CHNG 3.

CHUI

Trong chng ny k hiu K l trng s thc R hoc phc C,

(E,||.||) l khng gian vect nh chun, B = (e1, ..., em) l c s ca E,
X R.

3.1. CHUI TRONG KHNG GIAN VECT NH CHUN

3.1.1. Tng quan
* Khi nim chui
nh ngha 1. Chui trong khng gian E l cp
{(un)n0, (Sn)n0 }
trong (un)n0 l dy trong E v (Sn)n0 l dy c nh ngha nh
sau
n
n 0, Sn = u
k 0
k

Chui {(un)n0, (Sn)n0} c k hiu l u

n 0
n , trong un, n 0,

gi l phn t th n, v Sn, n N, gi l tng ring th n.

Ghi ch. Nu cc phn t un ch c nh ngha vi n m , 0 < m
N, th k hiu chui u n . V hnh thc c th b sung thm cc phn
n m

t u0 = u1 = ... = um-1 = OE qui v dng chui u

n 0
n .

Chui u
n 0
n gi l chui thc, chui phc v chui s ta c tng
ng E = R, E = C v E = K.

nh ngha 2
Chui u
n 0
n trong khng gian E gi l hi t, nu dy tng ring

(Sn) hi t trong E v gii hn ca (Sn) gi l tng ca chui u

n 0
n v
k hiu l

u
n 0
n

Chui u
n 0
n trong khng gian E gi l phn k, nu n khng hi
t.
Hai chui trong khng gian E gi l cng bn cht, nu chng cng
hi t hoc cng phn k.

1
 nh l 1. Hai chui u
n n0
n v u
n m0
n (n0 < m0) cng bn cht v nu

chng hi t th
m0 1

u
n n0
n = u
n n0
n + u
n m0
n

* iu kin cn
nh l 2. Nu chui u
n n0
n hi t, th un n OE.

Chng minh
n
t Sn = uk v S =
k n0
u
n n0
n . Ta c un = Sn Sn1 n SS=OE.

nh ngha 3. Chui u
n n0
n gi l phn k th, nu (un) khng hi t

n OE.
V d

1
n
(1) Chui phn k th.
n0

(2) Xt chui u
n 1
n vi un = ln(n+1) lnn . Ta c

un = ln(n+1) lnn = ln(1 + 1/n) n 0.

Tuy nhin
n
Sn = u
k 1
k = ln(n+1) n +
u n phn k (khng th).
n 1

(3) Chui iu ho
n
1 1
Chui
n 1 n
gi l chui iu ho. K hiu H n . Vi n N ,
=
k 1 k
*

ln n
k hiu m = ([x] l phn nguyn ca x).
ln 2
ln n
Ta c m n 2m. T suy ra
ln 2
2m
n
1 1 1 1 1 1 1

k 1 k
= 1 + + + ... +...+
k 1 k 2 3 4 5 8
1 1 1 1
l 1 ... l + + m 1 ... m
2 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 + + 2. + 4. + ... + 2l1. l + + 2m1. m
2 4 8 2 2
= 1 + m/2 m +

2
 1
Vy n
n 1
phn k.

* Phn d

nh ngha 3. Cho chui un hi t trong E. Vi nN, tng
n 0
u
k n 1
k

gi l phn d th n v k hiu l Rn.

Ta c u
k 0
k = Sn + Rn, n 0

nh l 4. Cho chui un 0
n hi t. Khi , Rn n OE.

3.1.2. Cu trc i s ca tp chui hi t

nh l 1. Cho chui u
n 0
n v v
n 0
n hi t, , K. Khi

( .u
n 0
n .vn ) hi t v

( .u
n 0
n .vn ) = . u n + . vn
n 0 n 0

nh l 2. Cho E l khng gian hu hn chiu, B = {e1, ..., em} l c

s ca E, (un) l dy trong E. Vi mi n N, k hiu (un,i)1im l to
ca un trong c s B, tc l
m
un = u i 1
n ,i .ei

