Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nhung Bai Hoc Tu Thien Nhien
Nhung Bai Hoc Tu Thien Nhien
*****
Nht Bn
nh : Shimpei Murakami
Bangkok 10530
Thi Lan
1
in thoi: +66-2-989-9909
Email : nongjok@loxinfo.co.th
In : Nh xut bn Papyrus
ng Sathorn Tai
2
LI CM N
3
MC LC
LI CM N .............................................................................................. 3
MC LC ................................................................................................... 4
LI M U .............................................................................................. 9
LI TA................................................................................................... 11
PHN I ..................................................................................................... 15
C S....................................................................................................... 15
CHNG 1 ............................................................................................... 15
THIN NHIN V NNG NGHIP............................................................ 15
1.1. H sinh thi t nhin ca rng nhit i.............................................. 16
1.1.1. Vng chu chuyn dinh dng (h ti sinh) .................................. 16
1.1.2. Thp sinh thi ........................................................................... 18
1.1.3. Cc quy lut quan trng trong nng nghip................................. 19
1.2. S khc nhau gia nng nghip v rng t nhin............................ 19
1.2.1. S a dng................................................................................ 19
1.2.2. Cc vn dch bnh ................................................................. 19
1.2.3. ph nhiu ca t.................................................................. 20
1.2.4. Sn xut sinh khi..................................................................... 20
1.3. Nc ................................................................................................ 21
1.3.1. Vng chu chuyn ca nc ............................................................ 21
1.3.2. Lng ma hin ti v hu hiu ..................................................... 21
1.3.3. Yu t lm tng lng ma hu hiu............................................... 21
1.3. c im ca h sinh thi nhit i.................................................... 22
1.4.1. Kh hu nhit i ......................................................................... 23
1.4.2. S phn b cht dinh dng rng nhit i .................................. 24
1.4.3 Cu trc nhiu tng ca rng t nhin ............................................. 25
1.4.4 Vn nng nghip trong h sinh thi nhit i................................ 26
1.4.5. Kt lun....................................................................................... 26
CHNG 2 ............................................................................................... 29
4
T.......................................................................................................... 29
2.1. t l g ? ....................................................................................... 29
2.2. Chc nng v c tnh ca t ............................................................. 30
2.2.1. Cc tnh cht vt l ti u.............................................................. 30
2.2.2 Cc tnh cht ha hc ti u ........................................................... 32
2.2.3. Nhng tnh cht sinh hc ti u...................................................... 34
CHNG 3 ............................................................................................... 36
CC VN VI NNG NGHIP HA HC........................................... 36
3.1. Nhng vn sinh thi ....................................................................... 37
3.1.1. S thoi ha ca t ..................................................................... 37
3.1.2. Nhng vn v gia tng dch bnh ........................................... 38
3.1.3. S xung cp cht lng thc phm ............................................. 38
3.1.4. S nhim ca t, nc, khng kh v sn phm.......................... 39
3.1.5. Nhng nguy hi i vi sc khe.................................................. 39
3.1.6. S bin mt ca cc ging loi a phng ................................... 40
3.1.7. Nhng vn khc ..................................................................... 40
3.2. Nhng vn kinh t ....................................................................... 41
3.2.1 S gia tng chi ph sn xut ............................................................ 41
3.2.2. Thu hoch ma mng gim st..................................................... 42
3.3. Nhng vn x hi ........................................................................ 43
3.3.1. To ra khong cch gia giu v ngho .......................................... 44
3.3.2. To ra s l thuc....................................................................... 44
3.3.3. Mt h thng v kin thc canh tc truyn thng............................ 45
CHNG 4 ............................................................................................... 47
NHNG NGUYN TC CA NNG NGHIP SINH THI......................... 47
4.1. Tnh a dng ..................................................................................... 48
4.2. t sng ........................................................................................... 48
4.3. Ti chu chuyn .................................................................................. 49
4.4. Cu trc nhiu tng ............................................................................ 51
5
PHN 2..................................................................................................... 54
PHNG PHP THC HNH .................................................................. 54
CHNG 5 ............................................................................................... 54
BN PHN V BO TN T ................................................................ 54
5.1.Nguyn l bn phn v bo tn t ....................................................... 55
5.2. Ph vi t canh tc.............................................................................. 57
5.2.1. u im ...................................................................................... 57
5.2.2. Nhc im ................................................................................. 58
5.2.3. Nguyn liu ph............................................................................ 59
5.2.4. Ph sng ..................................................................................... 59
5.2.5. Cy che ph ................................................................................. 60
5.3. Phn xanh ......................................................................................... 60
5.3.1. u im ...................................................................................... 60
5.3.2. Nhc im ................................................................................. 61
5.3.3. Cy phn xanh ............................................................................. 62
5.3.4. Lp ph phn xanh ....................................................................... 62
5.4. Trn phn ......................................................................................... 63
5.4.1. u im ...................................................................................... 63
5.4.2. Nhc im ................................................................................. 64
5.4.3. Quy trnh trn phn ...................................................................... 64
5.5. Trng cy v c dc ng ranh gii.................................................... 65
5.5.1. u im ...................................................................................... 66
5.5.2. Nhc im................................................................................. 67
5.5.3. Cy trng a mc ch .................................................................. 68
CHNG 6 ............................................................................................... 69
H THNG CANH TC ............................................................................ 69
6.1. Cc vn xy ra vi h thng canh tc hin nay................................... 69
6.1.1. c canh ..................................................................................... 69
6.1.2. Canh tc lin tc .......................................................................... 70
6
6.2. H thng canh tc thay th .................................................................. 72
6.3. a canh ............................................................................................ 73
6.4. Lun canh ......................................................................................... 73
6.5. Canh tc kt hp ................................................................................ 74
CHNG 7 ............................................................................................... 77
QUN L DCH BNH ............................................................................. 77
7.1. Dch bnh l g v c nhng vn no? .............................................. 78
7.2. Vng lun qun ca vic khng ch su bnh bng ha cht.................... 79
7.2.1. Cn trng .................................................................................... 79
7.2.2. Dch bnh .................................................................................... 80
7.3. Qun l dch bnh mt cch t nhin.................................................... 80
7.3.1. Cc bin php phng .................................................................... 81
7.3.2. Cc bin php tr ......................................................................... 82
7.4. C di............................................................................................... 83
7.4.1. Bn cht ca c di ...................................................................... 84
7.4.2. Gi v v qun l c di.............................................................. 85
CHNG 8 ............................................................................................... 88
T SN XUT HT GING ..................................................................... 88
8.1. Vn vi ging HYV lai (F1) v ging mua v ................................... 88
8.2. Li ch ca vic t sn xut ht ging................................................... 90
8.3. Quy trnh t sn xut ht ging ............................................................ 91
THAM KHO............................................................................................ 94
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................... 100
7
Mc ch cui cng ca trng trt khng phi l s pht trin ca ma mng, m
l s bi dng v hon thin i sng con ngi.
