H Ni, thng 3 nm 2005

i
Mc Lc
1 BI 1 Tng quan.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Cc ca s trong SPSS........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Thanh menu {Menu}...........................................................................................................................2
1.3 Thanh cng c {Toolbars}...................................................................................................................2
1.4 Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}.............................................................................................................3
1.5 Hp thoi {Dialogue box}...................................................................................................................3
1.5.1 Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi............................................................4
1.5.2 Cc nt trong hp thoi..................................................................................................................5
1.5.3 Hp thoi ph.................................................................................................................................5
1.5.4 La chn bin.................................................................................................................................6
2 BI 2: M Cc tp tin d liu.....................................................................................................................9
2.1 Khi ng SPSS..................................................................................................................................9
2.2 M mt file........................................................................................................................................10
3 BI 3: Ca s Data Editor........................................................................................................................13
3.1 Data View..........................................................................................................................................13
3.2 Variable View.....................................................................................................................................14
3.2.1 Tn bin........................................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Cc thang o.................................................................................................................................16
3.2.3 Loi bin.......................................................................................................................................16
3.2.4 Nhn bin {Variable Labels}........................................................................................................17
3.2.5 Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels}.............................................................................................17
3.2.6 Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value}..............................................................................................18
3.3 Nhp d liu......................................................................................................................................19
3.4 Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View...........................................................................................21
3.4.1 Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu..................................................................................22
3.4.2 Chn thm cc i tng mi.......................................................................................................22
3.4.3 Chn mt bin mi........................................................................................................................23
3.4.4 Thay i loi d liu.....................................................................................................................24
3.5 Tnh trng lc i tng trong Data Editor.......................................................................................24
4 Bi 4: Cc php bin i d liu..............................................................................................................25
4.1 Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}..................................................................................................25
4.1.1 Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases............................................................................................26
4.1.2 Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute Variable........................................27
4.2 m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng........................................................................27
4.3 M ho li d liu..............................................................................................................................29
4.3.1 M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi)....................................29
4.3.2 M ho thnh bin khc...............................................................................................................30
5 Bi 5: iu khin file v bin i file.......................................................................................................33
5.1 Sp xp cc i tng........................................................................................................................33
5.2 Chn cc i tng {Select Cases}...................................................................................................34
5.2.1 Select Cases: If.............................................................................................................................35
5.2.2 Select Cases: Random Sample......................................................................................................36
5.2.3 Select Cases: Range.....................................................................................................................37
6 Bi 6: Lm vic vi kt xut.....................................................................................................................38
6.1 Ca s Viewer....................................................................................................................................38
6.1.1 Th hin v du cc kt qu.........................................................................................................39
6.1.2 Di chuyn, sao chp v xo b cc kt qu..................................................................................40
7 Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}......................................................................................................................41
7.1 Kt xut mu......................................................................................................................................41
7.2 thu c cc tn s v cc thng k.............................................................................................43
7.2.1 Frequencies Statistics...................................................................................................................43
7.2.2 Frequencies Charts.......................................................................................................................44
8 Bi 7: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}...........................................................................................................46
8.1 Thao tc i vi mt bng tr............................................................................................................46
8.2 Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}..................................................................................................50

ii
1 BI 1 Tng quan

SPSS for Windows cung cp mt h thng qun l d liu v phn tch thng
k trong mt mi trng ho, s dng cc trnh n m t {menu} v cc
hp thoi {dialogue box} n gin thc hin hu ht cc cng vic cho
bn. Phn ln cc nhim v c th c hon thnh ch bng cch r v
nhp chut.

Bn cnh giao din r-nhp chut phn tch thng k, SPSS for Windows
cung cp:

Data Editor {Ca s Hiu nh d liu}.

Mt h thng dng bng tnh {worksheet}
uyn chuyn nh ngha, nhp, hiu nh, v th hin d liu.

Ca s Viewer cho php d dng duyt cc kt qu ca

Viewer {Ca s Viewer}.
bn, th hin v che giu c th chn lc cc kt xut {output}, thay i trt
t ca cc kt qu, v di chuyn cc bng v th gia SPSS for Windows
v cc trnh ng dng khc

Cc kt qu ca bn s sinh ng vi
Multidimemtion pivot table {Bng tr a chiu}.
cc bng tr a chiu. Khm ph cc bng ca bn bng cch b tr li cc
hng, cc ct, v cc trang/lp {layer}. Bc l cc pht hin quan trng c
th b mt trong cc bo co tiu chun. So snh cc nhm d dng bng
cch chia tch bng ca bn sao cho mi ln ch c mt nhm c th
hin.

High-revolution graphics { th c phn gii/ nt cao} .

Cc biu hnh trn, th
ct, biu tn sut, th phn tn c phn gii cao, mu sc sng
ng, cc th ba chiu, v hn th na c bao gm nh l cc tnh
nng chun trong SPSS.

Database access {Truy cp d liu}.

Truy cp d liu t cc c s d liu bng cch
s dng trnh ch dn Database Wizard thay v cc truy vn SQL phc tp.

Data transformation {Bin i d liu} .

Tnh nng bin i d liu gip bn c c
d liu sn sng cho cc bc phn tch. Bn c th d dng nhm, b sung,
tng hp, trn, chia v chuyn i file, v hn th na.

1.1 Cc ca s trong SPSS

C mt s loi ca s khc nhau trong SPSS:

1
Data Editor.Ca s ny th hin ni dung ca file d liu. Bn c th lp mt
file d liu mi hoc hiu chnh thay i mt file c sn vi ca s Data
Editor. Ca s Data Editor t ng m ra khi bn kch hot/khi ng SPSS.
Bn ch c th mt file d liu ti mt thi im m thi (khng th m hn
mt file d liu vo cng mt thi im).

Viewer.Mi kt qu thng k, bng, biu c th hin trong ca s

Viewer. Bn c th hiu nh kt xut v lu n s dng sau ny. Mt
ca s Viewer t ng m ra khi bn chy mt th tc u tin to nn kt
xut.

Draft Viewer.
Bn c th trnh by kt xut nh l cc vn bn bnh thng
(thay v cc bng tr) trong ca s Draft Viewer.

Pivot Table Editor.

Kt xut c trnh by trong cc bng tr c th c chnh
sa bng nhiu cch vi ca s Pivot Table Editor. Bn c th hiu nh
on vn bn, chuyn i d liu gia hng v ct, b sung mu, to cc
bng a chiu v n hoc hin th mt cch c chn lc cc kt qu.

Chart Editor.Bn c th chnh sa cc th cht lng cao trong cc ca s

chart editor. Bn c th thay i mu, chn loi phng hoc c ch, chuyn
i trc tung vi trc honh, xoay cc th ba chiu, v thm ch thay c
loi th.

Text Output Editor.

Cc kt xut dng vn bn khng c th hin trong cc
bng tr c th c chnh sa vi ca s Text Output Editor. Bn c th
hiu nh kt xut v thay cc thuc tnh ca phng ch (dng, loi, mu,
c).

Syntax Editor.
Bn c th dn cc la chn trong cc hp thoi vo mt ca s
syntax, ni m cc la chn ca bn xut hin di dng cc c php lnh.
Bn c th hiu nh cc c php lnh tn dng cc c tnh c bit ca
SPSS khng c sn trong cc hp thoi. Bn cng c th lu cc m lnh
ny trong mt file s dng cho nhng cng vic tip theo ca SPSS.

Script Editor.
K thut t ng OLE cho php bn tu bin v t ng ho
nhiu nhim v trong SPSS. S dng ca s Script Editor lp v hiu
nh cc trnh nh c bn.

2
1.2 Thanh menu {Menu}

Rt nhiu nhim v bn mun tin hnh vi SPSS bt u vi vic la chn

cc menu {trnh n}. Tng ca s trong SPSS c cc menu ring ca n
vi cc la chn menu thch hp cho loi ca s .

