.15
5.74 5.92 5.88 5.84 5.90 5.89 6.00 6.12
2.71 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.71 2.72 2.72 2.71
2.19 2.19 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.20 2.21 2.21
0.89 0.90 0.91 0.95 0.97 1.01 1.03 1.03
16.61 16.85 17.02 17.00 17.07 17.13 17.14 17.21

23.56 23.75 23.65 23.58 23.66 23.63 23.74 23.87

20.20 20.43 20.41 20.62 20.61 20.62 21.07 20.97
16.11 16.24 16.32 16.67 16.63 16.75 17.05 16.92
10.03 10.09 10.21 10.52 10.51 10.59 10.89 10.79
15.12 15.08 15.16 15.48 15.42 15.49 15.77 15.47
7.03 7.12 7.14 7.17 7.36 7.49 7.65 7.68
12.89 13.03 12.95 12.95 12.98 12.95 13.08 13.11
23.88 24.07 24.26 24.18 24.22 24.25 24.22 24.31
 9.28 9.44 9.54 9.75 9.84 9.96 10.11 10.08
5.63 5.74 5.81 6.01 6.08 6.23 6.42 6.32
5.60 5.79 5.72 5.67 5.76 5.73 5.84 5.95
1.59 1.59 1.58 1.58 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.60

17.36 17.56 17.56 17.56 17.62 17.60 17.72 17.84

20.20 20.43 20.41 20.62 20.61 20.62 21.07 20.97
16.11 16.24 16.32 16.67 16.63 16.75 17.05 16.92
10.03 10.09 10.21 10.52 10.51 10.59 10.89 10.79
14.15 14.14 14.24 14.56 14.53 14.62 14.90 14.65
6.57 6.68 6.74 6.87 7.00 7.14 7.31 7.27
7.15 7.35 7.29 7.24 7.32 7.31 7.44 7.57
2.71 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.71 2.72 2.72 2.71
1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.63
0.89 0.90 0.91 0.95 0.97 1.01 1.03 1.03
22.69 22.95 23.14 23.09 23.15 23.21 23.23 23.30

224.59 228.53 230.97 232.57 236.03 237.58 240.44 243.39

167.21 172.04 175.58 178.09 181.74 185.01 188.79 192.87
186.81 189.66 190.50 192.03 194.88 196.87 200.07 202.13
469.74 478.67 487.87 505.29 511.07 521.65 538.78 540.64
1048.35 1068.91 1084.92 1107.99 1123.73 1141.11 1168.07 1179.04
0.10 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.24
1048.45 1069.01 1085.04 1108.12 1123.89 1141.30 1168.29 1179.28

of ethanol actually

um Marketing Annual 2005,

 0131(2004)
ngton, DC, April 2006).
head prices from the
pril 2006). 2004
estimated state taxes,
tor natural gas prices:
2005, DOE/EIA-0121
, Annual Energy Review
IA, AEO2007 National
 2005-
2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2030

23.54 23.53 23.56 23.65 23.78 23.87 23.91 0.9%

13.51 13.56 13.63 13.80 13.90 14.06 14.13 -0.2%
10.95 10.97 11.02 11.12 11.26 11.37 11.43 -0.3%
26.56 26.61 26.56 26.57 26.61 26.74 26.76 -0.1%

11.68 11.85 11.86 12.05 12.25 12.33 12.45 -0.1%

7.38 7.17 7.30 7.40 7.46 7.24 7.31 -0.6%
8.97 8.96 8.98 9.05 9.17 9.25 9.30 -0.7%
24.20 24.23 24.18 24.16 24.21 24.29 24.27 -0.2%

16.25 16.22 16.23 16.32 16.42 16.51 16.55 -0.1%

12.36 12.62 12.58 12.79 13.07 13.06 13.25 0.1%
9.29 9.26 9.38 9.50 9.50 9.61 9.58 0.8%
6.24 6.21 6.25 6.33 6.43 6.51 6.56 -0.9%
2.69 2.70 2.70 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 -0.4%
2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.27 2.27 2.29 0.2%
1.12 1.23 1.27 1.28 1.33 1.33 1.33 N/A
17.33 17.35 17.31 17.30 17.33 17.43 17.43 0.2%

23.97 23.95 23.98 24.06 24.17 24.26 24.29 0.1%

20.96 21.26 21.10 21.32 21.44 21.40 21.50 -0.3%
17.10 17.32 17.14 17.29 17.53 17.53 17.76 -0.2%
10.91 11.10 11.05 11.23 11.52 11.51 11.75 -0.4%
15.64 15.91 15.83 16.03 16.33 16.26 16.47 -0.2%
7.85 7.90 8.04 8.18 8.12 8.38 8.27 1.6%
13.20 13.22 13.18 13.24 13.36 13.40 13.45 -0.4%
24.43 24.47 24.39 24.35 24.40 24.48 24.46 -0.1%
 10.22 10.25 10.32 10.49 10.57 10.74 10.79 -0.2%
6.53 6.58 6.64 6.73 6.75 6.85 6.85 -0.1%
6.06 6.05 6.07 6.15 6.25 6.31 6.33 -1.0%
1.61 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.67 1.67 1.69 0.4%

17.99 17.96 17.99 18.08 18.18 18.26 18.30 0.2%

20.96 21.26 21.10 21.32 21.44 21.40 21.50 -0.3%
17.10 17.32 17.14 17.29 17.53 17.53 17.75 -0.2%
10.91 11.10 11.05 11.23 11.52 11.51 11.75 -0.4%
14.83 15.08 15.03 15.24 15.53 15.50 15.70 -0.1%
7.45 7.47 7.58 7.70 7.68 7.83 7.79 0.7%
7.69 7.68 7.73 7.82 7.94 8.03 8.09 -0.7%
2.69 2.70 2.70 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 -0.4%
1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.72 0.4%
1.12 1.23 1.27 1.28 1.33 1.33 1.33 N/A
23.43 23.47 23.43 23.43 23.48 23.59 23.60 0.0%

247.24 248.99 251.03 253.73 257.29 259.96 262.21 0.8%

197.36 201.11 204.49 208.50 213.25 217.97 222.08 1.5%
205.49 206.98 209.31 212.90 216.30 219.27 222.08 0.5%
554.21 570.28 574.30 588.98 607.12 615.46 632.79 1.2%
1204.30 1227.35 1239.13 1264.11 1293.96 1312.66 1339.16 1.0%
0.29 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.44 0.47 0.51 11.5%
1204.59 1227.67 1239.48 1264.49 1294.40 1313.13 1339.68 1.0%