8
LI M U
9
Nu lng tri loi ngi khng c ln ting, khng sm th mun h s ph hy
mi trng ca chnh mnh v nhng sinh vt sng xung quanh. Vy lm cch no,
ch khi h xy dng mt x hi da trn s chia s cng bng v lu bn ngun ti
nguyn, phn cp quyn lc x hi cng nh thc y tiu th da trn nn tng
nhu cu ch khng phi lng tham ca mt s t ngi. Khoa hc v k thut ca
con ngi cng cn hiu nhng nguyn l v quy lut ca t nhin, tm c s
pht trin bn vng trong s ha hp nhp nhng gia khoa hc cng ngh vi
khoa hc cng ngh cao c ca t nhin.Cun sch Nhng bi hc t thin nhin
ca ng Shimpei Murakami l mt c gng ng ca ngi khi tm ra cc nguyn tc
v quy lut ca t nhin cng nh cch hiu v ng dng chng pht trin mt
h nng nghip thay th trong sch v bn vng. T kinh nghim lm vic lu nm
Nht Bn v 3 nm kinh nghim ti trang tri sinh thi Proshika ca tc gi, cun
sch mang nhiu khuynh hng thc hnh v vn i km nhng l gii cn k
nguyn l ng sau nhng thc hnh y. Cun sch c vit trong bi cnh ti
Bangladesh nn c l ch ph hp cho cc nh thc hnh sinh thi nng nghip ni
y. Ngoi ra, cun sch s l mt ngun qu gi cho nh mi trng hc khi h
nhn ra nng nghip ha hc nh hng nh th no n cc ti nguyn nng
nghip nh t, nc, a dng sinh hc,. ng Murakami miu t chi tit hin
tng v a ra cc cch thc hnh hp l. Tm li, sau khi c xong cun sch
ny, ngi ta lc quan tin tng rng s c phng n cho vn hy hoi mi
trng. Tc gi chng minh c rng c trn l thuyt v thc hnh, h nng
nghip sinh thi va thn thin vi mi trng, va em li nng sut cao hn v
n nh hn so vi nng nghip ha hc. Bt c ai c xong cun sch ny s tin
rng h nng nghip sinh thi da trn khoa hc t nhin cao c, v v vy,
chnh l hng i cho tng lai.
Khi ti nhn ra rng, bn thn nng nghip c th mang tnh hy hoi i vi thin
nhin, ci c coi l nn tng ca mi sinh vt sng, quan im ca ti v nng
nghip hon ton thay i. l vo nm 1982, khi ti ang sng Bihar, n
, ti c tri nghim u tin v nng nghip mt kh hu nhit i. Trc
, iu m ti quan tm ch l cch t sn lng cao nht da trn cc phng
php hu c. Ti l mt nng dn tng lm vic ti nng tri ca b ti ni thc
hin phng thc canh tc hu c khng dng ha hc nng nghip c 20
nm.T , mi quan tm ca ti chuyn sang vic loi hnh nng nghip no
ph hp vi thin nhin v gip ti u ha sn lng nng nghip.
11
So vi vng n i, vng nhit i, c vic phc hi v suy thoi u din ra rt
nhanh chng. Cch y khong 50 nm, nng dn bt u s dng ha hc nng
nghip ti Nht Bn v mt s vng nhit i khc. Sau 30 nm thc hin, cc
phn ng bt li v cc vn nghim trng lin quan n ha hc nng nghip
ny bt u xut hin. trong vng nhit i nh Bangladesh, ch cn 10-15 nm
l cc phn ng bt li v nhng vn nh vy xut hin. Mt s nng dn
Bangladesh cho bit vng nc cao ni khng c l lt, cc vn xut hin
sau 5-7 nm.
V l do ny, chnh cc vng nhit i li rt cn vic thc hin nng nghip sinh
thi. Nu khng th h sinh thi nhit i d b tc ng s hon ton b ph hy
bi vic canh tc nng nghip phn t nhin.
12
C hai ngi ng vin ti lm vic trong nn nng nghip sinh thi. Mt l cha
ti, ngi thc hin canh tc hu c Nht Bn k t nm 1971. iu thc y
ti hot ng cho nng nghip sinh thi chnh l kin n gin, nhng mnh m
ca ng cho rng nhim v ca nng nghip l sn xut ra thc phm phc v sc
khe ca nhn dn ch khng phi sn xut ra thc phm cha cht ha hc c
hi v li ch kinh t ca nng dn. ng minh chng cho ti thy mi cy trng
c th pht trin tt m khng cn dng cc cht ha hc, v vy s khng c khi
nim trnh dng chng trong canh tc.
Hin nay vn mi trng (suy thoi sinh thi) ang tr nn rt nghim trng,
mang tnh ton cu v khu vc. C th chia nhng vn ny thnh hai loi chnh.
Mt loi l do cng nghip ha v ci gi l k thut hin i, v d nh ph v
tng zn, hiu ng nh knh, nhim nguyn t v ha hc v.v Hai l do li
13
canh tc nng nghip phn t nhin, chng hn nh ph rng, xi mn t, l lt,
hn hn, sa mc ha v.v
im chung gia hai loi ny l chng khng din ra theo t nhin. Con ngi
to ra chng, v vy thay i k thut t phn t nhin sang t nhin l cha .
Thay i thi ca chng ta i vi thin nhin, t thin nhin v con ngi
sang con ngi v thin nhin mi tht cn thit. Trong bi cnh ny, nng
nghip sinh thi l mt trong nhng cch tip cn ch yu nghin cu tm ra gii
php thng trc cho cc vn mi trng cng nh vn nng nghip, c v
mt k thut ln quan nim.
Shimpei Murakami
14
PHN I
C S
CHNG 1
Ngi ta chia tt c sinh vt sng trong h sinh thi thnh ba loi: sn xut, tiu th
v phn hy. Mu cht hiu h sinh thi l nghin cu s tng tc gia cc
khu sn xut, tiu th, phn hy v cc vi sinh vt khc (mt tri, nc, khng
kh, cht khong v.v).
16
Vt tiu th l nhng ng vt sng bng cch n cc sn phm (cacbonhydrat) ca
vt sn xut mt cch trc tip v gin tip. Vt tiu th c chia thnh bn
nhm: nhm th nht, nhm th hai, nhm th ba v nhm n tht cao nht. Nhm
th nht bao gm ng vt n c (v d cn trng), chng n trc tip sn phm
ca vt sn xut. Nhm th hai l ng vt n tht (nh nhn, ch), chng ch yu
n ng vt thuc nhm th nht. Nhm th ba (nh rn) ch yu n ng vt
thuc nhm th hai. Nhm th n tht (nh h, bo) l nhng ng vt ch yu n
ng vt thuc nhm th ba. Khng c ng vt no n nhm th n tht cao nht.
Theo , c mt mi quan h cn bng nht nh gia cc vt tiu th. Con ngi
c xp vo nhm tiu th. (Ch : mi quan h tht s gia cc loi ng vt
cn phc tp hn. Cch phn loi ny ch bao gm nhng mi quan h n gin.
Vt phn hy l nhng vi sinh vt (nh nm, vi khun, vi rt v.v) sng bng cch
n cc cht hu c nh cht thi ca cc vt sn xut v vt tiu th (nh l cy,
xc xc vt v phn ng vt v.v). C mt lng ln cc vi sinh vt sng trong
t (hn 100,000,000 trong mt gam t). Chc nng quan trng nht ca vt phn
hy l bin i cht hu c thnh mn thng qua phn hy v thnh cht khong
thng qua khong ha. Mn rt cn thit cho vic to ra t v ci thin t. Cht
khong li c cc vt sn xut hp th nh l cht dinh dng. (T gc khc,
vt phn hy c coi l cht dn sch hnh tinh ny. Bi cc vi sinh vt hot ng
trong t, t s c dn sch v tt, nu khng th b mt hnh tinh ny s y
cc cht thi ca cc vt sn xut v vt tiu th).