Hai menu Analysis v Graphs l c sn i vi mi loi ca s, lm cho

vic to cc kt xut mi rt nhanh chng m khng phi chuyn i gia
cc ca s.

1.3 Thanh cng c {Toolbars}

Tng ca s SPSS c cc thanh cng c ring ca n cho php truy cp

nhanh n cc nhim v thng dng. C mt s ca s c hn mt thanh
cng c.

Hnh 1-2: Thanh cng c vi tr gip ch dn cng c {ToolTip Help}

1.4 Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}

Thanh tnh trng {status bar} nm y ca tng ca s SPSS cung cp cc

thng tin di y:

Command status {Tnh trng lnh}.

i vi tng lnh hoc th tc m bn chy,
mt s m cc i tng/trng hp {case} ch ra s lng cc i tng
c x l. i vi cc th tc i hi phi x l lp, s ln lp c th
hin.

Filter status {Tnh trng lc}.

Nu bn chn mt mu ngu nhin hoc mt tp hp
ph cc i tng phn tch, thng tin Filter on ch ra rng mt vi nhm
i tng no ang c lc v khng phi mi i tng trong tp tin
d liu c a vo phn tch.

Weight status {Tnh trng gia quyn} .

Thng tin Weight on ch ra rng mt bin gia
quyn ang c s dng gia quyn cc i tng cho phn tch.

Split status {Tnh trng chia tch} .

Thng tin Split on ch ra rng file d liu ang
c chia tch thnh mt s nhm phn tch, c da vo cc tr s ca
mt hoc mt s bin lp nhm/phn t.

3
1.5 Hp thoi {Dialogue box}

Hu ht cc la chn menu m ra cc hp thoi. Bn s dng hp thoi

la chn cc bin v cc tu chn cho phn tch

Tng hp thoi chnh cho cc th tc thng k v th c mt s cc b

phn c bn

Danh sch bin ngun.

Mt danh sch cc bin trong file d liu lm vic. Ch c
cc loi bin c php bi cc th tc c chn mi c th hin trong
danh sch ngun. Vic ding cc bin chui dng ngn hay di b hn ch bi
rt nhiu th tc.

Danh sch (hoc cc danh sch) bin ch .

Mt hoc mt vi danh sch th hin cc
bin bn va chn cho phn tch, chng hn nh danh sch bin c lp v
ph thuc.

Nt n iu khin {Command pushbutton} .

Cc nt ch dn chng trnh thc hin
mt tc v, chng hn nh chy mt th tc, th hin phn thng tin Tr
gip, hoc m ra mt hp thoi con tin hnh cc la chn c th b
sung.

c c thng tin v cc nt iu khin trong mt hp thoi, nhp chut

phi ln nt .

Hnh 1-5: Cc b phn iu khin hp thoi

Danh sch
Danh sch bin bin ch
ngun

Cc nm
nhn cu
lnh

Cc nm
nhn hp
thoi ph

4
1.5.1 Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi

Bn c th th hin hoc l tn bin hoc l nhn bin trong danh sch ca

hp thoi. Do tn bin b hn ch bi 8 k t, nhn bin thng cung cp
nhiu thng tin m t bin hn.

iu khin s th hin tn bin hay nhn bin trong danh sch ca

hp thoi, trong Options trong menu Edit bt k loi ca s no ca
SPSS.

nh ngha hoc chnh sa nhn bin, hy nhp p tn bin trong

ca s Data Editor v sau nhp Labels.

i vi d liu nhp t cc ngun c s d liu, tn cc trng c s

dng lm nhn bin.

i vi nhn bin qu di, ch con tr ln nhn trong danh sch xem

ton b nhn bin .

Nu khng c nhn bin no c xc nh th tn bin s c th hin.

Hnh 1-6: Cc nhn bin c th hin trong mt hp thoi

5
1.5.2 Cc nt trong hp thoi

C 5 nt nhn tiu chun trong hu ht cc hp thoi:

OK. Chy th tc. Sau khi bn chn cc bin nghin cu v chn bt k

cc tu chn b sung no, nhp OK chy th tc. iu ny cng ng
thi ng hp thoi li.

Paste.
To c php cu lnh t cc la chn trong hp thoi v dn c
php vo mt ca s c php. Sau bn c tu bin cc cu lnh vi
cc c tnh b sung khng c sn trong hp thoi.

Reset. B chn bt k bin no trong danh sch cc bin c chn v

thit lp mc nh cho mi tu chn trong hp thoi v bt k hp thoi
ph no.

Cancel. Xo b bt k thay i no trong thit lp hp thoi k t ln cui

n c m ra v ng hp thoi li. Trong mi ln lm vic vi SPSS
cc thit lp trong hp thoi l lun tn ti cho n khi bn thot khi
SPSS. Mt hp thoi duy tr mi thit lp m bn chn cho n khi bn
thit lp li. .

Help.Nm ny cho bn ca s tr gip dng chun ca hng Microsoft

bao gm cc thng tin v hp thoi hin ti. Bn cng c th nhn c
cc tr gip trong cc nm iu khin ring trong tng hp thoi bng
cch nhp chut phi ln n.

1.5.3 Hp thoi ph

Do hu ht cc th tc u cung cp mt s uyn chuyn ln, khng phi

mi la chn u c th c bao hm ch trong mt hp thoi. Hp thoi
chnh bao gm cc thng tin ti thiu i hi chy mt th tc. Cc thit
lp b sung c thc hin trong cc hp thoi ph.

Trong hp thoi chnh, nm nhn vi ba du chm () ng sau tn ca n

ch ra rng mt hp thoi ph s c xut hin nu bn nhn chut vo n.

1.5.4 La chn bin

la chn mt bin, bn ch n gin nhp chut vo n trong danh sch

cc bin ngun v nhp nm mi tn phi nm bn cnh danh sch cc bin
ngun. Nu ch c mt danh sch cc bin ngun, bn c th nhp p cc
bin n chuyn chng t danh sch ngun sang danh sch ti.

6
 Bn c th chn nhiu bin mt lc:

chn nhiu bin nm k nhau lin tc trong danh sch cc bin

ngun, nhp vo bin u tin v gi phm Shift v nhp vo bin cui
cng.

chn cc bin khng nm k nhau lin tc (nm cch qung) trong

danh sch cc bin ngun, hy s dng phng php nhp+Ctrl. Chn
bin u tin, sau gi phm Ctrl v nhp bin tip theo, v c th tip
tc cho n bin cui cng.

chn mi bin trong danh sch, nhn Ctrl+A

Hnh 1-7: La chn nhiu bin vi k thut Shif t cng vi nhp chut

Hnh 1-8: Chn nhiu bin k tip nhau vi k thut Ctrl cng vi nhp chut

7
 c c thng tin v mt bin trong mt danh sch trong mt hp thoi

Nhp chut tri ln mt bin trong mt danh sch chn n

Nhp chut phi bt k ni no trong danh sch

Chn Variable Information trong menu pop-up

Hnh 1-9: Xem thng tin v bin dng phm chut phi

nhn c thng tin v nm iu khin trong hp thoi

Nhp chut tri ln nm bn mun bit

Chn Whats This? Trong menu pop-up.

