From Colony to Commonwealth “ Governments, like clocks, go from the motion [people] give them. 7? —William Penn, 1682 Sequence A sequence is the order in which one event comes after another. Words like first, then, next, before, after, and later can help you recognize a sequence, ‘As you read this chapter, be sure to da the following. + Put events in the sequence in which they occurred in Pennsylvania. TO eee ELE ns PA21eR Fead t leam the sequence af events in eorly Pennsylvania history colony that allowed religious freedom. charter proprietor The Pennsylvania Colony Dutch to give up the New Netherland colony. Renamed New York, the colony gave England control of the Northeast. Like other Europeans, the English knew it would take many settlers to protect their land claims. The Religious Society of Friends William Penn was born to a wealthy English family. His father was an admiral in the English navy and a friend of King Charles II. In England, the king was the head of the government and of the official religion. The Penn family belonged to the Church of England, known as the Anglican Church. By 1667, Penn had left the Anglican Church and became a leader of the “Friends.” The Religious Society of Friends belicved that all people—free and enslaved—were equal Members of the Religious Society of Friends were known, 25 Quakers. They refused to fight in wars. They believed people should govern themselves. As a result, Quakers did not respect the king’s power. William Penn began to talk about starting a Quaker colony in North America. Penn hoped that in hhis colony, Quakers could live and worship in peace. GSTS) Which event happened first—Penn’s decision to join the Quakers or Penn's decision to start a colony? @) SEQUENCE iam Penn's belict in religious freedom marked a major change in the colonies. For many years, Pennsylvania was known as the most peaceful and ‘most welcoming of the calaniesPenn's Colony In 1670, Penn received his family’s wealth when his father died. Admiral Penn had loaned money to his friend, King Charles IL. William Penn offered to accept land in North America as repayment for the loans. The king agreed and gave Penn a charter for a new colony in North America. The Charter was a written document that made Penn the owner of the colony. ‘The Charter of 1681 named William Penn proprietor (pruh-PRY-uh-ter), or owner, of a huge land grant. The land was loested between the Maryland and New York colonies. Penn wanted to call his colony Sylvania, which means “woods.” King Charles II felt that the name should honor his friend, Admiral Penn. They agreed on Pennsylvania, which means “Penn's woods.” As proprietor, Penn could use and rule the land as he wished. He advertised to get more settlers to move to the new colony. He wrote letters to European William Penn met with native groups (left) to ‘encourage them to have peacetul relationships with colonists. Delawé ‘chief Tamanent Troaty Wamp (above) to William Penn in 1682. settlers and Native Americans already liv- ing there. Penn wanted them to stay and live in peace with the new Quaker settlers. Using the Quaker idea of equality, Penn wrote a plan for governing the colony. Known as the First Frame of Government, it called for a deputy governor, an Assembly of representatives, and a council of advisers In 1682, Penn arrived in the colony aboard the ship Welcome. He was greeted warmly by both the settlers and the Native Americans. Penn set to work organizing the colony. In just four days, the Assembly wrote a new document called the Great Law. Tt set up a court system and gave people ‘the right to freely practice any religion, However, only those with Christian beliefs could be elected to public office Penn also met and signed treaties with leaders of nearby Native American tribes. He dealt fairly with them. GUD How did Witliam Penn get land in North America for a eolony? PA 2-2Philadelphia William Penn named his colony's capital city Philadelphia, which means “City of Brotherly Love.’ The name expressed Pennis hopes for the future. Philadelphia Was a port city, centrally located in the colonies, It was the best-planned city of the time While still in England, Penn and his surveyor, Thomas Holme, made-a street plan for the city. They laid out a grid of rectangular blocks. There were four public squares and @ central square, where City Hall was tater built. Streets that ran north and south were numbered; streets ‘that ran east and west were named, In the early 1700s, about 1,000 immi- grants arrived in the city each year. Many of them settled in Philadelphia, including Benjamin Franklin. Many came for religious freedom. Others wished to buy land at low prices and pay low taxes, Those who wanted their own land moved west, They started farms in the Piedmont region. Penn offered religious freedom to the: Dutch, Swedes, Finns, and the Delaware. These groups had already settled on the “land included in the charter. English, German, and Dutch Quakers joined the colony. Huguenots (HyOo*gun=nants), or French Protestants, and German Lutherans came to live in Philadelphia Swiss Amish and German Mennonites also moved to the colony. Many Europeans Paid for their passage by becoming indentured servants When Penn arrived, Philadelphia was more than a year old and already success- ful. By the 1760s, it was the largest city in ‘the colonies. Philadelphia was also a major center for business and culture. GESTED What was Penn and Holme’s plan tor Philadel phia’s streets? ‘William Penn and Thomas Holme «designed this grid system (left) for the strcots of Philadelphia in 1681. ‘The Delavrare River is on the right ‘side. Gity Hall isin the square in the center of Each chain contained 100 links and was GS feet lang.BEL Hannah Callowhill Penn 1671-1727 | Hannah Callownill became William Penn's second wife at the age of 24. She arrived in Pennsylvani 1699, Hannah Penn shared her husband's vision for the colony, Pann named Calowhil Street in Philadelphia n honor. When Penn became ill in 1712, Hannah served as acting proprietor Cee On November 2: , 1984. Presi ident Ronald | Reauen signed an act of the United States Congress declaring William Penn and Hannah Callawhill Pens ry citizens of the United States, A middle The Charter of Privileges In 1684, Penn received word that he was needed in England. Family and Quaker business kept him away from Pennsylvania for 15 years. When he returned in 1699, Penn and the Assembly began to write a new constitution. They agreed on a form of government that protected individual becsenc the sesosr/s propilesny befor freedoms. or after the Charter of Privileges was In 1701, the Assembly adopted the adopted by the Assembly? Charter of Privileges. The charter gave the Assembly the power to make laws. The proprietor, or governor, could veto an unfair law. The new constitution protected @ VOCABULARY Use the terms charter people's religious beliets. af in a paragraph about What was the Charter of Pri SEQUENCE Did William Penn @ BIGIDEA What freedom did the Great Law give to Pennsylvania colonists? Pennsylvania ges? © CIVICS AND GOVERNMENT What power did the Charter of Privileges give to the Assembly?SE] Colonial Times Psetepmspanccslpess can wise Pennsylvania colony. In the early 1700s, about 1,000 immigrants SEQUENCE same each year, By 1750, several thousand newcomers arrived in Nlead to leam the sequence Philadelphia each year. Some settled in Pennsylvania. Others of events that led ta war began their journey here and then settled in another colony. in westesn Pennsyvania, BIG IDEA - Population growth led to Settling the Frontier pas ‘on Pennsyivania’s In the early years, most settlers lived near Philadelphia or in conten other towns in eastern Pennsylvania. As the population grew, SWocaBuraRY) — th ¥2st western frontier offered more piaces to live. Settiers best found ways to improve transportation on water and land. Early settlers from Sweden were the first to use keelboats to Travel into the frontier. A Keelboat is a shallow freight boat moved by poles or oars. Keelboats allowed settlers to carry heavy loads upriver against the current. German settlers later invented a wagon that could carry heavy loads over rough frontier trails. The Conestoga wagon had large wheels and was curved on the bottom to keep loads from shifting. By the 1750s, wagon roads to new settlements were being carved through the wilderness. Which was first used in Penneyiva Conestoga wagon? SEQUENCE abolitionist /& Whore possible, aX theriversin ‘wastern Pennsylvania wore used to move goods and people. Keelboats could be poled upstream against the current. the keelboat or the‘At the Ligonier Highland Games in the Laurel Highlands: opie of Scottish hackground ‘eelebrate their heritage. The boy (below| is playing @ bagpipe, a traditional Scottish German immigrants were among the first to settle the Piedmont region of Pennsylvania. Many were farmers and skilled craft workers. By 1750, about 70,000 Germans were living in the colony, German settlers introduced farming methods that pro- tected the soil. They planted in Gifferent fields each year. They grew several kinds of crops and used natural fertilizers. Between 1718 and 1775, about 100,000 Scots-Irish