Khi u
n 0
n hi t khi v ch khi vi mi i {1, ..., m}, chui

u
n 0
n ,i hi t trong K v ta c


m

un =
n 0
un ,i .ei
i 1 n 0

H qu. Cho chui s phc u

n 0
n . Ta c

u
n 0
n hi t Re u
n 0
n v Imu cng hi t u
n 0
n
n 0
n hi t

nh l 3. Cho E, F l cc khng gian vect nh chun, f LC(E, F),

un l chui hi t trong E. Khi , chui f un hi t trong F v
n 0 n 0



f u
n 0
n = f un
n 0
Chng minh

3
 S dng tnh tuyn tnh (ng thc th hai) v tnh lin tc (ng
thc cui) ca f, ta c
n
n
f u n = lim f u k = lim f uk = f un
n 0
n
k 0
n
k 0 n 0

nh l 4. Cho u
n 0
n v v
n 0
n l hai chui hi t trong R tho

n 0 : un vn
Khi ,

un
n 0
v
n 0
n

4
3.2. CHUI S THC DNG
3.2.1. Cc tiu chun so snh
B . Cho chui u n trong R+. Khi u n hi t khi v ch khi
n 0 n 0
n
tn ti M R+ sao cho n 0, Sn = u
k 0
k M.

nh l 1. Cho u
n 0
n v v
n 0
n l hai chui s thc tho

n 0 : 0 un vn
Khi , nu vn hi t, th u n hi t (nu u n phn k, th
n 0 n 0 n 0

v
n 0
n phn k).

nh l 2. Cho u
n 0
n v v
n 0
n l hai chui s thc trong R+ tho

un = O (vn ) .
n

Khi , nu v
n 0
n hi t, th u
n 0
n hi t.

nh l 3. Cho u
n 0
n v v
n 0
n l hai chui s thc trong R+ tho

un ~ vn
n

Khi , v
n 0
n hi t khi v ch khi u
n 0
n hi t.

3.2.2. Chui Riemann

1
nh ngha 1. Chui nn 1
gi l chui Riemann.
1
nh l 1. Chui Riemann n
n 1
hi t khi v ch khi > 1.
Chng minh
Xt cc trng hp
(i) > 1. Vi n > 2 ta c
1 1
n
1 1 1
n
t dt
n 1
=
1 (n 1) 1
1
n
n
1 1 n
1 1 1 1 1
k
k 2

1 k 2 (k 1) 1
1 =
k
1 1
1 n 1
1
n
n 1
hi t.
1
(ii) = 1: Chui iu ho n
n 1
phn k.

5
 1 1 1
(iii) < 1:
n
> > 0, n > 1
n
n
n 1
phn k.

nh l 2. (qui tc n.un)
Cho un l chui s dng. Khi , nu tn ti > 1 sao cho
nn0

n.un n
0,

th u
nn0
n hi t.
Chng minh
n.un n
0 n1 n n1 : n.un 1

1
n n1, 0 < un
n
u
nn0
n hi t.

V d. Cho R, n0>0, kho st s hi t ca chui

1

nn0
un , un = (ln n ) , n n0.
e
Gii
Trng hp > 1: Ta c
n.un = e .ln n (ln n ) n 0, v .lnn(lnn) n

Suy ra
nn0
u n hi t.

Trng hp 1: Vi n 3, ta c
1 1
e(ln n ) elnn = n
e(ln n ) n
1
Suy ra
nn0
u n phn k, v chui phn k.
n 1 n

nh l 3. (chui Bertrand)
1
Chui n (ln n)
n 2
hi t khi v ch khi > 1 hoc =1 v > 1.
Chng minh
Trng hp > 1: t = (1+)/2 > 1. Ta c
1
n.
= n(1)/2.(lnn) n
0

n (ln n)
Suy ra chui hi t.
Trng hp < 1: Ta c
1
n.
= n1.(lnn) n
+

n (ln n)
Suy ra chui phn k.
1
Trng hp = 1: Vi > 0, hm x | n iu gim. V
x.(ln x)
vy ta c

6
 n 1 n n
1 1 1
n n0 > 2 : x.(ln x)
dx
k n 0 k .(ln k )

x.(ln x)
dx
n0 n 0 1

Ta xt cc trng hp i vi .
+ > 1: Ta c
n n ln n
1 1 1

k n 0 k .(ln k )

x.(ln x )
dx = y
dy
n 0 1 ln(n 01)
1 1
[ln( n0 1)] (ln n) [ln( n0 1)]1
=
1 1
Suy ra chui hi t (tng ring b chn).
+ = 1: Ta c
n n 1
1 1

k n 0 k .(ln k )

x.(ln x)
dx = ln(ln(n+1)) ln(ln(n0)) n
+

n0

Suy ra chui phn k.

