CHNG 5.

CHUI LU THA

Trong chng ny k hiu K l trng s thc R hoc phc C.

5.1. BN KNH HI T
* Khi nim chui lu tha
nh ngha 1. Chui (fn : CC)nN gi l chui lu tha, nu tn
ti dy s phc (an)nN tho
n N, z C : fn(z) = an.zn
Ghi ch
Chui lu tha c k hiu an .z n (mN). V d
n m

1 n

n 1 n
.z , (n 1).z
n0
2n
, z
n 2
n2

* Bn knh hi t
nh l 1. (b Abel)
Cho chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
v > 0 sao cho dy (an.n)nN b

chn. Khi z C tho |z| < ta c

z n
| an.z | = O v
n
n

chui a .z
n 0
n
n
hi t tuyt i.
Chng minh
Theo gi thit, tn ti M > 0, n N : | an.n | < M. Ta c
n n
z z
n N : | an.z | = | an. |. M.
n n

z n
| an.z | = O
n
n

n
|z| z
V 0 < 1 nn chui hi t. Suy ra chui a .z n

n
n
n 0

hi t tuyt i.

nh l 2.
Cho chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
. Khi tn ti duy nht R 0 tho

z C : | z | < R a .z
n 0
n
n
hi t tuyt i.

z C : | z | > R (an.zn)nN khng b chn.

Chng minh

1
(i) S tn ti ca R:

(ii) Tnh duy nht:

nh ngha 2. Cho chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
. Tr R 0 tn ti theo

nh l trn, gi l bn knh hi t ca a .z
n 0
n
n
.

H qu. Cho chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
vi bn knh hi t R. Khi vi

mi z C ta c
(an.zn)nN b chn | z | R
chui an .z n khng hi t tuyt i | z | R
n 0

chui a .z
n 0
n
n
hi t | z | R

chui a .z
n 0
n
n
phn k | z | R

Ghi ch. Nu | z | = R, th chui a .z

n 0
n
n
c th hi t hoc phn k.

V d
Chui z
n 0
n
: bn knh hi t R = 1 v chui phn k (th) nu | z | = 1.
1
Chui nz
n 1
n
: bn knh hi t R = 1.
Ti | z | = 1: chui phn k, nu z = 1,
chui bn hi t, nu z 1.
1
Chui n
n 1
2
z n : bn knh hi t R = 1 v chui hi t nu | z | = 1.

ng trn { z C | |z| = R } gi l ng trn bt nh.

V d
(1) Chui hnh hc
Cho 0 a C. Chui a .z
n 0
n n
gi l chui hnh hc. Bn knh hi
1
t l R= . Chui phn k vi z c |z| = R.
a

(2) Kho st s hi t ca chui e

n0
n
.z n .

Cho z C, z 0. V e n
.z n

= exp n n. ln | z | , ta c

2
 0, | z | 1
e n .z n n

, | z | > 1.
v e n .z n n

T suy ra bn knh hi t R = 1.
V
n2
e n

= exp n 2. ln n n
0 (do n 2. ln n n


-),

nn e
n0
n
hi t. Suy ra

e
n0
n
.z n hi t tuyt i z, | z | = 1

(3) Kho st s hi t ca chui sin( n).z

n 0
n
.

Nu | z | < 1, th | sin(n).zn | | zn |, suy ra sin( n).z

n 0
n
hi t.
Nu | z | = 1, th | sin(n).zn | = | sin(n) | khng hi t n 0 (ti
sao?), suy ra sin n.z n phn k.
n0

Vy bn knh hi t l R = 1.

* Hi t chun
nh l 3. Cho chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
vi bn knh hi t R > 0.

