7.3.

PHNG TRNH VI PHN TUYN TNH CP 1

7.3.1. Tng quan
K hiu
F l khng gian vect nh chun trn trng s K (K=R hoc C).
L(F) l khng gian nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t F vo F.
I R l khong trong R.
A: I L(F) l nh x lin tc (theo chun ||| . ||| trn L(F))
B: I F l nh x lin tc.
7.3.1.1. nh ngha
* Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 c dng
(E) y(t) = A(t)[y(t)] + B(t)
trong y:J F, J I, l nh x kh vi trn khong J.
* Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh thun nht tng ng c dng
(E0) y(t) = A(t)[y(t)]
* Trng hp F = Kn : Phng trnh vi phn (E) qui v H Phng
trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1:
y1 ' t a11 (t ) . . . a1n (t ) y1 t b1 t

. . . . . . . .
. . .
. . . . .

. . . . . . . .
'
y n t a n1 (t ) . . . a nn (t ) y n t bn t
trong aij v bi l cc hm lin tc.
Nu aij l cc hng s th ta c H Phng trnh vi phn tuyn
tnh cp 1 h s hng.

7.3.1.2. S tn ti nghim
* nh l Cauchy-Lipschitz
Cho (t0 , y0) (I, F). Bi ton Cauchy
(C) y(t) = A(t)[y(t)] + B(t)
y(t0) = y0
c nghim duy nht trn I.

7.3.1.3. Cu trc nghim

K hiu
S0 l tp nghim ca Phng trnh vi phn thun nht (E0)
S l tp nghim ca Phng trnh vi phn khng thun nht (E)

* Mnh 1. Vi mi u I, nh x

1
 u : S F; y | y(u)
l song nh.
Chng minh. Suy ra t nh l Cauchy-Lipschitz

* Mnh 2.
(i) S0 l khng gian vect tuyn tnh cng s chiu vi F v vi
mi u I, nh x
u : S0 F; y | y(u)
l song nh tuyn tnh.
(ii) S l khng gian affine c hng S0 :
S = y + S0 vi mi y S
v vi mi u I, nh x
u : S F; y | y(u)
l song nh affine.
Chng minh
(i) D thy rng S0 l khng gian vecto, v nh x u l song
nh tuyn tnh. V vy dim(S0) = dim(F).
(ii) D dng chng minh
S = y + S0 vi mi y S

K hiu n = dim(F) = dim(S0)

* nh l
(i) Cho (y1, , yn) l n nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng
trnh (E0). Khi nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (E0) c dng
n

S0 = i yi i K , i 1,..., n
i 1
(ii) Cho (y1, , yn) l n nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng
trnh (E0) v y0 l nghim ring ca (E). Khi nghim tng qut ca
phng trnh (E) c dng
n

S = y0 i yi i K , i 1,..., n
i 1

2
7.3.2. Gii h phng trnh vi phn
7.3.2.1. Phng php kh
Trong nhiu trng hp ta c th a vic gii h phng trnh vi
phn cp 1 v vic gii phng trnh vi phn cp cao bng cch ly o
hm cc phng trnh vi phn, gi li mt hm v kh cc hm khc.
V d
(i) Gii h
x = 5x y (1)
y = x + 3y (2)
Ly o hm phng trnh th nht ta c
x = 5x y (3)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
y + 3x = 16x (4)
Th y t (4) vo (3) ta c
x = 5x (16x 3x)
x 8x + 16x = 0 (5)
2
Phng trnh c trng tng ng k 8k + 16 = 0 c nghim
kp l 4. Vy nghim tng qut ca (5) l
x(t) = e4t (C1 + C2 t) (6)
Suy ra
x(t) = C2e4t + 4(C1 + C2t) e4t
(1) y(t) = 5x x = 5(C1 + C2t) e4t C2e4t 4(C1 + C2t) e4t
= (C2t + C1 C2 ) e4t
Vy nghim tng qut l
x(t) = e4t (C1 + C2 t)
y(t) = e4t (C2t + C1 C2)
hay
x(t ) e 4t te4t
= C1 4t + C2
4t
y (t ) e (t 1)e
(t R, C1, C2 R).
(ii) Gii h
tx y
x' (1)
1 t2
x ty
y' (2)
1 t2
Ly phng trnh (1) nhn t ri cng (2) ta c
t.x + y = x
y = x t.x (3)
Ly o hm phng trnh (1) v s dng (3) ta c