Ngi ta cn c th gi vng chu chuyn cacbon, vng chu chuyn nito, vng chu
chuyn khong v.v S khc nhau ch l trng tm, nu trng tm l cacbon, h
c gi l vng chu chuyn cacbon.
17
Qua vng chu chuyn dinh dng, mi sinh vt tng v t tr nn mu m. Mi
sinh vt sng v phi sinh vt u tng tc vi thin nhin nn khng c s lng
ph hay khng cn thit. Chng lin quan cht ch vi nhau qua cc mi quan h
cn hay h tr. Nu mt b phn b o ln, ton b h thng s phn ng theo. V
d, nu t khng c cung cp cht hu c, cc vi sinh vt (vt phn hy) s
khng hot ng c, t tr nn cn ci v cy c (vt sn xut) khng th sn
xut c trn mnh t . Sn lng vai sn xut thp em li h qu l gim s
lng ng vt (vt tiu th).
18
rn b tiu dit ly da, chut s pht trin mnh. Nu ch gim mnh v s lng
do xut khu i ch th s lng cn trng s tng v nng sut ma mng gim.
S khc nhau ln nht gia rng t nhin v nng nghip l s lng cc loi.
Trong rng t nhin c mt s lng ln cc loi cy vi hn 100 loi c tm
thy trn 1 acre (4046 m2). Cn vi 1 acre trn t nng nghip, ch c mt s t
loi hoc i khi l c canh. c canh trong nng nghip l nguyn nhn ch yu
cho s mt cn bng h sinh thi nng nghip.
Trong rng t nhin hu nh khng c vn dch bnh, cng khng c tnh trng
mt loi cn trng hay dch bnh tn ph ton b rng t nhin. Tuy nhin, trong
nng nghip, vn ny li rt nghim trng. Mt loi cn trng hay dch bnh
thng ph hy ton b ma mng. Nguyn nhn chnh l do c canh hoc thiu
19
s a dng. Trong rng t nhin, ci c gi l cn trng hay dch bnh khng th
bng n mt cch bit lp v c s a dng v loi v mt chui thc phm cn i
(thp sinh thi) lun t cn trng vo nhng iu kin nht nh (hn ch s
lng). Dch bnh nu c cng khng th ph hy ton b khu rng v n ch tn
cng mt s loi cy (thi quen n ung).
1.2.3. ph nhiu ca t
20
t hn nhiu so vi sn lng rng t nhin mc d c nhiu tc ng u vo
nhn to (ngoi lai). Rng t nhin khng cn u vo nhn to.
1.3. Nc
Nc l cht thit yu nht i vi s sng v cng cn thit i cho nng nghip.
S dng nc c hiu qu l iu rt quan trng trong canh tc, v vy chng ta cn
hiu v s chu chuyn ca nc v nhng yu t gip s dng nc c hiu qu.
21
Cc cch tng lng ma hu hiu cho nng nghip.
Ngoi ra, vic bo tn rng v trng rng tuy c tc dng gin tip nhng hin nay
l cch hu hiu nht tng thm lng ma hu hiu trn mt khu vc. Ngun
nc ca cc sng ly t vic rng gi mt lng nc ma rt ln v s nh nc
ra t t. Hn na rng lm tng thm v duy tr lng nc ma hin ti qua
vic hnh thnh my t s bc hi, c bit l vng t xa bin.
Tuy nhin, quy tc hin nhin b sao nhng trong nhng c gng pht trin
nng nghip hin nay ti nhiu nc ang pht trin vng nhit i. Ngi ta
cho rng vic a vo cc tin b khoa hc k thut hin ti cc nc cng
22
nghip ha s gip pht trin nng nghip. Da trn , cuc Cch mng xanh
c khi xng v thc hin trong sut 30 nm nay. Qua cuc cch mng
xanh, cc h nng nghip c truyn ti cc nc nhit i vn rt c o v c
duy tr bn vng qua nhiu th h, b xi mn nhanh chng. Thay vo , ci
gi l nng nghip hin i, mt bn sao chp y chang ca h nng nghip ti cc
nc cng nghip ha, v ang tch cc c m rng ti cc nc ang
pht trin.
1.4.1. Kh hu nhit i
Nhit cao v nng gt
Lng ma rt cao
23
Nht Bn, lng ma bnh qun hng nm l khong 1500 mm v ma ri u sut
nm. Mi tun thng c ma mt hay hai ln v l nhng trn ma tt lnh.
Nh vy s mt mt do nc chy trn mt tng i nh. Cn ti Bng la t,
lng ma bnh qun hin ti vo khong 2000 mm, nhng thng ch ma trong
ma ma (thng 6 - thng 10), khng c ma trong ma kh (thng 12- thng 3).
Ma rt mnh v tp trung. Nh vy, lng ma mt i do chy trn b mt l
tng i cao trong ma ma. V kiu ma rt cc oan nh vy nn lng ma
hu hiu ti Nht li cao hn nhiu so vi Bng la t.
24
Rng ma nhit i 27.2 2.8 11.9
Rng cy xanh n i 13.7 13.9 60.3
Rng cn hn i 5.6 35.9 155.3
Theo T. KIRA (Sinh thi v t nhin), 1971
2) Cy nh di tn ca cc cy ln
3) Cy nh v cy a bng di cy nh
4) t c c v thm mc
25
1.4.4 Vn nng nghip trong h sinh thi nhit i
Kh hu cc oan v s phn hy nhanh chng din ra mt cch tch cc trong
rng khng hot ng theo cng mt kiu nh trong nng nghip. Ngi ta quy
c canh tc nng nghip bt u bng vic cht v khai hoang rng. T , t b
ly i 80-90% tng cht dinh dng v t s b thiu cht hu c, ph nhiu,
kh nng gi nc v cc phm cht tt khc ca t. Ngoi ra, nh nng gay gt
c th chiu trc tip ti mt t v lm thoi ha cu trc t khin t rn li.
Ma ln xi trc tip vo mt t v c kh nng ch gi c t lp t mng trn
mt, gy nn hin tng xi mn t, lt, hn hn v cc thin tai khc.
Xi mn
1.4.5. Kt lun
Nh chng ta thy, c im ca h sinh thi nng nghip vng nhit i rt r
rng, nhng li kh khn cn bng. Ta phi nhanh chng xy dng mt h canh
tc thch hp, c th s dng nng lng v ti nguyn thin nhin hp l, c sc
mnh chng cc thin tai v khng c tnh ph hoi i vi s cn bng sinh thi
ca khu vc. Tt nhin, khng phi l bn sao ca ci m chng ta gi l h
canh tc hin i. Nu chng ta thnh cng trong vic xy dng mt h canh tc
26
thch hp cho vng nhit i th nng lc sn xut ca h nng nghip c th
ln hn nng nghip n i. Thin nhin ch cho chng ta thy rng vng nhit
i c nhiu tim nng hn vng n i.