Khi chui a .z
n 0
n
n
hi t chun trn mi tp compac M trong hnh
trn m B(0, R).
Chng minh
M B(0; R) compac r < R, M B(0; r) z M, |an.zn| |an.rn|
Suy ra chui an .z n hi t chun trn tp compac M.
n 0

Ghi ch
Nu an .z0 n (z0 C) hi t tuyt i, th chui
n 0
a .z
n 0
n
n
hi t
chun trn B(0; | z0 |).
1 1
V d n
n1
2
.z n hi t chun trn B(0; 1), v n
n 1
2
.1n hi t tuyt

i.
1
Xt nz
n 1
n
c bn knh hi t R=1. Chui hi t (khng tuyt i)

ti z 1. Chui khng hi t chun trn B(0; 1).

Chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
vi bn knh hi R > 0 c th khng hi t

u trn B(0; R). V d z

n 0
n
c bn knh hi t l 1 v khng hi t
u trn B(0; 1).

* Tng chui lu tha

3
 nh ngha 3. Cho chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
c bn knh hi t R.

Tng ca an .z n l hm S : { z C | | z | < R }C, S(z) =
n 0
a .z
n 0
n
n

1
V d. z
n 0
n
=
1 z
z, | z | < 1.

nh l 4. Cho chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
vi bn knh hi t R > 0 v

tng S. Khi nh x S lin tc trn B(0; R) v thuc lp C trn

(R; R) v

n!
k N x (R; R) : S(k)(x) = n k ! a x
nk
n
nk

Suy ra
S ( k ) ( 0)
k N : ak =
k!
Chng minh
Qui np theo k.

V d. Ta c

1
x (1; 1) : x
n 0
n
=
1 x

1
x (1; 1) :
1 x 2
= n.x
n 1
n 1

1 1 d 1 k
n!
kN,x(1; 1) :
1 x k 1
= . =
k! dx k 1 x
k!.n k ! x
nk
nk

* So snh bn knh hi t
nh l 5. Cho chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
v b .z
n 0
n
n
vi bn knh hi t

tng ng l Ra v Rb. Khi , nu | an | | bn | n N, th Ra Rb.

nh l 6. Cho chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
v b .z vi bn knh hi t
n 0
n
n

tng ng l Ra v Rb. Khi , nu | an | = O b , th Ra Rb.

n
n

nh l 7. Cho chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
v b .z
n 0
n
n
vi bn knh hi t

tng ng l Ra v Rb. Khi , nu | an | ~ | bn |, th Ra = Rb.

n

V d
(1) Tnh bn knh hi t ca chui e
n 0
sin n
.z n

4
 Ta c e1 esinn e. V e
n0
1
.z n v e.z
n 0
n
c bn knh hi t

l 1, nn e
n 0
sin n
.z n c bn knh hi t l 1.

1 n n
(2) Tnh bn knh hi t ca chui 1 e.z .
n
n 1
Ta c
1
n
1
1 = exp n ln 1
n n
1 1 1 1 1
= exp n. 2 o 2 = exp 1 o
n 2.n n 2.n n
1
n
21n o 1n e
1 e = e.e
1 ~
n n 2.n

1 n 1 n n
V .z c bn knh hi t l 1, nn 1 e.z cng c
n1 n n
n 1
bn knh hi t l 1.

* Qui tc dAlembert v Cauchy

nh l 8. Cho chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
. Gi thit tn ti m N sao

an 1
cho an 0 n m v hoc n an c gii hn R+{+}.
an
1
Khi bn knh hi t ca a .z
n 0
n
n
l R =

.
Chng minh
p dng qui tc dAlembert v Cauchy vi chui tng qut.

nh l 9. Cho chui ly tha a .z

n 0
n
n
. Nu an = F(n) n N, trong

F(n) l phn thc, th chui a .z

n 0
n
n
c bn knh hi t l R = 1.
Chng minh
p dng qui tc dAlembert.

V d. Cc chui
1 n n2 n 3 n
zn ,
n 0
n.z n ,
n 0

n 1 n
.z ,
n 1 2.n n
3
.z

u c bn knh hi t l 1.

Ghi ch

5
 an 1
(i)
an
c th khng c gii hn. Chng hn chui sin n.z
n 0
n
c bn

sin( n 1)
knh hi t bng 1, nhng khng c gii hn.
sin n

(ii) Qui tc khng p dng trc tip vi cc chui dng

an .z 2.n , an .z 2.n1 , an .z n
2

n 0 n0 n0
xc nh bn knh hi t cc chui loi trn phi tnh trc tip
hoc i bin.

