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The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual
Chapter 4
1. The nominal rate of interest convertible once every two years is j, so that
4
.07
1 + j = 1 + and j = (1.035 ) 1 = .14752.
4
2
The accumulated value is taken 4 years after the last payment is made, so that
2000 s8 j (1 + j ) = 2000 (13.60268 )(1.31680 )
2
12
34
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
6. (a) We use the technique developed in Section 3.4 that puts in imaginary payments
and then subtracts them out, together with adapting formula (4.1), to obtain
200
s4
( a176 a32 ) .
176 32
Note that the number of payments is = 36, which checks.
4
(b) Similar to part (a), but adapting formula (4.3) rather than (4.1), we obtain
200
( a a36 ) .
a4 180
Again we have the check that
180 36
= 36.
4
( )
d 12 .09
7. The monthly rate of discount is d j = = = .0075 and the monthly discount
12 12
factor is v j = 1 d j = .9925. From first principles, the present value is
1 (.9925 )
120
1 (.9925 )
6
and
(1 + i )3 1 = 91 or (1 + i )3 = 216
125 125
1
216
3
6
and 1 + i = = = 1.2 which gives i = .20, or 20%.
125 5
9. Using first principles with formula (1.31), we have the present value
100 [1 + e .02 + e .04 + + e .38 ]
and summing the geometric progression
1 e .4
100 .
1 e .02
35
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
10. This is an unusual situation in which each payment does not contain an integral
number of interest conversion periods. However, we again use first principles
measuring time in 3-month periods to obtain 1 + v 3 + v 3 + + v 3 and summing the
4 8 140
4
The answer is
10 5
1 (1.12 ) 1 (1.12 )
2400 800 = $11, 466 to the nearest dollar.
.11174 .11174
1 m tm m
1 1m 1 vn 1 v 1 vn
n
( m) ( )
12. (a) v an
= a v = a a
n 1
= ( m ) = ( m ) = anm .
m t =1 t =1 m d i i
(b) The first term in the summation is the present value of the payments at times
1 ,1 + 1 ,, n 1 + 1 . The second term is the present value of the
m m m
payments at times 2 ,1 + 2 ,, n 1 + 2 . This continues until the last term
m m m
is the present value of the payments at times 1, 2,, n. The sum of all these
( )
payments is anm .
= 2 1 (1 d ) 2 .
( 2) 1
v = 1 d and d
36
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
We now have
(1 d )n = 20 1 (1 d ).5
n ln (1 d ) = ln 20 1 (1 d )
.5
ln 20 1 (1 d )
.5
and n= .
ln (1 d )
14. We have
( ) ( ) ( )
3an2 = 2a22n = 45s1 2
1 vn 1 v2n i
or 3 ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) = 45 ( 2 ) .
i i i
Using the first two, we have the quadratic
3 (1 v n ) = 2 (1 v 2 n ) or 2v 2 n 3v n + 1 = 0
which can be factored ( 2v n 1)( v n 1) = 0 or v n = 1 , rejecting the root v = 1. Now
2
using the first and third, we have
3 (1 v ) = 45i or i =
n
3 1 1( 2 = 1. )
45 30
1 v 4
( ) ( )
16. Each of the five annuities can be expressed as 1 v n divided by i, i m , , d m , and d,
respectively. Using the result obtained in Exercise 32 in Chapter 1 immediately
establishes the result to be shown. All five annuities pay the same total amount. The
closer the payments are to time t = 0, the larger the present value.
or
37
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
2 1
1 e .04 n = e .04 n =
3 3
and
.04n = ln 3 = 1.0986, so that n = 27.47.
18. We have
1 vn
an = = 4 or v n = 1 4
and
(1 + i )n 1
sn = = 12 or (1 + i ) = 1 + 12 .
n
1 8 1
Thus, 1 + 12 = leading to the quadratic 1 + 8 48 2 = 1, so that = = .
