THIRD EDITION ac a architecture AND ORDER a cee FORM, INCLUDES CD-ROM e@ FRANCIS D.K. CHING4 Organization ~.Agood house sa single hing, a well asa collection of may, and ‘tomake it requires a conceptual lap from theInlvidual components toavision of the whl. The choices... represent ways of assembling the part, _ the basic parts of a house canbe put together to make more than Just basic parts: They can also make space, patter, and outside domains. They dramatize the most elementary act which architecture has to perform. To make oe plus one equal more than two, you must in doing anyone thing you think important (making rooms, putting them tagether, or iting them tothe land) do something ese that you think important aswel (make spaces tolv, establish a meaningful pattern inside, or claim other eas outside)” Charles Moore, Gerald Allen, Donlyn Lyndon The Place of Houses 1974_ SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS Two spaces maybe lated to each other n several fundamental ways Spoce within a Space ‘Aspace may be contained within the volume of alarger space. Interlocking Spaces The il of space may overlap the volume of another space. ‘Adjacent Spaces “Two spacesmay abut each other or share a common border. Spaces Linked by a Common Space Two spaces may rey nan intermediary spacefor their relationship. ORGANIZATION / 185ADJACENT SPACES 190 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ‘Adacencys the most common typeof spatial relaton- ship Iallows each epace tobe clay defined and to respond each on way ta spect fnctonal ar symbolic requirements. The degree of visual and spatial contnaity tat occurs between two adjacent spaces depends onthe nature ofthe plane that both separates and binds them together. ‘The separating plane may + liitvisual and physical acess between two adjacent spaces, reinforce the ndidalt ofeach space, and accommodate thelr dferences + appear asa freestanding plane ina singe vole of pace + bedefine witha row ofcolumns that alowsahigh degree of visual and spatial continuity between the two spaces, + emerely implied witha cage in lvel ora contrastin surface material or texture between the to spaces. ‘Ths an the preceding tw cases cn also be read as single volumes of space which are divided into two related ones,SPACES LINKED BY A COMMON SPACE _ 192 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER “Two spaces that are separated Py distance can belinked correlated to cach other by a third intermediate, space. The visual and spatial relationship between te two spaces depends on the nature ofthe third space with which they share common bond, The intermediate space can differ inform and orentation from the two paces to express inking function The two spaces, as ella the intermediate space, can be equivalent size and shape andformalinea sequence of paces. The intermediate space cantselfbecomelinea infor to link bwo spaces thataredstantfom eachother. or join whole series of spaces that have no direct relationship to one another. The ntermediate pace can large enough become the dominant spaceintherelationship, and be capable of orang a numberof spaces about ite The form of the intermediate space canbe residual innate and be determined cll by the forms and orientations ofthe two spaces being inkedSPATIAL ORGANIZATIONS | aa Compositions of Nine Squares: | ABaukaus Study . 4 ‘The foloning section ays out the basic ways we can arange and organize the spaces ofa bulding. na typical building program, there are usualy requirements forvarious kinds of spaces. Thee may be requiements for spaces that: + have speci ution or require spect forms + are fbn wse and can be frely manipulated are singular and unique in thee function or signfcance tothe bulang orgarization have snr functions and can be grouped int a functional duster cor repeated na linear sequence requie exterior exposure for light, entation, outlook or access tocutdoor spaces rustbe segregated for privacy mustbe easly accessible 194 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER The mamerin which these spaces are arranged can clay ther relative importance and functional symbolic ol nthe organization ofa bulding, ‘The decision as to what type of organization to usein a specif situation villdepend on + demands of the building program, such as functional proximities, dimensional requirements hierarchical assification of spaces, and requirements for access, ight, view + exterior conation ofthe site tat ight init the orgarizatins form or growth, or that mig encourage the organization to address certain feature ofits site and tum away rom thersSPATIAL ORGANIZATIONS Eachtype of spatial organizations introduced bya section that discusses + What kinds of spaces ae accommodated and where? How are the defined? ‘theformalcharactrstles, pata reatonships, and contetual responses of + What nds relationships are estabished among he spaces, one to he category. A range of examples then lustrates the asicpoints madeinthe another, andto theexteror environment? streduction. Each of the examples shouldbe studied interns of * Where can the orgaiation be entered and what cofguaton does the athofcrclation ave? + Whats the exterior for of te organization and how might respond to Its conten? | Cntralized Orgonization oO | central dominant space aout which ananber of secondary spaces ae grouped Linear Organization DSSS | Mlnersemuenceofrepetive paces Radial Organization bs ‘central pace rom which near organization of space extend ina radial mamer Clustered Organization Spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing fa comman visual traitorrelationship Grid Organization Spaces organized within the ofa strucsuralgridor other ‘three-dmensinal framework Oooo ORGANIZATION / 195LINEAR ORGANIZATIONS go ‘Alinear ongaiztion consists essentially ofa series cf spaces, These spaces can either be drcty related toone another orbe inked through a separate ard distnctlincar space, ‘linear organization usualy consists of repetitive ‘spaces which are ait in le, for and function. may alee consist of snd near space that organizes tot + 4. dongitslengtha series of spaces that fr in sia, Oo Oo form, or function. n both cases, each space along the Ol BOO & HoDuUO sequence has an exterior exposure @ @ [I @ _ Speeestatare tnt or eybocay important ‘tothe organization can occur anywhere along the linear sequence and tavethlrinportanceatclated OO le iy tran for. Teignieance ca aloe au ¥ 6 Oo ‘emphasized by their location: + atthe erd ofthe ear sequence + of from the linear organization + apotal pons ofa segmented near form eo Ox Because of thir characteristic length near erganizatons expres direction and sgt move- tment extension, and growth. Tolimt thei rowsh, linear organizations canbe termite bya dominant ‘space or for, by an elaborate or aticulated entrance, corby merging ith another building form othe " ‘topography ots sit. 206 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDERLINEAR ORGANIZATIONS The form of near onyaiaationsinheretly ele and can respond realy to various conditions of its site, can adapt to changesin topography, rmanewer around body of water ora stand of trees, or tur to rent spaces to capture sunlight and views canbe straight, segmented, or curinear. Iecanrun horizontally acrossits site, diagonalyupa slope, stand vertically as a tower. The form oa linear organization can eat to other fomsinits conte. + linking andorgarizng them along tslength + serving asa wall orbs to separate them ino diferent ids + surrounding andencosng them within ald of pace Curved and seamented forms ofliea organizations encoce afield of exterior space on their concave ses and orient ther spaces toward the center of ‘the fl. On ther concave sides, these forms appear to front space and exclude trom thei fils. OOo ORGANIZATION / 207RADIAL ORGANIZATIONS Sle aN AN OAUSC SO > 216 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ‘radial organization of space combines elements ofboth centralized and linear organization. Ie consists ofa dominant central pace fom which a umber olinear organizations extend ina radial manner Whereas a centrale organization lean introverted scheme that focuses ward on its central space a radial organizations an extroverted plan hat reaches out ols content, With ts linear arms, can extend and attachitse to specific elemento features oft st. Aswith centralized organizations, the cental space ofa radia organizations general regular in for The ear arms, forwhich the central paces the hu, nay besimarto one another in form and length and maintain the regularity ofthe organiation’s overall form ‘Theradiatng arms may aso fer from one another in nder ‘co respond to indidual requrenentsof function and conte A specific variation ofa radial organizations the pwhet pattem wherein the near ars of the organization extend fromthe sides ofa square or rectangular central space. Tis arangement results ina dynamicpatter that visually suggests rotational movement abot the central pace.CLUSTERED ORGANIZATIONS CI 4 Ono A @O So Wr [IO Repetitive spaces Sharing a common Organized by an axis shape t ot on ol oa ealsn L i (Clustered about an entry Grouped along a path ‘Nioop path oO oko a | Hy o LO Ai | OFAo Oar a Oo Centralized pattern Clustered pattern Contained within space fe ‘Axial conditions ‘al condition 222 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER [i Symmetrical condition Aclstered organization rls on physical proximity tordateits spaces to one another. often consis of epetie, cellular spaces that have sina functions and share common visual rat such 5 shape or orientation. Austere organization can aso accept withinits compostion spaces that are similar n sla, form, and function, bt related to ne anotherby proximity or a ual ordering device such symmetry or an axis, Because ts pattern doesnot orgnate from a iid geometrical concep, ‘the form of a clustered organizations lib and can accept growth at change realy without aiecting its character Glustered spaces canbe organized abouta pint of centr into abiding or along the path of movement ‘throught. The spaces can alo be clustered about a large defined dor volume of space. This pattern is similar to thatof centralized organization, but itlacks the latter's compactness and geometrical regularity. The spaces of clustered orsniation canaleobe contained within a defined fd or volume of pace. Since theres no inherent pace of inprtance within te pattern ofa clustered organization, the significance ofa space must be articulated byte size, form, orientation within he pater ‘Symmetry or an axial condition canbe used to strengthen and uni portions fa ster cngnizaton and help articulate the imgetance of space or group of spaces within the organization.GRID ORGANIZATIONS 230 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER ‘Aqrd organization consists oforms and spaces whose postions in space and relationships wth one another ae regulate bya three-dimensonal grid pattem or eld ‘grids created y two, usualy prpendicalar, sets of paral Ines that establish a regular pattem of points at their intersections, Projected into the thied dimension, the ar patter is ‘transformed intoa st of repetitive, modular units of pace, The organizing poner ofa gr resuts fromthe regularity and continuity ofits pattern that pervades the elements organizes. ts pattern establishes a stable set or fil of reference pints and ines inspace with wich the spaces ofa grid organiation, although dissiarin sie, frm or function, can share a common reatonsip,‘grids established in architecture most often bya skeletal structural system of columns and beans Within the eld of his gi, paces can occur as toate events or as repetitions ofthe grid module. Regardless of ther soso within the fil, these spaces, if seen a posite fom, willoreate a second eet of egative spaces, Since teed mensional rd consists repetitive, moda uns of space. canbe subtracted rom, added to, or layered, an stil malnainit deity a gd wth the ably to organize spaces, These formal manpuations = F~ canbe used to adapta gd form ta its te todefinan entrance or outdoor pace orto alow for its growth and expansion Toacconmodatethe specifi dimensional requirements of Ins epaces orto articulate zones of space for craton orservc. agri can be made reqlar none two dliections. This dimensional transformation would create bicerarchical set of modules differentiated by size, proportion and locaton Agr can aso undergo other transformations, Porton of GRID ORGANIZATIONS ‘the grid can lide to alter he visual and spatial contiuty across field A grid patter canbe interupted to define major space or accommodate a natura feature oft ite portion ofthe grid canbe dislocated and rotated about apointin thebaslc pattern. Across field agrd can transform image froma pattem of points tins, to anes and finaly to volumes. ORGANIZATION / 231GRID ORGANIZATIONS Centraal Beheer Office Building Apeldoorn, The Netherands, ‘Adler House (Project), Philadephia, Pennsylvania, 1954, Louis Kahn 1972, Herman Hertherger with Lucas 8 Niemeyer 234 / ARCHITECTURE: FORM, SPACE, & ORDER