3
 ( x tx' y ' )(1 t 2 ) 2(tx y )t 2tx' (1 t 2 ) 2tx' (1 t 2 )
x" 0 (4)
(1 t 2 ) 2 (1 t 2 ) 2
Ly o hm phng trnh (3) v s dng (4) ta c
y = x (x + t.x) = 0 (5)
Suy ra x v y c dng
x = A.t + B; y = C.t + D
Th vo phng trnh (1) ta c
t ( At B) (Ct D) A D 0
A
1 t B C 0
2

Chn A = 1, B = 0 (C=0, D= 1) v A = 0, B = 1 (C=1, D=0)

ta c hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh:
Y1(t) = (t, 1) v Y2(t) = (1, t)
Suy ra nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l
t 1 C t C2
Y(t,C1, C2) = C1Y1(t)+C2Y2(t) = C1 + C2 = 1 , C1, C2R
1 t C2t C1
hoc
x(t) = C1t + C2
y(t) = C2t C1
(t R, C1, C2 R).

7.3.2.2. Phng php tm nghim c lp tuyn tnh vi nghim cho

trc
K hiu n = dim(F) = dim(S0).
nh l: Cho p {1, , n1}. Gi thit y1, y2, , yp l cc nghim
c lp tuyn tnh trn khong I ca (E0) v ep+1, , en l cc vecto
c lp tuyn tnh trong F tho
t I, (y1(t), y2(t), . . . , yp(t), ep+1, . . . , en ) l c s ca F.
Khi tn ti nghim y ca (E0) trn I c lp vi y1(t), y2(t), .
. . , yp(t) v c dng
p n
y i yi e i i
i 1 i p 1

trong 1 , . . . , n l cc hm kh vi t I vo K.

V d. Gii h
(1) x(t) = x(t).tan(t) + y(t)
y(t) = x(t) + y(t).tan(t)

vi (x; y) : ; R2.
2 2
Ta c Y1 = (1, tan(t)) l nghim ring v vecto (0 ; 1) tho

4
 1 0
= 1 0, t ;
tan t 1 2 2
tc chng c lp tuyn tnh vi mi t. Theo nh l, ta tm nghim
ring th 2 c lp tuyn tnh vi Y1 dng
(x(t),y(t)) = (t)(1, tan(t)) + (t)(0 ; 1)
tc l
x(t) = (t)
y(t) = (t).tan(t) + (t)
Th vo h (1) ta c
(t) = (t).tan(t) + (t).tan(t) + (t)
(t).tan(t) + (t)/cos2(t) +(t) = (t) + ((t).tan(t) + (t)).tan(t)
(t) = (t)
(t) = 0
H sau c nghim ring (t) = 1 v (t) = t
Nh vy nghim ring th hai l Y2(t) = (t , 1 + t.tan(t))
Cui cng ta c nghim tng qut l
(x, y) = C1.Y1(t) + C2.Y2(t)
= C1(1, tan(t)) + C2.( t, 1 + t.tan(t))
= (C1 + C2.t, C1.tan(t) + C2 + C2.t.tan(t))
vi C1, C2 R, hoc
x(t) = C1 + C2.t
y(t) = C1.tan(t) + C2 + C2.t.tan(t)

(t ; , C1, C2 R).
2 2

7.3.2.3. Phng php bin thin hng tm nghim phng trnh

khng thun nht
nh l. Gi thit y1, , yn l c s ca khng gian nghim ca h
(E0). Khi tn ti nghim ring y ca h (E) dng
n
y i y i
i 1

trong 1 , . . . , n l cc hm kh vi t I vo K.