Nng nghip l nhn to nhng nm trong thin nhin. Nng nghip s khng tn
ti bn ngoi nguyn tc ca thin nhin. Lch s loi ngi cho chng ta thy
nhiu nn vn minh ni ln ri mt i v nhng sai lm mc phi khi tc ng
ti thin nhin. Nn vn minh vt qua ci cy v li sa mc ng sau.
iu xy ra trong qu kh v tip tc n hin ti. Hin nay cc nc vng
nhit i ang phi i mt vi nhng vn sinh thi nghim trng l vic ph
rng v sa mc ha. Nguyn nhn ch yu l li canh tc khng ph hp v c tnh
cht ph hoi i vi h sinh thi. Chng ta c th hiu c vic canh tc nng
nghip khng ng n c th hy dit nn tng sinh thi, cng chnh l c s ca
loi ngi. iu d dng xy ra vi h sinh thi nhit i.
27
Khng c g xy ra trong mi trng sng thin nhin m khng c lin quan n
ton th
28
CHNG 2
t l yu t quan trng trong nng nghip. Nhng ngi nng dn canh tc theo
phng php ha hc thng coi t nh mt vt liu h tr cy trng v cung cp
nc vi cht dinh dng ha hc, nhng tht ra vn khng n gin nh vy.
V hiu bit t v t, tim nng ca t (khng ch v ph) b suy gim t nm
ny qua nm khc.
1. Thut ng t ngha l g
2.1. t l g ?
Mc d chng ta c th thy lp t bao ph khp mi ni trn hnh tinh chng
ta, trc khi s sng xut hin th khng c t, ch c (khong) v nc. Sau
khi sinh vt (thc vt) xut hin, t mt bt u c hnh thnh.
t c hnh thnh qua qu trnh dinh dng v tch t li trn b mt hnh tinh
t hng triu nm c gi l t mt. t mt giu v cht hu c (mn) v l lp
t c nng sut cao nht. Trng trt ph thuc hon ton vo lp t mt. Ni no
khng c t mt th khng c canh tc.
29
2.2. Chc nng v c tnh ca t
Cc chc nng ca t trong nng nghip l: cy; gi gn v cung cp cht dinh
dng, nc v khng kh cho cy; to iu kin thun li cho cy sinh trng. t
tt thc hin tt c ba chc nng trn. Vy loi t no l t tt? Ngi nng dn
thng quan nim t tt l t mu hi en, mm v giu vi sinh vt, nhiu giun
t v.vTheo thut ng k thut, t tt l t c kt cu tt, m ti u, giu
cht dinh dng v c hot ng sinh hc cao.
30
Cc thnh phn ca t
Khng kh (30,00%)
Nc (30,00%)
Cht khong (35,00%)
Mn (5,00%)
31
tt v t ct cng c kh nng gi nc tt. iu ny v cng quan trng gip ci
tin kt cu t mt cch hiu qu nh lp mn.
Khi ha tan trong nc, cc cht khong phn thnh cation v anion thng qua tc
ng ha hc. Phn ln cc cht dinh dng (cht khong) cn thit cho cy u
c gi li trong t di hnh thc cc cation mang theo collid (cht keo), tr
mt s t th mang theo photpho (ln) . R cy ht cht khong bng cch trao i
cation v collid. Do , CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity- kh nng trao i
cation ) ca t c cc nh th nhng coi l ch s v kh nng bo tn cht
dinh dng ca t.
32
t mn l yu t quyt nh t c tr thnh t tt hay khng. Thiu cht hu c
trong t l nguyn nhn khin t km kh nng bo tn cht dinh dng.
PH ca t
33
Mn c chc nng quan trng trong vic iu chnh PH ca t. Mn bn thn
khng trung tnh v c th hp th axit v cht kim (alkall) t bn ngoi. S dng
phn ha hc s khin cho t chua t nhin v khng c chc nng iu chnh PH.
Cc nh khoa hc khuyn nn dng canxi trung ha chua ca t, nhng y
ch l bin php tm thi v li lm ny sinh nhng vn khc.
S phn hy v khong ha
Theo chu k dinh dng, vi sinh vt c vai tr quan trng trong vic bi dng t
v cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho cy bng cch to ra cht mn trong qu trnh
phn hy v thi ra khong cht trong qu trnh khong ha. S phn hy v s
khong ha l iu cn thit cho t v cho cy. Vi sinh vt cng hot ng tch
cc th mn v cht khong cng hu ch cho t v cy. Do , vic cung cp cht
hu c lm thc n cho vi sinh vt l iu bt buc khi ci tin t ci tin vt l
v ci tin ha hc. Tic thay, ngy nay nh nng li khng coi trng vic cung cp
cht hu c cho t m li trng ch vo phn bn ha hc.
Sc khe ca t
34
Chng hn, c trn 200.000 loi tuyn trng. Trong ch c 2% c bit l c
hi cho cy cn 98% cn li l v hi. Hn na, trong 98% ny c mt s vi sinh
vt thc s hn ch n mc ti thiu nhng tuyn trng c hi. Mt s loi to
bin cng n nhng tuyn trng c hi. Vn tuyn trng khng bao gi ny sinh
trong iu kin c s cn bng vi sinh vt. Gn 90% bnh ca cy l do nm gy
ra, th nhng li c mt s nm dng ch c thuc cha bnh (penixlin ly t
nm xanh v.v..). Trong t c cn bng vi sinh vt th s lng nm thp hn vi
khun. l do t l vi khun/ nm cao.
35
CHNG 3
CC VN VI NNG NGHIP HA HC
Sau cuc cch mng xanh, khi k thut v khi nim nng nghip ha hc c
p dng Bangladesh, dng nh vic sn xut ng cc, go cng pht trin. Tuy
nhin vic ny li lm ny sinh tc ng tiu cc rng ln trong cc vng nng
thn, rt nghim trng i vi nng dn v mi trng t nhin.
- Sinh thi
- Kinh t
- X hi
36
3.1. Nhng vn sinh thi
Khi nh nng bt u s dng phn ha hc v thuc tr su, h gp phi mt
s vn . Chng ta s ln lt tho lun tng vn mt.
3.1.1. S thoi ha ca t
Vn u tin m nh nng gp phi khi s dng phn ha hc l s thoi ha
ca t. Nguyn nhn l do thiu cht hu c. Khi lng mn gim, gy ra
nhng vn sau:
1) Kt cu t b st n, t tr nn cng
2) Kh nng gi nc b gim st
37
bin php tm thi nhng li gy ra nhng vn khc khi lm tng s thoi ha
ca t. Chng hn. vic canh tc buc phi s dng canxi iu chnh PH cao
(qu chua). Canxi c th iu chnh PH trong 3 hoc 4 thng nhng sau th
khng cn tc dng na khin PH ca t thp hn trc. Thi gian sau, nng
dn li phi dng thm nhiu canxi. Lng canxi thm vo t ny lm tr ngi s
cung cp magie v cc khong cht khc cho cy, gy nn hin tng thiu cht
dinh dng vi m. Ch c cht hu c phn hy tt (mn) mi c th iu chnh
PH ca t thng xuyn.
40
3.2. Nhng vn kinh t
Nh trnh by, nng nghip ha hc c nh hng li tc da trn gi thnh
u vo (phn bn ha hc, thuc tr su, ging HYV v.v...) t sn lng ti
a hoc bi thu. iu ny gi nh mang li li ch kinh t cho nng dn. Tuy
nhin, gi y, iu khng d dng t c. Di y l nhng vn kinh t
ta d gp phi.
