Railway Operational Communication Solution - GSM-R - SGSN9810 - Product - Description1.0 (20090330) PDF

Product Description
GSM-R SGSN9810 Product Description
Issue V1.0
Date 2009-03-30
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Issue V1.0 (2009-03-30) Commercial in Confidence Page 2 of 81

GSM-R SGSN9810 Product Description Confidential
About This Document
Author
Prepared by Liao Huanran Date 2009-03-30
Reviewed by Date
Approved by Wang Zhoujie Date 2009-03-30
Summary
This document provides information for the product function, features, technical indexes, and
structure of the SGSN9810 serving GPRS support node so that you can have a global view of
the SGSN9810.
This document includes:
Chapter Details
1 Overview Describes the position and application of the SGSN9810 in
a network.
2 Product Feature Describes the product features of the SGSN9810.
3 System Structure Describes the hardware, software, and logical structure of
the SGSN9810.
4 Function Describes the product features of the SGSN9810.
5 Operation and Describes the operation and maintenance of the
Maintenance SGSN9810.
6 Reliability Describes the hardware and software reliability of the
SGSN9810.
7 Technical Index Describes the technical indexes of the SGSN9810.
8 Installation Describes the fundamental features for the hardware and
software installation of the SGSN9810.

History
Issue Details Date Author Approved by
V1.0 Creation 2009-03-30 Liao Huanran Wang Zhoujie

Contents
1 Introduction to the SGSN9810 .................................................................................................... 8

1.1 Structure of a GPRS/UMTS Network .............................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS Solution ........................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1 SGSN .................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.2 GGSN.................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.3 HA......................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.4 CG ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.5 AAA Server ........................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.6 DNS Server ........................................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.7 BG ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 Overview of the SGSN9810 ........................................................................................................................... 12
2 Key Benefits ................................................................................................................................. 15

2.1 Large Capacity and High Integration ............................................................................................................. 15
2.2 High-Speed Hardware Forwarding ................................................................................................................ 15
2.3 Supporting Boards of 750C Series ................................................................................................................. 15
2.4 Standard Protocol Interfaces .......................................................................................................................... 16
2.5 Abundant Physical Interfaces ......................................................................................................................... 17
2.6 Rich Services and Functions .......................................................................................................................... 17
2.7 Accurate Clock System .................................................................................................................................. 18
2.8 Easy Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................................................... 18
2.9 High Reliability .............................................................................................................................................. 19
3 System Structure ......................................................................................................................... 20

3.1 Hardware Configuration ................................................................................................................................. 20
3.1.1 Cabinet Configuration ........................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.2 Switching Subrack ................................................................................................................................ 22
3.1.3 Basic Subrack........................................................................................................................................ 23
3.1.4 Extended Subrack ................................................................................................................................. 25
3.2 Software Structure .......................................................................................................................................... 26
3.3 Logical Structure ............................................................................................................................................ 27
3.3.2 Switching Subsystem ............................................................................................................................ 28
3.3.3 PS Transfer Subsystem.......................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.4 Gb Interface Processing Subsystem ...................................................................................................... 28
3.3.5 Signaling Processing Subsystem ........................................................................................................... 29
3.3.6 Lawful Interception Subsystem............................................................................................................. 29

3.3.7 Charging Subsystem ............................................................................................................................. 29

3.3.8 Iu Interface Control Plane Processing Subsystem ................................................................................. 29
3.3.9 GTP Control Plane Processing Subsystem ............................................................................................ 29
3.3.10 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem .............................................................................................. 29
3.3.11 Clock Subsystem ................................................................................................................................. 29
4 Services and Functions ............................................................................................................... 30

4.1 Services .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.1.1 IP/PPP Bearer Services ......................................................................................................................... 30
4.1.2 Short Message Services ........................................................................................................................ 31
4.1.3 Location Services .................................................................................................................................. 32
4.1.4 CAMEL Phase 3 Services ..................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.5 Lawful Interception ............................................................................................................................... 34
4.2 Functions ........................................................................................................................................................ 35
4.2.1 Mobility Management ........................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.2 Session Management............................................................................................................................. 36
4.2.3 Routing.................................................................................................................................................. 36
4.2.4 IPv6 Support ......................................................................................................................................... 37
4.2.5 IPSec and LLC Encryption ................................................................................................................... 38
4.2.6 Charging ................................................................................................................................................ 38
4.2.7 QoS ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
4.2.8 Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX ............................................................................................................................... 40
4.2.9 RAN Sharing in Connected State .......................................................................................................... 41
4.2.10 MVNO ................................................................................................................................................ 42
4.2.11 UESBI-Iu ............................................................................................................................................ 43
4.2.12 Multi-SPs and 2 Mbit/s Signaling Links ............................................................................................. 44
4.2.13 NTP Client Functions .......................................................................................................................... 45
4.2.14 Network-Assisted Cell Change ........................................................................................................... 47
4.2.15 SIGTRAN Support.............................................................................................................................. 47
4.2.16 Gb over IP ........................................................................................................................................... 49
4.2.17 Differential Services ........................................................................................................................... 50
4.2.18 Handover Strategy Control ................................................................................................................. 50
4.2.19 Enhanced MBMS ................................................................................................................................ 51
4.2.20 Network Share .................................................................................................................................... 52
4.2.21 Security Solution ................................................................................................................................. 53
4.2.22 Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) ........................................................................................ 55
4.2.23 One Tunnel .......................................................................................................................................... 55
4.2.24 SGSN N+1Backup .............................................................................................................................. 56
4.2.25 Multi SIM............................................................................................................................................ 56
5 Operation and Maintenance ..................................................................................................... 58

5.1 O&M System ................................................................................................................................................. 58
5.2 Configuration Management............................................................................................................................ 59

5.3 Equipment Management ................................................................................................................................ 59

5.4 Tracing Management ...................................................................................................................................... 59
5.5 Performance Management.............................................................................................................................. 60
5.6 Fault Management .......................................................................................................................................... 60
5.7 Security Management ..................................................................................................................................... 60
5.8 CHR ............................................................................................................................................................... 60
5.9 SSL ................................................................................................................................................................. 61
5.10 SSH .............................................................................................................................................................. 62
5.11 Online Help .................................................................................................................................................. 63
6 Reliability ..................................................................................................................................... 64
6.1 Hardware Reliability ...................................................................................................................................... 64
6.1.1 Board Hot Backup ................................................................................................................................. 64
6.1.2 ASIC Technology .................................................................................................................................. 64
6.1.3 Quality Components ............................................................................................................................. 64
6.1.4 Load Sharing ......................................................................................................................................... 65
6.1.5 Power Supply Reliability ...................................................................................................................... 65
6.2 Software Reliability ....................................................................................................................................... 65
6.2.1 Reliability Building at Different Phases ................................................................................................ 65
6.2.2 Error Tolerance ..................................................................................................................................... 65
6.3 Charging Reliability ....................................................................................................................................... 66
7 Technical Specifications ............................................................................................................ 67

7.1 Performance Specifications ............................................................................................................................ 67
7.2 Physical Interfaces ......................................................................................................................................... 67
7.3 Clock Indexes ................................................................................................................................................. 68
7.4 Engineering Specifications ............................................................................................................................. 70
7.4.1 Power Consumption .............................................................................................................................. 70
7.4.2 Dimensions and Weight of Cabinets ..................................................................................................... 71
7.4.3 Environment Requirements ................................................................................................................... 71
7.5 Reliability Specifications ............................................................................................................................... 72
8 Installation.................................................................................................................................... 73
A Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 74

1 Introduction to the SGSN9810
The SGSN9810 is a core device of the packet domain of the GPRS/UMTS core network.
1.1 Structure of a GPRS/UMTS Network

The current wireless technology is evolving from 2G global system for mobile
communications (GSM) to 3G UMTS by way of 2.5G GPRS. Mobile communication
networks now cover large areas, transfer data in high speed, and can access the Internet. These
networks provide a wide range of multimedia services such as voice, data, and video and can
be accessed anytime and anywhere.
Figure 1-1shows the structure of a GPRS/UMTS network.

Figure 1-1 Structure of a GPRS/UMTS network
RAN CN-CS
GSM/GPRS BSS HLR
MGW/MSC SMS-GMSC
BSC Server SMS-IWMSC
PSTN,
GMSC ISDN
MS BTS
Billing
SS7 Center
EIR
UMTS UTRAN
RNC
CG
MS NodeB
DNS
SGSN
Firewall Server
WAP
Core Gateway
Network
Firewall
GGSN/ HA
Other PLMN Internet,
FA
Intranet, AAA
BG etc. Server
DNS Server CN-PS
As shown in Figure 1-1, a GPRS/UMTS network consists of the following parts:

Mobile station (MS): user equipment capable of originating and receiving calls over the
air interface. To handle data services, the MS establishes a logical link with the packet
switched (PS) domain.
Radio access network (RAN): handles all radio related functions.
Core network-circuit switching (CN-CS): provides circuit services and connects to
external circuit switched networks, such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN).
CN-PS: provides packet data services and connects to external public data networks
(PDNs), such as the Internet.
1.2 Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS Solution

The Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS consists of the following main network entities:
Serving GPRS support node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) and foreign agent (FA)
Home agent (HA)
Charging gateway (CG)
Authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA) server
Domain name system (DNS) server
Border gateway (BG)

The CN-PS offers the means for an MS to access an external PDN. It provides packet data
services and charging services, such as prepaid and postpaid services.
1.2.1 SGSN
The SGSN is a functional entity that provides packet data services. It forwards incoming and
outgoing internet protocol (IP) packets to the mobile stations (MSs) within its service area.
The SGSN provides the following functions:
Routing and forwarding of data packets
Encryption and authentication
Session management
Mobility management
Logical link management
Generation and output of call detail records (CDRs)
1.2.2 GGSN
The GGSN is also a functional entity that provides packet data services. It routes and
encapsulates packet data between the GPRS/UMTS network and an external PDN.
The GGSN provides the following functions:
Interface to an external PDN
The GGSN serves as a gateway for an MS to access the external PDN. For the external
network, the GGSN serves as a router for all equipment in the GPRS/UMTS network.
GPRS/UMTS session management
The GGSN sets up a connection between an MS and the external PDN.
Data routing and forwarding
The GGSN receives data from the MS and then forwards the data to the external PDN. It
also receives data from the external PDN and selects a transport channel in the
GPRS/UMTS network based on the destination address to forward the data to the SGSN.
FA functions
To support mobile Internet Protocol (IP) services, the GGSN is embedded with FA
functions. In this case, the GGSN/FA serves as a gateway of the GPRS/UMTS network
and an FA of the network visited by the MS.
Charging for postpaid services
The GGSN generates and outputs CDRs based on the usage of the external network by
the subscribers.
Call control and service switching functions for prepaid services
For prepaid services, the GGSN serves as a service switching point (SSP) that connects a
mobile network and an intelligent network.
1.2.3 HA
The HA is an entity that is used to support mobile IP access. It is an enhanced router that also
maintains the current location information of the MSs.
The HA has the following function:

Sending broadcast messages to the MSs so that the MSs know if they are on the home
network.
Handling and replying the registration requests from an MS. Generating mobility binding
records (MBRs) between the MS home address and care-of address.
Agency and forwarding: The HA reports the availability of network prefixes for the MS
home address so that the packets for the MS home address can be routed to the home
network. After encapsulating the packets, the HA tunnels them to the GGSN/FA, and
then the GGSN/FA finally forwards the packets to the MS.
1.2.4 CG
The CG is a new device added to the GPRS/UMTS network. It collects, consolidates, and
preprocesses CDRs generated by the SGSN or the GGSN. It provides an interface to the
billing center.
The CDRs are generated by several network entities when a GPRS or UMTS subscriber visits
the Internet. Each entity may generate several CDRs.
The CG is used to reduce the work load of the billing center by consolidating and
preprocessing the CDRs before sending them to the billing center. With the CG in the network,
the SGSN or the GGSN need not provide the charging interface to the billing center.
1.2.5 AAA Server

The AAA server carries out authentication, authorization and accounting according to the
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol.
The AAA server is not specific to the GPRS/UMTS system.
1.2.6 DNS Server

There are two types of DNS server in a GPRS/UMTS network.
The first is the DNS between the GGSN and the external PDN. As an ordinary DNS on the
Internet, this DNS resolves the domain name of the external PDN.
The second is the DNS on the GPRS/UMTS CN. The main functions of the DNS server
include the following:
Resolves the GGSN IP address from the access point name (APN) to set up a connection
between the GGSN and the MS when the MS accesses the external PDN.
Resolves the SGSN IP address from the old routing area code during the inter-SGSN
routing area update.
Resolves the SGSN IP address from the new radio network controller (RNC) identity (ID)
during RNC relocation.
The DNS server is not specific to the GPRS/UMTS system.
1.2.7 BG
The BG is a router. In addition to security functions, it provides a routing function between
the SGSN and the GGSN in different PLMNs.
The BG is not specific to the GPRS/UMTS system.