V d. Gii h
(t2 + 1).x(t) = t.x y + 2.t
(t2 + 1).y(t) = x + t.y 1
Phng trnh thun nht tng ng c hai nghim c lp
1 t
Y1 (t ) v Y2 (t )
t 1

5
 Ta tm nghim ring ca h khng thun nht di dng
(t ) t.2 (t )
Y0 (t ) 1 (t ).Y1 (t ) 2 (t ).Y2 (t ) 1
t1 (t ) 2 (t )
Th vo h phng trnh ta c
2
(t + 1).[1(t) + 2(t) + t.2(t)] = t.[1(t) + t.2(t) ] [t.1(t) 2(t)] + 2t
(t2 + 1).[t.1(t) + 1(t) 2(t)] = [1(t) + t.2(t) ] + t.[t.1(t) 2(t)] 1
(t2 + 1)(1(t) + t.2(t)) = 2.t
(t2 + 1)(t.1(t) 2(t)) = 1
t
1(t) =
t 2
1 2

2.t 2 1
2(t) =
t 2
1 2

T ta chn
t 1
1 (t ) dt
t 2
1 2

2 t 2 1
2.t 2 1 3 t
2 (t ) dt arctan t 2
v
t 2 1 2 2
2 t 1
v nhn c nghim ring ca h khng thun nht l
1 3
t. arctan t
Y0 (t ) 2 2
3 arctan t
2
Cui cng ta nhn c nghim tng qut:
1 3
t. arctan t C1 C2t
Y(t) = Y0(t) + C1Y1(t) + C2Y2(t) = 2 2
3 arctan t C t C

1 2
2
(t R, C1, C2 R).

6
7.3.3. H phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng
Xt h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng
(E) X(t) = A.X(t) + B(t)
trong A l ma trn vung cp n,
B = (b1 , . . . , bn) : I Kn , X = (x1 , . . . , xn) : I Kn .
Phng trnh thun nht tng ng l
(E0) X(t) = A.X(t)

Cch gii chung l tm nghim tng qut X(t, C) ca (E0) . Sau

tm nghim ring X0(t) ca (E) bng phng php bin thin hng. Cui
cng ta c nghim tng qut ca (E) l
X0(t) + X(t, C), t I, C Kn

* Phng php tm nghim phng trnh thun nht (E0):

(i) Gii phng trnh c trng ca ma trn A
| A .En | = 0
trong En l ma trn n v cp n.
Gi s phng trnh c trng c cc nghim 1 bi m1, , s
bi ms, m1 + . + ms = n.
Khi nghim tng qut ca (E0) c dng
x1 (t ) p11 (t ).e 1t ... p1s (t ).e st

........................................

(S0) ........................................
........................................

x n (t ) p n1 (t ).e 1t ... p ns (t ).e st
trong pik(t) l a thc bc mk 1 (i=1, , n ; k =1, ., s). Cc h
s ca a thc ph thuc n hng C1, , Cn. Th nghim trn vo h
(E0) (n1 phng trnh) ta c th tm cc hng C1, , Cn bng phng
php h s bt nh.
V d 1: Gii h
x = 7x + 3y
y = 6x + 4y
Phng trnh c trng
7 3
| A .E2 | = 0 2 11 10 0
6 4
c nghim 1=1 v 2=10.
Suy ra nghim c dng
x(t) = A.et + B.e10t
y(t) = C.et + D.e10t

7
Th vo phng trnh th nht ta c
A.et + 10.B.e10t = 7(A.et + B.e10t) + 3(C.et + D.e10t)
6A + 3C = 0
3B 3D = 0
t A = C1, B = C2 ta suy ra C = 2C1, D = C2. Cui cng ta
nhn c nghim tng qut
x(t) = C1.et + C2.e10t
y(t) = 2C1.et + C2.e10t
(t R, C1, C2 R).

V d 2: Gii h
x = 5x y
y = x + 3y
Phng trnh c trng
5 1
| A .I | = 0 2 8 16 0
1 3
c nghim kp = 4.
Suy ra nghim c dng
x(t) = (At + B).e4t
y(t) = (Ct + D).e4t
Ly o hm ri th vo phng trnh th nht ta c
[A + 4(At + B)].e4t = [5(At + B) (Ct + D)].e4t
A + 4(At + B) = 5(At + B) (Ct + D)
A C = 0
A = B D
t A = C1 , B = C2 ta c C = C1 v D = C2 C1.
Suy ra nghim tng qut ca h l
x(t) = (C1.t + C2).e4t
y(t) = (C1.t + C2 C1).e4t
(t R, C1, C2 R).