+ < 1: Ta c
1 1

>
n.(ln n) n.(ln n)
1
Suy ra chui phn k, v phn k.
n2 n(ln n)

3.2.3. Chui hnh hc

* Chui hnh hc trong K
nh ngha 1. Chui r n gi l chui hnh hc vi mi r K.
n 0

nh l 1. Chui hnh hc r
n 0
n
hi t khi v ch khi |r| < 1 v ta c

1
r n 0
n
=
1 r
Chng minh
Nu |r| 1, th |rn| khng hi t n 0, ko theo chui phn k (th).
Nu |r| < 1, ta c
n
1 r n 1 1
1
r
k 0
k
=
1 r
n

1 r
r
n 0
n
=
1 r

* Qui tc dAlembert
Mnh . Cho hai dy s dng (un) v (n). Nu tn ti n0 N sao
cho
u
n n0 : n 1 n 1 ,
un n
th un = O ( n ) .
n

Chng minh
Truy hi ta c

7
 un 0 m un0 m u n0 m 1 u n0 1 n m n m1
= . .. 0
. .. n 1 = n m
0 0 0

un 0 un0 m1 u n0 m 2 u n0 n m 1 n m2
0
n 0
n 0 0

un0
un0 m n m , m 1.
n 0
0

Suy ra un = O ( n ) .
n

nh l 2. (Qui tc dAlembert)
un 1
Cho chui s dng u n . Gi thit dy c gii hn
n n0 un n n 0
a 0. Khi
(i) Nu a < 1, th chui u
n n0
n hi t.

(ii) Nu a > 1, th chui u

n n0
n phn k.
Chng minh
(i) Trng hp a < 1: t r = (1+a)/2. Hin nhin a < r < 1.
u n 1
Xt chui r
nn0
n
. V r < 1, nn r
nn0
n
hi t. V
un
n a < r,

nn tn ti n1 n0 tho
u n 1 r n 1
r = n n n1
un r
Theo mnh trn suy ra
un = O ( r n )
n
u
n n0
n hi t.
u n 1
(ii) Trng hp a > 1: Tn ti n1 n0 tho n n1, > 1. Suy ra
un
(un) tng v khng hi t n 0. V vy u
n n0
n phn k th.

n!
V d. Xt s hi t ca chui n
n 1
n
.
Gii
n!
t un = n 1. Ta c
nn
(n 1)! n! (n 1)!.nn
n
u n 1 n 1
= n 1
: n = n 1
= = n 1/e <1

un (n 1) n (n 1) .n! n 1 1
n

1
n
n!
Suy ra chui n hi t.
n 1 n

Ghi ch

8
 u
(1) Nu n 1 khng c gii hn, th chui u n c th hi t
un n n 0 n n0

cng nh phn k.
2 (1) n
Xt chui un , un =
n 0 2n
, n0.

un 1 2 1n 1
Dy = khng c gii hn.
un n 0 2. 2 1
n

n0
2 (1) n 2 (1) n 3 1
Chui
n0 2 n
hi t, v
2 n
n , n v chui
2
2
n 1
n

hi t.

Xt chui u
n 0
n , un = 2 + (1)n , n 0.

un 1
Dy khng c gii hn.
un n 0
Chui u
n 0
n phn k th, v (un) khng hi t.

u n 1
(2) Nu
un
n 1, th chui
u
n n0
n c th hi t cng nh phn

k.
1
Xt chui u
n 0
n , un =
n
, n 1.
u n 1 n
Dy = 1 v u n phn k.
un n 1 n n 0

1
Xt chui u n , un = 2 , n 1.
n 0 n
u n 1 n2
Dy
un
= 1 v
n 12 n u
n 0
n hi t.

* Qui tc Cauchy
nh l 3. (Qui tc Cauchy)
Cho chui s dng un . Gi thit dy u
n
n n n0 c gii hn
n n0

a 0. Khi
(i) Nu a < 1, th chui u
n n0
n hi t.

(ii) Nu a > 1, th chui u

n n0
n phn k.
Chng minh
(i) Trng hp a < 1: t = (1+a)/2. Hin nhin a < < 1.
V n un n a < , nn tn ti n1 n0 tho

9
 n un , n n1
Suy ra
un n , n n1 u
n n0
n hi t.

(ii) Trng hp a > 1: t = (1+a)/2. Hin nhin a > > 1.

V n un n a > , nn tn ti n1 n0 tho

n un > , n n1
Suy ra
un > n , n n1 u
n n0
n phn k th.