1 4 48 6
e 0 = e 0
n n r dr n (1+ r )
an = v dt = t dr
dt
0 0 0
Now
t 1
e 0
(1+ r )
1
= e ln 1+t = (1 + t ) .
dr ( )
Thus,
an = (1 + t ) dt = ln (1 + t )]0 = ln ( n + 1) .
n 1 n
1 v iv i 1 i
20. Find t such that v t = a1 = = . Thus, t ln v = ln v + ln and t = 1 ln .
an nv n
21. Algebraically, apply formulas (4.23) and (4.25) so that ( Ia )n = and
i
n an
( Da )n = . Thus,
i
( Ia )n + ( Da )n = 1 ( an nv n + n an )
i
1 vn
= ( an + 1 v n nv n + n an ) = ( n + 1)
1
= ( n + 1) an .
i i
38
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
Diagrammatically,
Time: 0 1 2 3 n 1 n
( Ia )n : 1 2 3 n 1 n
( Da )n : n n 1 n2 2 1
Total: n +1 n +1 n +1 n +1 n +1
24. Method 1: PV = ( Ia )n + v n na =
1
i
( an nv n + nv n )
a (1 + i ) an an
= n = = .
i i d
1 1
Method 2: PV = ( Ia ) v n ( Ia ) = (1 v n ) + 2
i i
1 v 1 1 v
n n
a
= 1 + = = n.
i i id d
25. We are given that 11v 6 = 13v 7 from which we can determine the rate of interest. We
have 11(1 + i ) = 13, so that i = 2 /11. Next, apply formula (4.27) to obtain
2
P Q 1 2 11 11
+ 2 = + 2 = + 2 = 66.
i i i i 2 2
26. We are given:
v v2
X = va = ( )
and 20 X = v Ia = .
2
i id
39
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
Therefore,
v v2
X= = or 20d = v = 1 d and d = 1/ 21.
i 20id
27. The semiannual rate of interest j = .16 / 2 = .08 and the present value can be expressed
as
10 a10
300a10 .08 + 50 ( Da )10 .08 = 300a10 .08 + 50
.08
10 A
= 300 A + 50 = 6250 325 A.
.08
PV = 600 1 + + + +
1.1025 1.1025 1.1025
1 (1.05 /1.1025 )20
= 600 = $7851 to the nearest dollar.
1 (1.05 /1.1025 )
1 (1.05 /1.08 )5
= 1000 (1.05 )(1.08 ) = 7297.16.
5
1 1.05 /1.08
The total accumulated value is 9309.57 + 7297.16 = $16, 607 to the nearest dollar.
40
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
32. The first contribution is ( 40,000 ) (.04 ) = 1600. These contributions increase by 3%
each year thereafter. The accumulated value of all contributions 25 years later can be
obtained similarly to the approach used above in Exercise 30. Alternatively, formula
(4.34) can be adapted to an annuity-due which gives
(1.05 )25 (1.03)25
1600 (1.05 ) = $108,576 to the nearest dollar.
.05 .03
33. Applying formula (4.30), the present value of the first 10 payments is
1 (1.05 /1.07 )10
100 (1.07 ) = 919.95.
.07 .05
The 11th payment is 100 (1.05 ) (.95 ) = 147.38 . Then the present value of the second
9
1 m1
+ nmv m
2 nm
34. We have PV = 2
v + 2v m +
m
1
PV (1 + i ) m = 1 + 2v m + + nmv m
1 1
n 1
2
m
1
PV (1 + i ) m 1 = 2 1 + v m + + v m nmv m
1 1
n 1 nm
m
1 ( )
= anm nv n .
m
41
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
Therefore
( ) ( )
anm nv n anm nv n
PV = = ( ) .
m (1 + i ) m 1 im
1
( 24 ) ( 25 ) 25
(b)
1 (
[ 1+ 2 + + 12 ) + (13 + 14 + + 24 )] = = .
144 ( 2 )(144 ) 12
36. We have
PV = [ v 5 + v 6 + 2v 7 + 2v8 + 3v 9 + 3v10 + ]
( ) v5 1
= v +v +v +
5 7 9
a =
2
1 v d
5 4
v 1 v
= = .
1 v iv i vd
2
37. The payments are 1,6,11,16,. This can be decomposed into a level perpetuity of 1
starting at time t = 4 and on increasing perpetuity of 1, 2,3, starting at time t = 8 .
Let i4 and d 4 be effective rates of interest and discount over a 4-year period. The
present value of the annuity is
1 1 1
+ 5 (1 + i4 ) where i4 = (1 + i ) 1.