V d 3: Gii h
x = x z
y = x
z = x y
a thc c trng
1 0 1
1 0 (1 ).(1 2 )
1 1

8
c nghim 1 = 1, 2 = i , 3 = i.
Suy ra nghim c dng
x(t) = A.et + B.eit + C.eit
y(t) = D.et + E.eit + F.eit
z(t) = G.et + H.eit + K.eit
Ly o hm ri th vo phng trnh th nht, th hai ta c
A.e + i B.eit i C.eit = A.et + B.eit + C.eit (G.et + H.eit + K.eit)
t

D.et + i E.eit i F.eit = A.et + B.eit + C.eit

0 = G ; iB = B H ; iC = C K
D = A ; iE = B ; iF = C
t A = C1 , B = C2 , C = C3 ta c
D = C1 , E = iC2 , F = iC3
G = 0 , H = (1 i) C2 , K = (1 + i) C3
Suy ra nghim tng qut phc ca h l
x(t) = C1.et + C2.eit + C3.eit
y(t) = C1.et i.C2.eit + i.C3.eit
z(t) = (1i)C2.eit + (1+i)C3.eit
(C1 , C2 , C3 C ).
c nghim tng qut thc ta ly C1 thc, C2 v C3 phc lin
hp C2 = a + ib, C3 = a ib (a, b thc) v s dng cng thc Euler
eit = cost + i.sint ; eit = cost i.sint
Suy ra
x(t) = C1et + 2a.cost 2b.sint
y(t) = C1et + 2a.sint + 2b.cost
z(t) = 2a(cost + sint) + 2b(cost sint)
t 2a = C2 , 2b = C3 l cc hng thc ta c
x(t) = C1et + C2.cost C3.sint
t
y(t) = C1e + C2.sint + C3.cost
z(t) = C2.(cost + sint) + C3.(cost sint)

9
7.4. PHNG TRNH VI PHN TUYN TNH V
HNG CP 2
7.4.1. Tng qut
Cho I l khong trong R, a, b, g: IK l cc nh x lin tc. Xt
cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 2
(E) x(t) + a(t).x(t) + b(t).x(t) = g(t)
(E0) x(t) + a(t).x(t) + b(t).x(t) = 0
theo hm cha bit x: IK kh vi 2 ln. (E0) gi l phng trnh thun
nht v (E) gi l phng trnh khng thun nht nu g 0.
K hiu S, S0 l tp nghim ca (E), (E0).

nh l (CauchyLipschitz).
Vi mi (t0, x0, x1) I K K, tn ti duy nht nghim x(t) ca
(E) tho x(t0) = x0 v x(t0) = x1.
Chng minh
a (E) v h phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1 tng ng
(E) x(t) = y(t)
y(t) = b(t).x(t) a(t).y(t) + g(t)
v p dng nh l CauchyLipschitz vi h (E).

Mnh
(i) S0 l khng gian vect 2 chiu v vi mi t0 I, nh x
x | (x(t0), x(t0)) t S0 vo K2
l song nh tuyn tnh.
(ii) S l khng gian affine 2 chiu c hng S0 v vi mi t0 I, nh
x
x | (x(t0), x(t0)) t S vo K2
l song nh affine.
Chng minh
Suy ra t mnh tng t i vi h tng ng (E).

nh l (biu din nghim).

(i) Nu x1(t) v x2(t) l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca (E0), th
S0 = { C1.x1(t) + C2.x2(t) | C1 , C2 K }
(ii) Nu x1(t) v x2(t) l hai nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca (E0) v x0
l nghim ring ca (E), th
S = { x0(t) + C1.x1(t) + C2.x2(t) | C1 , C2 K }

10
 nh ngha. Cho u, v : IK l cc nh x kh vi trn I. nh x
Wu,v:IK nh ngha nh sau
u (t ) v(t )
tI, Wu,v(t) = u (t ).v' (t ) u ' (t ).v(t )
u ' (t ) v' (t )
gi l nh x Wronski ca cp (u, v).