2n
V d. Xt chui un , un =
n 1 n 2
(sin)2n vi 0 < < /2. Ta c
ln n
2 2
n un = (sin)2 n 2.(sin)2, v n2/n = e

n
n e0 = 1.

n2 / n
0 < < /4 : 2.(sin)2 < 1 u
n 1
n hi t.

/4 < < /2 : 2.(sin)2 > 1 u

n 1
n phn k.
1
= /4 : un =
n2
u
n 1
n hi t.
1
V d. Xt chui u
n 0
n , un =
n
, n 1.

1
Dy n un = n 1 v
n n
u
n 0
n phn k.

10
3.3. CHUI S THC HOC PHC
3.3.1. Chui Cauchy
nh ngha. Chui s thc hoc phc u
n n0
n gi l chui Cauchy,
nu
q
> 0, n N, p, q N : n p < q u
k p 1
k <

nh l 1 (Cauchy). Chui s thc hoc phc u

n n0
n hi t khi v ch

khi n l chui Cauchy.

Chng minh
Suy ra t nh l tng t vi dy tng ring (Sn).

sin(ln n)
V d. Chng minh chui
n 1 n
phn k.

Vi n 1, k hiu
4 2.n. 34 2.n.
n = e 1 ; n = e ([x] k hiu phn nguyn ca x)

Ta c n < n, n 1, n n v

n n
n n 1
1
sin(ln k )

k n k

k k
2

n 2
n

3
2.n. 2. .n
e 4
1 e 4
1 1 e 2 1
3
n

>0
2.n.
4 2
2.e 2 .e
sin(ln n)
Suy ra chui khng phi chui Cauchy, tc chui phn
n 1 n
k.

3.3.2. Hi t tuyt i
nh ngha 1. Chui s thc hoc phc u
n n0
n gi l hi t tuyt i,

nu chui u
n n0
n hi t.

nh l 1. Cho chui s u , v
n n0
n
n n0
n hi t tuyt i v , K.

Khi chui ( .u
n n0
n .vn ) hi t tuyt i.

nh l 2. Nu chui u
n n0
n hi t tuyt i, th n hi t v ta c

un
n n0
u
n n0
n

Chng minh

11
 Suy ra t nh l Cauchy.

nh l 3. Cho chui s u , v
n n0
n
n n0
n . Nu v
n n0
n hi t tuyt i v

un = O (vn ) , th
n
u
n n0
n hi t tuyt i.

(1) n . n s inn 1
V d. Chui n 1 n2
hi t tuyt i v chui n
n 1
3/ 2

(1) n . n sin n 1
hi t tuyt i v = O 3/ 2 .
n
2
n n

Ghi ch. Nu v
n n0
n hi t v un = O (vn ) , th cha suy ra
n
u
n n0
n

(1) n 1
hi t. Chng hn, vi vn =
n
v un = , n 1, ta c
n
v
n 1
n hi

t (bi tp) v un = O (vn ) , nhng u n phn k.

n
n 1

nh l 4. Cho chui u
n0
n hi t tuyt i v f : NN l song nh.

Khi chui u
n 0
f (n) hi t tuyt i v

u f (n) =
n 0
u
n 0
n

Chng minh

nh ngha 2. Chui s thc hoc phc u

n n0
n gi l bn hi t, nu
n hi t nhng khng hi t tuyt i.

(1) n
V d. Xt chui
n 1 n
. Dy tng ring
S2k = (-1/1 + 1/2) + (-1/3+1/4) + + (-1/(2k-1) + 1/(2k)) < 0
v gim dn.
Mt khc,
S2k = -1/1 + (1/2 -1/3) + (1/4 1/5) + + (1/(2k-2) - 1/(2k-1)) + 1/(2k)
> -1
Suy ra dy (S2k) hi t.
V S2k+1 = S2k 1/(2k+1), suy ra (S2k+1) hi t v c gii hn nh
(S2k).
(1) n
Vy hi t, nhng khng hi t tuyt i, suy ra chui bn
n 1 n
hi t.

12
 nh l 5. Cho chui u
n0
n bn hi t. Khi ,

(i) Vi mi s A tn ti song nh f : N N sao cho chui u

n 0
f (n)

hi t v u
n 0
f (n) = A.

