EA] Sea) Pennsylvania and the New Nation S€ This land which we have watered with our tears is now our mother country. —Richard Allen, 1827 When you generalize, you make a statement that summarizes a group of facts and shows how they are related. ‘As you read this chapter, make generalizations. + Identify important facts. = Use these facts to generalize about Pennsylvania, Generalization Fact Site; Scranton PA a1ESSON ‘As you read, make generalizations about Pennsylvania's eatly indysines, BIG IDEA New people and technology helped Pennsylvania's economy grow. traditional economy ‘command economy market economy Early Pennsylvania Industries L the early 1800s, Pennsylvania's economy was growing and changing quickly. Pennsyivania needed better ways to move its many new people and products. Freedom of Opportunity Asa colony, Pennsylvania had a traditional @¢onomy, or one that changes little over time, In this kind of economy, people spend most of their time growing food for themselves and their families. Manufacturing is done mostly by individuals in small workshops or in their homes. Some European countries, such as Russia, had a command economy at the time. In a my, the government controls production. Farmers are told which crops to grow. Craftworkers are told what products to make. There are three questions all economic sys- tems answer. What goods and services should be produced? How will they be produced? Who will use or buy the goods and services? People in the new state and nation wanted a market economy. In a Ti people decide which goods and services to produce. This kind of economy is also known, as a free enterprise system. Many immigrants to early Pennsylvania came for the freedom to make their own economic choices. ‘Why do you think people in Pennsylvania wanted a market economy? @ GENERALIZE Pat Lyon at the Forge, shows 3 blacksith at wrk in his Philadelphia shop. The boy on the laf Worked as.an apprentice, learning the exalt until he was old enough to open his ovva shop,‘This advertisement {right} from 1897 shows that people could (above) still brings many tourists to the Altoona area, New Ways to Travel By the early 1800s, Pennsylvania was no longer a wilderness. Communities all over the state were growing quickly. People needed to travel and ship their goods. To meet this need, Pennsylvanians built new roads, canals, and railroads. Many early roads followed old trading paths. Villages connected by the paths grew to be towns. Often, the people who took care of a road charged a toll, or Fee, for its use. On some roads, a wooden pike, or roadblock, was tured after the toll was paid. These roads were called turnpikes. Wagons carried goods and passengers over the roads. People also rode harses and walked. Some roads were paved in stone and gravel, but most were dirt roads. Journeys were slow and tiring. Settlers liv ing in towns offered travelers places to rest, eat, and make wagon repairs. By use the train and canal service to get from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh in three and one-hall days. Horseshoe Curve 1832, the state had more than 3,000 miles of roads. It was the most of any state in the nation: Travel by water was also improving. Philadelphian John Fitch had designed a steamboat in 1787. Over the next 50 years, the state's canals linked many rural areas and cities. More than 1,300 miles of canals connected Pennsylvania's eastern and western regions. Railroads spread in the 1830s and 1840s. The Pennsylvania Railroad from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh was completed in 1854. In the same year, Horseshoe Curve opened near Altoona. This curving section of railway allowed trains to cross the Allegheny Mountains. By the 1860s, Pennsylvania had more railroad tracks than any other state. How iprovements in transporta- fion affect the state? © GENERALIZE PAG3New Industries Pennsylvania's natural resources encour- aged the growth of industries. Its fertile farmland, river system, and rich supply of iron, coal, and timber created a strong economy. The Pittsburgh and Ohio Valley regions were rich in natural resources, such as bituminous (ouhTYa0*mihnuhs) coal This soft coal can be burned as a source for heat. In 1792, George Anschutz built a furnace for making iron. Manufac- turing iron became Pittsburgh's main industry. From 1810 to 1830, as the iron industry grew, the population of Pittsburgh tripled. Pittsburgh supplied area farms with iron products, such as nails, horseshoes, and farm tools. By the 1830s, mining and manufacturing were successful industries, Anthracite (aNethruhssyt) coal was found in eastern Pennsylvania. Anthracite is a hard natural coal that provides high heat. This coal was used to fuel trains and