Mnh . Cho u, v l hai nghim ca (E0) trn I. Khi

(i) Wu,v kh vi trn I v
Wu,v (t) + a(t).Wu,v(t) = 0 t I
(ii) u, v c lp tuyn tnh Wu,v(t) 0 t I.

11
7.4.2. Gii phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 2 thun nht (E0)
7.4.2.1. Dng h s a thc
Gi s phng trnh (E0) c th a v dng
A(t).x(t) + B(t).x(t) + C(t).x(t) = 0
trong A(t), B(t) v C(t) l cc a thc.
Khi ta c th tm mt nghim ring ca (E0) dng a thc, c
bc khng vt qu bc ca A, B, C.

V d: Gii phng trnh vi phn

2t 2
x" x' x0
1 t 2
1 t2
Phng trnh trn c th a v dng
(1+t2).x 2.t.x + 2.x = 0
Ta tm nghim ring x(t) dng
x(t) = antn + an1tn1 + . . . + a1t + a0, an 0, an1, ..., a0 K
Th vo phng trnh ta suy ra iu kin ca h s ca tn l
(n(n1) 2n + 2)an = (n2 3n + 2) an = 0
n = 1 hoc 2
Nh vy x(t) c dng
x(t) = a.t2 + b.t + c
Th vo phng trnh ta c
(1+t2).x 2t.x + 2x = 0 t R
2a(1+t2) 2t(2at + b) + 2(at2 + bt + c) = 0 t R
c = a
Chn a = 0, b = 1 v a = 1, b = 0 ta c cc nghim ring c lp
tuyn tnh
x1(t) = t v x2(t) = t2 1
Suy ra nghim tng qut l
x(t) = C1t + C2.(t2 1) , C1, C2 R

7.4.2.2. Phng php Lagrange

Gi s bit nghim ring x1 0 ca (E0) trn I. Khi
(x1,x1) l nghim ca h
(E0) x(t) = y(t)
y(t) = b(t).x(t) a(t).y(t)
V
x1 (t ) 0
x1 (t ) 0, t I
x1 ' (t ) 1
ta tm nghim ring th 2 ca (E0) dng

12
 (x2, y2) = .(x1, x1) + .(0, 1) = (.x1 , .x1 + )
Suy ra x2 = .x1 , : I K l hm cha bit cn tm.
Th vo phng trnh (E0) ta c
x2 + a.x2 + b.x2 = .x1 + .(2.x1 + a.x1)
Nh vy x2 l nghim ca (E0) khi v ch khi l nghim ca
phng trnh
x1. + (2.x1 + a.x1). = 0
t = ta a v phng trnh cp 1 bin phn ly.

V d : Gii phng trnh

(t2 + 1).x 2.x = 0, x : RR
p dng phng php h s a thc ta nhn c 1 nghim ring
x1(t) = 1 + t2 , t R
t x2(t) = (t).(1 + t2) ta c
x2(t) = 2(t).t + (t).(1 + t2)
x2(t) = 2(t) + 4(t).t + (t).(1 + t2)
Th vo phng trnh vi phn ta nhn c
(1 + t2).(t) + 4t.(t) = 0
4t 1
ln((t)) = dt ln
1 t 2

1 t2 2

1
(t) =
1 t
2 2

dt 1 t
(t) = 1 t 2 2
Arc tan t
2

1 t2
1 t2 t
x2(t) = Arc tan t
2 2
Nghim tng qut
x(t) = C1(1 + t2) + C2((1 + t2) Arctant + t) , C1, C2 R