The FA and the HA are mandatory for mobile IP access. If the mobile IP access function is not required,
the FA and the HA are not required.
1.3 Overview of the SGSN9810

The SGSN9810 can be used in a GPRS and a UMTS network. It supports up to 3 million
subscribers attached to the network at the same time.
Figure 1-2 shows the SGSN9810 appearance.
Figure 1-2 SGSN9810 appearance
The SGSN9810 provides a wide range of services, functions, protocol interfaces, and physical
interfaces. Built on the mature platform of Huawei products, it is reliable and easy to operate.

The main functions of the SGSN9810 are listed as follows:

IP bearer services
Mobility management
Security management
Session management
Charging
Quality of service (QoS) and flow management
Static and dynamic routing
Simple network management protocol (SNMP) support
Optional functions include:
Point-to-Point Protocol(PPP) bearer services
Short message service (SMS)
Customized applications for mobile network enhanced logic (CAMEL) 3 intelligent
services
Location service (LCS)
Internet protocol security extensions (IPSec) function
Lawful interception
2 Mbit/s signaling link
Multiple signaling points
Network time protocol (NTP)
Multiple HPLMNs
Iu-FLEX
Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO)
Network assisted cell change (NACC)
IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) bearing
IPv6
RAN sharing in connected mode
UESBI-Iu
Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE)
High speed downlink packet access (HSDPA)
Differential service
Handover strategy control
Gb over IP
Signaling transport (SIGTRAN) support
SGSN N+1 backup
One Tunnel
Multi-SIM
APN error correction
The following features are added in the SGSN9810 V800R009 version:
Supporting boards of 750C series
Enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS)

Network share in the gateway core network (GWCN)

Security solution
Security Socket Layer (SSL)
Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD)

2 Key Benefits
The SGSN9810 is a competitive SGSN product offered by Huawei. It has multiple features
and functions.
2.1 Large Capacity and High Integration

If the boards of 750B series are used, the SGSN9810 can support a maximum of 2 million
2.5G and 3G attached subscribes concurrently. A fully configured SGSN9810 system requires
five cabinets for a 2.5G network or three cabinets for a 3G network.
If the boards of 750C series are used, the SGSN9810 can support a maximum of 3 million
2.5G and 3G attached subscribes concurrently. Only two cabinets are required for
configuration of 2 million 2.5G or 3G subscribers, whereas three cabinets are required for
configuration of 3 million subscribers.
2.2 High-Speed Hardware Forwarding

The user plane data of the SGSN9810 is forwarded using hardware. This improves the
processing efficiency and integration of the system.
The hardware supports the traffic at the rate of 900 Mbit/s in a 2.5G system or the traffic at
the rate of 10 Gbit/s in a 3G system.
2.3 Supporting Boards of 750C Series

The SGSN9810 supports the boards of 750C series and thus the system performance and
specification are greatly improved. As a result, the SGSN can meet the present and future
performance requirements.
Table 2-1 lists the hardware comparison between the 750C series and the 750B series.

Table 2-1 Hardware comparison
Hardware 750C 750B

CPU 750GX(clock frequency 750(clock frequency
1GHz) 500MHz)
Memory 1GB 512MB

FLASH 32M 16M
The maximum number of subscribers supported by the SGSN increases to 3 million. The
number of cabinets for 2 million 2.5G subscribers decreases from five to two and that for 3G
subscribers decreases from three to two.
2.4 Standard Protocol Interfaces

The SGSN9810 supports a variety of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) protocol
interfaces to connect to the equipment from different vendors. This makes network
deployment easy for operators.
Figure 2-1 shows the protocol interfaces supported by the SGSN9810.
Figure 2-1 Protocol interfaces supported by the SGSN9810
SMS-GMSC
SM- SC
SMS-IWMSC
GLMC CAMEL GSM-

Gd SCF
Lg
MSC/VLR
Gs Ge HLR
Gr Gc
Gi
TE MT UTRAN SGSN GGSN PDN TE
Iu
Gn
Gb Ga
Ga
TE MT BSS Gp
Gn Billing
CGF
System
GGSN Gf
SGSN EIR
Other PLMN

2.5 Abundant Physical Interfaces

The SGSN9810 provides the following physical interfaces to adapt different networks:
Gn, Gp, Ga, Iu-CS, and Iu-PS interfaces: STM-1, STM-4, 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s, and
1,000 Mbit/s Ethernet interfaces
Gb, Gd, Ge, Gf, Gr, Gs, and Lg interfaces: E1, T1, STM-1, STM-4, 10 Mbit/s, 100
Mbit/s, and 1,000 Mbit/s Ethernet interfaces
The 1,000 Mbit/s Ethernet interfaces support both optical ports and electrical ports.
2.6 Rich Services and Functions

The SGSN9810 provides a wide range of services and functions. The basic functions include:
IP bearer services
Mobility management
Security management
Session management
Charging
Quality of service (QoS) and flow management
Static and dynamic routing
Simple network management protocol (SNMP) support
Optional functions include:
Point-to-Point Protocol(PPP) bearer services
Short message service (SMS)
Customized applications for mobile network enhanced logic (CAMEL) 3 intelligent
services
Location service (LCS)
Internet protocol security extensions (IPSec) function
Lawful interception
2 Mbit/s signaling link
Multiple signaling points
Network time protocol (NTP)
Multiple HPLMNs
Iu-FLEX
Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO)
IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) bearing
IPv6
RAN sharing in connected mode
UESBI-Iu
Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE)
High speed downlink packet access (HSDPA)

Differential service
Gb over IP
Signaling transport (SIGTRAN) support
Supporting boards of 750C series
Enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS)
Network share in the gateway core network (GWCN)
Security solution
Security Socket Layer (SSL)
Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD)
2.7 Accurate Clock System

A clock synchronization system is required when the SGSN9810 uses the E1/T1 interface and
the STM-1 or STM-4 optical interface to interconnect with other devices. The clock system of
the SGSN9810, using the advanced digital phase-locked loop and reliable software
phase-locked technology, has the following features:
It provides stratrum-2 (A and B types) and stratum-3 clocks.
The stratum-2 and stratum-3 clocks can be flexibly configured through terminals.
It provides multiple input reference signals, which include 2.048 MHz and 2.048 Mbit/s.
It provides powerful software functions, including display, alarm, O&M functions. The
operators can conveniently control the phase-locked method and the source reference of
the clock through the maintenance console.
It has powerful phase-locked capability and adapts to all kinds of clock transmission. In
case that the clock reference has fault, the clock synchronization system of the
SGSN9810 can work in free running mode and keep synchronization.
2.8 Easy Operation and Maintenance

The operation and maintenance (O&M) system of the SGSN9810 has the following features:
Flexible O&M methods
The O&M system can be flexibly built according to the network structure and customer
requirements. Multiple maintenance interfaces are supported, including the interfaces to
the local maintenance terminal (LMT), the Huawei centralized network management
system iManager M2000, and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) based
on the network management system. Through the Common Object Request Broker
Architecture (CORBA) interface provided by the iManager M2000, more network
management requirements can be fulfilled.
Friendly user interfaces
The SGSN9810 provides O&M interfaces that combines the merits of both man-machine
language (MML) and graphic user interface (GUI).
Powerful signaling tracing

The SGSN9810 provides functions to trace the messages of designated subscribers and
the signals on the protocol interfaces such as the Iu, Gb, Gs, and Gr. The SGSN9810 also
provides message explanation and filtering.
Software patching in function level
Through online software patching, software errors can be solved without interrupting
services. The SGSN9810 also supports remote patching and version fallback.
2.9 High Reliability

The SGSN9810 is highly reliable because of the following features:
Backup of important data
The SGSN9810 automatically backs up important data, such as the configuration data,
performance data, and operation logs.
Operation security management
Different management privileges are assigned to different users. During the user login,
the SGSN9810 checks the user identity. After the user login, the SGSN9810 maintains
the complete operation to ensure system security.
CG redirection and bill buffering
When the active CG or the link to the active CG fails, the SGSN9810 sends the bills to
the standby CG. If the standby CG is also faulty, the SGSN9810 stores the bills in its
buffer.
Hardware redundancy design
All critical boards are configured in the 1+1 backup or N+1 redundancy to ensure the
high reliability of the system.
Fault Avoidance
The SGSN9810 provides protection mechanisms to avoid the following system faults:
System power off
Maloperation on system power switch
Lightning surge on the system power
High voltage and low voltage
Short circuit of power supply
Lightning surge on E1/T1 links
Current surge and high voltage on the power supply and interfaces
System overload control
In the case of center processing unit (CPU) overload or resource congestion, the
SGSN9810 adjusts the traffic smoothly to avoid system down.
Board locking and system shutdown
This function ensures that a service can slowly exit from a board or the system if
required without interrupting other services.

3 System Structure
The system structure of the SGSN9810 includes hardware structure, software structure, and
logical structure.
3.1 Hardware Configuration

The SGSN9810 hardware consists of the cabinet, subrack, and board.
Cabinet
The SGSN9810 uses Huawei's N68-22 cabinet. This cabinet is a standard 19-inch one
and is in compliance with the IEC297. The SGSN9810 requires 1~6 cabinets.
Subrack
The SGSN9810 uses the standard 19-inch subrack, which is also called the PSM subrack.
A maximum of four PSM subracks can be configured in each cabinet. Each PSM subrack
contains 21 slots. Boards are inserted in front and rear of the backplane.
According to the board configuration, the PSM subrack is classified into three types,
namely, switching subrack, basic subrack and extension subrack.
Board
According to the position, the boards of the SGSN9810 are classified into the front card,
back card, and pinch board. The number of boards depends on the capacity of the
system.
3.1.1 Cabinet Configuration

Figure 3-1 shows an example of the cabinet configuration of the SGSN9810.

Figure 3-1 Hardware configuration of the SGSN9810
Power Distribution Box
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
F F F F F F R R C C G G G G A P P
C C C C C C C C D D F F T T L W W
U U U U U U U U R R U U P P U R R
PSM Subrack
Air Deflector
I I S S S S R R S S G G G G A P P
C C P P P P C C P P B B B B L W W
P P U U U U U U U U I I I I U R R
PSM Subrack
Air Deflector
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
G G G G S S R R S S G G G A P P
B B B B P P C C P P B B B L W W
I I I I U U U U U U I I I U R R
PSM Subrack
Air Deflector
G G G G S S R R O O G G L L A P P
B B B B P P C C M M T T I I L W W
I I I I U U U U U U P P P P U R R
PSM Subrack
Dummy Panel

3.1.2 Switching Subrack

The switching subrack refers to the PSM subrack that is configured with the UFCU boards.
Only one switching subrack is required.
The fundamental function of the switching subrack is to forward data among the PSM
subracks.
Figure 3-2 shows the boards in the switching subrack.
Figure 3-2 Boards in the switching subrack
P P P P P P B A B A B B P P P P
I I I I I I I C I C S S I I W W
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U R R
F F F F F F R R C C G G G G A P P
C C C C C C C C D D F F T T L W W
U U U U U U U U R R U U P P U R R
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
In Figure 3-2, the boards in the upper half of the subrack are inserted from the rear, and the boards in the
lower half are inserted from the front.
Table 3-1 briefs the functions of the boards in the switching subrack.
Table 3-1 Functions of the boards in the switching subrack
Board Function
Subrack control unit (URCU) Bus mediation
Board configuration
Maintains boards
Controls the PSM subrack
PSM back interface unit (UBIU) Provides optical ports, network ports, and serial ports
for the URCU.

