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    Pa-1 Pas Geography

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    NSYLV4, Roar) Pennsylvania's Geography S© Our forests should be preserved...for [the] enjoyment of the natural beauty of Pennsylvania. 7” —Governor Edward G. Rendell, 2002 To compare two things is to find how they are alike. To contrast is to find haw they are different. As you read this chapter, be sure to do the following. * Compan nd contrast the key places: and events in Pennsylvania, CED PA 1-1 The Allegheny River. ou LESSO COMPARE AND CONTRAST As you read, compare and contrast communities in Pennsylvania, BIG IDEA Pennsylvania's location may bbe described in many ways VOCABULARY metropolitan area keystone crossroad Pennsylvania's FAS geographic center isin Centre County. It is also the home of Penn State University. Where Is Pennsylvania? Pixca is a beautiful state. Long ago, only Native ‘Americans lived here. In time, people from all over the world came here to live. But, where is Pennsylvania? A Global Address Hf someone asked you to tell the relative location of Pennsylvania, what would you say? You could say that Fennsylvania is one of the 50 United States. You might also say that the state of Fennsylvania is in the Northeast region of the United States. But you could say even more. Since most of the United States is part of the continent of North America, you could say Pennsylvania is in North America ‘The North American continent is in Earth’s Western Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere. Where is Pennsylvania? Pennsylvania is in the country’s Northeast region. It is in North America, in ‘the Western Hemisphere, and in the Northern Hemisphere. located? ja in 1 States Pennsylvania covers more than 45,000 square miles of land. If the 50 states were lined up from largest to smallest Pennsylvania would be thirty-third in fine. That means 32 states have more land than Pennsylvania and 17 states have less land, The state of Pennsylvania is sixth in population. More than 12 million people live in Pennsylvania. More than one-half ‘of all Pennsylvanians live in urban, or city, areas. Philadelphia is the state's most populated city, with more than 1" million people. Philadelphia and nearby communities make up the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the nation. A imetropolitan|area includes a large city or cities and the surrounding communities. About six million people in four different states— New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania—make up the metropolitan area of Philadelphia Pennsylvania has other metropolitan areas. Pittsburgh is Pennsylvania's second largest city. Nearly 350,000 people live in Pittsburgh. Almost 2" million people live in Pittsburgh's metropolitan area. Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Harrisburg, Scranton, and Lancaster are all among the 100 largest metropolitan areas of the United States. Many Pennsylvanians choose to live in smaller cities and towns, such as Altoona York, or Punxsutawney. Others live in rural, or country, areas all acrass the state. (EXIST) How is a metropolitan area different Eee ey Cee The Keystone State Pennsyivania is nicknamed the Keystone State. A is the middle stone at the top of an arch that locks the other stones in place. Pennsylvania is called the Keystone State because of its location. The name also refers to the state’s key role in early United States history. Pennsylvania's location makes it an important crossroad for travelers and industry. A eressread Isa place where roads meet. A system of major highways links Pennsylvania to the Northeast and the entire United States. | In 1787, citizens from the 13 original states met in Philadelphia to write our © In whieh county do you live? What Pam nation’s Constitution. Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush helped the state earn its place in history. Since 1701, Pennsylvanians have worked together to run the state. Today, the state capital is in Harrisburg, in the southeast- ern part of the state. Its location near major highways allows citizens from across the state to play a role in state government. Citizens are also active in their local gov- ernment. Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties. Fach county has a county seat where local government meets. (CERES How do Pennsylvania’s roads help make it the Keystone State? Piey Place Every county in Pennsylvania has a county seat for government, its county seat? eT eee NES Tee! Six states and Lake Erie make up the borders of Pennsylvania. Our neighbor to ‘the east is New Jersey. To the south are Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia. Ohio shares a border with Pennsylvania on the west. Lake Erie and New York make up our state’s northern border. We also share important resources with our neighbors. Many of Pennsylvania's rivers flow into neighboring states. The Delaware River carves a natural border all along eastern Pennsylvania. Many boats carry goods on the Delaware River. The Ohio River is also a main transporta- tion route. The shores of Lake Erie connect Pennsylvania to other states and to Canada, Many people enjoy recreational The state capitol in Harrishurg sits on 2.acre: 13-acre park and has more than 600 rooms. activities in and around Lake Erie. Swimming, boating, hiking, and biking are all popular activities. The Allegheny (eluh-Gay-nee) National Forest is a beautiful place to explore. GED Which take makes up a part of Pennsylvania's border? es RAST Inwhat (6333) ways are urban and metropolitan sui) SS areas alike? @ BIGIDEA In which region of the United States is Pennsylvania located? © VOCABULARY Use the term kaystons ina sontonce about Pannsyivana GEOGRAPHY Which states share @ border with Pennsyivania? e y Pennsylvania’s Land and Water CONTRAST l As you read, compare and you were to ride in a car from Erie to Philadelphia, you ‘contrast physical regions in would see many different landforms. Geographers group sitnilar Pennsylvania, landforms into physical regions. If you travel from northwestern BIG IDEA Pennsylvania to southeastern Pennsylvania, you can visit each of Tach of Pennsylvania's five «the State's five physical regions. physical regions has different landforns, \ Land Shaped by Ice Pennsylvania's landforms were slawly shaped by nature over terrace a long period of time. Millions of years ago, much of what is now Pennsylvania was covered by glaciers. As the glaciers moved, they carved deep valleys into some areas of land. In other areas, the glaciers flattened the land or rounded the tops of mountains and Fills In time, the glaciers metted, and water covered much of the land. When the water evaporated, Pennsylvania's physical regions were uncovered (GED How did glaciers shape