8
Mt ca s pop-up th hin thng tin v nm iu khin.

Hnh 1-10: Tr gip dng Whats This?pop-up bng cch nhp phm
phi chut

9
2 BI 2: M Cc tp tin d liu

Cc file d liu c cc nh dng khc nhau, v phn mm ny c thit k

qun l chng, bao gm:

Cc bng tnh worksheet c lp trong Execl hoc Lotus

C s d liu c lp di nh dng dBASE v SQL

Cc file dng text ASCII vi kiu Tab-deliminated

Cc file trong nh dng SPSS c lp trong cc h iu hnh khc

Cc file d liu SYSTAT

2.1 Khi ng SPSS

Trn mn hnh desktop ca Widows nhp vop biu tng

Hoc m phm Start, All programs, SPSS for WIndows, SPSS 12.0.1 for Windows

S xut hin ca s SPSS Data Editor v mt hp thoi nh sau:

Run the tutorial: Chy chng trnh

tr gip

Type in data: Nhp d liu mi

Chy mt truy
Run an existing query:
vn d liu c sn

Create new query using Database Wizard:

Lp mt truy vn d liu s dng
Database Wizard

10
 Open an existing data source: M file d liu c sn

(Ch : Hp thoi ny ch xut hin mt ln khi bn khi ng SPSS)

2.2 M mt file

Nu c sn mt file d liu, bn c th m n bng la chn Open an

existing data source v nhp vo More Files;

Nu ang trong ca s SPSS Data Editor:

T thanh menu chn

File
Open
Data
Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m

Nhp Open

Bn cnh cc file c lu di nh dng ca SPSS, bn c th m cc file

c nh dng ca Excel, Lotus, dBASE, tab-deliminated m khng cn phi
chuyn i chng sang mt nh dng trung gian hoc nhp cc thng tin
nh ngha d liu

m mt tp tin {file} Excel

Ti ca s SPSS Data Editor, t thanh menu chn

File
Open
Data
Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m

Nhp Open

Trong hp thoi Open File, chn nni lu gi file (Look in); chn loi file (Files of
type) v sau chn tn file (File name)

11
Hp thoi Opening Excel Data Source xut hin

Hy chn Worksheet m bn nh m (i vi file c nhiu hn mt

worksheet).

12
13
3 BI 3: Ca s Data Editor

Ca s Data Editor cung cp mt phng php ging nh bng tnh, thun

tin lp v hiu nh cc file d liu. Ca s Data Editor t ng m khi
bn bt u khi ng SPSS.

Ca s Data Editor cung cp hai loi bng xem d liu:

Data view. Th hin tr s d liu thc hoc cc nhn tr s c xc nh

Variable view.
Th hin cc thng tin nh ngha v bin, bao gm cc nhn
bin v nhn tr s bin c xc nh, loi d liu (v d nh dng chui,
dng ngy thng, v dng s), thang o (nh danh, nh hng, hoc t l),
v cc tr s khuyt thiu do ngi

Trong c hai bng, bn c th b sung, v xo cc thng tin c lu cha

trong file d liu.

3.1 Data View

Hnh 5-1: Data view

14
 Rt nhiu thuc tnh ca Data View cng ging nh nhng g c tm thy
trong cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, (v d nh Excel). Tuy nhin cng
c mt s s khc bit quan trng:

Cc hng l cc bn ghi/i tng/trng hp {case}. Tng hng a

din cho mt i tng hoc mt quan st. V d tng ngi tr li i
vi mt bng hi/phiu iu tra l mt i tng.

Cc ct l cc bin. Tng ct i din cho mt bin hoc thuc tnh c

o c. V d tng mc trong mt bng hi l mt bin.

Cc cha cc tr s. Tng cha mt tr s ca mt bin cho mt i

tng. l s kt hp ca i tng v bin. Cc ch cha cc tr s
bin. Khng ging nh cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, cc trong
Data Editor khng th cha ng cc cng thc.

File d liu c hnh ch nht. Hai hng ca file d liu c xc nh

bi s lng cc i tng v s lng cc bin. Bn c th nhp d liu
trong bt k no. Nu bn nhp d liu vo mt nm bn ngoi cc
ng bin ca file d liu c xc nh, hnh ch nht d liu s c
m rng bao gm bt k mi hng v mi ct nm gia v cc
ng bin ca file. Khng c cc trng rng trong cc ng bin
ca file d liu. i vi cc bin dng s, cc rng c chuyn thnh
tr s khuyt thiu h thng. i vi cc bin dng chui, mt du cch
vn c coi l mt tr s.

3.2 Variable View

Hnh 5-2: Ca s Variable View

15
 Bng Variable View cha ng cc thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca tng bin
trong file d liu. Trong mt bng Data view:

Cc hng l cc bin.

Cc ct l cc thuc tnh ca bin

Bn c th b sung hoc xo cc bin v thay i thuc tnh ca cc bin,

bao gm:

Tn bin {Name}

Loi d liu {Type}

S lng con s hoc ch {With}

S lng ch s thp phn {Decimals}

M t bin/nhn bin {Lable} v nhn tr s bin {Values}

Cc tr s khuyt thiu do ngi s dng thit lp {Missing}

rng ca ct {Width}

Cn l {Align}

Thang o {Measure}
th hin hoc nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca bin

Lm cho ca s Data Editor tr thnh ca s hot ng

16
 Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View, hoc nhp
bng Variable View.

nh ngha mt bin mi, nhp mt tn bin trong bt k hng rng

no

Chn thuc tnh m bn mun nh ngha hoc hiu chnh.

3.2.1 Tn bin

Cc qui tc di y c p dng cho tn bin:

Tn phi bt u bng mt ch. Cc k t cn li c th l bt k ch

no, bt k s no, hoc cc biu tng nh @, #, _, hoc $.

Tn bin khng c kt thc bng mt du chm.

Trnh dng cc tn bin m kt thc vi mt du gch di cn ( trnh

xung t vi cc bin c t ng lp bi mt vi th tc)

di ca tn bin khng vt qu 8 k t.

Du cch v cc k t c bit (v d nh !, ?, , v *) khng c s

dng

Tng tn bin phi n chic/duy nht; khng c php trng lp.

Khng c dng ch hoa t tn bin. Cc tn NEWVAR, NewVar,
v newvar c xem l ging nhau.

3.2.2 Cc thang o

Bn c th xc nh thang o di dng t l (d liu dng s trn mt

thang khong hoc thang o t l), th bc hoc nh danh. D liu
nh danh hoc th bc c th c dng chui (ch a, b, c) hoc dng
s.

3.2.3 Loi bin

Variable Type xc nh loi d liu i vi tng bin. Theo mc nh, mi

bin mi c gi s l dng s. Bn s dng Define Variable thay i
loi d liu. Ni dung ca hp thoi Variable Type ph thuc vo loi d
liu c thu thp. i vi mt s loi d liu, c nhng cho rng
v s thp phn (Xem v d Hnh 5-4); i vi loi khc bn ch n gin

17
 chn mt nh dng t mt danh sch cun (xem v d hnh 5.4b) cc loi
d liu cho trc.

Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type

Cc loi d liu l dng s {numeric}, du phi {comma}, du chm. {dot},

ghi ch khoa hc {Scientific notation}, ngy thng {Date}, -la {Dollar},
tin tu bin {custom currency} v chui {string}.

Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type vi dng d liu l ngy thng

nh ngha loi d liu

Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Data Type.

3.2.4 Nhn bin {Variable Labels}

Do tn bin ch c th di 8 k t, cc nhn bin c th di n 256 k t, v

nhng nhn m t ny c th hin trong cc kt xut.

18
3.2.5 Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels}

Bn c th ch nh cc nhn m t i vi tng tr s ca bin. iu ny

cc k hu ch nu d liu ca bn s dng cc m dng s i din cho
cc nhm/t khng phi dng s (v d m 1 v 2 cho nam v n). Nh tr s
ca bin c th di n 60 k t. Nhn tr s ca bin khng c sn i vi
cc bin dng chui di (cc bin dng chui di hn 8 k t).

Hnh 5-5: Hp thoi Value Labels

nh ngha nhn tr s ca d liu

Nhp nm trong Values i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

i vi tng tr s, nhp tr s v nhp mt nhn

Nhp Add nhp nhn tr s.

3.2.6 Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value}

Missng Value nh ngha cc tr s nh l khuyt thiu ca ngi s

dng. Thng thng chng ta mun bit ti sao thng tin li b khuyt
thiu. V d bn c th phn bit gia tr s khuyt thiu do mt i tng
iu tra t chi tr li mt cu hi v tr s khuyt thiu do cu hi
khng p dng i vi ngi ny. Cc tr s c ch nh l khuyt thiu
ca ngi s dng c nh du c SPSS i x c bit trong hu
ht cc tnh ton.