Board Function
Auxiliary control unit (UACU) Works with the URCU board to control the two
buses in the PSM subrack.
Controls hot swap of the service processing boards
in the PSM subrack.
Controls the switchover of URCU boards.
PSM alarm unit (UALU) Monitors the power module of the PSM subrack.
Monitors back board status.
Monitors subrack temperature.
PSM power module (UPWR) Provides power supply for the PSM subrack.
Frame connect unit (UFCU) Forwards service subrack data.
Packet interface unit (UPIU) Receives and forwards Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) data and Ethernet link data.
GTP forwarding unit (UGFU) Forwards GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) data.
Charging detail record unit Collects, encodes, and sends CDRs, and stores CDRs
(UCDR) in the buffer.
Back storage unit (UBSU) Provides external interfaces and a hard disk for the
UCDR.
GTP processing unit (UGTP) Forwards GPRS tunneling protocol for control plane
(GTP-C) signaling messages and implements the
charging function of GPRS tunneling protocol for
user plane(GTP-U) data
For NTP, DNS client and IPSec functions
3.1.3 Basic Subrack

The basic subrack refers to the PSM subrack that is configured with the UOMU boards. Only
one basic subrack is required.
The fundamental function of the basic subrack is to provide operation and maintenance to the
system, including operator management, configuration management, alarm management,
tracing management, and performance measurement.
Figure 3-3 to Figure 3-4 show the boards in the basic subrack for 2.5G network and 3G
network.

Figure 3-3 Boards in the basic subrack (2.5G network)
E E E E E E B A B A F F C C P P
P P P P P P I C I C S S K K W W
I I I I I I U U U U U U I I R R
G G G G S S R R O O G G L L A P P
B B B B P P C C M M T T I I L W W
I I I I U U U U U U P P P P U R R
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Figure 3-4 Boards in the basic subrack
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
E E E E B A B A F F C C P P
P P P P I C I C S S K K W W
I I I I U U U U U U I I R R
I I S S S S R R O O I I L L A P P
C C P P P P C C M M C C I I L W W
P P U U U U U U U U P P P P U R R
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Table 3-2 briefs the functions of the boards in the basic subrack.

Table 3-2 Functions of the boards in the basic subrack
Board Function
Clock unit (UCKI) Provides operation clock for the SGSN9810
Packet service signal For application layer protocols such as Session Management
processing unit (USPU) (SM), Mobility Management (MM), and Customized
Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
Processes Signaling System No.7 (SS7) L3 messages
Gb interface unit (UGBI) For Gb interface protocols
Iu_PS control processing For Iu-PS control plane protocols
unit (UICP)
Packet service O&M unit For the operation and maintenance functions of the
(UOMU) SGSN9810
PSM flashdisk storage unit Provides external interfaces and a hard disk for the UOMU
(UFSU)
E1 processing interface Provides external E1 interfaces for the Packet Service Signal
unit (UEPI) Processing Unit (USPU) or Gb Interface Unit (UGBI)
T1 processing interface Provides external T1 interfaces for the USPU or UGBI
unit (UTPI)
LAN switch card (ULAN) Serves as a local area network (LAN) switch to provide a
connection between the UOMU and URCU
SIGTRAN process unit For the MTP3 User Adaptation Layer (M3UA) and Stream
(USIG) Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) of the SIGTRAN
Lawful interception Provides the following interfaces for lawful interception:
processing unit (ULIP) The interfaces for receiving interception requests
The interfaces for collecting and transmitting interception
messages
Lawful Interception For Lawful Interception Enhanced Processing Unit
Enhanced Processing
Unit(ULEP)
3.1.4 Extended Subrack

The extended subracks process services. An extended subrack can be configured to process
2.5G services, 3G services, or both.
Figure 3-5 shows the boards in a extended subrack for both 2.5G and 3G services. For the
description of these boards, see Table 3-2.

Figure 3-5 Boards in the extended subrack (2.5/3G)
E E E E E E B A B A E E E E P P
P P P P P P I C I C P P P P W W
I I I I I I U U U U I I I I R R
G G G G S S R R S S S S I I A P P
B B B B P P C C P P P P C C L W W
I I I I U U U U U U U U P P U R R
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
3.2 Software Structure

The SGSN9810 is a distributed system where functions are distributed in and implemented by
different boards. Each board has its own software that consists of a platform module and
function-specific modules.
Figure 3-6 shows the structure of the SGSN9810 software.

Figure 3-6 Structure of the SGSN9810 software
USPU UCDR
O&M sub-system
ULIP UGTP
UICP UGBI Device management

sub-system
Service feature plane
Database
management sub-
UGFU UFCU
system
Data forwarding plane System management plane
Platform management sub-system (OS and DOPRA)
Data service plane
The data service plane consists of a platform management subsystem, that is, the operating
system (OS) and the Distributed Object-oriented Programmable Real-time Architecture
(DOPRA). This plane is the basis of other software modules.
The system management plane manages the whole SGSN9810 system. It consists of
three subsystems:
O&M
Device management
Database management
The system management plane and the data service plane are the basic modules in each
board software.
The data forwarding plane consists of the UGFU and UFCU. It carries out the switching,
routing, and forwarding of ATM and IP packets.
The service plane processes services. It consists of the USPU, UCDR, ULIP, UGBI,
UGTP, and UICP.
3.3 Logical Structure

The SGSN9810 has twelve logical functional subsystems, as shown in Figure 3-7.

Figure 3-7 Logical structure of the SGSN9810
ATM
RNC Signaling E1/T1
PS transfer
IP subsystem processing HLR
GGSN subsystem
DNS
NTP
Gb interface
PCU Switching
processing
subsystem subsystem
Operation and IP
LMT
BITS Clock subsystem maintenance
subsystem M2000
Iu interface GTP
control control Lawful
Charging
plane plane interception
subsystem
processing processing subsystem
subsystem subsystem
This section briefs the functions of these subsystems and the hardware that implements the
functions.
3.3.2 Switching Subsystem

Function: Packets switching and interconnection between subracks
Hardware: URCU, UPIU, and UFCU
3.3.3 PS Transfer Subsystem

Function: routing and forwarding of GTP user data; Gn/Gp external interfaces
Hardware: UGFU and UPIU
3.3.4 Gb Interface Processing Subsystem

Function: implementing L1, Network Service (NS) and Base Station Subsystem GPRS
Protocol (BSSGP) layer protocols of the Gb interface
Hardware: UGBI and E1 processing interface unit (UEPI) or T1 processing interface unit
(UTPI)
The UEPI or UTPI is not required when the Gb over IP function is enabled.

3.3.5 Signaling Processing Subsystem

Function: implementing L1, L2, and L3 of the Message Transfer Part (MTP), SIGTRAN,
Signaling Connection and Control Part (SCCP), Mobile Application Part (MAP), MM, SM,
CAMEL, and Location Service (LCS) protocols.
Hardware: USPU, SIGTRAN process unit (USIG), and UEPI/UTPI
3.3.6 Lawful Interception Subsystem

Function: X1-1/X2/X3 interfaces, collection and transmission of lawful interception data
Hardware: ULIP and ULEP
3.3.7 Charging Subsystem

Function: collection, storage, coding, and transmission or CDR data
Hardware: UCDR
3.3.8 Iu Interface Control Plane Processing Subsystem

Function: implementing the control plane Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL), MTP3B,
SCCP, and Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) protocols of the Iu interface
Hardware: UICP
3.3.9 GTP Control Plane Processing Subsystem

Function: implementing the GTP-C protocol and IPSec encryption of GTP-C signaling
messages
Hardware: UGTP
3.3.10 Operation and Maintenance Subsystem

Function: external O&M interfaces, system O&M, configuration management, performance
management, alarm management, and operation logs
Hardware: UOMU and Flash Storage Unit (UFSU)
3.3.11 Clock Subsystem

Function: providing stratum-2 or stratum-3 clock (secondary clock) for the system
Hardware: clock unit (UCKI)

4 Services and Functions
The SGSN9810 offers abundant services and functions, and meets the requirements of
multiple networks and operations.
4.1 Services
The SGSN9810 provides a full range of services to meet the demands of various subscribers.
This section introduces the following services:
IP/PPP bearer services
Short message services (SMS)
Location services
CAMEL Phase 3 services
Lawful interception
4.1.1 IP/PPP Bearer Services

The GPRS/UMTS network supports protocols such as the IPv4, IPv6, and Point-to-Point
Protocol (PPP).
The IP/PPP packets can travel transparently on the GPRS/UMTS network. Subscribers can
use various IP and PPP applications, such as web browsing, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and
Virtual Private Network (VPN), through the GPRS/UMTS network.
Figure 4-1 shows the structure of the protocol stacks that provide IP and PPP bearer services
in a 3G network.

Figure 4-1 IP/PPP bearer protocols (3G)
Application
E.g., E.g.,
IP,PPP IP,PPP
Relay Relay
GTP-U
PDCP GTP-U
PDCP GTP-U GTP-U
RLC RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP

MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1
Uu Iu-PS Gn Gi
MS UTRAN 3G-SGSN 3G-GGSN
Figure 4-2 shows the structure of the protocol stacks that provide IP and PPP bearer services
in a 2.5 network.
Figure 4-2 IP/PPP bearer protocols (2.5G)
Application
IP IP
Relay
SNDCP SNDCP GTP-U GTP-U
LLC LLC
UDP UDP
Relay
RLC BSSGP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
MAC Network Network L2 L2

MAC Service Service
GSM RF GSM RF L1bis L1bis L1 L1
Um Gb Gn Gi
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
4.1.2 Short Message Services

Short message services (SMS) include normal SMS and enhanced SMS.
Normal SMS allows for the messages that contain up to 160 bytes (including control
bytes).
Enhanced SMS allows for formats in a message in addition to texts. These formats may
include objects such as animations and images. A short message can contain more than
one object.
SMS consists of two types of basic service:
mobile terminated short message (SM-MT)

SM-MT is the capability that enables the GSM/UMTS system to deliver the short
messages submitted by the short message center (SMC) to the specified MS. At the same
time, result (success or failure) of the message delivery is provided. In the case of
delivery failure, a repeat strategy is implemented.
mobile originated short message (SM-MO)
SM-MO is the capability that enables the GSM/UMTS system, with the help of the SMC,
to forward the short messages submitted by an MS to the short message entity (SME). At
the same time, result (success or failure) of the message submission is provided.
Figure 4-3 shows the basic network structure of the SMS.
Figure 4-3 Basic network structure of the SMS
NodeB RNC MSC

No.7
SMC
BTS BSC/PCU SGSN
The GPRS-attached MSs or the GPRS-attached but international mobile subscriber identity
(IMSI) -unattached MSs submit and receive short messages through the PS domain.
The GPRS-attached and IMSI-attached MSs submit and receive short messages through either
the PS domain or the circuit switching (CS) domain. If the messages are submitted through
the CS domain, the SGSN can be used for paging.
4.1.3 Location Services

The LCS enables the GPRS/UMTS network to locate an MS in the network and provide the
geographic location of the MS after data conversion and calculation.
The location data can be applied internally or externally.
For internal purposes, it can be used by the operator to fulfill certain requirements such
as location-based charging.
For external purposes, it can be used by the network to provide various location-based
services such as on-demand services, customized messages, and customized services.
Figure 4-4 shows the network of the LCS.

Figure 4-4 Network of the LCS
A 2G-
MSC
gsmSCF
GERAN Lg
Gb Proprietary
2G-
Um SGSN OSA SCS
Lc
Lg
Proprietary OSA API
UE Iu
Iu GMLC External LCS
Lg Le Client
3G- LIF-MLP
Uu
Iu SGSN
Lh
Lg
UTRAN
Iu MSC
server HSS
The LCS network includes the following major entities:

LCS client
The LCS client originates location requests. Corresponding to the application of LCS,
the LCS client includes the internal LCS client and the external LCS client.
GMLC
The Gateway mobile location center (GMLC) provides an path for the LCS client to
access the public land mobile network (PLMN).
After receiving the location request from the LCS client, the GMLC requests routing
data from the home location register (HLR) or the home subscriber server (HSS).
At the same time, the GMLC forwards the request to the visited mobile switching center
(VMSC), SGSN, or MSC server after authentication.
The location result is also forwarded through the GMLC.
MSC, MSC server, and SGSN
These entities connect to the GMLC through the Lg interface. They receive, process, and
respond to the location request.
4.1.4 CAMEL Phase 3 Services

The CAMEL enables operators to provide subscribers special services such as the prepaid
service.
Figure 4-5 shows how the SGSN supports CAMEL Phase 3 services in a GPRS/UMTS
network.