the land in Pennsylva VOCABULARY Lanse eng! by molting glaciers porate See (giits, Regions The physical ragions of Pennsylvania have different types of geography. @ In which physical region do you live? Them ‘ive Physical Regions The smallest of Pennsylvania's five physi- cal regions is the Erie Plain. This narrow, lowland region begins at the shore of Lake Erie. As you travel east across the Erie Plain, the land gets higher. Natural {erFACES, oF raised lands, increase the elevation inland, like stair steps. The Allegheny Plateau region begins southeast of the Erie Plain. The Allegheny Plateau is Pennsylvania's largest physical region and covers more ‘than one-half of the state. Many rivers, including the West Branch Susquehanna (suhskwuh-Hasnuh) and the Allegheny flow from this highland plateau The Appalachian Mountains are part of the landforms in the Ridge and Valley region. Mountain rivers and streams shape the valleys hore. Within the Ridge + State capital + Mountain peat — Fattine icrerain er nid (Ul Ridge and valley (2 Preamont [Bi coasia rain and Valley region, the Great Valley stretches south for hundreds of miles through other states. To the east of the Ridge and Valicy region is the Piedmont region. Like the Great Valley, the landforms of the Piedmont continue south through other states. Here, the Piedmont is a region of rolling hills sloping down to the southeast. Pennsylvania's Coastal Plain region is also part of a much larger landform. The Atiantic Coastal Plain is a broad area of flat lands stretching all along the Atlantic coast of the United States. In Pennsylvania, the Coastal Plain region is small, It is only slightly larger than the Erie Plain region. ‘Which of the five physical regions is largest? Which region is smallest? @ COMPARE AND CONTRAST PA 1-7 Woodlands, Mountains, and Waterways Pennsylvania's natural resources are alll around us. People living in each of the state’s five physical regions use and enjoy these natural resources. Woodlands cover about one-half of Pennsylvania. Many different kinds of trees—hickory, maple, cherry, oak, and pine—shade the state. Woodlands are also a home for wildlife. Animals such as deer, foxes, skunk, and raccoon are common. The Allegheny Mountains are @ beauti- ful place to enjoy outdoor activities Mount Davis, in Somerset County, is the state's highest mountain peak at 3,213 feet. Waterways in Pennsylvania are home to- more than 150 different kinds of fish, Blue Mountain Tunw Tang. tis one of the seve Pennsylvania Turn in Franklin County. is 4339 feet original tunnets along the PALS One of the state’s most important rivers is the wide, shallaw Susquehanna. The West Branch Susquehanna flows from western Pennsylvania southeast across much of the state. The Lehigh and Schuylkill rivers are in eastern Pennsylvania. Both are tributaries of the Delaware River. The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet in Pittsburgh and together they form the Ohio river In central Pennsylvania, Jacks Mountair has the Thousand Steps Trail. Visiters can see the fossils of plants and animals that lived here long ago. Neartay, Raystown Lake is part of a project to protect plant and animal habitats. Pittsburgh's Mount Washington offers a great view of the state's second-largest city. About how much of Pennsylvania is ‘woodlands? Average Temperatures in Pennsylvania ‘Average Temperatures in Janusry ‘Average Temporatures ia July mm Du ae te ow Place The maps above show the average temperatures in Pes during the months of January and July. © What is the average temperature for Harrisburg in January? in July? Prat Pennsylvania's Climate Areas with lower elevations, such a5 ‘the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, have a shorter winter, Some northern parts of the state have large changes in temperature, depending on the season. Although rain. * fall totals vary throughout the state, the average is about 39 inches of rain per year. (CEI) Why does Pennsylvania's climate vary? When snow falls in Pennsylvania, % its fun to bundle up and e go sledding. 3 Differences in landforms and elevation cause the climate to vary across the state. Some mountainous areas experience tem- ‘peratures below freezing. They have snow for several months of the year. COMPARE AND CONTRAST How are the Erie Plain and the Allegheny Plateau alike? How are they different? @ BIG IDEA What are the five physical regions in Peansyivania? © VOCABULARY Write a sontence about landforms, using the term terrace © GEOGRAPHY What is Pennsylvania's highest mountain peak? COMPARE AND CONTRAST ‘As you read, compare and contrast places in Pennsylvania. BIG IDEA Pennsylvania towns snd cities honor many diferent cultures, borough population center in Permsy vans ‘come fram many different cultural backgrounds. Pennsylvania’s People and Places Tosa peeple and places in Pennsylvania are connected to. the past by culture and history. It is important to understand how different cultures shape our present and guide our future. Pennsylvania’s People Pennsylvania is home to people from many cultures around the world. Across the state, the places where we live show the effect of these different cultures. In the past, many people moved to Pennsylvania from other countries to work en farms. Others came to work in factories. Some wanted a safe place to practice their religions. Others wanted to have a say in their government. As new groups of people arrived, they brought their customs along with them. These customs and traditions still affect ways of life in the state. Pennsylvanians are proud of their different cultures and of all the people who make this state their home. (GSE Why does Pennsylvania have many different cultures? In Pittsburgh, Paint State Park is where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers ‘meet. Many bridges help cars and pedestrians gat across the city’s rivers. Pennsylvania's Places In addition to its physical regions, Pennsylvania has human regions. The northwest and northcentral regions are mostly rural. Many people here work on farms or operate small businesses. Some people work at jobs in tourism. Others work in one of the many state parks, such as Ricketts Glen State Park in Benton Many communities around the state are towns and boroughs (BuR‘ahz). A Borough is a self-governing town that is igger than a village. The borough of Doylestown, in Bucks County, dates back to 1745, Today, there are about 8,000 people living in Doylestown. Philadelphia and its suburbs are in the southeast. Many people live in suburbs and travel to the city’s center to work. More people five in the southeast than in any other part of the state. Because of this, Philadelphia is considered to be the state's largest popillation|

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