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Shelter Design March 1967 PDF
Shelter Design March 1967 PDF
written for
AST DIVISION
/i 720
by
Albert Knott
March 1967
ABSTRACT
given. Planning charts are presented whereby material weights can be selecte
a preliminary basis to provide shielding which will satisfy the Office of Civil [
management factors are not discussed as they are auxiliary to the problem of tl
provision of radiation protection.
use of this manual will be verified by skilled analysts before final designs are
pleted.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The assistance of Mr. Larry O. Sinkey for development of the computer progra
which were used to generate the data from which the planning charts were dra
and of Mr. Thomas B. Brown for the presentation of the illustrations, is gratefi
acknowledged. Appreciation is also extended to Mr. Richard E. Kummer, Mr
Robert Sprankle, and Mrs. Joan Brooks for editorial and production assistance,
The Architect 1
Shelter Design 2
The National Fallout Protection Problem 3
Fallout 3
Radioactivity 3
Radiation and Architecture 4
Protection Factor 6
Radiation Contributions 7
Roof Contribution 8
Ground Contributions 8
Ground-Direct Radiation 9
'
Geometric Shielding 11
Barrier Shielding 11
THE ARCHITECT
SHELTER DESIGN
Fallout
Radioactivity
Protection Factor
Radiation Contributions
Geometric Shielding
Barrier Shielding
i
are pushed back allowing roof radiation to
_j.
enter without passing through the interior par-
titions.
Plan
It is to be noted that a large interior room has
heavy roof (see the charts. shown later in this C/a$sroom floor*
text), it is often more economical to use con-
&-, -
struction of two or more stories. Hence,
rather than titling this discussion "The Single
ciably reduced.
liyhhaejoht
roof /2.
concrete, tees
Ithas been noted that radiation exposure is
greatest to shelter occupants when the shelter
is located in single-story buildings of normal
construction. To provide a protection factor
of forty, both the roof construction and wall
construction must be heavy and hence seldom
normal. Inajmostall cases, fairly massive
construction will have to be used. With ref-
erence to our clouded-glass structure analogy,
the weights of the walls will have to be
increased to cut down on the intense light IS p*f
coming from the ground, and either a heavy
roof or a series of light floors and a roof will
have to be placed overhead to cut down on
the roof radiation. When our space becomes
quite gloomy, we have eliminated enough
light. When our structure becomes quite
heavy or quite complex, utilizing a series of
barriers, we have eliminated enough fallout
radiation.
-sf> inferior
vJft.ll
Note that if an unplastered 4-inch block wall
isdesired for architectural reasons (4-inch
block weighs 30 psf), an exterior wall weigh-
ing from 55 to 60 pounds per square foot is
required.
S
v TTW 4o) :
CHART LIMITATIONS
3. No consideration is given to
adjacent buildings. (This is nor-
mally conservative. Note that an
adjacent building will block off
some radiation by acting as a bar-
rier against radiation coming from
the ground beyond.)
square foot.
t-
It is difficult to give general rules
for the planning of shelters in build-
tola./ Me sky.
Dependence should not be placed on washdown and other fallout removal methods.
These methods should be reserved for the post-attack recovery period, after the
shelterees have survived the early effects.
The overhead weight must be at least 90 rr
pounds per square foot, and that only if no
radiation is received from the ground. If
ground radiation is received, the overhead
barrier must be proportionately heavier to
maintain the level of protection required.
See item 1 in the bibliography for complete details. Copies were distributed to
all members of the AIA in 1963. Anyone wishing a copy may obtain it by writing
to the Office of Civil Defense, Pentagon Building, Washington, D.C. 30210.
25.