(ii) Tn ti song nh g : N N sao cho chui u

n 0
g (n) phn k.
Chng minh

nh ngha 3. Cho hai chui s thc hoc phc u

n0
n v v
n 0
n . K
hiu
n
wn = u .v
k 0
k nk , n N.

Khi chui w
n 0
n gi l chui tch (chp) ca u
n0
n v v
n 0
n .

nh l 6. Nu chui u
n0
n v v
n 0
n hi t tuyt i, th chui tch

w
n 0
n ca chng hi t tuyt i v

w
n 0
n = u . v
n 0
n
n 0
n

Chng minh

nh ngha 4. Chui thc dng (1) .u

n n0
n
n hoc (1)
n n0
n 1
.un vi

un > 0, n n0, gi l chui an du.

nh l 7. (Leibniz)
Cho chui an du (1) .u
n n0
n
n . Khi nu dy (un) n iu gim

n 0, th chui (1) .u
n n0
n
n hi t.
Chng minh
Khng mt tnh tng qut cho n0 = 0. Xt tng ring
S2m+1 = u0 u1 + ... + u2m u2m+1 , m N
Ta c
0 S2m+1 S0 = u0 v S2m+1 S2m+3 m N

S = lim S2m+1
m

Mt khc S2m = S2m+1 + u2m+1 m S v u2m+1 m

0

Suy ra (1) .u
n n0
n
n hi t v c tng l S.

13
 V d
1
(1) Kho st s hi t ca chui (1) . n
n 1
n

Gii
1
0 : Dy
khng hi t n 0 chui phn k th.
n
1
0 < 1: Dy n iu gim v tin n 0 chui bn
n
hi t.
> 1: Chui hi t tuyt i.

1
(2) Kho st s hi t ca chui an du (1) .
n2
n

n (1) n
1
Gii. K hiu un = (1) n . , n 2.
n (1) n
Dy (|un|) khng n iu gim n 0, nn khng p dng c tiu
chun Leibniz.
Ta c
1 1
u2m1 + u2m = (1) 2 m 1. 2 m 1
+ (1) 2 m . =
2m 1 (1) 2m (1) 2 m
1 1 2m 1 2m 2

=
2m 1 2m 1 1
=

2m 1 . 2m 1 1
<

2 2
=
<

2m 1 . 2m 1
2m 1
m
2
Suy ra tng ring S2m < + u2 m . Vy chui

k 2 2k 1

phn k.
1 1 1
Lu rng (1) n .
n (1) n n
~ (1)n .
n
v (1) .
n 2
n

n
bn

hi t (theo tiu chun Leibnitz).

1
(3) Kho st s hi t ca chui an du (1) . ln n (1)
n 3
n
n

1
Gii. K hiu un = (1)n . , n 2.
ln n (1) n
Dy (|un|) khng n iu gim n 0, nn khng p dng c tiu
chun Leibniz.
Ta c
1 1
u2m1 + u2m = (1) 2 m 1. 2 m 1
+ (1) 2 m . =
ln( 2m 1) (1) ln( 2m) (1) 2 m
1 1 ln( 2m 1) ln( 2m) 2
= =
ln( 2m) 1 ln( 2m 1) 1 ln( 2m 1) 1. ln( 2m) 1

14
 2 2

ln 2m 1. ln( 2m) 1 (ln 2m) 2 1
m
2
Suy ra tng ring S2m (ln 2k )
k 2
2
1
m . Vy chui

phn k.

3.3.3. Phng php khai trin xp x

Mnh 1. Cho un=xn+ yn + zn, n=0,1,2,. Khi , nu cc chui
xn , yn v z n hi t, th chui u n cng hi t.
n 0 n 0 n 0 n 0

Mnh 2. Cho un=xn+ yn + zn, n=0,1,2,. Khi , nu cc chui

xn v yn hi t v z n phn k, th chui u n phn k.
n 0 n 0 n 0 n 0

(1) n
V d 1. Kho st s hi t ca chui un , un =
n2 n (1) n
, n 2.