Figure 4-5 SGSN support to CAMEL Phase 3 services
Home Network
HLR gsmSCF
MAP
CAP
gprsSSF
SGSN MS
Interrogating Network Visiting Network
Home/Interrogating/Visiting Network
As shown in the figure, the SGSN integrates the GPRS service switching function (gprsSSF)
and provide CAMEL Phase 3 services under the control of the GSM service control function
(gsmSCF).
4.1.5 Lawful Interception

The lawful interception is a capability of the mobile network to provide the content of
communication (CC) of MSs and intercept related information (IRI) to a law enforcement
agency (LEA).
Figure 4-6 shows the procedure of lawful interception.
Figure 4-6 Procedure of lawful interception
Intercept request Intercept reques
X1-1
Network node
ADMF
LEA
X2 IRI
DF2 X3 CC
DF3
The procedure for lawful interception is as follows:

1. The LEA sends an intercept request to the administration function (ADMF) entity.

2. The ADMF forwards the request to the network node.

3. The network node starts intercepting the CC of the target subscriber.
4. The network node forwards the IRI and CC of the target subscriber to the LEA through
the delivery function (DF).
As shown in Figure 4-6, the logical entities relating to the interception in a mobile network
include the network nodes (SGSN and GGSN), ADMF, and DF.
The ADMF controls the interception while the DF collects and forwards the IRI and the CC.
Relevant interfaces include the X1-1 interface, X2 interface, and X3 interface.
X1-1 interface is between the ADMF and the network node.
It transfers interception-related management messages from the ADMF to the network
node.
X2 interface is between the DF2 and the network node.
It transfers the IRI.
X3 interface is between the DF3 and the network node.
It transfers the CC.
4.2 Functions
The SGSN9810 provides powerful functions to meet the requirements of network operators.
This section introduces the following functions:
Mobility management
Session management
Routing
IPv6 support
IPSec and logical link control (LLC) encryption
Charging
QoS
Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX
RAN sharing in connected state
MVNO
UESBI-Iu
Multi-SPs and 2 Mbit/s signaling link
NTP client functions
SIGTRAN support
Gb over IP
Differential services

4.2.1 Mobility Management

The MM function is used to control an MS access to the GPRS/UMTS network and trace the
location of the MS, such as the routing area (RA) and SGSN information of the MS.
The MM function is fulfilled mainly by attach, detach, and route updating procedures. It
ensures that the location of the MS is updated while the MS is moving, such as the updating
of the current SGSN information in the HLR.
4.2.2 Session Management

The SM carries out Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context management.
The PDP context is a group of messages related to the PDP. The network elements, such as
the MS, SGSN, and GGSN, send and manage the PDP data based on the PDP context.
Session management includes PDP context activation, modification, and deactivation.
Before the MS transmits data, it must activate the PDP context. During the data transfer, the
PDP context can be modified based on the requirement of the QoS. After data transfer, the
PDP context must be deactivated to release network resources.
4.2.3 Routing
The SGSN9810 supports various routing protocols to ensure the flexible networking using the
Gn/Gp interface.
Static Routing
Static routes are manually configured by the administrator. Users can configure static routes
to set up a connected network.
In a simple network, static routes can be used to ensure the stable operation of the router. Well
configured static routes can improve the performance of the network and ensure the
bandwidth for critical applications.
When the network is faulty, the static route cannot adjust itself and requires reconfiguration.
OSPF
The open shortest path first (OSPF) is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) developed by the
internet engineering task force (IETF). The OSPF is implemented based on link status.
The OSPF has the following features:
Large scope
The OSPF can be used for the networks of various sizes and support up to hundreds of
routers.
Fast convergence
After the network topology is changed, an update message is sent at once to synchronize
the data in the autonomous system.
Loop free
The OSPF uses the shortest path algorithm to determine a route based on the link status.
The algorithm ensures that the route is loop free.
Area division

The network of the autonomous system can be divided into several areas so that the
network is easy to manage. The route information transferred between the areas is
abstracted, so the required bandwidth is further reduced.
Equivalent route
Multiple equivalent routes to the same destination are supported.
Hierarchical routes
Routes are classified into four categories. They are (from high to low priority) intra-area
routes, inter-area routes, class-1 external routes, and class-2 external routes.
RIP II
The routing information protocol (RIP) is a simple IGP that is used in small networks.
The RIP is widely used in networks thanks to the following features:
Easy to implement
Little protocol overhead which makes almost no impact on the network performance
Easy to configure and maintain compared with the OSPF and intermediate
system-to-intermediate system (IS-IS) intra-domain routing information exchange
protocol
4.2.4 IPv6 Support

The rapid development of Internet services requires more and more IP addresses, which are
beyond the capability of the IPv4 protocol. As a result, the IPv6 is developed to address this
problem.
Compared with the IPv4, the IPv6 boasts of the following advantages:
Extended IP addresses
IP addresses are extended from 32 bits in the IPv4 to 128 bits in the IPv6, indicating that
the address resources are abundant. This address structure also improves routing
efficiency.
Simplified packet header format
The packet header is simplified to minimize the processing by routers; thus it improves
routing efficiency.
Enhanced support for extension and option capability
The IPv6 satisfies additional requirements without affecting the routing of normal
packets or special packets.
Flow identity
The flow identity is used to improve the processing of packet flows, especially real-time
applications.
Identity verification and security
Enhanced identity verification and security measures make IPv6 especially suitable for
sensitive commercial information.
The data plane and the signaling plane of the SGSN9810 Gn/Gp interface supports both IPv4
and IPv6 addresses.
Operators can choose one of the following four operational modes:
Supporting only IPv6 addresses

Preferring IPv6 addresses

Supporting only IPv4 addresses
Preferring IPv4 addresses
4.2.5 IPSec and LLC Encryption

To ensure the security of data transfer, the SGSN9810 supports IPSec encryption for the
signaling massages on the Gn/Gp interface and data encryption for the Gb interface messages.
IPSec
The SGSN9810 encrypts the Gn/Gp signaling messages by using the IP Security (IPSec)
protocols.
The IPSec is a series of protocols developed by the IETF to ensure the security of the data that
is transmitted on the Internet.
Through encryption and data source verification on the IP layer, the privacy and integrity of
data packets can be guaranteed when the packets are transferred on the Internet.
LLC Encryption
In a 2.5G system, the encryption on the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer between the MS
and SGSN is the traditional stream encryption using the GPRS-A5 algorithm.
The data to be encrypted includes the information field and the authentication field carried by
LLC frames.
4.2.6 Charging
Figure 4-7 shows the GPRS/UMTS charging network.
The SGSN and GGSN collect the charging information relating to radio network resource
usage and CN resource usage by each MS. Then they generate CDRs and send them to the
CG through the Ga interface.
Figure 4-7 GPRS/UMTS charging network
SGSN GGSN
Gn
Internet
BTS BSC/PCU
Ga Ga
NodeB RNC CG Billing Centre

The SGSN9810 can generate the following seven CDRs:

SGSN generated - CDR(S-CDR): records the information related to certain PDP contexts
in the SGSN
Mobility management generated - CDR(M-CDR): records the mobility-related
information
SGSN delivered short message mobile originated - CDR(S-SMO-CDR): records the
information related to SM-MO services
SGSN delivered short message mobile terminated - CDR(S-SMT-CDR): records the
information related to SM-MT services
Mobile terminated LCS CDR(LCS-MT-CDR): records the information related to
mobile-terminated location services
Mobile originated LCS CDR(LCS-MO-CDR): records the information related to
mobile-originated location services
Network induced LCS CDR(LCS-NI-CDR): records the information related to
network-initiated location services
4.2.7 QoS
The 3GPP R5 specifications define four classes of QoS, as described in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1 UMTS QoS classes
Traffic Class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

Class Class Class Class
Characteristics Preserve time Preserve time Request Destination

relation between relation response does not expect
entities of the between pattern the data within
stream entities of the a certain time.
Conversational stream
pattern (high
quality, low delay)
Example of the Voice Video Web Download or
application browsing sending
e-mails
The SGSN9810 support the four QoS classes by using the following mechanisms:
Access control
When the subscriber activates the PDP context, the SGSN negotiates the QoS with the
MS.
If the negotiation fails, the SGSN denies the MS access.
QoS queue management
The data packets are assigned to QoS queues based on the QoS class. The SGSN
dispatch the queues using the class-based weighted fair queuing (CBWFQ) algorithm to
decide the order of transmission.

In case of congestion, the SGSN decides the discard criteria of packets by using the
weighted random early detection (WRED) algorithm. This ensures the transmission
reliability of the high-priority data.
Differentiated Services (DiffServ)
DiffServ is an IP QoS model that is used in a backbone network to meet various service
requirements.
In the DiffServ system, the network node determines the per-hop behavior (PHB)
according to the differentiated services code point (DSCP) in the IP header.
The SGSN supports the following PHBs: expedited forwarding (EF), assured forwarding
(AF), and best-effort (BE). It also supports the three discard priorities of the AF.
QoS mapping
QoS mapping converts the QoS attributes of different bearer protocols.
It includes the mapping between the 3GPP QoS and DSCP, between the DSCP and the
ATM QoS, and between the R97/98 and the R99 QoS attributes.
CAR and Remarking
If the actual data packet stream requires the QoS higher than the requested one, the
SGSN handles the packets based on the committed access rate (CAR) and discard the
extra packets.
SGSN can also carry out a Remarking process to lower the QoS of the data packet.
4.2.8 Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX
The Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX function allows one RAN or base station subsystem (BSS) to
connect to several CN nodes in the same domain.
The Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX function introduces the concept of pool areas. Similar to an MSC or
SGSN service area, a pool area contains one or more RAN/BSS service areas, but it is served
by multiple CN nodes (MSC or SGSN) at the same time. See Figure 4-8 for details.

Figure 4-8 Example of pool area configuration

MSC 3 MSC 6
MSC 2 MSC 5
MSC 1 MSC 4 MSC 7
CS pool- CS pool-
area 2
area 1
RAN RAN RAN RAN

node node node node
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4
RAN RAN RAN RAN

node node node node
Area 5 Area 6 Area 7 Area 8
PS pool- PS pool-
area 1 area 2
SGSN 1 SGSN 3 SGSN 6

SGSN 2 SGSN 4
SGSN 5
The Iu-FLEX/Gb-FLEX function expands the service areas of each CN node and reduces the
effort required for the inter-node update, handover, relocation, and HLR update.
This function also improves system availability. If one CN node in the pool area is faulty,
other nodes can provide services.
4.2.9 RAN Sharing in Connected State

Figure 4-9 shows the scenario of RAN sharing in connected state. In this scenario, the
networks of operator A and operator B together cover a large area in which an overlap area
exists. The RANs of operator A and operator B are connected through the CNs, so the user
equipment (UE) of operator B can operate in the network of operator A. In the overlap area,
the UE of operator B must access the RAN of operator B rather than the network of operator
A.

Figure 4-9 RAN sharing between operators
Core Network A Core Network B
Radio Access Network Radio Access Network

A B
To solve the problem mentioned above, the R5 protocol introduces the concept of shared
network area (SNA). An SNA corresponds to one or more location areas (Las) that control the
UE access.
The SNA is configured in the CN. The CN provides an SNA ID list that contains the SNAs
that the UE can access.
If the location area (LA) is in the SNA that the UE can access, the RAN allows the UE to
access the network. Otherwise, it denies the UE.
4.2.10 MVNO
A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) uses the resources authorized by a mobile
network operator (MNO) to provide services and maintain the authorized resources.
The MVNO function enables more operators to invest on and share the network to lower the
investment risk and maximize resource usage.
The network resources authorized by the MNO can be the RAN, part of the CN, or the whole
CN. Figure 4-10 shows the example of partial CN sharing. In the example, the MNO shares
its SGSN with the MVNO, and the MVNO owns the GGSN, CG, and other network
equipment.