V d
1
(1) Tnh bn knh hi t R ca chui n
n0
2
1
.z 2.n .

1 1 n2 1
Ta c : 2 = 1. Vy chui
n 1 1 n 1
2
n 12 1 n
1
n
n0
2
1
.u n c bn knh hi t Ru = 1. Suy ra R = Ru = 1.

2n
(2) Tnh bn knh hi t R ca chui
n0 3n
n
.z 4.n .
n
2n 2 2n
4
t u = z . V n
3 n
~
n

3
nn
n0 3 n
n
.u n c bn knh hi
1

= .
1 3 4
t Ru = 3/2. Suy ra R = Ru 4
2

1
2
n
(3) Tnh bn knh hi t R ca chui n
.z 2 .
n 0

Ta c
1 n 1 1 2n 1 2n 0 z , z 1
n 1
.z 2 : .z = z n

z , z 1

2 2n 2
Suy ra R = 1. Chui cng hi t tuyt i vi | z | = 1.

6
5.2. CC PHP TON CHUI LU THA
5.2.1. Cu trc vect
nh l 1. Cho C, 0 v chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
vi bn knh

hi t Ra v tng Sa. K hiu Ra v Sa tng ng l bn knh hi t v

tng ca chui .an .z n . Ta c
n 0

R a = Ra
v
z C, | z | < Ra Sa(z) = .Sa(z)

nh ngha 1. Cho chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
v b .z
n 0
n
n
. Chui

a
n0
n bn .z n gi l chui lu tha tng ca a .z
n 0
n
n
v b .z
n 0
n
n
.

nh l 2. Cho chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
, b .z
n 0
n
n
v chui tng

a
n0
n bn .z n vi bn knh hi t v tng tng ng l Ra , Sa , Rb , Sb
v Ra+b , Sa+b . Khi
Ra+b min{ Ra , Rb } v
z C, | z | < min{ Ra , Rb } Sa+b(z) = Sa(z) + Sb(z)
Hn na, nu Ra Rb , th Ra+b = min{ Ra , Rb }

Ghi ch. Nu Ra = Rb , th c th Ra+b > Ra. V d

z n v n.z n c bn knh hi t l 1. Chui tng (1 n).z n
c
n 0 n 0 n0

bn knh hi t l 1.
1
z
n 0
n
v 2
n0
n
1.z n c bn knh hi t l 1. Tuy nhin chui tng

1
2 .z
n 0
n
n
c bn knh hi t l 2.

z n
v (1).z n
c bn knh hi t l 1. Tuy nhin chui tng
n 0 n0

0.z
n 0
n
c bn knh hi t l .

nh ngha 2. Hai chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
v b .z
n 0
n
n
gi l tch

bit nhau nu an.bn = 0 n N.

V d
Cc chui u .z
n 0
n
2.n
v v .z
n 0
n
2.n1
tch bit nhau.

7
Chui u .z
n 0
n
2.n
l chui ly tha a .z
n 0
n
n
vi
an = un/2 nu n chn, v an = 0 nu n l.
Chui v .z
n 0
n
2.n1
l chui ly tha bn .z n vi
n 0

bn = 0 nu n chn, v bn = v(n-1)/2 nu n l.
an.bn = 0 n N
Cc chui z 2.n v z 3.n khng tch bit nhau.
n 0 n 0

Chui z 2.n l chui ly tha

n 0
a .z
n 0
n
n
vi
an = 1 nu n chn, v an = 0 nu n l.
Chui z
n 0
3.n
l chui ly tha bn .z n vi
n 0

bn = 1 nu n chia ht cho 3, v bn = 0 nu n khng chia ht cho 3.

an.bn = 1 n chia ht cho 6.

nh l 3. Cho cc chui lu tha tch bit a .z

n 0
n
n
v b .z
n 0
n
n
vi

bn knh hi t tng ng l Ra v Rb. Khi chui tng a

n0
n bn .z n

c bn knh hi t Ra+b = min{ Ra , Rb }.