Bn c th nhp n 3 tr s khuyt thiu ring bit, mt phm vi khong

cch tr s khuyt thiu hoc mt phm vi cng vi mt tr s khuyt
thiu ring bit.

Cc phm vi c th c ch nh cho cc bin dng s

19
 Bn khng th nh ngha tr s khuyt thiu cho cc bin dng chui di
(hn 8 k t)

Cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi bin dng chui .

Mi d liu dng chui, bao gm c tr
s rng, c chuyn i thnh cc tr s bnh thng (khng phi l khuyt
thiu) tr phi bn nh ngha chng mt cch trc tip nh l cc tr s
khuyt thiu. nh ngha tr s rng nh l tr s khuyt thiu i vi
bin dng chui, hy nhp mt du cch vo mt trong nhng trng i
vi Discrete missing values.

Hnh 5-6: Hp thoi Missing Values

nh ngha cc tr s khuyt thiu cho mt bin

Nhp nm trong Missing i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

Nhp cc tr s hay cc phm vi/khong i din cho tr s khuyt thiu.

p dng cc thuc tnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc

Mt khi bn nh ngha cc thuc tnh cho mt bin, bn c th sao chp

mt hoc mt s thuc tnh v p dng chng cho mt hoc mt s bin
khc.

p dng cc thuc tnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc

Trong bng Variable View, chn hoc cc c thuc tnh c nh

ngha m bn mun p dng cho cc bin khc

T thanh menu chn

Edit
Copy

20
 Chn (hoc cc ) m bn mun p dng thuc tnh. Bn c th chn
nhiu bin.

T thanh menu chn

Edit
Paste

Nu bn sao chp thuc tnh cho cc hng rng, cc bin mi c lp vi vi cc thuc tnh
mc nh cho tt c nhng khng phi mc nh cho nhng thuc tnh c chn.

3.3 Nhp d liu

Bn c th nhp d liu trc tip t bng Data View trong ca s Data Editor. Bn c th nhp
d liu theo bt k trt t no. Bn c th nhp d liu theo i tng hoc theo bin, hoc theo
khu vc c chn, hoc theo tng

hot ng ( con tr) lun c lm sng

Tn bin v s ca hng ca hot ng c th hin gc cao bn tri

ca ca s Data Editor.

Khi bn chn mt v nhp mt tr s th n s c th hin khoang

hiu nh d liu nm trn ca Data Editor

Cc tr s khng c ghi cho n khi bn nhn Enter hoc chn khc

nhp bt k g khc mt d liu dng s, trc ht phi nh ngha

loi d liu.

Nu bn nhp mt tr s vo mt ct rng, Data Editor t ng to ra mt bin

mi v ch nh mt tn bin.
SHnh 5-7: File
ca hng d liu
Tn bin lm Khoang
vic trong Data
hiu nh dView
liu hot ng

21
 nhp d liu dng s

Chn mt trong bng DataView

Nhp tr s. Tr s ny c th hin trong khoang hiu nh d liu nh

ca Data Editor

Nhn Enter hoc chn mt khc ghi tr s ny.

nhp d liu khng phi dng s

Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View hoc nhp bng

Variable View

Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin ny

Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Variable Type.

Nhp OK

Nhp p s ca hng hoc nhp bng Data View

Nhp d liu trong hng i vi bin va mi c nh ngha.

s dng nhn ca tr s khi nhp d liu

Nu nhn tr s khng xut hin trong bng Data View, t thanh menu chn

View
Value Labels

Nhp ln m trong bn mun nhp tr s

Chn mt nhn tr s t danh sch m xung

Tr s c nhp vo v nhn tr s c th hin trong .

Ch : iu ny ch lm vic nu bn nh ngha nhn tr s ca bin.

Cc gii hn v tr s ca d liu

22
 Loi bin v rng ca d liu c thit lp s qui nh loi d liu c
th nhp vo trong Data View.

Nu bn g mt k t khng c chp nhn bi loi bin, Data Editor

s pht ra ting ku bp v khng nhp k t vo.

Vi cc bin dng chui, cc k t nm ngoi rng c nh ngha

s khng c chp nhn.

Vi cc bin dng s, cc tr s nguyn vt qu rng vn c th

c nhp vo, nhng Data Editor th hin hoc l ch gii khoa hc
hoc l cc du hoa th trong ch ra rng tr s ny rng hn rng
c nh ngha. th hin tr s trong , thay i rng ca bin.
(Ch : Thay i rang ca ct khng nh hng n rng ca
bin.)

3.4 Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View

Vi Data Editor, bn c th hiu nh tr s ca d liu trong bng Data

View theo nhiu cch. Bn c th:

Thay i tr s ca d liu

Ct, sao chp, v dn cc tr s ca d liu

Thm vo hoc xo cc i tng

Thm vo hoc xo cc bin

Thay i trt t ca cc bin

thay th hoc hiu nh mt tr s ca d liu

xo tr s c v nhp mt tr s mi:

Trong bng Data View, nhp p vo . Tr s c th hin trong

khoang hiu nh d liu.

Hiu nh tr s trc tip t hoc trong khoang hiu nh d liu.

Nhn Enter (hoc chuyn sang khc) ghi tr s mi.

23
3.4.1 Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu

Bn c th ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca tng hoc mt nhm cc tr

s trong Data Editor. Bn c th:

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt khc.

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt nhm cc .

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt i tng sang cho mt nhm cc

i tng.

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt bin sang cho mt nhm cc bin.

Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt nhm cc sang cho mt nhm cc

khc.

3.4.2 Chn thm cc i tng mi

Nhp d liu vo mt trong mt hng rng s t ng to ra mt i

tng mi. Data Editor s chn cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi mi bin khc
cho i tng . Nu c bt k hng rng no nm gia i tng mi v
cc i tng c sn, cc hng rng cng tr thnh cc i tng mi
vi cc tr s khuyt thiu h thng i vi mi bin.

Bn c th chn cc i tng mi vo gia cc i tng c sn.

chn mt i tng mi gia cc i tng c sn

Trong Data View, chn bt k no trong i tng (hng) nm di v tr

ni m bn mun chn i tng mi.

T thanh menu chn

Data
Insert Case

Mt hng mi c chn vo v mi mi bin ca i tng mi ny u

nhn c tr s khuyt thiu h thng.

3.4.3 Chn mt bin mi

Nhp d liu vo mt ct rng trong bng Data View hoc trong mt hng
rng trong bng Variable View s t ng to ra mt bin mi vi mt tn
bin mc nh (tin t var v mt chui s tun t) v mt nh dng d liu

24
 mc nh (dng s). Data Editor chn tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi
i tng i vi bin mi ny. Nu c bt k ct rng no trong bng Data
View hoc hng rng no trong bng Variable View gia bin mi v cc
bin c sn, th nhng ct ny (trong bng Data View) hoc hng ny
(trong bng Variable View) cng tr thnh bin mi vi tr s khuyt thiu
h thng cho mi i tng.

chn mt bin mi gia cc bin c sn

Chn bt k no trong bin bn phi ca (bng Data View) hoc di (ca

bng Variable View) v tr m bn mun chn bin mi vo.

T thanh menu chn

Data
Insert Variable

Mt hng mi c chn vo vi tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi

i tng.

chuyn mt bin trong Data Editor

Nu bn mun t v tr bin gia hai bin c sn, hy chn mt bin vo

v tr ni bn mun di chuyn bin n

i vi bin bn mun chuyn, nhp tn bin nh ca ct trong bng

Data View hoc s hng trong bng Variable View. Ton b bin s c
lm ni bt/t sng.