Mt s yu t khc khin chi ph sn xut gia tng l do gi c hng nhp ngoi cho
u vo tng. Gi phn ha hc nm 1972 ch l 0,5 taka/ kg cn by gi l 5 -6
taka/kg. Ngha l gi phn tng gp mi ln tr ln qua 20 nm. Chi ph thy li
cng tng gn gp 6 ln trong khi gi go ch tng gp i.
41
250
200
150
100
50
0
1nm 5 nm 10 nm 15 nm 20 nm
Nhiu nng dn cho rng vic tng s lng u vo cng khng th gip h t
c nng sut cao nh trc. V d, mt nng dn mi bt u trng ging la
HYV cch y15 nm v mi dng phn ha hc ln u tin, ng ta thng thu
c khong 70 mond (2,660 kg) thc/acre. Trng hp ny rt ph bin khi nh
nng trng ging la HYV v bn bng phn ha hc
Nguyn nhn khin nng sut gim l do t b thoi ha. iu hin nhin l
t ai thoi ha th khng bao gi mang li thu hoch ma mng cao.
42
180
160
(50)
140
120 (55)
100 (65)
80
60 (70)
40
20
0
1nm 5 nm 10 nm 15 nm
3.3. Nhng vn x hi
Nhiu ngi tin rng k thut l trung tnh, kt qu tt hay xu tu thuc vo ngi
s dng. Chng hn, con dao rt c ch v cn thit cho cng vic ni tr, nhng n
li l v kh c th dng git ngi. Song ngh ph bin y khng phi bao gi
cng ng. K thut c c im l da vo tay ngh v quan im ca ngi pht
minh v pht trin n ln. Mt s k thut i hi t nng lng hn, ch cn nhng
ngun c sn a phng v khng gy hi cho mi trng (v d nh nhng k
thut ng dng). Nhng k thut khc i hi nng lng v u vo nhiu hn, v
chng c tc hi i vi mi trng xung quang (nh my nguyn t). Mi k
thut u c nh hng khng t th nhiu ti mi trng xung quanh mt khi c
ng dng. Mt k thut ph thuc vo nhng ngun ngoi nhp v i hi kinh ph
ln s c tc ng ln ti x hi (cng ng) v c tc ng tiu cc i vi ngi
ngho. Cuc Cch mng xanh (ha hc nng nghip) l mt v d in hnh. Chng
ta cn xem xt cc vn x hi sau:
43
3.3.1. To ra khong cch gia k giu v ngi ngho
y l mt vn ln c nhiu ngi ln n ti mt s nc ang pht trin. C
hai nguyn nhn chnh. Mt l ch c ngi giu mi c th s dng k thut cch
mng xanh bc thc hnh khi u, khi cha ngun d tr v nhng iu
kin thun li. H c tin mua hng ngoi nhp (phn bn ha hc dng cho
nng nghip) v c quyn lc x hi mua c vt cht (chng hn nh
nhng khon ti tr ca chnh ph cho thy li). i vi cc in ch nh, phm vi
ng dng k thut nh hn. Ngoi ra, nhng c trng ca ha hc nng nghip c
th duy tr thu hoch ma mng tng ln (gp 2-5 ln so vi thu hoch ca a
phng) v c li trong khong 10 nm. Mi nm l qu t cho nhng in ch
thch nghi vi nng nghip ha hc nhng cng di to ra khong cch gia
ngi ng dng (k giu) vi ngi khng ng dng (k ngho).
3.3.2. To ra s l thuc
Khi cc in ch tin phong trong nng nghip ha hc, h cn c vt liu v k
nng s dng. Tuy nhin c hai th u phi nhp t bn ngoi. Vt liu (phn
bn ha hc, thuc tr su v.v) u l nhng sn phm do nh my sn xut. K
nng do cc nh nghin cu nng hc hng dn, khng lin quan n trnh
hiu bit ca a phng hay h thng canh tc c truyn. Nh vy, nng nghip
ha hc khin nng dn phi l thuc vo nhng yu t khc c trn phng din
vt cht v tinh thn.
44
trng cho hng ngoi nhp v phc v nng nghip nh phn bn ha hc, thuc
tr su bnh, trang thit b v my mc thy li.
45
T , s tiu hao nhiu nng lng, ha cht, nc ti, vn k thut nng
nghip ca phng Ty cho vic to ra nhiu vng hoang mc t t ai ph nhiu
trong cha n mt hoc hai thp k, lan rng mt cch nhanh chng qua cc
nc th gii th ba, khin cho vic pht trin nng nghip li c tng tc bi
cuc cch mng xanh v ti tr bi cc t chc ti tr v pht trin quc t.
Vandana Shiva
(Cn sng)
46
CHNG 4
y chng ta hiu nng nghip sinh thi hc nh mt phng php lun canh
da trn h sinh thi rng t nhin.
1. Tnh a dng
2. t sng
3. Ti chu chuyn
47
4.1. Tnh a dng
Rng t nhin gn nh khng c vn dch bnh nghim trng. Nguyn nhn l
do ging cy, ng vt v vi sinh vt. Gi s c khong 100 ging cy mc trn
mt acre rng t nhin, nhng c rt t ging trn mi acre t nng nghip v ch
c mt ging cy trong nng nghip c canh.
Hn na, tnh a dng ha ngun thu nhp ca nng tri cn gip gim nh nguy
c tht bt ton b ma mng. Nhng phng php canh tc m bo tnh a dng
bao gm :
4.2. t sng
t khng ch c tnh cht vt l cho cy, gi nc v cht dinh dng m cn
l mt vt th sng.
Trong canh tc theo phng thc nng nghip ha hc, ngi ta khng nm
c ngha quan trng ny nn lm cho t b thoi ha. Hin tng tr
nn ht sc nghim trng trong thc tin canh tc. Vn khng phi ny sinh mt
cch t nhin m l do con ngi gy ra, do ngi nng dn v nhng nh nng
48
hc thiu s hiu bit v quan tm n t. phc hi li t, chng ta cn thay
i quan nim v t, l mt vt th sng ch khng phi l vt th cht.
Bn sn Bn
xut tiu th
Bn
phn
hy
49
khong c thm vo qua phn ha hc, do ph nhiu ca t b suy gim
nghim trng. Trong trng hp vt nui mang tnh cht thng mi, ngi nng
dn c gi b hay g cng nhiu cng tt mt khu c gii hn, mua vt nui, thc
n v cho n t bn ngoi. Ngi nng dn c th c thu nhp tt do bn cc sn
phm ny. ng thi, ngi nng dn s ng trc vn c lin quan ti mt
lng ln phn b hoc phn g, v khng c t tr li phn. iu ny gy
ra mt vn v sinh trong khu vc c gi l nhim do vt nui (vn ny
rt ph bin Nht Bn ). Nh vy, s ph v chu trnh to ra nhng vn
nghim trng. Mt l gim ph do thiu cht hu c v hai l s nhim do c
qu nhiu cht hu c.
