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Angle Modulation PDF
Angle Modulation PDF
Angle Modulation
In this type of modulation, the frequency or phase of carrier is
varied in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
c(t)
Ac
i (t) = c t + kp m(t)
where c = 2fc .
2. Frequency Modulation:
i (t) = c + kf m(t)
Z t
i (t) = i (t) dt
0
Z t Z t
= 2 fi (t) dt + kf m(t) dt
0 0
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k f Am
i (t) = c t + sin(2fm t)
2fm
k f Am f
here, is called frequency deviation (f ) and is called
2 fm
modulation index (). The Frequency modulated signal is
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given by
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DSBSC +
m(t) NBFM signal
Asin(c t)
Phase shifter /2
A cos( c t)
oscillator
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Wide-Band FM (WBFM)
A WBFM signal has theoritically infinite bandwidth.
Spectrum calculation of WBFM signal is a tedious process.
For, practical applications however the Bandwidth of a
WBFM signal is calculated as follows:
Let m(t) be bandlimited to BHz and sampled adequately at
2BHz. If time period T = 1/2B is too small, the signal can
be approximated by sequence of pulses as shown in Figure
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m
p
t
T
k mp c + kf mp
4 B c f
1
BWf m = (2kf mp + 8B)
2
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BWf m = 2(f + 2B)
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The bandwidth obtained is higher than the actual value.
This is due to the staircase approximation of m(t).
The bandwidth needs to be readjusted. For NBFM, kf is
very small an d hence f is very small compared to B.
This implies
Bf m 4B
But the bandwidth for NBFM is the same as that of AM
which is 2B
A better bandwidth estimate is therefore:
BWf m = 2(f + B)
kf m p
BWf m = 2( + B)
2
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This is also called Carsons Rule
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Demodulation of FM signals
Let f m (t) be an FM signal.
Z t
f m (t) = A cos(c t + kf m() d)
0
Z t
f m (t) = A (c + kf m(t)) sin c t + kf m() d
0
Envelope = A (c + kf m(t))
FM signal
Envelope of FM signal
.
(t) (t )
fm fm A( c + k m(t))
Envelope f
d/dt
Detector
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i = c + kp m0 (t)
m0p = [m0 (t)]max
= k p mp
BWpm = 2(f + B)
kp m0p
BWpm = 2( + B)
2
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Angle Modulation: An Example
An angle-modulated signal with carrier frequency
c = 2 106 is described by the equation:
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instantaneous frequency:
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d
i = (t) = c + 7, 500 cos 1500t + 20, 000t
dt
The deviation of the carrier is
= 7, 500 cos 1500t + 20, 000t. When the two sinusoids
add in phase, the maximum value will be 7, 500 + 20, 000
Hence f = 2 = 11, 193.66Hz
f 11,193.66
3. = B = 1000 = 11.193
4. The angle (t) = c t + 5 sin 1500t + 10 sin 2000t). The
maximum angle deviation is 15, which is the phase
deviation.
5. BEM = 2(f + B) = 24, 387.32 Hz
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