immi- grants traveled from Northern Ireland to Pennsylvania. The Scots- Irish were farmers, crattworkers, and traders. As before, some people arrived as indentured servants. From Philadelphia, most Scots-Irish moved ‘west to the Susquehanna Valley. They settled on frontier lands and started farms. By 1720, many farmers in Pennsylvania depended on Scots-Irish and German immigrants who had come as indentured servants. ‘About half of the new immigrants paid for their ocean voyage in this way. Many indentured servants worked on small farms throughout the colony, ESTED What arming methods did German settiers intraduce? PA3-7Slavery and Abolition During the mid-1700s, European coun- tries were fighting each other in Europe and North America. These wars slowed ‘the arrival of indentured servants from Europe. Many farmers turned to using enslaved Africans for labor. Merchants began to bring enslaved people from the Caribbean islands to Philadelphia. Pennsylvania's enslaved population grew from 5,000 in 1721 to about 30,000 in 1766. Pennsylvania was known as an or antislavery, colony. In 1688, Quakers in Germantown had held ‘the first abolitionist meeting in North America. They wrote an antislavery pe tion, Even though Quakers believed in equality, some used enslaved workers Benjamin Rush (right) wae 2 well-known medical doctor in Philadelphia, He was: one of the most outspoken members of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, He wrote 1 pamphlet (below) against using enslaved workers. The issue of slavery began to divide the Quakers. In the 1750s, Quakers stopped accepting people who traded enslaved Africans into the Religious Society of Friends. In 1767, a Pennsylvania law mace it illegal to bring enslaved people into the colony, In the mid-1770s, Quakers refused to allow people who used enslaved workers into their meetings. Pennsylvania passed a law granting gradual, or slow, emancipation in 1780. ancipation is freedom from someone else's power. The law said that children born enstaved after 1780 would be free at age 28. The law also gave free Africans many rights. Pennsylvania was the first state to make slavery against the law. (CSTE) To whom did farmers tum for labor in the mid-17008?ae The Walking Pt Purchast ie __ Sometimes, the gee 3 gained Hand from _ of a document to the Delaware poopie. Penn's sons ‘seid t {that the document permitted settlers to have as _ Thomas Penn hired the three fastest walkers in the | colony, One man ran the path snd crossed more than, twice the land the Delaware had oxpactad to | Asa result, Pennsylvania sett lers gained 1, 1,200: miles of land from the Native Americans The French and Indian War The arrival of European settlers forced many Native Americans to migrate. Some native people were angry with the colonists. ‘The French held huge land claims i ‘what is now Canada and in land west of the English colonies. The French used these land claims for trade with Native ‘Americans. In 1754, the French built Fort Duquesne (doo-kavn) where the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela rivers meet. The settlement that grew up there became Pittsburgh. The English sent General Edward Braddock to force the French out of the Ohio Valley. On their way to Fort Duquesne, the English troops were attacked by French soldiers and their Native American allies. Braddock and more than half of his soldiers were killed. This started a war known as the French and Indian Wer. During this conflict, Native American groups were divided. Some were French allies. Others were English allies. Some stayed neutral. To be neutral means to take no side in a war. After nine years, the war ended in 1763. France was defeated and had to surrender its land claims east of the Mississippi River to the English. CHED Who built Fort Duquesne? SEQUENCE Which event happened first—the first abolitionist meeting or the passage of the gradual smaneipation act? @ BIG IDEA How did population growth cause conflicts with Native Americans? @ VOCABULARY Use abolitionist) sentence about ‘© HISTORY Which invention allowed settlers to carry heavy loads aver frontier trails?Pennsylvania’s Independence SEQUENCE A eae to leamn the sequence ifter the French and Indian War, Pennsylvania and the ‘of events that led ta the other colonies had hard times. England, or Britain as it became forming af a new nation, known, said colonists had to pay new taxes to cover the costs BIG IDEA of the war. People and places in risylvania wer wrauneee, The Continental Congress ‘American Revolution In the early 1770s, Britain began to pass new tax laws for the