Figure 4-10 MVNO network
MVNO
GGSN
CG
SGSN GGSN
Internet
BTS BSC/PCU
NodeB RNC CG Billing Centre

MNO
4.2.11 UESBI-Iu
The UEs may have potential standard or manufacture defects. The RAN needs UE-specific
behavior information (UESBI) regarding 3GPP features to help the lower layer process the
local 3GPP features.
The UESBI corresponds to the following two sets of information:
UESBI-Uu: The messages are sent by the UE to the RAN through the messages defined
by the Radio Resource Control (RCC) protocol.
UESBI-Iu: The message is obtained by the CN from the International Mobile Station
Equipment Identity and Software Version number (IMEISV) of the UE. The CN then
sends the messages to the RAN through the Iu interface.
Figure 4-11 shows the network structure of the UESBI-Iu.

Figure 4-11 Network structure of the UESBIIu
Attach and IMEISV 2 IMEISV

1 Storage
interrogation
3
UESBI
MSC
IMEISV UE
NodeB SRNC SGSN
When the UE accesses the VLR or SGSN, the IMEISV from the UE is saved in the VLR or
SGSN. When an Iu connection (such as CS voice session and PS data transfer) is set up later,
the IMEISV is read from the MM context of the VLR or SGSN to obtain the UESBI. The
UESBI is then sent to the serving RNC (SRNC).
4.2.12 Multi-SPs and 2 Mbit/s Signaling Links

Ever increasing equipment capacity boosts the signaling flow between signaling points. The
16 signaling links specified by the protocol are far from enough to fulfill actual networking
requirements.
To solve this problem, the SGSN9810 provides the multiple signaling points (multi-SPs)
function and 2 Mbit/s signaling links.
Multi-SPs Function
The SGSN9810 entity can be divided virtually into several logical signaling points. Thus the
restriction of 16 signaling links between two signaling points is broken.
As shown in Figure 4-12, from the aspect of other signaling points, the SGSN9810 contains
multiple signaling points, and there are 16 links for each signaling point.

Figure 4-12 Multiple signaling points supported by the SGSN9810

Link Set
Link
SP SP
Single SP
Link Set
Link
SP1
SP
SP2
Multi SPs
Link
Link Set
2 Mbit/s Signaling Links

A 2 Mbit/s signaling link binds multiple timeslots into an E1/T1 link to increase the
throughput of a link.
4.2.13 NTP Client Functions

The network time protocol (NTP) is a TCP/IP protocol that is used to issue accurate time in
the entire IP network. Its transmission is based on the UDP. The RFC1305 specifies the
algorithm used by the NTP to ensure the accuracy of clock synchronization. Theoretically, the
accuracy can be 1 ns.
Figure 4-13 shows the synchronous networking mode of the NTP. The NTP time
synchronization can be realized provided that the network from the device or the lower server
to the upper server is available. The time accuracy offered by the NTP synchronous
networking mode is of ms. This can be applied in alarm, log, and performance measurement.

Figure 4-13 NTP synchronous networking mode
Class 0
NTP Server
Class 1
NTP Server NTP Server NTP Server
Class 2
NTP Server NTP Server
NTP Client NTP Client
The NTP services can be classified into three types when the NTP synchronous networking
mode is used.
NTP server of the highest layer: It refers to the NTP server of stratum 0, which offers
time synchronization service to the lower layer.
NTP server of the intermediate layer: Stratum 1 and stratum 2 obtain time from the time
server of upper layer, and offer time synchronization to the lower layer.
NTP client: It only obtains time. Time synchronization service is not offered.
When the SGSN9810 is configured as the NTP client, it obtains time from the NTP server of
upper layer and synchronizes time. Figure 4-14 shows the networking of the SGSN9810
synchronizing the NTP server.
Figure 4-14 Networking of the SGSN9810 synchronizing the NTP server
IP Network
SGSN9810 NTP Server

4.2.14 Network-Assisted Cell Change

When an MS initiates cell reselection between base station controllers (BSCs) during data
transfer, the network assisted cell change (NACC) function is used to reduce the delay and
improve the QoS.
In most cases, service interruption can be controlled within 300 ms to 700 ms, while the
normal service interruption is about one or two seconds.
To assist fast cell reselection, the MS must know some information about the system of the
target cell.
If the target cell belongs to another BSC or RNC, the system information is transferred across
the BSCs or RNCs. In this case, the system information is in the RAN-Information message
and sent to the target BSC or RNC by the SGSN.
4.2.15 SIGTRAN Support

The Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) protocol stack is defined by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF) to enable the inter-working between SS7 and IP networks.
The SIGTRAN enables an IP network to transfer the signals of a legacy switched circuit
network (SCN). It supports the standard inter-layer primitive interfaces defined in the SCN
signaling protocol model to ensure that SCN signaling messages can be used without any
change. With the standard IP transport protocol as its lower layer, the SIGTRAN provides
special functions to meet the requirements for SCN signaling transfer.
Functionally, the SIGTRAN protocol stack is classified into the following two types:
General signaling transmission protocols
This type of protocols fulfills the efficient and reliable transfer of SS7 signaling
messages on an IP network. The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is now
used for this purpose.
SS7 signaling adaptation protocols
This protocols are designed to adapt the various signaling protocols used by the SCN.
They include M2UA, M3UA, IUA, and V5UA.
Figure 4-15 shows the SIGTRAN protocol stack model.
Figure 4-15 SIGTRAN protocol stack model
M3UA M2UA IUA SUA M2PA V5UA
SCTP
IP
M3UA MTP3 User Adaptation Layer

M2UA MTP2 User Adaptation Layer

IUA ISDN Q.921 User Adaptation Layer

M2PA MTP2 Peer Adaptation Layer
V5UA V5 User Adaptation Layer
SUA SCCP User Adaptation Layer
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
This manual introduces only the SCTP and M3UA used by the SGSN9810.
In the SGSN9810, the SIGTRAN protocols are applied on the Iu-PS interface signaling plane
and the SS7 interface. The SGSN9810 can also use a signaling gateway (SG) to communicate
with the signaling points that do not support SIGTRAN functions,
Figure 4-16 shows how the SGSN9810, RNC, and HLR communicate on an IP network using
the SIGTRAN protocols.
Figure 4-16 Communication with the RNC and HLR on an IP network using the SIGTRAN
protocols
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 M3UA
IP Network
MTP2 SCTP
MTP1 IP
HLR SGSN
SCCP
MTP3 M3UA
MTP3
SS7 Network
MTP2 SCTP
MTP2
MTP1 IP
MTP1
HLR SG

4.2.16 Gb over IP
On the Gb interface, the Network Service (NS) layer implements the following functions for
the upper layer:
Service data unit (SDU) transfer between the SGSN9810 and the BSS
Network congestion indication
Status indication
Figure 4-17 shows the protocol stacks on the Gb interface.
Figure 4-17 Protocol stacks on the Gb interface
LLC
BSSGP BSSGP
Network Service Network Service

Control Control
FR IP FR IP
L1 L1 L1 L1
Gb
BSS SGSN
he 3GPP protocols specify that Sub-NS messages can be carried by a frame relay network or
an IP network. The SGSN9810 version earlier than V800R006 supports frame relay network.
In version V800R006, the Gb over IP feature is added to support Sub-NS message transfer
over an IP network on the Gb interface.
The end-to-end communication on the Gb interface between two remote networks is
implemented through network service virtual circuits (NS-VC).
An NS-VC is a virtual path between two peer entities on the NS control layer. It is defined by
a quadruple consisting of the SGSN IP address, SGSN UDP port number, BSS IP address, and
BSS UDP port number, as shown in Figure 4-18.

Figure 4-18 NSVC in the Gb over IP
BSS SGSN
NSEI=1 NSEI=2
NSVC1(UDPA/IP1, UDPB/IP3)
UDPA UDPB
IPI NSVC2(UDPA/IP1, UDPC/IP4) IP3
UDPA UDPC
NSVC3(UDPA/IP2, UDPB/IP3) IP4
IP2
NSVC4(UDPA/IP2, UDPC/IP4)
4.2.17 Differential Services

The differential service provides various access control strategies according to subscriber
priorities and service levels.
Subscribers are grouped into three classes according to their priorities:
High level subscribers
Normal subscribers
Low level subscribers
The service level depends on the following QoS parameters in the PDP context:
Traffic class
Guaranteed bit rate for downlink
Traffic handling priority
Operators offer different services to different subscribers through the following two methods:
Specify the threshold of system resource usage to restrict the attach and routing area
update (RAU) operations of some subscribers.
Specify the threshold of PDP context resources to restrict certain services of some
subscribers.
4.2.18 Handover Strategy Control

The handover strategy control helps operators in distributing traffic and balancing load
between 2G networks and 3G networks.

This function is applicable to the 2G and 3G supportive terminals that are allowed to access
these two types of network.
When a terminal is in a 3G network, the handover strategies include:
Handover to 2G network recommended
Handover to 2G network not recommended
Stay in the 3G network
The handover strategy control information is sent as a cell to the RNC during radio access
bearer (RAB) assignment and relocation procedures.
If a terminal is in a 2G network, the handover strategies include:
Handover to 3G network recommended
Handover to 3G network not recommended
Stay in the 2G network
The handover strategy control information is sent as a cell to the BSS during the
create-BSS-PFC procedure.
4.2.19 Enhanced MBMS

The 3GPP protocol defines two MBMS operating modes, that is, broadcast mode and
multicast mode.
In MBMS broadcast mode, multimedia data, such as letters, audio frequency, video frequency,
and pictures are sent from a data source to all the users in a broadcast serving area. Broadcast
mode is a unidirectional and point-to-multipoint service in which multimedia data is
transmitted from a single source entity to all the users in a broadcast serving area. Generally,
broadcast service is free for reception terminals, and thus the operation such as activation or
subscription is not required. The carriers, however, may charge some sponsors, such as
advertisers, by broadcast service time or traffic volume.
The MBMS broadcast mode is classified into two types: common broadcast mode and
enhanced broadcast mode. The enhanced broadcast mode of MBMS can implement the partial
multicast function under the broadcast mode. It can determine whether to use the PTP or PTM
mode based on the number of MBMSs selected by the UEs in a cell. In addition, it supports
conversion between PTP and PTM. The enhanced broadcast mode of MBMS simplifies the
multiple operations under the MBMS multicast mode, and thus simplifies the function
implementation of the system.
In MBMS multicast mode, a network sends data to the cells in which users can receive
multicast services are located. Compared with broadcast mode, multicast mode requires users
to subscribe to related service before joining a multicast group. Users apply to join a multicast
group through the multicast service activation procedure and to quit the group through the
deactivation procedure. Generally, multicast services are charged.
Figure 4-19shows the network topology of the MBMS service.

Figure 4-19 Network topology of the MBMS service
PDN
(e. g. Internet )
Content
Provider /
Multicast
Broadcast
HLR Source
OSA
Gr SCS
Gmb Content
Uu Iu Gn/Gp Provider /
UE UTRAN SGSN GGSN BM - SC Multicast
TPF Broadcast
Gi Source
Iu / Gb
Um
UE GERAN
The Gmb interface is a signaling interface added for the MBMS service. The broadcast
multicast service center (BM-SC) is a new network element (NE) in the packet switched (PS)
domain. The functions of various NEs are as follows:
BM-SC
Informing the GGSN of the start time and end time of a session and specifying the
session parameters, including QoS and MBMS service area.
Authorizing activation of a user for the GGSN.
Providing the Gmb protocol agent function. The BM-SC allows distributed physical
entities to share one MBMS bearer service. The protocol agent shields the routes
between the distributed entities and makes the entities transparent to the GGSN.
GGSN
As the entrance to IP multicast service, the GGSN initiates MBMS bearer
establishment and release upon the BM-SC notification.
Receiving the IP data packets of MBMS service from the Gi interface and routing
them to appropriate GTP tunnels.
Shielding the MBMS multicast source messages outside a public land mobile
network (PLMN).
Collecting MBMS charging information
Performing flow billing charge (FBC)
SGSN
Receiving MBMS data from the GGSN and forwarding the data to the UTRAN
Establishing and releasing the Iu and Gn bearer used in the MBMS service
The SGSN9810 does not support the multicast mode. The SGSN of V800R009 does not provide the
charging function for MBMS. Instead, the charging is implemented by the GGSN.
4.2.20 Network Share

Network share is applicable to the following networks: multi-operator core network (MOCN)
and gateway core network (GWCN). At present, the SGSN9810 supports network share only
in the GWCN.