T thanh menu chn

Edit
Cut

Nhp vo tn bin (trong bng Data View) hoc s hng (trong bng
Variable View) ni bn mun di chuyn bin n. Ton b bin ny s c
m ni bt

T thanh menu chn

Edit
Paste

25
3.4.4 Thay i loi d liu

Bn c th thay i loi d liu cho mt bin bt k lc no c s dng hp

thoi Variable Type trong bng Variable View, v Data Editor s c gng
chuyn i cc tr s hin c sang loi mi. Nu khng th chuyn i c
th tr s khuyt thiu h thng s c ch nh. Cc qui tc chuyn i
cng ging nh trng hp dn tr s vo mt bin c nh dng khc. Nu
s thay i trong nh dng ca d liu c th gy ra cc c t ca tr s
khuyt thiu hoc nhn tr s, Data Editor th hin mt hp cnh bo v hi
nu nh bn mun tip tc vi vic thay i hay hu b n.

3.5 Tnh trng lc i tng trong Data Editor

Hnh 5-9: Cc i tng c lc trong Data Editor

Cc i
tng b lc
(b loi tr)

Nu bn chn mt tp hp ph cc i tng nhng khng loi b nhng

i tng khng c chn, nhng i tng khng c chn c nh
du trong Data Editor vi mt on thng nm cho trong cc s hng.

26
4 Bi 4: Cc php bin i d liu

Trong mt trng hp l tng, d liu ban u (th) ca bn l thch hp

hon ton cho loi phn tch m bn mun tin hnh, v mi quan h gia
cc bin l hoc tuyn tnh mt cch thch hp hoc gn nh trc giao. Rt
ng tic y l trng hp rt him c. Cc phn tch s b c th bc l
cc trnh t m ho bt tin hoc cc sai s do m ho, hoc bin i d liu
c th b i hi b l mi quan h thc gia cc bin.

Bn c th thc hin cc php bin i t nhng nhim v n gin, chng

hn nh thu nh s nhm/t tin hnh phn tch, hoc phc tp hn nh
to cc bin mi da trn cc phng trnh phc tp v cc cu lnh/khai
bo c iu kin

4.1 Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}

Th tc Compute Variable tnh ton cc tr s ca mt bin c da trn s

bin i ca mt bin khc

Bn c th tnh cc tr s cho cc bin dng s hoc dng chui (cc k

t chui c dng s)

Bn c th lp cc bin mi hoc thay th cc tr s ca bin c. i

vi bin mi, bn cng c th ch nh loi bin v nhn bin.

Bn c th tnh ton cc tr s mt cch c chn lc i vi cc tp hp

con ca d liu da trn cc iu kin l-gic.

Bn c th s dng trn 70 hm lp sn {built-in}, bao gm cc hm i

hc, cc hm thng k, cc hm phn b v cc hm chui.

tnh ton bin

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Compute

nh tn ca bin ch {target variable}. N c th l mt bin c hoc

mt bin mi s c b sung vo file d liu lm vic.

Xy dng mt biu thc, hoc dn cc b phn vo Numeric Expression

hoc g trc tip vo .

27
 Dn cc hm t danh sch cc hm {Functions} v nhp cc tham
s c biu th bng cc du hi

Cc hng s dng chui phi c trong du m ng ngoc

n hoc ngoc kp

Cc hng s dng s phi c nhp theo nh dng kiu Hoa K

vi du chm (.) l du thp phn.

i vi bin dng chui mi, bn cn phi chn Type&Lable xc nh

loi d liu.

Hnh 6-1: Hp thoi Compute Variable

4.1.1 Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases

Hp thoi If Cases cho php bn p dng php chuyn i d liu i vi

cc nhm cc i tng c chn lc, c s dng cc biu thc iu kin.
Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s ng hay sai hoc khuyt thiu cho
tng i tng.

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true {ng}, php bin i

c p dng cho i tng

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false {sai} hoc missing

{khuyt thiu}, php bin i khng c p dng cho i tng

Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt s trong 6 du

quan h (<, >, <= (nh hn v bng), >= (bng v ln hn), = v ~=
(khc)) trn bng tnh ton.

28
 Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao hm cc tn bin, cc hng s, cc
php ton s hc, cc hm s v hm khc, cc bin l-gc v cc thao
tc c iu kin khc

4.1.2 Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute Variable

Theo mc nh cc bin mi c dng s. tnh ton mt bin dng chui

bn phi xc nh loi d liu v rng

Label.Nhn bin l khng bt buc phi nh ngha, v c th di n 120 k

t. Bn c th nhp mt nhn bin hoc s dng 110 k t u tin ca biu
thc tnh ton nh l nhn bin.

Type. Cc bin c tnh ton c th l dng s hoc dng chui (ch ci

kiu con s). Cc bin dng chui khng th c ding trong cc php tnh
ton.

Hnh 6-2: Hp thoi loi v nhn bin trong th tc Compute Variable

4.2 m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng

Hp thoi ny to nn mt bin m s ln xy ra ca cng tr s hoc cc

tr s trong mt danh sch cc bin cho tng i tng. V d mt cuc iu
tra c th bao gm mt danh sch cc tp ch vi hp nh du c/khng
ch ra xem loi tp ch no m tng i tng iu tra c. Bn c th m
s cu tr li c cho tng i tng iu tra to ra mt bin mi cha
ng tng s tp ch c c.

Hnh 6-3: m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng

29
 m s ln cc tr s xy ra trong cc i tng

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Count

Chn mt hay hn mt bin cng loi (dng s hoc dng chui)

Nhp Define Variable v xc nh loi tr s hoc cc tr s no s c m.

Khng bt buc, bn c th nh ngha mt tp hp con cc i tng

m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s.

Hp thoi If Cases xc nh cc tp hp con ging nh c m t trong

phn Compute Variable.

m cc tr s trong cc i tng: Cc tr s cn m

Tr s ca bin ch (trong hp thoi chnh) c tng thm 1 cho mi ln

khi mt trong nhng bin c la chn tho mn mt c t trong Value to
Count. Nu mt i tng tho mn mt s m t i vi bt k bin no,
bin ch c tng mt s ln tng ng i vi bin .

Cc c t v tr s c th bao gm cc tr s ring bit, cc tr s khuyt

thiu (h thng hoc ngi s dng), v cc phm vi {range}. Cc phm vi
bao gm cc im cui ca chng v bt k tr s khuyt thiu ca ngi s
dng c ln ri vo trong phm vi .

Hnh 6-4: Hp thoi cc tr s cn m

30
 4.3 M ho li d liu

Bn c th bin i tr s d liu bng cch m ho li chng

4.3.1 M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi)

M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn {Recode into Same Variable} gn

li cc tr s ca bin ang c hoc ct gim bt cc phm vi ca cc tr s
ang c vo cc tr s mi

Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui. Nu bn chn nhiu

bin, chng phi c cng loi. Bn khng th m ho cc bin dng chui v
dng s cng vi nhau.

Hnh 6-7: Hp thoi Recode into Same Variables

m ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn

31
 T thanh menu chn

Transform
Recode
Into Same Variables

Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi

c cng dng (chui hoc s)

Nhp vo Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.

Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i tng m ho

Hp thoi If Cases xc nh mt nhm cc i tng cng ging nh

c m t trong mc tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}

Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues

Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi ch nh

v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui) ging nh ca cc
bin c chn trong hp thoi chnh.

Old Value.
Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc tr s n,
mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr s khuyt thiu h
thng v cc phm vi khng th c chn i vi cc bin dng chui bi
v khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc bin dng chui. Cc phm vi
bao gm cc im cui ca chng v mi tr s khuyt thiu ca ngi s
dng nm trong phm vi ny.

New Value.
Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca cc tr s
c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh tr s khuyt thiu h
thng.

Old->New. Danh sch cc tr s s c s dng m ho bin (hoc cc

bin). Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny ra khi danh
sch. Danh sch c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr s c, s dng trt t
sau: cc tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu, cc phm vi v mi tr s khc.
Nu bn thay i mt tr s trong danh sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li
danh sch, nu cn thit, duy tr trt t ny.