13
7.4.3. Phng php bin thin hng
Xt phng trnh vi phn (E) v phng trnh thun nht (E0)
(E) x(t) + a(t).x(t) + b(t).x(t) = g(t)
(E0) x(t) + a(t).x(t) + b(t).x(t) = 0
Phng trnh (E) tng ng h phng trnh tuyn tnh cp 1
(E) x(t) = y(t)
y(t) = b(t).x(t) a(t).y(t) + g(t)
v (E0) tng ng h
(E0) x(t) = y(t)
y(t) = b(t).x(t) a(t).y(t)
Gi s x1, x2 l cc nghim c lp ca (E0). Khi (x1, x1) v
(x2,x2) l nghim c lp ca (E0) . Ta tm nghim ring (x, y) ca
(E) dng
x x x C x C2 x2
C1 1 C 2 2 1 1
y x1 ' x2 ' C1 x1 'C 2 x2 '
vi C1, C2 : I K. T y = x suy ra C1x1 + C2.x2 = 0. Th vo (E)
ta c h
(C12) C1.x1 + C2.x2 = 0
C1.x1 + C2.x2 = g
Vy nghim ring ca (E) c dng
x(t) = C1.x1 + C2.x2
vi C1 v C2 tho h (C12).

V d: Gii phng trnh

x + 2.x = g(t), > 0, g: IK lin tc.
Ta c x1(t) = cost v x2(t) = sint l nghim c s ca phng trnh
thun nht tng ng
x + 2.x = 0
Ta tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht dng
x(t) = C1.x1 + C2.x2
vi C1 v C2 tho h (C12).
T
C1.cost + C2.sint = 0
C1.(.sint) + C2..cost = g(t)
suy ra
C1(t) = (1/).g(t).sint
C2(t) = (1/).g(t).cost
Chn t0 I, ta ly

14
 t
1
t
C1(t) = g (u ) sin .udu
0

t
1
t
C2(t) = g (u ) cos .udu
0

Nh vy mt nghim ring ca (E) c dng

t t
1 1
t t
x0(t) = g (u ) sin .udu .cost + g (u ) cos .udu .sint =
0 0

t
1
t
= g (u ) sin (t u )du
0

Suy ra nghim tng qut ca phng trnh c dng

t
1
t
x(t) = g (u ) sin (t u )du + C1.cost + C2.sint , C1, C2 R
0

V d: Gii phng trnh

t 3.x"4.t.x'6.x t
2
2
3
2
,I 3;
t
V cc h s u l a thc ta c th tm cc nghim ring ca phng
trnh thun nht dng a thc v c
x1(t) = t3 + 9.t v x2(t) = t2 + 1
Ta tm nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht dng
x(t) = C1(t)(t3 + 9.t) + C2(t)(t2 + 1)
vi C1 v C2 l nghim ca h
C1(t)(t3 + 9.t) + C2(t)(t2 + 1) = 0
2
C1(t)(3.t + 9) + C2(t).2t =
t 2
3
2

t
Gii h trn ta nhn c
C1(t) = t + 1/t v C2(t) = (t2 + 9)
2
C1(t) = t /2 + lnt v C2(t) = t3/3 9.t
Nh vy nghim ring x(t) l
t2 t3

x0 (t ) ln t t 3 9t 9t t 2 1
2 3

t 3 9t ln t t 5 t 3 t 5 t 3 9.t 3 9.t
1 9 1 1
2 2 3 3

t 3 9t ln t t 5 29t 3 54t
1
6
Cui cng ta c nghim tng qut l

x(t ) t 3 9t ln t
1 5
6

t 29t 3 54t C1 t 3 9t C 2 t 2 1 ; C1 , C 2 R

15
 BI TP
7.2.2, 7.2.3, 7.3.1, 7.3.6, 7.4.1
7.3.6
a) x = y + t2
y = x t2
b) x = -2x 4y + 4t + 1
y = -x + y + (3/2)t2
c) x = x + my + at
y= -mx + y + bt
d) x = x + y + sint
y = -x + 3y
e) x = x y + e2t
y = - x + 3y + t
f) x = y + z
y = z + x
z = x + y e-t