The GWCN share refers to the share in the access network. In addition, partial core networks
of each operator are also shared.Figure 4-20 shows the network configuration of the GWCN.
Figure 4-20 Network configuration of the GWCN
......... CN
Operator A
CN
Operator B
CN
Operator C
.........
Shared Shared Shared

MSC/SGSN MSC/SGSN MSC/SGSN
Iu
RNC RNC RNC
Radio Access Network

Operator X
The GWCN share has the following features:

The network within the shared area (covering the RAN and partial CN) is set up by one
operator. This network is shared to other operators.
The shared RAN needs to connect with only the shared CN, which is the same as in the
common network.
The common CN needs to connect with the CNs of other operators.
The service requests of the UEs in the shared area are routed to the subscribed CN. The
routing function is implemented by the devices (MSC and SGSN) in the common CN.
The differences between network share and mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) are as
follows:
MVNO is not a feature stipulated by the 3GPP protocol. The SGSN does not need to
attend to the other devices at the wireless network and core network sides. The MVNO
feature is based on the mobile network operator (MVO), maybe one or multiple public
land mobile networks (PLMNs), for the local SGSN. It is used to set up a virtual
operator independent of the MVO by partitioning certain resources such as number of
users and number of PDP contexts. The MVNO feature has no requirement on other NEs.
It is a feature only possessed by the SGSN.
The network share feature implemented in the GWCN and MOCN is stipulated by the
3GPP protocol. Apart from the SGSN, the feature requires the support from the wireless
network side and terminals.
The MOCN and GWCN network modes cannot be enabled simultaneously.
4.2.21 Security Solution

The security solution for the SGSN refers to the solution to antivirus and anti-GTP.

The antivirus solution for the SGSN is as follows:

The SGSN can filter the uplink and downlink worm virus based on the configured worm
characteristics, such as the specified destination IP address, specified destination
UDP/TCP port, and ICMP type.
The SGSN can check the source IP addresses of the data packets transferred on the
uplink user plane for UEs and thus prevent the Deny of Service (DoS) from attacking
and the worm virus from spreading.
For the PDP context that carries virus traffic, the SGSN decelerates and deactivates the
PDP context based on the configuration.
If the virus traffic carried by a PDP context disappears, the SGSN resumes the rate of
this PDP context.
Virus alarms are exported by the call history record (CHR).
Figure 4-21shows the structure of the SGSN antivirus system.
Figure 4-21 Structure of the SGSN antivirus system.
SGSN
User plane data User plane data
Iu/Gb Stream filtering Gn
and forwarding
Virus
characteristic
White list Session
managment
Adjusting air interface rate/ Calling log/

deactivation rate alarm
The antivirus function requires the analysis of the payload protocol for the user planes packets. The
SGSN processing capability on the user plane weakens if the antivirus function is enabled. If the
antivirus function is not enabled, the SGSN processing capability on the user plane remains unchanged.
The GTP attack indicates that malicious users send the GTP packets in a certain quantity to
the SGSN by using some characteristics of the GTP protocol. As a result, the services on the
attacked SGSN are interfered and even disrupted.
The solution to the GTP attack is as follows: The SGSN can identify various abnormal
packets such as the illegal GTP version number, GTP packet in excessively short length,
inconsistency between the current length and the actual length of the GTP packets, unknown
message type, and a great number of repeated extension headers when receiving the GTP
packets. Thus, the system stability and processing of the subsequent packets are not affected.

4.2.22 Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)

Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is a uniform detection mechanism used in the
entire network. It is used to rapidly detect and monitor the forwarding connection of the links
or IP routes in the network. To improve the network performance, the adjacent systems should
rapidly detect communication failure and then set up backup channels to restore
communication.
The following methods are applied to detect communication failure in the current network:
Detect the link hardware faults through the hardware detection signals, such as the SDH
alarm.
If the hardware detection signals for detecting failure do not work, the Hello packet
mechanism of the routing protocol is used instead. It takes a relatively long time for this
mechanism to detect failure, usually, more than 1 s. If the rate of data reaches the Gbit/s
level, mass of data is lost due to the long detection period.
The operation experience manifests that the ideal protection time for switchover should range
from 50 ms to 500 ms for the multi-service IP bearer network. The BFD function supported
by the SGSN realizes the network reliability.
BFD has the following functions:
Providing bidirectional detection for links: The detection packets are simultaneously sent
at both ends of the bidirectional links. Thus, the link status on the two directions is
detected and the link fault detection is implemented at the ms level.
Based on the asynchronous detection mode: The asynchronous detection mode indicates
that every system sends the BFD control packets within a negotiated period with each
other. If a certain system does not reach the packets sent from its peer end within the
detection period, you can infer that the session between the systems is Down.
Providing the dynamic modification function for BFD parameters: After a session is
established, the relevant BFD parameters, such as the minimum sending interval,
minimum receiving interval, enabling or disabling query mode, echo packet, and packet
authentication, can be dynamically modified. The systems at both ends can adopt the
new parameters by sending the relevant negotiated packets, but not affecting the current
state of the session.
Providing the BFD detection for single-hop and multi-hop links.
At present, the SGSN supports the BFD function only for static routes. Therefore, the network
administrator must intervene in the case of network fault because the static routes do not possess the
detection mechanism. If the BFD function is enables, the status of the IPv4 static routes in the public
network can be detected through the BFD session. Thus, the route management system can determine
whether the static routes are available based on the state of the BFD session.
4.2.23 One Tunnel

The one tunnel feature indicates that the SGSN can directly set up a GTP-U tunnel between
the RNC and the GGSN. Therefore, user plane data can be transferred without passing the
SGSN.
With the increasing development of 3G services and application of technologies, such as high
speed packet access (HSPA), the WCDMA core packet network must improve the handling
capability on user planes. In the original network, GTP-U tunnels are set up between the RNC
and the SGSN and between the SGSN and the GGSN. That is, two tunnels are required.
Therefore, the RNC, SGSN, and GGSN must simultaneously improve the handling capability
on their user planes. This inevitably increases fund investment and operation cost for carriers.

To reduce capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operation expenditure (OPEX) for carriers and to
facilitate future network expansion, the 3GPP protocol puts forward the concept of one tunnel,
that is, one GTP-U tunnel is set up between the RNC and the GGSN. In this way, user plane
resources are saved and thus fund investment and operation cost paid by carriers is also
reduced. In addition, the one tunnel feature optimizes the performance of the user planes of
the WCDMA packet network.
The one tunnel feature has the following advantages:
Reducing a majority of SGSN user plane resources and thus reducing CAPEX and
OPEX for carriers
Shortening the user plane delay and thus enhancing customer satisfaction
Separating the controlling plane from the user plane for easy upgrade to the system
architecture evolution (SAE) network
Supporting expansion of the user plane with upgrade of only the GGSN and the RNC
instead of the SGSN to improve the network expansibility
4.2.24 SGSN N+1Backup

The serving GPRS support node (SGSN) is a network element (NE) that provides packet data
service. It forwards incoming and outgoing IP packets to the mobile stations (MSs) within its
wide serving area. Therefore, it plays an important role in the GPRS mobile packet network.
In the case of fatal disasters, such as human maloperation, equipment failure, and natural
calamity, large-scale mobile packet service is disrupted and thus causes huge loss.
To ensure that the mobile packet network operates securely and reliably, Huawei realizes
remote disaster tolerance backup for the SGSN. That is, a backup SGSN is added for the
SGSN running on the network. In normal cases, the active SGSN handles all signaling and
services. If the active SGSN is faulty, the disaster-tolerance SGSN can undertake all the work
and ensure proper operation of the packet network.
Figure 4-22 Peer SGSN (N =2)
4.2.25 Multi SIM

Multi Subscriber Identity Module (Multi-SIM) means that multiple (U)SIMs correspond to
the same MSISDN and each SIM corresponds to different IMSI.

The mobile user can insert multiple (U)SIMs into several terminals. For instance, one SIM is
inserted into an MS and another SIM into a car phone. In addition, the subscriber can specify
each (U)SIM terminal of the same MSISDN for specific services. The services include voice
service, GPRS/UMTS packet data service, Email, and SMS/MMS. The services can be used
simultaneously without mutual interference.
The business and operation support system (BOSS) provides only one bill to a Multi-SIM
user of the same MSISDN. The mobile user can check the bill according to the IMSI.
Apart from the SGSN support, the Multi SIM feature requires the NE support and the system
support. The following lists the required NE report and the system support:
MSC Server
The MSC Server supports the processing of Multi SIM user's calling services in the CS
domain.
HLR
When an MS of a certain IMSI attaches to the SGSN, the HLR must insert the user data
relevant to the IMSI into the SGSN.
GGSN
The GGSN collects the charging information about a Multi SIM user.
SCP
The SCP uniformly manages the credit line of a Multi SIM user.
BOSS
BOSS charges a Multi SIM user and uniformly generates bills according to the MSISDN.
The bill is not consolidated on the SGSN and the CG. The bill transmitted to BOSS
contains the user's MSISDN and IMSI. The bill printed by BOSS contains the user's
IMSI so that the user can check the bill of each MS according to the IMSI.
CG
The protocol version of CG must ensure that the MSISDN and IMSI characters can be
contained in the bill. This facilitates the uniform charging of the MSISDN.

5 Operation and Maintenance
The SGSN9810 offers abundant and convenient O&M function. This reduces the difficulty of
device maintenance and ensures the normal operation of the device.
5.1 O&M System

Figure 5-1 shows the structure of the O&M system.
Figure 5-1 O&M system of the SGSN9810
M2000
IP Network
SGSN
LMT SNMP Server
As shown in Figure 5-1, the SGSN9810 provides three O&M methods:

Local maintenance through the local O&M terminals: This method is applicable to
original system installation and fault location.
Central maintenance through the iManager M2000: This is the main method for regular
maintenance.
Reporting the maintenance information to the SNMP-based network management system
through the SNMP interface: Only alarms and performance data are reported.

5.2 Configuration Management

Configuration management includes operations such as the addition, deletion, modification,
and query of system data. The SGSN9810 provides two ways of data configuration:
Dynamic configuration: Data can be configured when the system is running.
Static configuration: The text data file (MML or TXT) is edited offline and the data takes
effect when the system is reset.
5.3 Equipment Management

Equipment management monitors, controls and tests system entities such as hardware
components and links.
The SGSN9810 provides the following equipment management features:
Status query
The SGSN9810 allows operators to query the operational status of the system entities.
The entities include boards, optical ports, E1 ports, SS7 links, Frame Relay (FR) links,
Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL) links, GTP path, Bear Channels (BCs),
NS-VCs, destination signaling point, subsystems, Point To Point (PTP) BSSGP Virtual
Connections (BVCs), and Special Interest Group (SIG) BVCs.
Status control
The status control function allows for the following operations:
Board reset and switchover
Blocking, unblocking, and reset of optical ports, E1 ports, SS7 links, FR links,
SAAL links, GTP paths and BCs
Inhibiting and enabling of destination signaling points and subsystems.
Test function
Testing is an effective way to locate faults. The SGSN9810 supports loopback tests on
E1 ports and SAAL links, as well as GTP path tests.
5.4 Tracing Management

The SGSN9810 provides interface tracing and subscriber tracing. It is a powerful tool for
equipment maintenance.
The interface tracing can trace messages on interfaces such as the Gb, Iu, Gn/Gp, Gs/Gd/Gr,
and Ga. It can also trace messages based on the protocol layer such as SCCP, MTP3b, and
SAAL.
The subscriber tracing traces the messages of the specified IMSI or mobile station
international ISDN number (MSISDN).
Operators can save the trace results to handle any queries in the future.