Hnh 6-8: Hp thoi Old and New Values

32
4.3.2 M ho thnh bin khc

Th tc Recode into Different Variables gn li cc tr s ca cc bin c

sn hoc cc phm vi ca cc tr s c sn vo cc tr s mi ca mt bin
mi. V d bn c th m ho lng nm ca i tng iu tra vo mt
bin mi c cc tr s l lng nm nhng chia theo khong.

Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui

Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s sang dng chui v ngc li

Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c cng loi bin. Bn khng th

cng mt lc m ho li c bin dng s ln bin dng chui c.

Hnh 6-9: Hp thoi Recode into Different Variables

33
 m ho li d liu sang bin mi

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Recode
Into Different Variables

Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi

c cng dng (chui hoc s)

Nhp mt tn bin mi cho tng bin v nhp Change.

Nhp Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.

Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i tng m ho

Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues

Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi ch nh

v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui) ging nh ca cc
bin c chn trong hp thoi chnh.

Old Value.
Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc tr s n,
mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr s khuyt thiu h
thng v cc phm vi khng th c chn i vi cc bin dng chui bi
v khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc bin dng chui. Cc phm vi
bao gm cc im cui ca chng v mi tr s khuyt thiu ca ngi s
dng nm trong phm vi ny.

New Value.
Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca cc tr s
c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh tr s khuyt thiu h
thng.

Old->New. Danh sch cc tr s s c s dng m ho bin (hoc cc

bin). Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny ra khi danh
sch. Danh sch c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr s c, s dng trt t
sau: cc tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu, cc phm vi v mi tr s khc.
Nu bn thay i mt tr s trong danh sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li
danh sch, nu cn thit, duy tr trt t ny.

Hnh 6-10: Hp thoi Old and New Values

34
35
5 Bi 5: iu khin file v bin i file

Cc file d liu khng phi lc no cng c t chc di cc dng l

tng cho cc i hi ring bit ca bn. Bn lun cn phi kt hp cc file
d liu sp xp d liu theo mt trt t khc nhau, chn mt nhm ph cc
i tng, hoc thay i n v phn tch bng cch gp cc i tng vi
nhau. Mt phm vi ln ca kh nng bin i d liu l c sn, bao gm cc
nng lc :

Sp xp d liu. Bn c th sp xp d liu do vo tr s ca mt hoc mt s

bin.

Chuyn cc i tng v cc bin vi nhau .

nh dng file d liu SPSS c cc hng
l cc i tng v cc ct l cc bin. i vi cc file trong trt t ny
o ngc, bn c th chuyn i cc hng v cc ct v c d liu trong
nh dng chnh xc.

Trn cc file.
Bn c th trn nhiu file vi nhau. Bn c th kt hp cc file
vi cng bin nhng khc i tng hoc cng i tng nhng khc bin.

Chn cc nhm ph cc i tng.

Bn c th hn ch cc phn tch ca mnh trong
mt nhm cc i tng hoc tin hnh ng thi cc php phn tch trong
cc nhm i tng khc nhau.

Gp chung/Tng hp d liu .
Bn c th thay i n v ca php phn tch bng
cch tng hp cc i tng vi nhau da tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin
lp nhm.

Gia quyn d liu. Gia quyn cc i tng phn tch d trn tr s ca mt

bin gia quyn.

5.1 Sp xp cc i tng

Hp thoi ny sp xp cc i tng (cc hng) ca file d liu da vo cc

tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin sp xp. Bn ca s th sp xp cc i
tng theo trt t tng dn hoc gim dn.

Nu bn chn nhiu bin sp xp, cc i tng c sp xp theo tng

bin trong vng tng nhm ca bin ng trc trong danh sch Short
by. V d nu bn chn bin gender {gii tnh} l bin sp xp th nht
v minority {thiu s}l bin sp xp th hai, cc i tng s c sp
xp theo phn loi thiu s trong tng loi gii tnh.

36
 i vi cc bin, cc ch in ng trc cc ch thng ging n trong
trt t sp xp.

Hnh 7-1: Hp thoi Sort Cases

sp xp cc i tng

T thanh menu chn

Data
Sort Cases

Chn mt hoc mt s bin sp xp.

5.2 Chn cc i tng {Select Cases}

Th tc Select Cases cung cp mt s phng php khc nhau chn mt

nhm cc i tng da vo cc tiu ch bao gm cc bin v cc biu thc
phc. Bn cng c th chn mt mu ngu nhin cc i tng. Tiu ch
dng nh ngha mt nhm c th bao gm:

Cc tr s bin v cc phm vi/khong bin thin

Cc phm vi ngy thng v thi gian

Cc s hng

Cc biu thc s hc

Cc biu thc l-gc

Cc hm

Unselected Cases.
Bn c th lc hoc xo b cc i tng khng p ng tiu
chun la chn. Cc i tng c lc vn duy tr trong file d liu nhng

37
 b loi ra khi php phn tch. Th tc Select Cases to ra mt bin lc,
filter_$, ch r tnh trng lc. Cc i tng c chn c tr s 1; cc
i tng khng c chn (b lc) c tr s 0. Cc i tng b lc cng
c nh du bng mt du gch cho qua s hng trong ca s Data
Editor. ng tnh trng lc v bao gm mi i tng trong php phn
tch ca ban, hy chn All Cases.

Cc i tng b xo b b loi ra khi file d liu v khng th phc hi li

c nu bn lu file d liu sau khi xo b cc i tng.

Hnh 7-9: Hp thoi Select Cases

chn mt nhm cc i tng

T thanh menu chn:

Data
Select Cases

Chn mt trong nhng phng php la chn cc i tng.

nh r cc tiu ch chn cc i tng.

38
5.2.1 Select Cases: If

Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn cc nhm i tng c s dng cc biu

thc iu kin. Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s true {ng}, false
{sai}, hoc missing {khuyt thiu} cho tng i tng.

Hnh 7-10: Hp thoi Select Cases: If

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true, i tng s c chn

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false hoc missing, i tng

s khng c chn

Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt vi trong s 6

php tnh iu kin (<, >, =, <=, >=, v ~=) trn bng tnh ton.

Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao gm cc tn bin, hng s, cc php

tnh s hc, cc hm s v cc hm khc, cc bin l-gic, v cc php
tnh iu kin.

5.2.2 Select Cases: Random Sample

Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn mt mu ngu nhin d trn mt t l

thch hp hoc mt lng chnh xc cc i tng.

Approximately.
To ra mt mu ngu nhin cc cc i tng gn ng vi
mt t l c xc nh trc. Do cch lm ny to ra mt quyt nh ngu
nhiu gi nh c lp cho tng i tng, t l cc i tng c chn ch
c th gn ng vi t l c xc nh trc. Cng c nhiu i tng

39
 trong file d liu, t l cc i tng c chn cng gn ng vi t l
c xc nh trc.

Exactly. Mt s lng i tng c xc nh bi ngi s dng. Bn cng

phi ch r s cc i tng t to ra mu. Con s th hai cn phi
nh hn hoc bng tng s i tng c trong file d liu. Nu con s ny
vt qu tng s i tng c trong file d liu, mu s bao gm mt cch
t l t i tng hn con s yu cu.

Hnh 7-11: Hp thoi Select Cases: Random Sample

5.2.3 Select Cases: Range

Hp thoi ny chn cc i tng d vo mt phm vi s i tng hoc

mt phm vi cc ngy hoc thi gian

Cc phm vi i tng c da vo s hng c th hin trong ca s

Data Editor

Cc phm vi ngy thng hoc thi gian ch c sn i vi d liu chui

thi gian {time series data} vi cc bin ngy thng c xc nh
(menu Data, Define Data).

Hnh 7-12: Hp thoi Select Cases: Range i vi phm vi cc i tng

(khng c cc bin ngy thng c nh ngha)

40
41
6 Bi 6: Lm vic vi kt xut

Khi bn chy mt th tc, cc kt qu c th hin trong mt ca s gi l

Viewer. Trong ca s ny, bn c th d dng chuyn n bt k phn no
ca cc kt xut/kt qu u ra m bn mun xem. Bn cng c th iu
khin kt xut v to mt file ti liu cha ng cc kt xut m bn mun,
c t chc v nh dng mt cch thch hp.