steamboats, run factories, and heat homes. Workers in Pottstown, Hazleton, and Scranton mined anthracite coal, In the early 1800s, Philadelphia was the largest city in the nation. Its industries included ironworks and factories that made paper, gunpowder, and carriages, Towns, such as Williamsport, were set- tled in north-central Pennsylvania near timber camps. The Schuyikill Valley was an early center of the iron industry. Erie had a growing shipbuilding industry. The Piedmont region was the state's agricultural center, ng below shows industries in Pittsburgh in The small drawing on the felt shows a plan to build y and Monongahela that the names of the city and theMany people worked at the Keystone Silk Mill in Emmaus, just south of Allentown. Different regions had special products. Eastern Pennsylvania was known for dairy products, while the western part of the state mined coal and made iron. Pittsburgh produced 100 steam engines a year, Better transportation increased the demand for products because people could buy goods made in faraway places. The growing industries changed the way people worked. Factory production began to replace home crafts in the making of cloth, or textiles, furniture, and farm tools. Mass production used machines. and standard parts to produce goods quickly and cheaply. Farmers began to use improved equipment, such as threshers, plows, and scythes. They used them to grow crops to sell and then bought factory- made goods with their earnings. Pennsylvania's cities and towns grew quickly, The anthracite coal, iron, and textile industries brought European immigrants to Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Many people moved from rural areas to work in the cities. Some cities became crowded. How did growing industries change |ERALIZE How did natural resources in Pennsylvania help industries graw? @ BIG IDEA How did new peaple and tech- nology help Pennsylvania's economy? © VOCABULARY Write a paragraph using the terms teaditionallecomomy and ‘market economy, © ECONOMICS In a free enterprise system, who decides what praducts will we made wr grove?Seed ‘As you read, make ‘peneralations slut changos in early Pennsylvania, BIG IDEA New people and new industries affected society in Ponstsylvania, labor union social reform The Cormveall Iron Fumace in Lebanon County was the state's leading producer of irom from 1742 ‘until 1883, Today, you can sit and see the original buildings where workers made many kinds of ion products Society in the Early Commonwealth Picsecsie and the Northeast region of the United States, grew rapidly. Thousands of new Eurepean immigrants came to eastern cities. Many more moved inland. Cities and towns, such ag Allentown, Scranton, Altoona, and Erie, grew qi Growth and Change Throughout the early 1800s, ships arrived at Philadelphia carrying immigrants. Many newcomers had sold everything they owned to pay for their passage. They arrived with little money and few skills. Many immigrants had children, Factories, mills, and mines offered jobs to immigrants and their children, The mill and mine owners made a lot of money, Workers did not share in this wealth. They did not make much money even though they worked long hours in poor conditions. Many feared losing their jobs if they spoke out. Some workers formed labor uinions, groups that aim to improve the workplace. They asked for shorter hours, better Pay, and a safer workplace. The unions had some success. In 1849, the General Assembly passed laws to protect children. No child under 12 years old could work in a Pennsylvania textile mill Children could work for only ten hours a day, six days a week. CEUED Why did immigrants accept low-paying jobs? @ GENERALIZEeer tae Environmental Sciences viladelphia led the United States in scientific studies, Scientists at the Academy of Natural Sciences were pioneers in studying the natural world, Since 1812, the academy's scientists have studied plants, anima's, and ecosystems around the word. Today, understanding ecosystems and caring for the environment are the academy's focus. In the children's nature center, called "Outsidetn,” visitors learn about differant land and water habitats, Scientists and volunteers teach young ‘people about Earth’s environment. The hands-on exhibits feature live animals, including insects, birds, reptiles, and rodents. For nearly 70 years, the academy has worked with schools to educate | ‘young people sbout nature Science and Education From colonial times, Philadelphia was a center for science and invention. In 1812, ‘the Academy of Natural Sciences was founded. The members of the academy shared @ common interest in studying the natural world. In 1824, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania was started. This group: gathered important papers that showed ‘the state's leading role in the new nation The state government was playing amore important role in education. In 1790, the General Assembly passed a new state constitution. It set up the state senate as a second house in the legislature and made changes in the job of governor. The Constitution of 1790 required free schools for poor children in Pennsylvania. In 1830, Western University was started in Pittsburgh. In 1834, the Free School Act set up a public education system. By 1840, there were almost 3,000 public ‘elementary schools in Pennsylvania. In 1852, a teachers’ association was formed. ‘The Normal School Act of 1857 called for programs to train teachers. Education in Pennsylvania had become possible for everyone. GETED How did the Constitution of 1790 affect education in the state? @) GENERAUZE PAa7Social Reforms ‘The Pennsylvania constitution did not give rights to African Americans, Native Americans, women, or children. Some white men in the state worked together ‘to gain citizens’ rights for these groups. ‘Many people in the state called for or changes to improve society, Lucretia Mott was a white woman, @ Quaker minister, and a teacher. She spoke out against slavery. Mott led the American Anti-Slavery Society that started in Philadelphia in 1833. Mott also belonged to the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society. That group included African American women and white women. African American communities within Pennsylvania cities were growing. In 1787, we African American ministers, Absalom Jones and Richard Allen, started the Free African Society in Philadelphia, The group wanted to help African Americans improve their lives. In 1794, Reverend Jones started the St Thomas African Episcopal Church. It was ‘the first African church in Philadelphia. In 1822, the African American church was started in Pittsburgh. In 1837. the Institute for Colored Youth was started in Philadelphia. Now called Cheyney University, this school was one of the first to educate African Americans. Thousands of new immigrants made the cities crowded, There was not enough clean water, and illnesses spread quickly. In 1751, Dr. Thomas Bond and Benjamin Franklin had opened Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. By 1804, doctors were performing surgery. In 1847, Dr. Nathan Davis started the American Medical Assocation in Philadelphia to set rules for doctors. The Western Pennsylvania Hospital opened in 1848 and was Pittsburgh's first public hospital. What was the Free African Society? Philadelphians such as Lucretia Mot (first cow, second from members of the executive committee of the Pennsylvania Ant Women ployed a key rale in the movement to end slavery. 9 right} were Slavery Society.ign to pass a state law requiring railroad and streetcar companies in Penmsylvania to carry all passenges regardless of race. Pittsburgh's first streetcar line (above) opened in 1859. Pennsylvania was the first state to pass an emancipation act in 1780. Yet, not all African Americans in the state were free until 1850. By 1860, Pennsylvania was home to 57,000 free African Americans Philadelphia was the center of this community. Abolitionists were men and women, African American and white, who worked to end slavery. African Americans led the fight. James Forten and Robert Purvis worked through the political system, John and George Vashon wrote and pub: lished their antisiavery opinions. Octavius Catto was a schoolteacher who started the Equal Rights League. Several Pennsylvanians, including free African Americans Robert Porter and William Stil, led the Underground Railroad. This secret effort helped enslaved Africans escape to Canada by walking at night and staying in ‘safe houses,” private homes that provided shelter. Most runaway slaves from Virginia and Maryland entered southeastern Pennsylvania and headed north to freedom. GSU what did abolitionists want to do? oS) GENERALIZE How did immigrants ec) change life in big cities? ) chang io @ BIG IDEA How-did ways of life in Pennsylvania change in the early 1800s? @ VOCABULARY Use sociall¥eform to deseribe twa improvements in Pennsylvania in the early 1800s, © CULTURE AND SOCIETY What was the purpose of the Undergraund Railroad?ET) GENERALIZE ‘As you read, make ‘penecalizalions about Pennsylvania’ role in the Civil War BIG IDEA Differences benveen the NNovth and the South fed to the Civil War and Reconstruction Bi ve nccmn acon sacraesata about national government, society, and aeanomics. These differing views led to forming political parties. A political party is a group of peeple with the same point of view about many issues. Members of a political party work