Chng minh
T an.bn = 0 n N, suy ra
| (an + bn).zn | = | an.zn | + | bn.zn | max { | an.zn | , | bn.zn | } nN
Ra+b min{ Ra , Rb } Ra+b = min{ Ra , Rb }.

V d. Xc nh bn knh hi t ca chui a .z
n 0
n
n
vi

an = n n chn v an = 1/n n l
1
V 2. p.z
p 0
2p
v 2 p 1 .z
p0
2 p 1
tch bit v c bn knh hi t l

1, nn a .z
n 0
n
n
cng c bn knh hi t l 1.

5.2.2. o hm
nh ngha 1. Cho chui lu tha a .z
n 0
n
n
. Chui

n.a .z
n 1
n
n 1
hoc (n 1).a
n0
n 1 .z n

gi l chui lu tha o hm ca a .z
n 0
n
n
.

nh l 1. Chui ly tha a .z
n 0
n
n
v chui o hm ca n c cng
bn knh hi t R v

8

n

an .z = n.a .z n
n 1
, z, z < R
n 0 n 1

Chng minh
p dng nh l v o hm ca chui hm.

Ghi ch
an
Chui n 1 .z
n0
n 1
v a .z
n 0
n
n
c cng bn knh hi t.

Cho chui a .z
n 0
n
n
v phn thc hu t F(n) 0. t nh l trn suy

ra chui F ( n) a . z
n 0
n
n
c cng bn knh hi t vi chui a .z
n 0
n
n
.
sin n n
V d, chui sin n.z
n 0
n
v n1 n
2
.z c cng bn knh hi t l 1.

5.2.3. Tch ca hai chui lu tha (tch Cauchy)

nh ngha 1. Cho chui lu tha an .z n v b .z n
n
. Chui lu
n 0 n 0

tha tch ca a .z
n 0
n
n
v b .z
n 0
n
n
l chui lu tha c .z
n0
n
n
vi
n
cn = a .b
k 0
k nk , n N

nh l 1. Cho chui lu tha a .z

n 0
n
n
, b .z
n 0
n
n
v chui tch

c .z
n 0
n
n
vi bn knh hi t v tng tng ng l Ra , Sa , Rb , Sb v
Rc , Sc . Khi
Rc min{ Ra , Rb }
v
z C, | z | < min{ Ra , Rb } Sc(z) = Sa(z).Sb(z)
Chng minh
Suy ra t nh l v chui tch ca hai chui s.

Ghi ch. C th xy ra Rc > min{ Ra , Rb }, thm ch c khi Ra Rb.

V d, cho
an = 1 n N v b0 = 1, b1 = 1 v bn = 0 n 2
Ta c Ra = 1 v Rb = .
Tuy nhin chui tch cn .z n vi c0 = 1 v cn = 0 n 1 c
n 0

bn knh hi t Rc = . Ta c
z C : | z | < 1 Sa(z) = 1/(1z), Sb(z) = 1z v Sc(z) = 1.

9
5.3. KHAI TRIN CHUI LU THA
Trong bi ta k hiu x l bin thc.
5.3.1. Tng qut
nh ngha 1.
Cho khong V R, 0 Vo, v nh x f : VC. Ta ni f khai trin
c thnh chui lu tha ti 0, nu tn ti r > 0 v chui lu tha
an .z n bn knh hi t R r sao cho
n 0

x V (r; r) : f(x) = a .x
n 0
n
n

Cho x0 R, khong V R, x0 V , v nh x f : VC. Ta ni f

o

khai trin c thnh chui lu tha ti x0, nu tn ti r > 0 v chui

lu tha an .z n bn knh hi t R r sao cho
n 0

x V (x0 r; x0 + r) : f(x) = a .x x
n
n 0
n0

nh l 1. (tnh duy nht ca khai trin lu tha)

Cho khong V R, 0 Vo , v nh x f : VC khai trin c
thnh chui lu tha ti 0, r > 0 v chui lu tha an .z n bn knh hi
n 0

t R r sao cho

x V (r; r) : f(x) = a .x
n 0
n
n

f ( n ) (0)
Khi , f C trn V (-r; r) v an = , n N.
n!

nh ngha 2.
Cho khong V R, 0 Vo, v nh x f : VC khai trin c
thnh chui lu tha ti 0. Biu thc

f ( n ) (0) n
f(x) =
n 0 n!
.x , x V (r; r)

gi l khai trin lu tha hoc khai trin Mac-Lorin ca f ti 0.