Many Pennsylvania colonists did not think the taxes were fair. Some angry colonists refused to pay. In 1774, delegates, or elected representatives, from each “» soleny met in Philadelphia for the First Continental Congress. Only Georgia did not attend. The delegates discussed the problems their colonies had with Britain Although many Pennsylvanians were unhappy with British rule, some people still supported the British. Some of these were Quakers, who did not believe in fighting wars. Others were successful business own- ers who made money trading with Britain, The Second Continental Congress met in 1775 at the State House in Philadelphia. ‘Then Patriots began to call for changes in Pennsylvania's government, too. (GE1ED did Britain pass new tax laws before or after the First Continental Gangress? ® sequence Svocasurary, = ‘On anaes ratify, Visitors can tour the huilding where the First Continental Congress met in 1774, Reenactors dress in clothing fram colonial times (lar let), British tax was paid,Elections in Philadelphia were held at the Court House, at Market and Second A New Pennsylvania Constitution In 1776, the Second Continental Congress said that colonial governments, which got their powers from the king, should no longer rule. Colonists who wanted change stopped the Pennsylvania Assembly from meeting. For the first time since 1701, Pennsylvanians wrote a new constitution. They reorganized the govern- ment and created a new Assembly for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Benjamin Franklin became the president of the new Assembly, A council replaced the governor. Political power shifted away from wealthy eastern landowners. Settlers from western counties and middle-class merchants and craftworkers gained a stronger voice. ‘ets. Voters handed their ballots through the windows The new constitution included a Dedlaration of Rights. It gave citizens certain rights and safd that the Assembly could not make laws that blocked those rights. Citizens were promised freedom of religion, freedom of speech and of the press, trial by jury, and free elections. The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and its Declaration of Rights later became models for the United States Constitution. As a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, Benjamin Franklin helped write the Declaration of Independence for the new nation. It was accepted in July 1776. Patriots soon learned, however, that there was much more to independence than meetings (GEIED What was Benjamin Franklin's role in the Assembly for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvar PA341he American Revolution Pennsylvania played an important role during the American Revolution. When the 13 colonies formed the United States, Philadelphia became its first capital city. Pennsylvania's citizens served in the Continental Army and fought in many battles. The first Navy ships were built in Philadelphia. Citizens from all over Pennsylvania, including African Americans, sailed those ships. Pennsylvania’s farms, factories, and mines supplied products to the Continental Army, which was led by General George Washington. The state government and its citizens gave money for the war At first, the war did not go well for Washington's army. The British won battles at Brandywine and Germantown. In the summer of 1777, the British captured Philadelphia. Washington and his troops independence. Valley Forge, 22 miles northwest of Phil where General Washington's army s (below) gather at Valley Forge ta remember the soldiers who fought for suffered through the cold winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge. Washington let African Americans join the Continental Army. About 5,000 African Americans fought for the United States. Soldiers who were enslaved before the war were given their freedom, Yet, most African Americans were still ensiaved after the war. ‘The British were forced to leave Philadelphia in the spring of 1778. With their Iroquois allies, the British attacked Pennsylvania's frontier. Colonists defeated the Native Americans in 1781. In the same year, American and French troops won a battle against the British at Yorktown, Virginia. That victory ended the war. The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1783, recognized the United States as an independent nation. (CSTD Where were the first United States Navy ships built? idelpbia on the Schuylkill River, was the winter of 1777-1778, ReenactorsNation In 1787, a Constitutional Convention. was held in Philadelphia. Delegates wrote a new constitution for the United States of