6.1 Ca s Viewer

Hnh 8-1: Ca s Viewer

Nhp p
mt biu
tng kiu
sch
hin hoc
lm n mt
chi tit

Nhp
m rng
hoc thu
hp cc cp
xem

Nhp mt chi
tit chn
v i thng
n n

Pan phn Pan ni dung Nhp p mt bng xoay

cp xem hoc hiu nh n

Cc kt qu c th hin trong Viewer. Bn c th s dng Viewer :

Xem lt cc kt qu.

Th hin hoc du cc bng v th c chn.

Thay i trt t trnh by ca cc kt qu bng cch di chuyn cc chi

tit c chn.

42
 Di chuyn cc chi tit gia Viewer vi cc trnh ng dng khc.

Ca s Viewer c chia lm hai pan:

Pan bn tri ca Viewer cha ng mc phn cp ca cc ni dung.

Pan bn phi bao gm cc bng thng k, cc biu , v cc kt xut

dng vn bn.

Bn c th s dng cc thanh cun xem lt cc kt qu, hoc bn c

th nhp vo mt chi tit trong phn phn cp n thng bng hoc
th tng ng.

Bn c th nhp v r cnh bn phi ca pan phn cp thay i

rng ca n.

6.1.1 Th hin v du cc kt qu

Trong ca s Viewer, bn c th lm xut hin hoc n i mt cch c chn

lc cc bng hoc kt qu t mt th tc. Vic ny rt hu ch khi bn mun
lm ngn hn cc kt xut c th nhn thy c trong pan ni dung (pan
bn phi).

n giu mt bng hoc th m khng xo b n:

Nhp biu tng sch m {book icon} ca n thanh cng c Outlining trong
ca s Viewer

hoc

Nhp vo chi tit chn n

T thanh menu chn:

View
Hide

hoc

Nhp biu tng sch ng (Hide) trn thanh cng c Outlining .

Biu tng sch m (Show) tr thnh biu tng hot ng, ch ra rng chi
tit gi y c n giu.

n giu mi kt qu ca mt th tc:

43
 Nhp hp bn tri ca tn th tc trong pan phn cp.

Vic ny n giu mi kt qu ca th tc v lm co phn phn cp li

6.1.2 Di chuyn, sao chp v xo b cc kt qu

Bn c th t chc li cc kt qu bng cch sao chp, chuyn v xo mt

chi tit hoc mt nhm cc chi tit.

di chuyn cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S
dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k
thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)

S dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia chut trong khi r).

Th chut ra ln chi tit nm trn v tr m bn mun th chi tit c di

chuyn

Bn cng c th chuyn cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Cut v Paste
After trong menu Edit.

xo cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S
dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k
thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)

Nhn phm Delete

hoc

T thanh menu chn:

Edit
Delete

sao chp cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S
dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k

44
 thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)

Gi phm Ctrl trong khi bn dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia
chut trong khi r).

Th chut ra ni m bn mun sao chp chng vo .

Bn c th sao chp cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Copy v Paste
After trong menu Edit.

45
 7 Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}

Th tc Frequencies cung cp cc thng k v cc th hu ch cho vic

m t rt nhiu loi bin. nhn u tin vo d liu, th tc Frequencies
l mt ni rt tt bt u.

i vi mt bo co tn sut v mt th thanh, bn c th b tr cc tr s
khc nhau theo trt t gim dn hoc tng dn cc nhm theo tn s ca
chng. Bo co tan s c th b treo khi mt bin c qu nhiu tr s khc
nhau. Bn c th t tiu cho cc th vi cc tn s (tr s mc nh)
hoc t l %.

V d.Phn b ca cc khch hng ca mt cng ty theo loi ngnh l nh

th no? T kt xut, bn c th nhn thy rng 37,5% ca khch hng ca
bn l cc c quan chnh quyn, 24,9% l cc doanh nghip, 28,1% l cc
vin nghin cu, v 9,4% l t ngnh chm sc sc kho. i vi d liu
nh lng, lin tc, chng hn nh doanh thu, bn c th nhn thy rng
tin bn sn phm bnh qun l 3.576$ vi mt lch chun l 1.078$.

Cc thng k v th.
Cc tn s, t l %, t l % tch lu, trung bnh, trung v,
mode, tng, lch chun, phng sai, phm vi (ton c), tr s nh nht v
tr s ln nht, sai s chun ca trung bnh, lch v nhn (c hai vi
lch chun), t phn v, cc s phn v do ngi s dng nh ngha,
th thanh, th trn, v biu tn sut.

D liu.
S dng cc m dng s hoc chui ngn cho cc bin nh tnh
(thang o nh danh hoc nh hng).

Cc gi s.
Bng v t l % cung cp mt m t hu ch i vi d liu t mi
phn b, c bit cho nhng bin vi cc nhm c hoc khng c th bc.
Hu ht cc thng k tng k tu chn, chng hn nh trung bnh v lch
chun, c da trn l thuyt chun v l thch hp cho cc bin nh
lng vi cc phn b cn xng. Cc thng k t khng, chng hn nh
trung v, cc phn v, v cc t phn v, l thch hp cho cc bin nh lng
c th hoc khng c th tho mn gi thit v phn b chun.

7.1 Kt xut mu

46
 Hnh 14-1: Kt xut ca th tc Frequencies

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 100 2 6.7 6.7 6.7
200 1 3.3 3.3 10.0
300 2 6.7 6.7 16.7
400 1 3.3 3.3 20.0
500 6 20.0 20.0 40.0
600 2 6.7 6.7 46.7
700 3 10.0 10.0 56.7
800 2 6.7 6.7 63.3
900 1 3.3 3.3 66.7
1000 2 6.7 6.7 73.3
1100 2 6.7 6.7 80.0
1200 1 3.3 3.3 83.3
1500 3 10.0 10.0 93.3
2000 2 6.7 6.7 100.0
Total 30 100.0 100.0

Statistics

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

N Valid 30
Missing 0
Mean 803.33
Std. Error of Mean 92.411
Variance 256195.4
Minimum 100
Maximum 2000

47
 So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach
10

4
Frequency

2 Std. Dev = 506.16

Mean = 803.3
0 N = 30.00
0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0
250.0 750.0 1250.0 1750.0

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

7.2 thu c cc tn s v cc thng k

T thanh menu chn:

Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies

Hnh 12-2: Hp thoi Frequencies

Chn mt hoc mt s bin nh lng hoc nh tnh.

Mt cch tu chn, bn c th:

Nhp Statistics c cc thng k m t i vi bin nh lng

Nhp Charts c th thanh, th trn, v biu tn sut.

48
 Nhp Format c trt t m cc kt qu c th hin.

7.2.1 Frequencies Statistics

Hnh 12-3: Hp thoi Frequencies Statistics

Percentile Values.
Cc tr s ca mt bin nh lng chia d liu c th bc vo
thnh cc nhm sao cho mt t l % c th l nm trn n v mt t l %
khc nm di n. Cc s t phn v (cc phn v th 25, th 50, v th 75)
chia cc quan st ra thnh 4 nhm c cng s lng quan st. Nu bn mun
mt s lng cc nhm ln hn 4, hy chn Cut points for n equal groups.
Bn cng c th xc nh cc s phn v ring bit (v d, phn v th 95, l
tr s m nm di n l 95% s lng quan st ri vo).

Central Tendency.
Cc thng k m t trung tm ca mt phn b bao gm
trung bnh, trung v, mode, v tng mi tr s.

49
 Dispersion.
Cc thng k o c ln ca s bin thin hoc tri rng trong
d liu bao gm lch chun, phng sai, phm vi, tr s ln nht, tr s
nh nht, v sai s chun ca trung bnh.