5.5 Performance Management

Performance management assesses the SGSN9810 system and the surrounding networks and
provides the data relating to network operation.
The SGSN9810 performance management system has the following features:
Wide range of measurements
Diversified time attributes
Measurement templates
Measurement customization
Suspension and resuming of measurement tasks
Modification of measurement tasks
View of real-time data regarding performance measurement
Setting of measurement thresholds
5.6 Fault Management

The alarm system monitors the operational status of the SGSN9810 and reports faults. The
alarm system has the following features:
Comprehensive alarm information and accurate alarm identification
The SGSN9810 provides over 300 types of alarm covering all software functions,
hardware components, and system peripherals. The alarms are grouped into different
categories with different severity levels. This ensures that all faults can be detected and
handled in time.
Flexible and easy alarm handling
The alarm terminal of the SGSN9810 provides flexible and convenient operations to
ensure that you can handle the alarm effectively and in time.
5.7 Security Management

The SGSN9810 ensures the security in two ways:
Privilege management
The privilege of an operator is defined by a command set that contains a group of
commands. Commands are assigned to a command set, and then a command set is
assigned to an operator.
Operating log
The operating log records all the user operations, including the user name, user ID, login
IP address, command, time, and result.
5.8 CHR
Call History Record (CHR) is an efficient and rapid fault location system. It can record the
problems that occur in each user's call and store them in the server. When requiring records,

the Network Management Department can query the call history records of a certain user and
quickly locate the fault causes. Compared with the alarm and tracing systems, the CHR
system focuses more on faults occurring in service use.
The CHR system consists of the SGSN, CHR Server, and CHR Client, as shown in Figure
5-2.
Figure 5-2 CHR system architecture
CHR
information
CHR
query
CHR Client request
LAN SGSN
LAN
CHR
query
response CHR
information
CHR Server
SGSN
CHR Client
The functions of each part are described as follows:

SGSN
Each USPU board collects CHR information. The information is sent to the UOMU
board for convergence, storage, and transmission.
CHR Server
The CHR Server receives the CHR information from the SGSN and stores it in the
database. The Server also receives the CHR query instructions from the Client and
returns the query results.
CHR Client
The CHR Client is used to browse and view the call records stored in the Server.
5.9 SSL
The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol is a secure connection technique provided by the
network transmission layer, which is used between the browser and the Web server. The SSL
provides the communication confidentiality, credibility, and identification authentication
between two applications by using the Revest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm (RSA) and
symmetric encipherment algorithm. It is regarded as the standard security measure applied to
the Web browser and server on the Internet. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
standardizes the SSL (RFC2246) and terms it Transport Layer Security (TLS).

The SGSN encrypts the OM transmission channel by using the SSL protocol. The OM
transmission channel consists of the mml channel between the M2000/LMT and the SGSN,
binary channel between the M2000/LMT and the SGSN, and FTP transmission channel.
By inserting the SSL into the transmission layer (TCP) and application layer (MML/binary
commands), all the MML/binary commands and response messages can be encrypted in the
transmission channel.
Figure 5-3 shows the transmission model of the SSL channel.
Figure 5-3 Transmission model of the SSL channel
Application MML command,

layer BIN command
Current OM
transmission Transmission TCP protocol
layer
Application MML command,

layer BIN command
Encrypted OM Transmission
transmission SSL protocol
layer
Transmission
TCP protocol
layer
At present, the SGSN supports the SSL3.0, TSL1.0, and TSL1.1 versions.
The FTP transmission channel is encrypted by the FTP Security (FTPS) protocol. The FTP
server and FTP client support both of the encrypted and non-encrypted communication
modes.
5.10 SSH
Secure Shell (SSH) provides a secure channel between the LMT and the SGSN to ensure
security of the SGSN maintenance interface.
SSH provides the following functions for the SGSN:
Post-port (port forwarding function): encrypts the data transferred between the SGSN
and the LMT; thus it guarantees data security.
SFTP: replaces the FTP Client carried by the LMT to realize secure file transfer.
STelnet: provides secure and reliable Telnet access, but it is unavailable currently.
MML character terminal: runs MML commands with the LMT not opened and provides
secure protection for command packets.
As shown in Figure 5-4, SSH functions are realized by:
SSH Client: installed on the PC same with the LMT
SSH Server: Located at the UOMU board

Figure 5-4 SSH composition
LMT terminal UOMU
LMT
LAN BAM
SSH SSH
Client Server
Insecure communication channel
Secure communication channel
Internal communication channel
5.11 Online Help

Both the SGSN9810 LMT and the iManager M2000 provide compressive and easy-to-use
online help. The online help allows operators to quickly access required information during
operation.

6 Reliability
The SGSN9810 guarantees reliability from hardware, software, and charging.
6.1 Hardware Reliability

The SGSN9810 uses the following reliability designs.
Board backup
Load sharing
Board fault detection and isolation
System fault detection and isolation
6.1.1 Board Hot Backup

The SGSN9810 boards are configured in the 1+1 backup or N+1 redundancy. The following
are the two major concerns in the backup design:
Board fault detection
When a board is power-on, it checks its memory and the key external chips such as the
network chips. Key signals (such as the clock signal) used by the board are monitored
online. Loopback test of service code flow is conducted when the board is idle.
Switchover mechanism
The active-standby switchover is carried out by two cross-connected signals between the
active board and the standby board. They are the output signal effective to the active
board and the input signal effective to the standby board.
6.1.2 ASIC Technology

All the network chips used in the boards are special application specific integrated circuits
(ASICs). These ASICs provide reliable measures to detect and report internal (chip-level)
errors.
6.1.3 Quality Components

The SGSN9810 uses quality components that have passed burn-in tests and proved to meet
the requirements. The hardware is assembled under strict control to ensure that the system
remains stable and reliable in the long term.

6.1.4 Load Sharing

Load sharing means that two or more boards perform relevant functions under normal
operation. When one of the boards is faulty, other boards perform the task of the faulty board
to ensure certain performance indexes (such as call loss).
Load sharing is applied to secondary power modules, signaling links, and STM-1 interfaces.
6.1.5 Power Supply Reliability

The SGSN9810 uses a distributed power supply. Each subrack or functional module has its
own high-frequency DC/DC secondary power module that is highly efficient and stable.
The secondary power supply adopts the active/standby hot backup design to ensure the
reliable power supply.
The power inputs and the external interfaces (such as the E1 interfaces) of boards provide
protection against high voltages and current surges. The measures meet the international
telecommunication union - telecommunication standardization sector (ITU-T)
recommendation G.703 and other relevant specifications.
6.2 Software Reliability

This section describes the measures that build up the reliability of the SGSN9810 software.
6.2.1 Reliability Building at Different Phases

The key to improve software reliability is reducing software defects. The reliability of the
SGSN9810 software is ensured at various phases from the system requirement analysis to the
system test.
From the requirements analysis phase, the software development is carried out under the
guidance of various capability maturity model (CMM) specifications. This reduces errors in
the initial phase.
The SGSN9810 software is designed in modules. The modules are loosely coupled so that the
fault of one module does not affect the performance of other modules. In additional, measures
such as error check, error isolation, and recovery, are added to improve system reliability.
Code walk-through, inspection, and tests at every phase further improve the software
reliability.
6.2.2 Error Tolerance

The error tolerance of a software system indicates the resilience of the system under minor
software faults. That means the system does not break down on minor faults and has
self-healing ability when an error occurs.
The error tolerance of software involves the following measures:
Regular check of key resources
For various software resources in the system (such as the network board resources),
long-time seizure check mechanism is provided. If resources do no respond due to a
software exception, the check mechanism releases the resources and generates logs and
alarms.

Task monitoring
Output channels are provided for the internal software faults and some of the hardware
faults detected during system operation. These output channels monitor the status of a
task and report system exceptions to external devices.
Storage protection
The software system uses the segment and page protection mechanism for the CPU
memory management unit (MMU) to protect the storage of codes and important data
segments. It also provides functions of online query, modification of variables and data,
and memory monitoring.
Data check
To ensure the consistency of the data on various service processing boards, the system
performs regular or event-triggered consistency checks. It can also restore data
consistency based on certain criteria and generate logs and alarms.
Operation log storage
The SGSN9810 records user operations at a certain period and stores them in the system
log. Faults can be located by analyzing the operation log for unknown errors in the
system.
Load control
In the case of CPU overload or resource congestion, the load control mechanism adjusts
the load smoothly to avoid system down.
6.3 Charging Reliability

Charging reliability ensures carriers' income. Charging reliability mainly means that charging
information is correct, complete, and duplicate-free.
The check mechanism offered by the protocol guarantees the correctness and no-repetition of
charging information. The focus of the check mechanism is to ensure the accuracy of charging
time. The SGSN9810 is provided with the NTP synchronization function to ensure the
accuracy of charging time. The NTP synchronization function helps to obtain accurate timing
information from the NTP server.
The CG redirection and cache memory functions of the SGSN9810 ensure that the charging
information is not discarded. The SGSN9810 can connect to multiple CGs. In case a certain
CG has faults, the SGSN9810 can send charging information to other CGs. Even though all
CGs have faults, the SGSN can save the charging information of seven days to the local hard
disk. In this way, the charging information is not discarded.

7 Technical Specifications
The technical specifications of the SGSN9810 mainly include performance specifications,

clock indexes, physical interfaces, engineering parameters, and reliability parameters.
7.1 Performance Specifications

Table 7-1 lists the performance specifications of the SGSN.
Table 7-1 Performance specifications of the SGSN
Name Value (2.5G) Value (3G)

Maximum number of attached subscribers 3 million 3 million
Maximum number of PDP context can be activated 3 million 3 million
at the same time
Maximum packet data transfer capacity (pps) 300,000 4 million
Maximum packet data transfer flow 900 Mbit/s 10 Gbit/s
7.2 Physical Interfaces

Table 7-2 shows the physical interfaces provided by the SGSN9810.
Table 7-2 Physical interfaces provided by the SGSN9810
Interfaces Physical Protocol Maximum ports

Characteristics
Iu-PS STM-1 (single-mode ATM 80
(control and multi-mode)
plane)
STM-4 (single-mode ATM 40
and multi-mode)

Interfaces Physical Protocol Maximum ports

Characteristics
Iu-PS (user STM-1 (single-mode ATM 80
plane) and multi-mode)
STM-4 (single-mode ATM 40
and multi-mode)
Gigabit Ethernet(GE) IP 80
Fast Ethernet(FE) IP 80
Gn, Gp, Ga, GE IP 80
X1-1, X2,
and X3 FE IP 80
STM-1 IP over ATM 80
(IPOA)
STM-4 IPOA 40
Gb E1/T1 FR 800
SS7 E1/T1 SS7 2 Mbit/s signaling links: 34;
Or
64 Kbit/s signaling links:
1,088
O&M FE IP 2
The Gn, Gp, Ga, X1-1, X2, and X3 interfaces share 160 STM-1, 160 FE, 160 GE, and 80 STM-4 ports
or a combination of these four types of physical port.
7.3 Clock Indexes

Table 7-3 lists the primary technical parameters of the clock system in the SGSN9810.
Table 7-3 Technical parameters of the clock system in the SGSN9810

Seque Name Index and Function
nce
No.
1 Clock Minimum Stratum-2: 4 x 10-7
network-entry accuracy Stratum-3: 4.6 x 10-6
parameters
Pull-in range Stratum-2: 4 x 10-7
Stratum-3: 4.6 x 10-6

Seque Name Index and Function

nce
No.
Maximum Stratum-2: 5 x 10-10 per day
frequency Stratum-3: 2 x 10-8 per day
deviation
Initial Stratum-2: less than 5 x 10-10 per day
maximum Stratum-3: less than 1 x 10-8 per day
frequency
deviation
2 Long-term Ideal working MRTIE 1 ms
phase state
variation
Hold-in MRTIE (ns) a x s + (1/2) x b x s2 + c
working state Where s refers to the time whose units is
second, and the unit of MRTIE is ns.
Stratum-2:
a = 0.5 b = 1.16 x 10-5 c = 1,000
Stratum-3:
a = 10 b = 2.3 x 10-4 c = 1,000
3 Working Fast tracking
modes of the Tracing
clock
Retaining
Free running
4 Input jitter See Figure 7-1 for details.
tolerance
Minimum accuracy: maximum deviation value of nominal frequency in a long period (20 years) without
external frequency benchmark, that is, the clock is in free running state.
Maximum frequency deviation: a maximum value of the clock's relative frequency change in a UI
during a consecutive operation process.
Pull-in range: maximum frequency bandwidth of the input signal locked by a clock
MRTIE: The MRTIE extracts the offset that appears in measurements performed with local reference
clocks.