America. Pennsylvania was the second “state to Fatify, or vote to accept, the document. From 1790 to 1800, the nation's capital remained in Philadelphia. More than half of the state's population lived in or near Pittsburgh or Philadelphia. Most of the state’s 6.500 free African Americans lived in Philadelphia To encourage growth in Pennsylvania’s north and west, the government gave land grants to soldiers who had fought in ‘the war. The land office also sold land at low prices to other settlers and to new immigrants. tutional Convention in Philadelphi 5S delegates ‘met for about 4mombs to write the United States tution. After battling Native Americans for many years, the government purchased land from the Iroquois. Pennsylvania gained a western port city an the Great Lakes. Both the lake and the city were famed Erie for the Native American group who had once lived in the area. GED Where did most Pennsyh in 1800? nians live ER) SEQUENCE What events led up to eis) the signing of the Declaration of Sit) = independence? @ BIGIDEA What role did Pennsylvanians play in the American Revolution? @ VOCABULARY Use the term delegat asentonee about a Continental Congress. © HISTORY What happened at Valley Forge?to Liberty In the 1700s, many colonists grew unhappy with Britain’s rule. Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia to work for the cause of liberty. Pennsylvania had been founded on ideas of self-government and freedom. DID YOU KNOW? During the American Revolution, it became the heart of a new nation. By 1779, about one of every seven Patriot soldiers in Washington's army was an African American. On September 11, 1777, a battle took place along Brandywine Creek, about 25 miles southwest of Philadelphia. Thanks to the leadership of General George Washington, ferv Patriots |were injured. Hawever, the Battle of Brandywine was a Victory for the BritishHaym Salomon (HAH-yim SAHL+uh-muhn) ' was a Jewish immigrant from Poland. By the ‘me of the American Revolution, Salomon was a Philadelphia Patriot. He raised much of the money needed to fight the long war. In 1975, the United States honored Salomon on a fen-cent postage stamp. Haym aim Salomon © monn At the beginning of the American Revolution, Native Americans in the Inoquois t League were British allies. However, Seneca chief Cornplanter began to support the i Patriots near the war's end. In 1791, / Corplanter's people were granted land in western Pennsylvania. President Washington, who admired the courage of his former enemy, gave him a peace medal. The medal shows Washington meeting Cornplanter. Margaret Corbin of Franklin County, helped Patriot soldiers both in and out of battle. When Corbin’s husband was Killed in battle, she took his place firing a cannon until she was injured and could _ no longer fight. Corbin is honored on 4 monument at the United States Use the library ar Internet to learn mare Visit The Learning Site at abaut Pennsylvania's Patriot leaders. Then, srirvchiascanrtschool.cent write a one-page biography of the leader ZS to learn about other historic you find most interesting. Bre sure to give ONY places and people. the dates that tell when the leader lived, and include details about his or her role in the American Revolutionoie Sea) Sequence Copy the graphic organizer onto a sepa- rate sheet of paper. Then put events from Pennsylvania's history in the order in which they occurred. From Colony to: Commonwealth Laue ine Write an Advertisement Write an advertisement inviting Europeans to come to William Penn's new colony in North America. USTs eter Cees Use each word in a sentence that helps explain its meaning. @ charter (p. PA3-3) @ proprietar ip. Px 3-2) © keemoat tp. PA 3-6) © aatisonist (p. pa 2a) © cmancipation (p. PA3-6) @ ‘neutral (p. Pa 3.9) @ weregate (0. Pa3-10) © ratty 4p. Pata) PA 3-16 § Review and Test Preparation ise aaa Answer these questions. ‘© Why did King Charles 1 give William Penn a charter for Pennsylvania? ® What contributions did German settiers make to farming in Pennsylvania? ® How were Philadelphia streets laid out? @ How did Pennsylvania contribute to the American Revolution? Write the letter of the best chi ® What was the first capital city of the United States? A Washington, D.C B Boston © New Yark D Philadelphia Laine ® How did William Penn’s Quaker beliefs affect the Pennsylvania colony? ® Why did slavery increase in the 1700s? aaemeuss Create a Skit Write a skit showing what happened when William Penn arrived in the colony. Include dialogue between Penn and the settlers and Native Americans who greeted him. Perform your skit for the class. ie