A Series c>
Shelter ;n
sfory school
*
School designed by: M. Dwight Brown, AIA
Marshal! and Brown
Kansas City, Missouri
26
A ser/es of well -placed
intermittant uiaffe *
.2 c
0-0
Core Shelter
O
'8; O
<s>
HO
R^ac/iaffon protect/on ob-fainsd by
ground sculpture in comb/natton
29,
DETAILS
Details often exhibit the real ingenuity of from the patio to pass over the heads of
the architect. For example, Ellery C. the shelter occupants.
shelter area in his prize winning entry in the patio enters after scattering from the
the American Institute of Architects' exterior walls or the lip of the curb. Th
National School Fallout Shelter Design scattering causes the radiation to lose a
Competition by providing a simple curb. considerable amount of energy and hence
The partial perspective shown on the pre- allows the architect to use lighter sheltei
vious page gives the general character of walls. The planning charts will give
the building. The section shown below approximations for the required weights c
shows the patio, the curb and the fact the interior partitions if the curb is consi
that the curb requires the direct radiation ered to be an exterior wall and a unit
weight is
arbitrarily assigned to it.
'of occupqnrs
foflovf
A second example of good detailing is the
choice of exterior walls shown below. Mr.
Francis Telesca, AIA, of Miami/ Florida,
utilized them in his prize-winning presenta-
tion in the AIA competition just cited. The
distribution of wall mass proportioned to
is
lighting
(2.5,000) 50,000
With a 100 psf roof, a wall A weighing 70 psf A re A.
up to the 3-foot sill, and all glass above,
Chart 6 indicates that wall C should be 86 psf,
Chart 5 indicates that wall C
should weigh
1 10
psf. Simple interpolation as shown to the
right indicates that the tentative choice of (Jo. /I
100 pounds for the unit weight of wall C is a
good one. Use 100 pounds per square foot
for wall C.
See Appendix.
will be approximations of the design assump-
tions used in thedevelopment of the charts,
the answers obtained from the charts cannot
be assumed to be overly precise. The charts
were designed to get the shelter planner into
the ball park quickly.
A *
Case 2, Multistory Building
The Analogy
without concern. Shelter analysts should intense ground radiation, leaving only
verify and refine the weights. The varia- the roof radiation and radiation scatter-
tions found will be more often conceptual ing down from the walls above to be con-
than numerical . sidered. The ground floor shelter or
shelter at ground level in a single story
The two major sources of radiation are the The following charts are designed to give
fallout fields on the roof and the ground. approximate numerical values for material
Radiation enters a shelter by direct line of weights of exterior walls, interior parti-
sight,by scattering from atoms of the tions, and overhead construction for sim~
building materials and by scattering from pie shelters. These charts are developed
atoms in the atmosphere. These three types to provide those combinations which will
are called direct radiation, wall -scattered yiefd a minimum protection factor of
radiation, and skyshine. Skyshine is nor- forty (40) within the shelter. It is
mally of minor importance. Hence, clere- expectecr that designs developed through
story lighting is permissible in fallout the use of these charts will be verified by
shelters.
qualified shelter analysts before being
finalized.
The three basic types of shelters have been
discussed. The below ground, at ground
level, and aboveground shelters, have
BASEM
BASEMENT SHELTER
BUILDING AREA 2,000 SQ. FT.
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GROUND F
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DESIGN SECTION
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THAPT
APPENDIX
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 203 1O
I. General
II. Terminology
A. Ten square feet of shelter floor area per person shall be provided.
to meet shelter requirements shall not exceed $2.^0 per shelter space,
the estimated cost of ventilating the shelter with packaged ventilation
equipment approved by the Office of Civil Defense.
VI. Cons true t ion Requirements
VII. Services
-
2. Activity areas 5 -foot candles at floor level.
"
2. TR-21, "Industrial Architecture, Fallout Shelters, Office of Civil Defense,
Department of Defense, June 1963.
"
3. TR-27, "New Buildings With Fallout Protection, Office of Civil Defense,
Department of Defense, January 1965.
5. TR-32, "City Halls with Emergency Operating Centers," Office of Civil Defense,
Department of Defense, Washington, D.C.
- Fallout
9. "Prototype Hospital Protected," Architectural Record, May 1961 (pp 155).
10. DSS 55-5, "Aboveground Clay Brick Masonry Core Fallout Shelter," Office of
Civil Defense, Department of Defense, March 1964.
12. PG-80-4, "Incorporation of Shelter into Apartments and Office Buildings" (Interim
Edition), Office of Civil Defense, Department of Defense, November 1962.
13. Glasstone, S. (Edit.): The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Rev. Edit., February 1964,
United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C.
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