Distribution.
Skewness { lch} v Kurtosis { nhn} l cc thng k m t
hnh dng v cn xng ca mt phn b. Cc thng k c th hin
cng vi sai s chun ca chng.

Value are group midpoints.

Nu cc tr s trong d liu ca bn l im gia ca
cc nhm (v d, tui ca mi ngi trong nhm 30 tui th c m l 35),
hy chn tu chn ny c lng trung v v cc phn v cho d liu th,
khng nhm gp.

7.2.2 Frequencies Charts

Hnh 12-4: Hp thoi Frequencies Charts

Chart Type.
Mt th trn {pie chart} th hin phn b ca cc b phn trong
ton b. Tng ming ca th trn tng ng vi mt nhm c xc nh
bi mt bin lp nhm. Mt th thanh {bar chart} th hin s lng/tn
s ca tng tr s ring bit hoc tng nhm nh l mt thanh ring, cho
php bn so snh cc nhm di dng hnh nh. Mt biu tn sut cng
c cc thanh, nhng chng c v dc theo mt thang o khong bng
nhau. Chiu cao ca tng thanh l s lng ca cc tr s ca mt bin nh
lng ri vo trong khong. Mt biu tn sut th hin hnh dng, trung

50
tm, v tri rng ca phn b. Mt ng cong chun t chng thm
vo mt biu tn sut gip bn xt on liu chng d liu c phn b
chun.

Chart Values.
i vi th thanh, trc thang o c th c t nhn bi s
lng hoc t l %.

51
 8 Bi 7: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}

Rt nhiu kt qu trong ca s Viewer c trnh by di dng bng c th

xoay mt cch tng tc. Tc l bn c th t chc li cc hng, ct v cc
lp/trang {layer}

8.1 Thao tc i vi mt bng tr

Cc tu chn i vi thao tc mt bng tr bao gm:

Chuyn i cc hng v cc ct vi nhau

Di chuyn cc hng v cc ct

Lp cc lp a chiu

Nhm v khng nhm cc hng v cc ct

Hin v n cc

Tm cc nh ngha ca cc chi tit

hiu nh mt bng tr

Nhp p bng. Vic ny kch hot ca s Pivot Table Editor

hiu nh hai hoc hn hai bng tr cng mt lc

Nhp chut phi ln bng

T menu ni dung chn:

SPSS Pivot Table Object

Open

Lp li i vi tng bng tr m bn mun hiu nh

xoay mt bng tr s dng biu tng

Kch hot bng tr

T menu Pivot Table chn:

Pivot
Pivoting Tray

52
 Chm con tr ln tng biu tng xem mt ch dn mch bo bn biu
tng i din cho hng no ca bng.

R mt biu tng t mt khay ny sang khay khc.

iu ny thay i s b tr ca bng. V d gi s nh mt biu tng i

din cho mt bin vi cc nhm Yes v No v bn r biu tng ny t khay
Row sang khay Column. Trc khi di chuyn, Yes v No l cc tiu ca
hng; sau khi di chuyn chng l cc tiu ca ct.

Hnh 10-1: Cc khay tr

Biu tng
trang/lp Biu tng ct

Khay trang/lp
Khay ct

Biu tng hng Khay hng

xc nh mt chiu trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr

Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:

Pivot
Pivoting Tray

Nhp ln mt mt biu tng v gi chut.

iu ny lm sng cc tiu theo chiu trong bng tr.

chuyn i cc hng v cc ct trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr

T menu Pivot Table chn:

Pivot
Transpose Rows and Columns

iu ny c cng tc ng nh r mi biu tng hng vo khay Column v

mi biu tng ct vo khay Row.

53
 thay i trt t trnh by trong mt bng tr

Trt t ca cc biu tng trn khay ch chiu phn nh trt t ca cc thnh

phn trong bng tr. thay i trt t th hin ca cc thnh phn trong
mt chiu ca bng

Kch hot bng tr

Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:

Pivot
Pivoting Tray

Nhp ln mt mt biu tng sp xp theo trt t m bn mun (tri sang

phi hoc trn xung di)

di chuyn hng hoc ct trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr.

Nhp vo nhn/tiu ca hng hoc ct m bn mun di chuyn.

Nhp v r nhn sang v tr mi

T menu ni dung, chn Insert Before {chn vo pha trc} hoc Swap {Hon
v}.

Ch : Hy m bo rng lnh Drag to Copy trong menu Edit khng c

chn (nh du). Nu Drag to Copy c chn, hy b chn n.

Hnh 10-2: Cc nhm hng v nhm ct vi cc tiu nhm

Tiu nhm ct
Gieng dao * Nuoc tu khe nui Crosstabulation

Count
Nuoc tu khe nui
Tiu nhm hng Khong Co Total
Gieng Khong 0 23 23
dao Co 5 2 7
Total 5 25 30

54
 Nu bn ch Swap {hon v}, bn s c kt qu nh bng di y (Hy
ch rng bng sau ct Co chuyn sang bn tri ct Khong).
Gieng dao * Nuoc tu khe nui Crosstabulation

Count
Nuoc tu khe nui
Co Khong Total
Gieng Khong 23 0 23
dao Co 2 5 7
Total 25 5 30

tch nhm cc hng hoc cc ct v xo tiu nhm

Kch hot bng tr

Chn nhn/tiu ca nhm (nhp vo bt k v tr no trong tiu nhm)

ca ct hoc hng m bn mun tch nhm.

T thanh menu chn:

Pivot
Pivoting Tray

xoay tiu hng hoc ct

Hnh 10-3: Cc tiu hng c xoay

55
 T thanh menu chn:

Format
Rotate InnerColumn Labels

hoc
Rotate OuterColumn Labels

Ch cc tiu ct trong cng nht v tiu hng ngoi cng nht mi c

th c xoay.

thit lp ch mc nh cho bng tr

Sau khi thc hin mt hoc mt vi thao tc bng tr, bn c th tr li cch

b tr ban u ca bng tr.

T thanh menu chn:

Reset Pivots to Defaults

Vic ny ch thit lp li nhng thay i l kt qu ca thnh phn hng, cc

ct v trang gia cc chiu ca bng tr. N khng nh hng n nhng
thay i chng hn nh nhm hay tch nhm hoc di chuyn cc hng v
cc ct.

tm nh ngha ca tiu /nhn trong mt bng tr

Bn c th nhn c tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung trong cc

cha nhn /tiu trong cc bng tr. V d nu Mean {trung bnh} xut
hin nh l mt nhn, bn c th thu c mt nh ngha v mean.

Nhp chut phi ln mt cha nhn.

T menu ni dung chn Whats This?

Bn phi nhp chut phi ln cha nhn ch khng c nhp vo d

liu trong hng hoc ct.

Tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung khng c sn cho cc nhn do

ngi s dng nh ngha, chng hn nh tn tn hoc nhn tr s bin.

56
8.2 Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}

Bn c th trnh by mt bng hai chiu ring bit cho tng nhm hoc kt hp
ca cc nhm. Bng c th c ngh nh c xp chng trong cc trang/lp,
vi duy ch c nh trang/lp l nhn thy c.

to v th hin cc trang/lp

Kch hot bng tr, v t menu Pivot chn: Pivoting Trays nu n khng
c chn.

R mt biu tng t khay Row hoc khay Column sang khay Layer.

Hnh 10-4: Chuyn cc nhm sang cc trang/lp

Bin muc do sach cua nuoc
c chuyn t hng hng
sang hng trang

Tng biu tng layer c mi tn sang tri v mi tn sang phi. Bng c

th nhn thy c l bng ca trang trn cng.

Hnh 10-5: Cc nhm trong cc trang ring bit

57
 thay i cc trang/lp

Kch mt trong nhng mi tn ca biu tng layer.

hoc

Chn mt nhm t hp danh sch th xung ca cc trang.

Hnh 10-6: Chn cc trang t danh sch th xung

58
59