Ta c
1
1
( 1) n (1)n 1
+ O 3
(1)n (1)n (1)n 1
un = . 1 = . 1
O =
n n n n n n n 2
n
(1) n
1
V bn hi t theo tiu chun Leibniz, phn k v
n2 n n2 n

1
hi t tuyt i, suy ra
O 3
n2 2

n2
un phn k.
n
(1) n
V d 2. Kho st s hi t ca chui un , un = , n 2.
n2 ln n (1) n
Ta c
1
(1)n ( 1) n (1)n (1)n 1
un = . 1 = . 1 o
ln n ln n ln n ln n ln n
(1) n
1 1
= + o
2
ln n ln n 2 ln n
(1) n
Ta c bn hi t theo tiu chun Leibniz,
n 2 ln n

1 1 1

2 + o
~
2 n
< 0 v
ln n ln n ln n 2
1

n 2 ln n
2 phn k. Suy ra un phn k.
n2

3.3.4. So snh chui v tch phn

nh l 1. Cho n0 N, f : [n0; )R l nh x lin tc tng on v
n iu gim. Khi vi mi p, q N, n0 p < q, ta c

15
 q 1 q q

f f (k )
k p 1
f
p 1 p

Chng minh
V f n iu gim trn [n0; ) , nn
k n0 x [k; k+1] : f(k+1) f(x) f(k)
k 1
k n0 : f(k+1) f
k
f(k)
k 1 k
k > n0 :
k
f f(k)
k 1
f
q 1 q q

f f (k )
k p 1
f
p 1 p

V d. Xt f(x) = 1/x n iu gim trn [1; ). Ta c

n 1 n n
1 1 1
n N : *
x
dx
k 2 k
x dx
2 1
n
1
ln(n+1) ln2 + 1 k
k 1
lnn + 1
n
1
k
k 1
n
~ lnn

H qu. Cho n0 N, f : [n0; )R l nh x lin tc tng on v

n iu gim. Khi chui f (n) hi t khi v ch khi f kh tch
n n0

trn [n0; ) v trong trng hp ny ta c

n n0 : f
k n 1
f (k ) f
n 1 n

nh l 2. Cho n0 N, f : [n0; )R l nh x lin tc tng on v

n iu tng. Khi vi mi p, q N, n0 p < q, ta c
q 1 q q

f f (k )
k p 1
f
p 1 p

Chng minh
Tng t nh chng minh nh l 1.

V d. Xt f(x) = lnx n iu tng trn [1; ). Ta c

n n n 1
n 2 : ln xdx ln k
k 2
ln xdx
1 2
n
n 2 : nlnn n + 1 ln k
k 2
(n+1)ln(n+1) n 2.ln2 + 1

16
 n
ln k
k 2
~ nlnn ln(n!) ~ n.lnn
n n

nh l 3. Cho f : [0; )R l nh x lin tc tng on v n iu

n
gim. K hiu wn =
n 1
f f(n), n N*. Khi

(i) Chui w
n 1
n hi t.

(ii) f kh tch trn [0; ) khi v ch khi chui f ( n)

n 0
hi t.

(iii) Nu f kh tch trn [0; ), th

wn =
n 1
f f (n)
n 1
0

Chng minh
(i) V f n iu gim, ta c
n N* t [n1; n] : f(n) f(t) f(n1)
n
n N* : f(n) f
n 1
f(n1)

n N* : 0 wn f(n1) f(n)
n n
n N* : wk
k 1
F (k 1) f (k )
k 1
= f(0) f(n) f(0)

Suy ra w
n 1
n hi t.
(ii) Ta c
n n k n n n

w
k 1
k = f
k 1 k 1
f (k )
k 1
= f f (k )
k 1
0

n n
V wn hi t, nn
f v f (k ) cng bn cht.
n 1 0 nN k 1 nN
Suy ra f kh tch trn [0; ) khi v ch khi chui f ( n)
n 0
hi t.

(iii) Hin nhin l nu f
0
hi t th

wn =
n 1
f f (n)
n 1
0

V d. Hng s Euler
n
Xt f(x) = 1/x n iu gim trn [1; ). K hiu wn = f
n 1
f(n)

n 2. Ta c
n n n n
1 1 1
n 2 : wk =
k 2
1 x dx
k 2 k
= 1 + lnn k k 1

17
 n
1
V wn hi t, nn tn ti lim (
n 1
n
k 1 k
lnn) = , gi l hng s
Euler. Ta c
n
1
k k 1
= lnn + + o (1)
n

Mt khc,
n
n
n 2 : wn = f
n 1
f(n) = ln
n 1
1/n

n 1
1 1
=1 ln n 1 n
n2
= 1 ln 1 n n 1
n 1

Ta c = 0,577... (n 1977 cha r hu t hay v t, nhng n

nay chng minh c v t).

* Cng thc de Stirling:

n
n
n! ~ 2n

n e

18