7.3.6.g. Gii h
x = 4.x y z + t
(E) y = x + 2.y z + 2.t
z = x y + 2.z t
Gii h phng trnh thun nht.
x = 4.x y z
(E0) y = x + 2.y z
z = x y + 2.z
a thc c trng
4 1 1
1 2 1 (2 ).(3 ) 2
1 1 2
c nghim n 1 = 2 v nghim kp 2 = 3. Suy ra nghim ca h
(E0) c dng
x(t) = A1.e2t + (B1.t + C1).e3t
y(t) = A2.e2t + (B2.t + C2).e3t
z(t) = A3.e2t + (B3.t + C3).e3t
Tnh o hm ca x, y, z:
x'(t) = 2.A1.e2t + B1.e3t + 3.( B1.t + C1).e3t
= 2.A1.e2t + (3.B1.t + B1 + 3.C1).e3t
y'(t) = 2.A2.e2t + (3.B2.t + B2 + 3.C2).e3t
z'(t) = 2.A3.e2t + (3.B3.t + B3 + 3.C3).e3t

16
Th vo phng trnh th nht h (E0) ta c
2.A1 = 4.A1 A2 A3 2.A1 = A2 + A3 (1)
3.B1 = 4.B1 B2 B3 B1 = B2 + B3 (2)
B1 + 3.C1 = 4.C1 C2 C3 B1 = C1 C2 C3 (3)
Th vo phng trnh th hai h (E0) ta c
2.A2 = A1 + 2.A2 A3 A1 = A 3 (4)
3.B2 = B1 + 2.B2 B3 B2 = B1 B3 (5)
B2 + 3.C2 = C1 + 2.C2 C3 B2 = C1 C2 C3 (6)
(1) & (4) A1 = A 2 = A 3 (a)
(3) & (6) B1 = B2 (b)
(2) & (b) B3 = 0 (c)
Th vo phng trnh th ba h (E0) v ng nht h s ca e3t ta c
B3 + 3.C3 = C1 C2 + 2.C3 B3 = C1 C2 C3 (7)
(7) & (c) C1 = C2 + C3 (d)
(3) & (d) B1 = B2 = 0 (e)
t
= A 1 , = C2 , = C3
ta nhn c nghim tng qut ca (E0)
x(t) = .e2t + ( + ).e3t
y(t) = .e2t + .e3t
z(t) = .e2t + .e3t
vi , v l cc hng s thc.

Gii h phng trnh khng thun nht (E).

Ta tm nghim ring bng phng php bin thin hng. Coi ,
v l cc hm theo t. Th vo h
x = 4.x y z + t
(E) y = x + 2.y z + 2.t
z = x y + 2.z t
ta c
'.e2t + 2..e2t + (' + ').e3t + 3.( + ).e3t
= 4.( .e2t + ( + ).e3t) (.e2t + .e3t) (.e2t + .e3t) + t
<=> '.e2t + (' + ').e3t = t (i)
'.e + 2..e + '.e + 3..e3t
2t 2t 3t

= ( .e2t + ( + ).e3t) + 2.(.e2t + .e3t) (.e2t + .e3t) +2t

<=> '.e2t + '.e3t = 2.t (ii)
'.e + 2..e + '.e + 3..e3t
2t 2t 3t

17
 = ( .e2t + ( + ).e3t) (.e2t + .e3t) + 2.(.e2t + .e3t) t
<=> '.e2t + '.e3t = t (iii)
(iii) + (ii) (i) ' = 0 0
3t 3t
' = 2.t.e = (2/3).t. e (2/9).e3t
' = t. e3t = (1/3).t. e3t + (1/9). e3t

Vy ta c nghim ring ca (E) l
x0(t) = (t/3 + 1/9)
y0(t) = (2.t/3 + 2/9)
z0(t) = (t/3 + 1/9)
Cui cng ta nhn c nghim tng qut ca (E) l
x(t) = .e2t + ( + ).e3t (t/3 + 1/9)
y(t) = .e2t + .e3t (2.t/3 + 2/9)
z(t) = .e2t + .e3t + (t/3 + 1/9)
vi , v l cc hng s thc.

h) x = 3x 5y 18z +25t +45

y = -2x + 6z 4t 12
z = 2x 2y + 9z + 11t + 23
i) x = 3x + y z + 1
y = x + y + z + et
z = 2x + 2z
j) x = - 3 y + z
y = - 3 x + w
z = x + 3w
w = y + 3z

18