Cc vn pht sinh l do thiu hiu bit v chu chuyn dinh dng ca nng dn,
cn b nng nghip v xu hng chuyn mn ha ca h (ngh v mt ci m
khng xem xt mi quan h ca n vi cc ci khc). Do , gii quyt vn ,
iu rt quan trng l hiu bit chu chuyn v suy ngh lm th no ti lp chu
chyn trong thc tin nng nghip. Ti chu chuyn to ra mi quan h ng n
gia cc thnh phn canh tc (cy trng, ng vt, c, cy, g v.v..) c li cho
tng thnh phn. Ti chu chuyn l im then cht trong vic s dng hp l ti
nguyn sn trn ng rung v gim bt cc u vo t bn ngoi cho sn xut
nng nghip.
Nghin cu v nui c
1. B ao c cy c bo v nn khng cn phi o p li
51
Ngun thc s gip sn xut nng nghip (sinh khi) l nh sng mt tri v nc
ma. Sn lng sinh khi trong rng t nhin lun cao hn sn lng t nng
nghip. Nguyn nhn l thm thc vt nhiu tng ca rng c th gip s dng ti
a nh sng mt tri v nc ma. Cu trc t nng nghip thng l nm ngang
nn khng th s dng ng mc cc ti nguyn ny.
52
Nng lng truyn vo h thng ca chng ta l nng lng t nhin nh nng,
gi v ma. Cc thnh phn sng v mt s yu t cng ngh hoc khng sng
c gn vi h bin i cc nng lng thnh nhng tr lng c ch c gi l
ti nguyn.
Bill Mollison
53
PHN 2
CHNG 5
BN PHN V BO TN T
Bn phn l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht trong nng nghip. Lm
th no duy tr hoc khi phc ph ca t nhm duy tr nng sut cao l iu
mi nng dn c tm huyt u quan tm.
Nhiu nng dn rt quan tm n vic cung cp cc cht dinh dng hoc tng
ph cho t m t ngi n vn bo v thng qua bo tn t. Cc cht
dinh dng c lin quan n phm cht ha hc ca t, t nh hng n cht
lng vt l v sinh hc. y l l do chnh gii thch ti sao xi mn li tr thnh
mt vn trong t nng nghip. Nu chng ta ngh v iu ny, chng ta s nhn
ra vic bn phn v bo tn t thc s quan trng nh th no.
54
Trng cy c thng xuyn dc ng bin gii
5.1.Nguyn l bn phn v bo tn t
C th tm m hnh bn phn v bo tn t l tng thng qua rng t nhin
Ph t
Khu vc ranh gii ca nng trang cn c bao ph bi thm thc vtbng vic
trng cy lu nm v c. Mc ch chnh l bo v t khi b ma lm xi mn v
kim tra ra tri t mt. Ngoi ra, khu vc ny v sau tr thnh mt ngun phn
hu c, c kh, nhin liu, thc phm (hoa qu), g,...vv... v ng thi c tc
dng chn gi.
Cc cht ha hc nng nghip c th minh chng nhanh cho vic cung cp cc cht
dinh dng (N.P.K) v dit su bnh nhng cng cn trnh s dng bi chng to
ra s mt cn bng h sinh thi ca t. Tnh axit trong phn bn ha hc s ph
hy hot tnh ca vi sinh vt v cht c ca thuc tr su ha hc git cht chng.
C hai cht ny u gy nn s mt cn bng sinh thi v vn dch bnh. Hn
na, s cn bng dinh dng ca cy cn b ri lon do vic cung cp qu t cht
dinh dng dn n d b bnh v su hi tn cng. Nng dn thng cho rng s
dng c phn bn ha hc v hu c s gip cy trng pht trin tt hn. Thc ra
vic ny s khng bao gi gii quyt c vn dch bnh gy nn t s mt cn
bng vi sinh vt trong t v cc cht dinh dng trong cy trng.
56
5.2. Ph vi t canh tc
Ph lin quan n vic bi ln b mt t cc loi cht hu c khc nhau nh ht
ging, c, l rng, rm...vvLp ph c chc nng va bo tn va to ph. C
th t phi canh tc nu c lp ph cho t.
5.2.1. u im
Bo v t
nh hng ca t l ph ti ra tri v mt t
0 50 4.83
2 19.7 2.48
4 8 0.52
6 1.2 0.05
Ci thin kt cu vt l ca t
57
s bc hi v gi m. Nu t lun c bao ph bi lp ph dy (khong
2inch hoc 5cm), vic cy xi l khng cn thit.
To ph dn dn
Khng ch c di
5.2.2. Nhc im
Nm hi
58
m hnh nng trang Proshika, ph t c tin hnh trong gn 3 nm v cho
n nay cha b dch bnh.
5.2.4. Ph sng
Ph sng l trng mt loi cy h u thp, c kh nng lan rng khng phi
ph nhiu nguyn liu trn mt t. u im l :
5.2.5. Cy che ph
Cy che ph l mt loi lp ph sng. N che ph t v thm thc vt vo ma h
kh nng khi t b b hoang. u im l :
c im thun li ca cy che ph l :
1) Cy h u
2) Lan rng (bao ph trn din tch ln)
3) Chng nng tt
5.3.1. u im
Cung cp cht hu c
5.3.2. Nhc im
Tn thi gian
Nguy hi
u n Rhisobium 50 n 125
62
1) Gim thi gian phn hy
2) Bo v t
3) Gim nhn cng cy xi
5.4.1. u im
Tc dng nhanh
Phn sch
Phn trn tt l loi phn sch v lm cho t cng sch. Mt trong nhng li ch
chnh ca phng php ny l trnh trn cht hu c th vi t v cht hu c
c phn hy hon ton ngay t u. Nguyn liu th d gy hi cho cy trng v
l nguyn nhn gy ra dch bnh (Chng 5.1).
63
rt nhiu Bangladesh. Hu nh nng dn cho rng Kochuripana khng h c ch
v h b cng sc ra dn chng (i khi cn t) khi t. Nu h bit
Kochuripana rt giu cht khong v l nguyn liu tt lm phn , cng nh
nhn ra u im ca phn , h s ua nhau s dng loi bo ny.
5.4.2. Nhc im
Cn nhiu cht hu c
Cn c
C ba tun o h phn mt ln
65
5.5.1. u im
Kim tra s xi mn t
Chn gi
Sn xut cht hu c
Sn xut c kh
Vic thiu ht nguyn liu khu vc nng thn Bangladesh rt nghim trng.
Ngi dn nng thn s dng hu ht cc cht hu c c sn (phn b, phn cy
tha v.v) lm cht t, ng ngha vi vic h khng s dng cc cht ny lm
phn bn cho t. Cy trng c th cung cp cnh lm cht t gii quyt vn
v nhin liu. Nu trng cy in thanh 365 cch nhau 2 feet dc ng ranh gii,
trong mt nm, lng nhin liu t cy s c cung cp cho mt gia nh. Ch
cn 700 feet (210 m) din tch ranh gii cn cho vic ny, cng chnh l ng
ranh gii ti thiu cho 2/3 acre (2/3 acre = 0.27 ha).
Tng s a dng
5.5.2. Nhc im
Bng rm
Bng rm l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh khin nng dn khng mun lm
cng vic ny. Tuy nhin c th khc phc bng cch trng cy a ti v s dng
cy c th ct ta vi ln mt nm.