together to elect government officials who share the group's views, Republicans and Democrats In 1846, Pennsylvania's David Wilmot introduced a bill in the United States Congress. This famous antislavery bill became known as the Wilmot Proviso. Wilmot wanted to stop the spread of slavery into new United States territories. Most Pennsylvanians agreed with Wilmot. However, the United States Senate voted against making the bill into a law, Abolitionists formed the Republican party in 1856. That same year, James Buchanan, 2 Democrat and a native Pennsylvanian, was elected President of the United States. Democrats were divided over slavery. President Buchanan said states and territories should decide if they wanted slavery. Voters in the South agreed and helped elect him. What was the Wilmat Praviso? GENERALIZE Wilmot represented Pennsylvani in the United States Congress,« BIOGRAPHY - James Buchanan Character Trait: Loyalty | 1791-1868 Much of Jamos Buchanan's life was spent in public service. He served the people of Pennsylvania as a state representative, a8 a Member of Congress in the House of Representatives, and asa United States Senator. He was also an ambassador to Russia and later to Britain and was secretary af state for President James K. Polk. The 1856, James Buchanan | was elected President of the United States. He is the only Pennsylvanian to serve as President President Buchanan believed that civil war could be jad through communication and trade between the North and the South. Howewer, only & few weeks before his presidency ended in 1961, several Souther states seceded from the Union. He returned to his home in Lancaster, where he died on June 1, 1868. The Civil War By 1860, the antislavery Republicans were the strongest party in the state and nation. Pennsylvanians clected a Republican governor, Andrew Gregg Curtin. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected President. Soon after the election 11 Southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederacy. Most of the state's border between Pennsylvania and Maryland was called the Mason-Dixon Line, The line had been drawn in the mid-1700s to settle an argu: ment over land. During the Civil War, most states south of the Mason-Dixon Line joined the Confederacy. Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri were border states. These states tried to remain neutral President Lincoln asked for support from Governor Curtin, The governor asked the General Assembly to organize the Reserve Corps. These troops fought in many battles during the war. Pennsylvanians were important in fight- ing and winning the Civil Wer. General George G. Meade and General George 8. McClellan were both from Pennsylvania. They led the Union army of the Potomac, which fought battles in the East. The state provided the Union army with money, weapons, uniforms, food, and railroad transportation. Fort Pitt Iron- works made more than 2,000 cannons. Companies in Philadelphia made more than 1,000 rifles a month. Pennsylvania supplied most of the Unions iron and all of its anthracite coal. Pennsylvanians built ships for the Union navy. The state also provided railroad locomotives, freight cars, and new tracks to move soldiers and supplies. (GUD How did Pennsylvanians support the Union? ¢ GENERALIZE PA a1On to Gettysburg More than 400,000 Pennsylvanians fought for the Union, including 8,600 African Americans. Camp Curtin in Harrisburg was the first Union army camp to be set up ‘There were hundreds of battles in the Civil War, but most of them were fought In the South. Confederate troops entered Pennsylvania three times from Virginia. In 1862, Confederate General J.E.8. Stuart attacked the Union army supply center in Chambersburg. On January 1, 1862, the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. This docu- ment, signed by President Lincoln, freed all enslaved people living in Confederate states. In June 1863, the Union began to accept African Americans soldiers. Camp Willian Penn was set up north of Philadelphia. It was the nations first train- ing center for African American soldiers. By the end of the war, almost 11,000 soldiers had trained there. In July 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee led 75,000 soldiers into Pennsylvania. Citizens in Pittsburgh and Harrisburg built defenses for their cities. The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point of the war. The South had won sev- eral battles before this one. Here, Lee did not defeat General Meade’s Union troops and was forced to retreat. Almost a third of Meade's army was made up of Pennsylvanian soldiers. More ‘than 40,000 Confederate and Union sol- diers were killed! or wounded in the Battle of Gettysburg, It was decided that the battlefield should be a place to honor those who died. President Lincoln spoke at the dedica- tion ceremony of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery. His Gettysburg Address was made on the battlefield on November 19, 1863, Although only ten sentences long, it was one of Lincoln's greatest speeches. In the first sentence of the speech, Lincoln reminded people about the American Revolution. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.99 Why did President Lincoln come to Gettysburg? African Americans relax alongside Union soldiers twa years siter the Rattle of Gettysburg. These mon gathered 1President Lincoln was reelected in 1864. His plan to bring the nation together again was cut short on April 14, 1865. Lincoln was assassinated! —murdered in a sudden attack—at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Vice President Andrew Johnson became President. He, too, had a plan for Reconstruction, or rebuilding, of the South. Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania, served on Congress’ Joint Committee on Reconstruction. He had worked hard to end slavery. He and other Republicans passed laws to help African Americans in the South, In 1865, Congress set up the Freedmen’s Bureau to provide jobs, health care, and education to African Americans. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished all slavery in 1865. The Fourteenth This poster celebrates the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, which gave voting rights to African American men. In 1870, more than 600 African Americans were elected to Southern legislatures. Amendment was passed by Congress in 1866 and ratified by the states in 1868. It said that all people born in the United States are citizens of the nation and of the state where they live. The Fifteenth Amendment, passed in 1870, gave all male citizens the right to vote. (STD How did Reconstruction affect those living in Pennsylvania? @ BIG IDEA Why did the North and the South fight the Civil War? © VOCABULARY Use politicaliparty ino sentence about elections, © HISTORY What was Reconstruction?DID YOU KNOW? The Gettysburg National Military Park has more than 1,400 monuments, markers, and memoria ~ HISTORIC LANDMARKS Pennsylvania is rich in historic landmarks. Many are from Civil War times. One of the most famous landmarks is the Gettysburg National Military Park. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln gave a speech known as the Gettysburg Address. In it, he dedicated the battlefield as a national memorial. Landmarks in the form of monuments, memorials, and parks help Pennsylvanians today remember the people and events of the past. Cer Se nu re Rc ee honors the contributions of thousands of workers in Dees11890, a memorial was planned to honor the Civil Dee eer aes Today. the Soldiers and Sailors National Military De Uae eee tg ‘The memorial honors men and women of the eRe nach een peed ACTIVITY the library or Intemet to learn more sbout landmarks in Pennsylvania. Then, create a map of Pennsylvania showing the locations of five landmarks, Number each location ar create a key with information about winy important to Pennsylvania's history. Visit The Learnin, ‘www.harcourtschool.com rn about ather historicGeneralize ‘Copy the graphic organizer onto a sepa- rate sheet of paper. Use the facts you have learned to write a generalization about early Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Fae ce Goneralization Meenas Write a Diary Entry Describe a trip on Pennsylvania's early roads. Use VOCABULARY Write the word that correetly matehes each definition, [RiBHKEHESOTIONY (p. PA 4-2) Tabortinion (p. PAS5) ‘Social eto (p. FA 4-8) political party, (o. PA 4-10) (BESREEINE (p. PA 4.13) @ changes to improve society © producers decide which goods to make © 1 murder in a sudden attack © aroup with the same point of view on issues © group that wants to improve the workplace PA 4-16 Review and Test Preparation Lies UE) Answer these questions. © Why was Horseshoe Curve important? @ For what was anthracite coal used? © What was the Underground Railroad? Write the letter of the best choice. © What was a turning point of the Civil War? A the Wilmot Proviso B the Batlle of Gettysburg C the Emancipation Proclamation B Camp Curtin Mae auicea ® Why do you think population growth caused problems for cities? @® How did better transportation affect Pennsylvania's economy in the 1800s? @ Why was Reconstruction important to the ‘Southern states? Las ilmelinUacs Make a Brochure Make a brochure to describe the growth of one of Pennsylvania‘s industries in the 1800s, Tell what roles location, natural resources, and people had in the growth of your industry. Be sure to include llustrations.