useful formulas selected Laplace transform pairs

name formula x(t) X(s) ROC

Z
Eulers formula ej = cos() + j sin()
x(t) x(t) est dt (def.)
j j
e +e
. . . for cosine cos() = (t) 1 all s
2
ej ej 1
. . . for sine sin() = u(t) Re(s) > 0
2j s
1
sinc function sinc() :=
sin( ) ea t u(t) Re(s) > a
s+a
s
cos(o t) u(t) Re(s) > 0
s2 + o2
o
formulas for continuous-time LTI signals and systems sin(o t) u(t) Re(s) > 0
s2 + o2
s+a
name formula ea t cos(o t) u(t) Re(s) > a
(s + a)2 + o2
Z
o
area under impulse (t) dt = 1 ea t sin(o t) u(t) Re(s) > a
(s + a)2 + o2
multiplication by impulse f (t) (t) = f (0) (t)
Note: a is assumed real.
. . . by shifted impulse f (t) (t to ) = f (to ) (t to )
Z
convolution f (t) g(t) = f ( ) g(t ) d
Laplace transform properties

. . . with an impulse f (t) (t) = f (t)

x(t) X(s)
. . . with a shifted impulse f (t) (t to ) = f (t to )
a x(t) + b g(t) a X(s) + b G(s)
Z
transfer function H(s) = h(t) est dt x(t) g(t) X(s) G(s)
Z
dx(t)
frequency response H f () = h(t) ejt dt s X(s)
dt

. . . their connection H f () = H(j) x(t to ) es to X(s)

provided j-axis ROC
selected Fourier transform pairs Fourier transform properties

x(t) X f () x(t) X f ()
Z
x(t) x(t) ejt dt (def.) a x(t) + b g(t) a X f () + b Gf ()

1
Z x(a t) X
1 f jt f |a| a
X () e d X ()
2
x(t) g(t) X f () Gf ()
(t) 1
1
1 2 () x(t) g(t) X f () Gf ()
2

u(t) () +
1 x(t to ) ejto X()
j
x(t) ejo t X( o )
ejo t 2 ( o )
x(t) cos(o t) 0.5 X( + o ) + 0.5 X( o )
cos(o t) ( + o ) + ( o )
x(t) sin(o t) j 0.5 X( + o ) j 0.5 X( o )
sin(o t) j ( + o ) j ( o )
dx(t)
o o j X f ()
sinc t ideal LPF dt

cut-off frequency o

2 T
symmetric pulse sin
2
width T , height 1

impulse train impulse train

2
period T , height 1 period, height o =
T