Figure 7-1 Maximum permissible lower limit of input jitter and wander
Y (UI)
Peak-to-peak jitter and wander amplitude (logarithm)
2
10
A 0 =36.9
10 1
Slope: 20dB / 10 times of frequency interval
A1=1.5
1
A2=0.2
10 -1
X
1.2 10- 5 10 20 2.4 k 18 k 100 k f (Hz)
When the jitter frequency of an input frequency is 1 kHz and the amplitude is more than 1.5
UI, you can infer that the input signal meets the requirements if the system operates normally.
UI refers to the unit of time interval. One UI equals the reciprocal of the frequency of the digital signal.
For example, the UI of the 2.048 Mbit/s signal is 488 ns.
7.4 Engineering Specifications

Engineering specifications include the power consumption of the SGSN9810, dimensions and
weight of cabinets, and environment requirements.
7.4.1 Power Consumption

Table 7-4 lists the power consumption of the SGSN9810.
Table 7-4 Power consumption of the SGSN9810
Parameter Value
Power consumption of the 2G SGSN for 1 million users (Gb 2,250 W
over TDM), with two cabinets and five subracks
over TDM), with two cabinets and eight subracks
over TDM), with three cabinets and eleven subracks
over IP), with two cabinets and five subracks
over IP), with two cabinets and eight subracks


over IP), with three cabinets and elevent subracks
Power consumption of the 3G SGSN for 1 million users, with 1,880 W
two cabinets and five subracks
Power consumption of the 3G SGSN for 2 million users, with 3,030 W
two cabinets and seven subracks
Power consumption of the 3G SGSN for 3 million users, with 4240W
three cabinets and ten subracks
7.4.2 Dimensions and Weight of Cabinets

Table 7-5 lists the dimensions and weight of a SGSN9810 cabinet.
Table 7-5 Dimensions and weight of a SGSN9810 cabinet
Parameter Value
Cabinet dimension (H x W x D) 2200 mm x 600 mm x 800 mm
Cabinet weight 100 kg(with empty cabinet)
7.4.3 Environment Requirements

Storage Environment
The SGSN9810 complies with the "not temperature-controlled storage" requirements
specified in European ETS 300 019-1-1. The SGSN9810 must be stored in the following
environment:
Relative humidity: 10% to 100%
Temperature: 40C to +70C
Transportation Environment
The SGSN9810 complies with "Class 2.3 Public transportation" requirements specified in the
European ETS 300 019-1-2. The SGSN9810 must stay in the following environment:
Temperature: 40C to +70C
Relative humidity: 5% to 100%
Operational Environment
The SGSN9810 complies with "Temperature-controlled locations" requirements specified in
European ETS 300 019-1-3. The SGSN9810 must operate in the following environment:
Normal operation: temperature from 0C to + 45C, humidity from 5% to 85%
Safe operation: temperature from 5C to + 55C, humidity from 5% to 95%

Safe operation indicates the conditions in which the SGSN9810 must not work for
continuously over 96 hours and totally 15 days in a year.
Electromagnetic Compatibility
The SGSN9810 complies with the GR-1089-CORE standard on electromagnetic
compatibility.
Power Supply
Power voltage range: 40 V to 57 V DC
Input current: 50 A for a cabinet
7.5 Reliability Specifications

Table 7-6 shows the reliability specifications of the SGSN9810.
Table 7-6 Reliability specifications of the SGSN9810
Parameter Value
System availability in typical 99.999%
configuration
Mean time between failure (MTBF) 300,000 hours
Mean time to repair (MTTR) 30 minutes

8 Installation
The installation of the SGSN9810 includes the installation of the hardware, the terminal
software, and the board software.
Hardware
The cabinets, subracks and cables are installed before delivery. Installation engineers
only need to install external cables and boards.
For board installation, the SGSN9810 provides coding slots so that installation engineers
can insert boards only in the correct slots. This avoids damage to the board when an
engineer attempts to install a board in a wrong slot.
Terminal software
The SGSN9810 provides a standard Windows installation wizard to guide the installation
of the terminal software.
Following the instructions, field engineers can complete the installation easily.
Board software
The SGSN9810 provides MML commands for installing software for all the boards or
only specified boards.
For detailed installation procedures, refer to the installation manuals delivered with the product.

A Acronyms and Abbreviations
Numeric
3GMS 3rd Generation Mobile Communications System
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
A
AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer Type 2
ADMF Administration Function
AF Assured Forwarding
ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part
APN Access Point Name
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUC Authentication Center
B
BC Bear Channel
BE Best-Effort
BG Border Gateway
BITS Building Integrated Timing Supply
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BSSGP Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol
BVC BSSGP Virtual Connection

C
CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic
CAR Committed Access Rate
CBR Constant Bit Rate
CBWFQ Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing
CC Content of Communication
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDR Charging Data Record
CG Charging Gateway
CGF Charging Gateway Functionality
CHR Call History Record
CLNP Connectionless Network Protocol
CM Call Management
CMM Capability Maturity Model
CN Core Network
CN-CS Core Network Circuit Switch domain
CN-PS Core Network Packet Switch domain
CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture
CPU Center Processing Unit
D
DC Direct Current
DF Delivery Function
DiffServ Differential Services
DNS Domain Name Server
DOPRA Distributed Object-oriented Programmable Real time Architecture
DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point
E
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
EF Expedited Forwarding
EIR Equipment Identification Register
EMS Enhanced Messaging Service

ETS European Telecommunication Standards
F
FA Foreign Agent
FE Fast Ethernet
FR Frame Relay
FTP File Transfer Protocol
G
GE Gigabit Ethernet; Gigabit Ethernet
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMLC Gateway Mobile Location Center
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
gsmSCF GSM Service Control Function
gprsSSF GPRS Service Switching Function
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
GSN GPRS Support Node
GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GTP-C Control plane part of GPRS tunneling protocol
GTP-U User plane part of GPRS tunneling protocol
GUI Graphic User Interface
H
HA Home Agent
HLR Home Location Register
HPLMN Home PLMN
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSS Home Subscriber Server
I
I-CSCF Interrogating- Call State Control Function
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IGP Interior Gateway Protocol

IMEISV International Mobile station Equipment Identity and Software Version number
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol
IPSec Internet Protocol Security extensions
IRI Intercept Related Information
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
IS-IS Intermediate System-Intermediate System
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector
IuUP Iu User Plane
L
LA Location Area
LAN Local Area Network
LCS LoCation Service
LEA Law enforcement agency
LIS Logical IP Subnet
LLC Logical Link Control
LMT Local Maintenance Terminal
M
MAC Media Access Control
MAP Mobile Application Part
MBR Mobility Binding Record
MGW Media Gateway
MIP Mobile IP
MM Mobility Management
MML Man-Machine Language
MMU Multiplication and Management Unit
MNO Mobile Network Operator
MO Mobile Originated

MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile Service Switching Center
MSISDN Mobile Station International ISDN Number
MT Mobile Terminated
MTBF Mean Time Between Failures
MTP3 Message Transfer Part 3rd Layer
MTP3B Message transfer part (broadband)
MVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator
N
NACC Network Assisted Cell Change
NS Network Service
NS-VC Network Service Virtual Connection
NTP Network Time Protocol
O
OS Operational System
OSI Open System(s) Interconnection
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
P
P-CSCF Proxy CSCF
PDN Public Data Network
PDP Packet Data Protocol
PDU Packet Data Unit
PHB Per-Hop Behaviors
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
POS Packet Over SDH
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PS Packet Switched
PSM Packet Service Module
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PTP Point To Point

Q
QoS Quality of Service
R
RA Routing Area
RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial in User Service
RAN Radio Access Network
RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part
RRC Radio Resource Control
RIP Routing Information Protocol
RIPng RIP next generation
RNC Radio Network Controller
S
SAAL Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer
SC Service Center
SCCP Signaling Connection and Control Part
SCP Service Control Point
S-CSCF Serving CSCF
SCTP Stream Control Transport Protocol
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SM Session Management
SME Short Message Entity
SMS Short Message Service
SM-SC Short Message Service - Service Centre
SMS-GMSC Short Message Service Gateway MSC
SMS-IWMSC Short Message Service Interworking MSC
SNA Shared Network Area
SNDCP SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

SOHO Small Office and Home Office

SPF Shortest Path First
SPUA SCTP Private User Adaptation Layer
SRNC Serving RNC
SS7 CCITT Signaling System No.7
SSH Secure Shell
SSP Service Switching Point
STM-1 SDH Transport Module -1
STM-4 SDH Transport Module -4
T
TCP Transport Control Protocol
TE Terminal Equipment
TEID Tunnel End ID
U
UACU Auxiliary Control Unit
UALU PSM Alarm Unit
UBIU PSM Back Interface Unit
UBR Unspecified Bit Rate
UBSU Back Storage Unit
UCDR Charging Detail Record unit
UCKI Clock Unit
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UE User Equipment
UEPI E1 Processing Interface unit
UESBI UE Specific Behavior Information
UFCU Frame Connect Unit
UFSU Flash Storage Unit
UGBI GB Interface unit
UGFU GTP Forwarding Unit
UGTP GTP processing unit
UICP Iu_PS Control Processing unit

ULAN LAN-SWITCH card

ULIP Lawful Interception Processing unit
ULEP Lawful Interception Enhanced Processing Unit
UMTS Universal mobile telecommunication services

UOMU Packet Service O&M Unit
UPIU Packet Interface Unit
UPWR PSM Power module
URCU sub-Rack Control Unit
USIG SIGTRAN Processing Unit
USPU Packet Service Signal Processing Unit
USS7 SS7 Signaling Link Processing Unit
UTPI T1 Processing Interface unit
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial radio access network
V
VBR Variable Bit Rate
VLAN Visual LAN
VLR Visitor Location Register
VMSC Visited Mobile Switching Center , Visited MSC
VPLMN Visited PLMN
VPN Virtual Private Network
W
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WRED Weighted Random Early Detection

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Product Description

GSM-R SGSN9810 Product Description

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2009. All rights reserved.

Trademarks and Permissions

Issue V1.0 (2009-03-30) Commercial in Confidence Page 2 of 81

About This Document

Approved by Wang Zhoujie Date 2009-03-30

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1 Introduction to the SGSN9810 .................................................................................................... 8

2 Key Benefits ................................................................................................................................. 15

3 System Structure ......................................................................................................................... 20

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3.3.7 Charging Subsystem ............................................................................................................................. 29

4 Services and Functions ............................................................................................................... 30

5 Operation and Maintenance ..................................................................................................... 58

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5.3 Equipment Management ................................................................................................................................ 59

7 Technical Specifications ............................................................................................................ 67

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1 Introduction to the SGSN9810

1.1 Structure of a GPRS/UMTS Network

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Figure 1-1 Structure of a GPRS/UMTS network

As shown in Figure 1-1, a GPRS/UMTS network consists of the following parts:

1.2 Huawei GPRS/UMTS CN-PS Solution

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1.2.5 AAA Server

1.2.6 DNS Server

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1.3 Overview of the SGSN9810

Figure 1-2 SGSN9810 appearance

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The main functions of the SGSN9810 are listed as follows:

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Network share in the gateway core network (GWCN)

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2.1 Large Capacity and High Integration

2.2 High-Speed Hardware Forwarding

2.3 Supporting Boards of 750C Series

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Table 2-1 Hardware comparison

Hardware 750C 750B

Memory 1GB 512MB

2.4 Standard Protocol Interfaces

Figure 2-1 Protocol interfaces supported by the SGSN9810

GLMC CAMEL GSM-

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2.5 Abundant Physical Interfaces

2.6 Rich Services and Functions

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2.7 Accurate Clock System

2.8 Easy Operation and Maintenance

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2.9 High Reliability

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3.1 Hardware Configuration

3.1.1 Cabinet Configuration

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Figure 3-1 Hardware configuration of the SGSN9810