Quy trnh di hn
67
5.5.3. Cy trng a mc ch
Hu ht nng dn khng mun trng cy g trong trang tri v h cho rng loi cy
ny to ra bng rm khin cc cy trng khc khng pht trin c. Rt cn thit
khuyn nh nng dn trng cy a mc ch khu vc ranh gii. Loi cy ny
thng khng cao v c th ct ta vi ln mt nm. Hu ht l cy h u sinh
trng nhanh, c tt c cc u im k trn.
cui sch l hng lot bng danh mc tham kho v cc loi cy khc nhau (cy
a mc ch, cy g, cy bng mt v hoa qu).
Masanobu Fukuoka
68
CHNG 6
H THNG CANH TC
c canh v canh tc lin tc l h thng canh tc thng thy trong thc hnh
nng nghip hin ti. Theo ngha sinh thi, chng hon ton phn t nhin. H
qu l, h thng canh tc ny gy nn nhiu vn kh khn nh thiu cht dinh
dng, dch bnh. Nhng vn rt nghim trng. gii quyt kh khn,
chng ta cn mt h thng canh tc thay th.
6.1.1. c canh
Ngy nay con ngi c xu hng s dng phng php c canh trong nng
nghip. l trng ch mt hoc mt s t loi cy trng em li gi tr. Nng dn
ngy xa trnh c canh bi h nhn ra rng nh vy s gy nn dch bnh v
ri ro ln. Do cc loi thuc v phn bn ha hc hin nay c tc dng tc th,
ngi ta cng c l do s dng phng php c canh. Hn na, ging mi HYV
cng lm m rng c canh trong trng la.
Cc kh khn chnh l :
69
Dch bnh
Ngi ta a v nng thn loi ging HYV v con lai (F1). Do c cc loi ging
ny, nng dn ngng s dng cc loi ging a phng c ngha quan trng
trong vic duy tr s a dng cng nh l mt ti nguyn di truyn trong tng lai.
(Chng 8.1)
Ri ro kinh t cao
70
ng nm ngoi, nm nay ng ta li tip tc trng bp ci vo v ng trn cng
mt mnh t. Cc kh khn gp phi l:
S lng vi sinh vt
Vi khun (B) 1,8 x 106 (1,8 +- 107) 6,8 x 105 (1,9 x 107)
71
T l B/F 85,7 (40,9) 523 (21111)
1) a canh
2) Lun canh
3) Canh tc hn hp
tin hnh mt h thng canh tc thay th, ngi nng dn cn hiu v cch phn
loi cy. Tt c cy trng c phn loi theo thc vt hc, tuy nhin thng kh
gii thch cho nng dn hiu v cch phn loi theo h . C l ta nn phn loi
cy trng theo hnh b ngoi v hnh dng ca thc vt.
72
lang, c t, c ci, gng v.v
Cy n qu
Cy rau n qu nh c, c chua, mp, bu nm, da chut v.v
6.3. a canh
H thng canh tc ny lin quan n vic trng cy nhiu loi (nhiu loi cy khc
nhau) v nhiu ging (v d cc ging la khc nhau) nhiu nht c th trn t
trang tri. iu ny gip gim thiu dch bnh v nguy c mt ma. thc hin
a canh, cn chia trang tri thnh nhiu mnh t v nh s tng mnh. Mt mnh
t di 1 bigha (1/3 acre) s ph hp vi kch c nng tri trung bnh
Bangladesh v p ng cc yu cu sinh thi.
1) Cy h u
2) Cy ly r
3) Cy n l
4) Cy n qu
5) Cy ng cc
73
Cy ng cc c mc hp th cht dinh dng cao nht trong khi cy h u thp
nht. Ngoi ra, cy h u cung cp nito (N) cho t. V th mu cht duy tr
s mu m cho t l a cy h u vo lun canh.
1) Cy ng cc
2) Cy ly r
3) Cy h u
4) Cy n l
5) Cy n qu
6.5. Canh tc kt hp
H canh tc kt hp l s bin th ca canh tc nhiu loi v lin quan n vic
trng nhiu loi cy khc nhau trn cng mt mnh t. V d, nhiu nc trng
ng kt hp vi u nh mt phng thc canh tc a phng. Ng (loi ng
cc) cao, r n su v tiu th cht dinh dng cao trong khi cy u thp, r
nng v tiu th cht dinh dng t, trong khi cn cung cp cht m cho t.
Khng c mu thun no gia hai cy ny v cy ng c th hp th m t cy
u. Tng sn lng ca ng v u khi trng cng nhau cao hn khi trng
ring tng loi. Cng c nhiu cch kt hp tng t nh ny.
74
u im ca trng cy tng hp l gip gim su bnh, tn dng tt hn t ai,
nh nng mt tri v lng ma.
su ca r
Cy ui cn trng
Tnh a bng rm
75
Mt s loi cy c th sinh trng tt trong bng rm. Nhng cy nh vy c
gi l cy a bng. Trng cy a bng di cy g hoc cy cao lm tng kh nng
s dng t. Chng hn nh trng da di cy mt, trng gng di cy xoi.
Cy chnh Cy ng hnh
Xp l Khoai ty
Ma Du lng, lc, u c
C Du, t, khoai ty
u n Ng
Lc Ng, ma
76
CHNG 7
77
7.1. Dch bnh l g v c nhng vn no?
Con ngi cho rng dch bnh (cn trng v dch bnh tn cng cy trng) gy hi
hon ton. Vy kin ny c tht s ng hay khng ? C v ng nu nhn t
quan im li ch ca loi ngi. Tuy nhin t gc sinh thi, iu ny hon ton
sai. Mi th trong mt h sinh thi u tng tc v tt c cc yu t u cn thit
duy tr s cn bng sinh thi trong mi trng t nhin.
78
loi b cc nhn t lm xo trn (nh canh tc lin tc, s dng ha hc trong nng
nghip v.v) v to nn mt h sinh thi t cn bng.
7.2.1. Cn trng
c im ca cn trng l chng c vng i ngn v sinh n mt s lng rt
nhiu trng cng mt lc. c trng gip chng c kh nng khng li thuc
dit cn trng rt tt. V th nng dn buc phi dng mt lng thuc tr su
nhiu hn hoc nhng loi thuc mnh hn phng chng su bnh. Tuy nhin
th h cn trng tip li c kh nng khng thuc. Nhn t th hai l s bin mt
ca cc loi thin ch t nhin n cn trng (nh nhn, ch, chim v.v). Nhng
loi thin ch t nhin ny c s lng t hn v c vng i thp hn nn chng
khng sinh si ny n nhanh nh cn trng. Chng cng khng th c kh nng
khng li thuc tr su nh cn trng, kt qu l chng b git v bin mt. Do
to nn mt h sinh thi mt cn bng m ch c cn trng pht trin mnh.
79
ca con ngi. i tng b nh hng u tin l nhng ngi nng dn, tip n
l nhng ai n phi sn phm b nhim cht c ha hc .
Tnh a dng ng vai tr quan trng nht trong vic xy dng h sinh thi nng
nghip cn bng. Vic loi b cc nhn t gy xo trn cng vy. Bao gm cc
phng php sau :
To ra mt h sinh thi t cn i
Thc t, nguyn nhn pht sinh dch bnh rt a dng v khng h n gin.