4
i4 i4 d 4
We know that
1
(1 + i )4 = (.75 )1 = 4 / 3, or i4 = 4 1 = 1 and d 4 = 3 = 1 .
3 3 1 + 13 4
Thus, the present value becomes
3 1
3 + ( 5 ) 1 1 = 3 + 45 = 48.
4 3 4
38. Let j be the semiannual rate of interest. We know that (1 + j ) = 1.08, so that
2
42
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
1+ k
t
( ) 1+ i
0 = 0 1+ i =
t
f t v dt dt
1+ k
ln
1 + i 0
1 1 1
= = = .
1 + k ln (1 + i ) ln (1 + k ) i k
ln
1+ i
Note that the upper limit is zero since i > k .
( n t )v t dt = nan ( Ia )n
n
(b) 0
n (1 v n ) an nv n n an
= = .
The similarity to the discrete annuity formula (4.25) for ( Da )n is apparent.
43. In this exercise we must adapt and apply formula (4.44). The present value is
t
(1+ r )1 dr
( t 2 1)e
14
1
0
dt.
1
The discounting function was seen to be equal to (1 + t ) in Exercise 19. Thus, the
answer is
t2 1 14 ( t 1)( t + 1)
dt = ( t 1) dt
14 14
1 t +1
dt =
1 t +1 1
14
1 1
= t 2 t = ( 98 14 ) 1 = 84.5.
2 1 2
43
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
45. We have
n 1 n
(1 vt ) dt =
n an n ( n 4)
0
at dt =
0
=
.1
= 40.
46. For each year of college the present value of the payments for the year evaluated at the
beginning of the year is
( )
1200a912/12 .
The total present value for the payments for all four years of college is
1200a912/12 (1 + v + v 2 + v 3 ) = 1200a4 a912/12 .
( ) ( )
P
47. For annuity #1, we have PV1 = .
i
1 1
For annuity #2, we have PV2 = q + 2 .
i i
Denote the difference in present values by D.
pq q
D = PV1 PV2 = 2.
i i
(a) If D = 0 , then
pq q q q
2 = 0 or p q = or i = .
i i i pq
(b) We seek to maximize D.
dD d
= ( p q ) i 1 qi 2
di di
= ( p q ) i 2 + 2qi 3 = 0.
Multiply through by i 3 to obtain
44
The Theory of Interest - Solutions Manual Chapter 4
2q
( p q ) i + 2q = 0 or i = .
pq
48. We must set soil (S) posts at times 0,9,18,27. We must set concrete posts (C) at times
0,15,30. Applying formula (4.3) twice we have
a36 a45
PVS = 2 and PVC = ( 2 + X ) .
a9 a15
Equating the two present values, we have
a36 a45
2 = (2 + X ) so that
a9 a15
a a a a a
X = 2 36 45 45 = 2 36 15 1 .
a9 a15 a15 a9 a45
1 vn 1 v2n
49. We know an = = a, so that v = 1 a . Similarly, a2 n =
n
= b, so that
v 2 n = 1 b . Therefore, 1 b = (1 a ) = 1 2a + a 2 2 , or a 2 2 = ( 2a b ) so
2
2a b
that = . Also we see that n ln v = ln (1 a ) n = ln (1 a ) so that
a2
ln (1 a ) an nv n
n= . From formula (4.42) we know that ( Ia )n = . We now
substitute the identities derived above for an , n, v n , and . After several steps of
tedious, but routine, algebra we obtain the answer
a3 a
2
2a b ( b a ) ln .
( 2a b ) b a
d d n d n n n
an = v t = (1 + i ) = t (1 + i ) = v tv t = v ( Ia )n .
t t 1
50. (a) (1)
di di t =1 di t =1 t =1 t =1
d n
n ( n + 1)
(2) a i =0 = v ( Ia )n i =0 = t = .
di n t =1 2
d d n d n
an = v t dt = (1 + i ) dt = t (1 + i ) dt = v tv t dt = v ( Ia )n .
t n t 1 n
(b) (1)
di di 0 di 0 0 0
d n2
= v ( Ia )n
n
(2) a i =0 t =0 = tdt = .
di n 0 2
45