LNG Plant Overview

Seminar with Supplier Association Murmanshelf

Murmansk, 15 May 2012
Jostein Pettersen
Table of Content

Part 1 : LNG plant overview (Jostein)

Part 2 : Main equipment units (Jostein)
Part 3 : LNG plant construction principles (Jens Roar)
Part 4 : Arctic LNG plant construction (Jens Roar)

2 Classification: Internal 2012-03-02

Outline
Introduction Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Block diagram of LNG plant
Main process stages
Liquefaction process technologies
Examples from Hammerfest LNG Plant
Examples from other LNG plants
Why produce Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)?
LNG is mainly produced for transportation purposes
Gas market is far from the source of the natural gas: More economical to
transport the gas as LNG instead of in a natural gas pipeline.
LNG also offers greater flexibility than pipeline gas

Cost per unit gas transported

Ca 4000 km
Ca 1500 km

Transport distance

4
 What is LNG ?
LNG is a cryogenic liquid
A cryogenic liquid liquefies at a temperature below 73 C (-100 F)
at atmospheric pressure.
Common cryogenic liquids are; Nitrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Hydrogen
and LNG
LNG is natural gas that has been cooled and condensed
to a liquid
At atmospheric pressure LNG has a temperature of
about
162C
LNG contains about 85-95 % methane
LNG is colorless, odorless, non-corrosive and non-toxic
Evaporated LNG can displace oxygen and cause human
suffocation
Flammability range, 5-15 vol % concentration in air
Autoignition temperature, 540C

5
LNG Density

1 m3 LNG corresponds
to ca 600 Sm3 natural gas
S = Standard state, 15C, 1 atm

At temperatures above -110 C

Natural gas
LNG vapour is lighter than air

LNG is lighter than water

LNG Density: 450 kg/m3
LNG Water density: 1000 kg/m3

2010-09-26 6-
Natural gas liquefaction plants
Source: IHS Cera Status January 2011

2010-09-26 7-
LNG Value Chain
Power Electricity End
Generation Transmission User

LNG
Gas Pipeline LNG LNG Receiving
Production Plant Shipping Terminal

Gas Gas End

Distribution Marketing User

15-20 % 30-45 % 10-30 % 15-25 %

Typical cost Distribution in the LNG value Chain (numbers are confirmed by different sources)

8
LNG plant block diagram
Fuel
gas
CH4/N2

End
flash

HHC
Extraction

Power
and
Heat

9
Gas conditioning (pre-treatment)

Acid Gas (CO2 and H2S) removal

Acid gas causes corrosion, reduces heating value, and may freeze and create solids
in cryogenic process
Typical requirements for LNG: Max 50 ppmv CO2, Max 4 ppmv H2S
(ppmv - parts per million by volume)
Dehydration (water removal)
Water will freeze in cryogenic process
Typical requirement: Max 1 ppmw (weight) H2O
Mercury removal
Mercury can cause corrosion problems, especially in aluminium heat exchangers
Requirement: Max 0.01 g/Nm3

10 -
MDEA (Amine) process for acid gas removal
 Typical amine sour gas removal process

P=2 bara
Amine wash T=44 oC P=1.5 bara
T=20 oC

P=65 bara
T=45 oC

P=1.5 bara
T=115 oC
5.0 % CO2
MEG wash

Source : DOW chemicals

Water removal by adsorption

Source: UOP
Cascade Liquefaction Process
(Licensor: ConocoPhillips)

14
Propane-precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process (C3MR)
(Licensor: Air Products and Chemicals Inc.)
Propane
condenser

Centrifugal
compressor

Compressor
suction
Expander drum

Kettle
heat exchanger

15
(Sakhalin)
 Mixed Fluid Cascade Process (Linde)
(Hammerfest LNG plant)

NG

SW SW

Pre-cooling

SW
Column

Liquefaction

HHC fraction SW
SW

Sub -cooling

LNG

17
LPG extraction
(Example based on C3MR process, Source: Air Products)

Upstream Integrated

Why LPG extraction?:i) LNG heating value adjustment, ii) remove components that may freeze out in
liquefaction process, iii) generate valuable LPG product, iv) produce refrigerant make-up (C1, C2, C3)
Upstream LPG extraction usually based on expander process. Can provide deep extraction of C3 and
C2. Feedgas need to be recompressed before liquefaction. Liquefaction pressure can be high.
Integrated process usually based on scrub column i.e. feed gas pressure need to be sub critical. Scrub
column reflux temperature determines degree of extraction. Pressure restricted by pcrit
Above-ground full-containment LNG tank design

Pre-stressed concrete outer walls constructed

by slipforming, sheathed internally with a gas-
tight layer of nickel-alloyed steel.

Inner tank in nickel-alloyed steel, separated

from the outer walls by a layer of perlite - a
variety of volcanic obsidian highly suitable for
insulation

Extra layer of steel and insulation at the

transition between outer wall and tank bottom
to protect it against strong local stresses
should the inner tank begin to leak.

Heating cables under the tanks will ensure

that the ground remains above 0C in order to
prevent frost heaving.

19
Loading of LNG Carrier
Spherical tank cargo containment systems
(Moss Rosenberg )
LNGC Membrane cargo containment system
(GT No. 96, MK I and MK III, and CS1)

23
Mark III (Technigaz) Membrane system

24
Inside membrane tank
Hammerfest LNG Plant Melkya
 Slug catcher Inlet facilities

Pretreatment

SNHVIT LNG
Simplified overview
Carbon dioxide

MEG LNG production

recovery Precooling cycle Liquefaction cycle Subcooling cycle

Snhvit
Production wells
Fractionation

Production wells

Plem

Condensate production
CO2 Injection well

LPG production Storage and loading:

CDU LNG, LPG, condensate

Production wells

Albatross

Seabed
CO2 Injection Production well
well Reservoir

2010
-09-
Prepared by Petrolink
as
26
Hammerfest LNG onshore plant
 LAYOUT - HAMMERFEST LNG PLANT
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3

HP flare

Grid substation LP flare

Subsea road tunnel Camp area

Administration building / control room

Sea water outlet /sea water inlet

Holding basin / waste water treatment
Utility substation
MDEA storage / fuel gas
Compressed air and inert gas facilities Condensate storage
tank
Landfall
Offshore utility substation
MEG process area LNG storage tanks
MEG substation Product jetty
MEG storage tank area
LPG storage tank
Hot oil and chemical Storage & loading substation
storage tanks N2 cold box
Pig receiver NG Cold box
Process substation

Electrical power generation

Compression area, barge
Process area, barge

Construction jetty

Slug catcher

2010
-09-
26
 HAMMERFEST LNG Process barge
1
3
2 Natural gas Cold
Box

Nitrogen Removal
Cold Box
Process
substation

Process area

Compressor area

Electric power
generation
 Jetty

Atlantic LNG - Trinidad

Jetty

Compressors

Air cooled
condensers
Cold boxes
Source: www.comenco.it (Heat exchangers)

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Darwin LNG (Australia)

Source: www.lngfacts.org

32 2012-02-29
Yemen LNG
Sources:
www.yemenlng.com
www.yemenfox.net
www.nationalyemen.com

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 Oman LNG

Source: www.ebaraintl.com

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 Sakhalin LNG

Source: www.gazprom-sh.nl
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LNG Plant Overview

Jostein Pettersen
Advisor LNG Technology
jospet@statoil.com
Tel: +4790952718

www.statoil.com

36 2012-02-29