Khi i mt vi dch bnh, chng ta nn xem xt li phng php s dng
khi mi trng cy v tm ra li sai u. Cn trng v dch bnh ch l ch th
ch khng phi l vn .
Tr vt l
1) Tro (bt)
2) L v ht xoan
3) L cy thuc l
4) Ht ay (dng bt)
5) t
6) t mc trong t m
7) Cc loi l khc thch ng vi tng a phng
7.4. C di
Thi ca con ngi i vi c di cng khng khc g i vi ci gi l cn
trng c hi. Nng dn lun coi c di l k th. H thng c gng lm sch c
hay canh tc bng cch dit c khng cn cy no tn ti. iu ny c coi
l mt vic lm tt. Nhng i vi t nhin hay con ngi, iu c tt p
tht khng ?
83
chng cho s tht bi ca con ngi trong vic lm ch t ai v chng mc
phong ph nhng ni chng ta l, gip chng ta nhn ra sai lm ca mnh
v cch khc phc ca t nhin. T cu chuyn c di, ta c th nhn ra mt
thng ip t nhng bi hc t nhin dy cho chng ta. Nu chng ta chu lng
nghe, chng ta c th nhn ra nhng nng lc kh tt ca thin nhin trong vic
gip chng ta khc phc sai lm, v i khi chng nh ch giu loi ngi
vy
Ehrenfried E. Pfeiffer (C di v nhng iu ta cha bit)
7.4.1. Bn cht ca c di
Nhn t chng xi mn t
Nhn t cu tr ca t nhin
84
Ch th v ph nhiu ca t
7.4.2. Gi v v qun l c di
K thut c bn qun l cy c di l ph t c di khng mc c.
Di y l mt vi phng php chng ti th v em li kt qu tt.
Ph t vi t cy xi
Phn xanh
Trng gi v l vic gieo ht cho v ma sau trc khi thu hoch v ma ang
canh tc. Nhng cy trng gi v thng thy Bangladesh l cy la Aman v
u xanh Khesari. Ht u xanh Khesari c gieo mt tun trc khi thu
hoch la Aman. Do , khng c thi gian cho c di pht trin.
86
87
CHNG 8
T SN XUT HT GING
Vic t sn xut ht ging thng cha c nhn mnh nhiu, nhng l mt
vic cc k quan trng v cn thit cho nhng ai thc hin nng nghip sinh thi.
Hu ht nng dn c kinh nghim cho vic mua phi ht ging cht lng thp
hoc khng ng loi qua tay cc nh bun ht ging. V d, h mua ht ci bp,
nhng sau khi cy mc th mi bit rng l ht mi tc. Nng dn cng tht thit
khi mua ht km cht lng ny mm km, loi cy nng sut thp, ht b
nhim bnh, ht c v.v.. Cc vn khng cn l ring bit m rt ph bin v
nghim trng i vi nng dn Bng la t. Nu mt nng dn no l mt dp
gieo ht do mua phi ht xu hoc mua sai ht, th vic khng th khng gy
mt ma.
88
Tnh thch ng thp
Gi thnh cao
Cung cp khng n nh
Khng ch c vy, cc ging a phng cn rt quan trng cho tng lai. [Ghi
ch: Nhiu nh khoa hc ca nhng nc cng nghip ha v ca cc cng ty
a quc gia c ln hiu rt r tim nng ca cc ging a phng v mt ti
nguyn v h bt u thu nhp mt c s di truyn (ging a phng) rng ri
t cc nc nhit i l nhng vng c ti nguyn v c s di truyn rt phong
ph].
90
iu ny c bo m do ngi s dng ht (nng dn) t thu hi v bo qun
ht nn h hiu r mi vn c lin quan ti chng (ging g, thu hi v bo
qun theo phng php no)
Hu nh khng t
Lun sn c
Bo tn di truyn
Giai on 1: Chn cy v nh du
91
1. Cy khe mnh (khng b dch bnh ph hoi, v tr ph hp)
3. C v thm ngon
Cc bc :
2. Phi kh ht ging ng mc .
Giai on 4: Lm sch v x l
Vt t x l c th ng l:
1. Tro kh
92
2. L xoan kh
4. Vt liu khc
Giai on 5: Bo qun, ct tr
1. S liu h s
4. Ngy thu hi
5. Ni thu hi
6. Tn ngi thu hi
THAM KHO
Cy a mc ch thng gp Bangladesh
5 Monringa Thng 5 8
7 Vng n - Thng 3 9 Ct gc
94
14* Calian Thng 4-6 Thng 5-8
Cy ly g thng gp Bangladesh
95
13 Cy bakul Thng 5-6 Thng 6-8 25 50
96
Cy a bng thng gp Bangladesh
Thng 3-5
Thng 6-7
Thng 9-11
97
Cy n qu thng gp Bangladesh
Thng 9-11
98
15 Lu Thng 3-7 Thng 5-8 15 10 2
99
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO
Sch c bn
Masanobu Fukuoka s
Mt cuc cch mng rm (The One Straw Revolution)
Tp ch Rodale, 1978.
Masanobu Fukuoka
Cch canh tc t nhin (The natural way of farming)
Nh xut bn Nht Bn, 1985.
Bill Mollison
Vn rng sinh thi mt v hai (Permaculture One and Permaculture two)
Nh xut bn Tagari, 1978 v 1979.
Bill Mollison
Vn rng sinh thi hng dn ca nh thit k
Nh xut bn Tagari, 1988.
J.I. Rodale
Rc hu ch (Pay Dirt)
Tp ch Rodale, 1945.
100
Sir Albert Howard
t v sc khe (The soil and Health)
Shocken Books, 1956.
Sch hu ch khc
Anna Carr
Lng ging tt: trng cy ng hnh cho ngi lm vn (Good neighbours:
Companion Planting for gardenrers)
World Neighbours, 1985.
Miguel A. Altieri
Sinh thi nng nghip: C s khoa hc ca nng nghip thay th)
Nh xut bn IT, 1984.
Gaby Stoll
Bo v cy trng t nhin vng n nhit i (Natural Crop protection in the
tropics)
Nh xut bn Margraf, 1988.
Vandana Shiva
Vn cn sng: ph n, sinh thi v sinh tn ti n (Staying alive: Women,
Ecology and Survival in India)
Kali for Women, 1988.
J. Russel Smith]
Trng cy: mt nn nng nghip lu di (Tree crops: A permanent Agriculture)
Devube Adaur, 1977.
101
Ehrenfried E. Pfeiffer
C di v nhng iu ta cha bit (Weeds and what they tell)
Rodale Press, 1970.
John Jeavons
Cch trng thm rau (How to grow more vegetables)
Ecology Action, 1982.
Tatuo Kina
Sinh thi v t nhin (Ecology and the nature)
Kawaide Shobou, 1971.
Susan George
Na kia cht nh th no (How the other half dies)
Penguin Books, 1976.
Carter v Dale
102
t mt v vn minh (topsoil and civilization)
Tp ch i hc Oklahoma, 1955.
Wes Jackson
R mi t nng nghip (New roots from agriculture)
Tp ch i hc Nebraska, 1980.
Wolf. D. Storl
Vn ha v ngh lm vn: mt trit l lm vn
(Culture and Horticulture: A philosophy of gardening)
Bio Dynamic Literature, 1979.
103