Cho x0 R, khong V R, x0 Vo, v nh x f : VC khai trin

c thnh chui lu tha ti x0. Biu thc

f ( n ) ( x0 )
f(x) =
n0 n!
.( x x0 ) n , x V (x0 r; x0 + r)

gi l khai trin lu tha hoc khai trin Taylor ca f ti x0.

nh l 2.

10
 Cho khong V R, 0 Vo , v nh x f : VC khai trin c

thnh chui lu tha ti 0, v tng a .x
n 0
n
n
l khai trin lu tha ca f
ti 0. Khi ,
Nu f chn, th khai trin lu tha ca f ti 0 chn, tc a2p+1 = 0
p N.
Nu f l, th khai trin lu tha ca f ti 0 l, tc a2p = 0 p N.
Chng minh
Hin nhin.

Ghi ch. Hm f thuc lp C cha m bo f khai trin c thnh

chui lu tha.
1

Xt hm f(x) = e , x 0 v f(0) = 0 thuc lp C. Ta c
x2

f(k)(0) = 0, k N. Tuy nhin f khng khai trin c thnh chui lu

tha ti 0.

nh l 3. Cho > 0, f : ( ; )C thuc lp C. Vi mi n N,

x (; ) xt phn d Rn(f)(x) dng tch phn
( x t )n ( n 1)
x
n
f ( k ) (0) k
Rn(f)(x) = f(x)
k 0 k!
x = 0 n! f (t )dt
Khi f khai trin c thnh chui lu tha ti 0 khi v ch khi
tn ti , 0 < < , sao cho dy hm (Rn(f))nN hi t n n 0 trn
(; ).

nh l 4. Cho > 0, f : (- ; )C thuc lp C. Khi , f khai

trin c thnh chui lu tha ti 0 khi v ch khi tn ti , 0 < < ,
v A, C > 0 sao cho
x (-; ) n N : | f(n)(x) | C.An.n!
Chng minh
Cho f khai trin c thnh chui lu tha ti 0.
.....

Ngc li, gi s tn ti , 0 < < , v A, C > 0 sao cho

x (-; ) n N : | f(n)(x) | C.An.n!
.....

5.3.2. Cc php ton vi cc hm khai trin c

nh l 1. Cho , K, f v g l cc hm khai trin c ti 0 vi

cc khai trin lu tha tng ng l a .x
n 0
n
n
v b .x
n 0
n
n
. Khi

.f+.g khai trin c ti 0 vi khai trin lu tha .a
n 0
n .bn .x n .

11
 nh l 2. Cho f v g l cc hm khai trin c ti 0 vi cc khai

trin lu tha tng ng l an .x n v
n 0
b .x
n 0
n
n
. Khi f.g khai trin

c ti 0 vi khai trin lu tha c .x
n 0
n
n
l tch ca a .x
n 0
n
n
v b .x
n 0
n
n
.

nh l 3. Cho f l hm khai trin c ti 0 vi khai trin lu tha

l a .x
n 0
n
n
. Khi o hm f khai trin c ti 0 vi khai trin lu

a .x .

tha l tng cc o hm n
n

n0

nh l 4. Cho f l hm khai trin c ti 0 vi khai trin lu tha

l a .x
n 0
n
n
. Khi nguyn hm f khai trin c ti 0 vi khai trin

lu tha l tng cc nguyn hm a .x dx .
n 0
n
n

12
 BI TP
5.1.1, 5.5.7, 5.5.8, 5.5.9

13