MEDICAL FACULTY

DEPARTMENT OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
QUESTION FOR ORAL PART OF EXAM
MEDICAL STUDENTS

GENERAL PART (1 question)

1. Health and disease as a dynamic process
2. Stages of the disease development
3. Etiology and pathogenesis of diseases
4. Mechanism of inflammatory reaction and the role of mediators
5. General changes in the host during inflammation
6. Fever - mechanism, types and pathophysiological significance
7. Disorders of barriers and functions of phagocytes
8. Primary (congenital) immunodeficiency
9. Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency
10. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease
11. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune diseases
12. Type I hypersensitivity reaction (immediate hypersensitivity reactions)
13. Type II hypersensitivity reaction (cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions)
14. Type III hypersensitivity reaction (immune-complex reactions)
15. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction (delayed hypersensitivity reactions, cell-mediated immunity)
16. Transplant immunology
17. Hereditary diseases caused by chromosomal abnormalities
18. Hereditary disorders caused by gene mutations
19. Autosomal dominant and recessive disorders
20. Disorders of the sex chromosomes
21. Growth and development disorders
22. Pathophysiology of aging
23. Disturbance of energy balance - malnutrition
24. Disturbance of energy balance - obesity
25. Pathophysiology of hypervitaminosis and hypovitaminosis
26. The role of enzymes in pathogenesis of the disease and clinical diagnostics
27. Disturbances of total proteins and albumines in the serum
28. Disturbances associated with decrease of globulin fraction of serum proteins
29. Disturbances associated with increase of globulin fraction of serum proteins
30. Disorders of plasma fibrinogen concentration
31. Disorders of amino acids, urea, and nucleic acid metabolism
32. Disorders of the synthesis, structure and oxygenation of hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies
33. Disorders of heme synthesis - porphyria
34. Pathological pathways of glucose metabolism
35. Etiology, pathogenesis and stages of of development of diabetes mellitus
36. General pathophysiological disturbances in diabetes mellitus
37. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus
38. Chronic complications of diabetes mellitus
39. Hypoglicemia and consequences
40. Glicogenosis and renal glycosuria
41. Primary hyperlipoproteinemia
42. Secondary hyperlipoproteinemia
43. Hypolipoproteinemia and dislipoproteinemias
44. Pathogenesis and consequences of atherosclerosis
45. Dehydration (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic)
46. Hyperhydration (isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic)
47. Isotonic dehydration and hyperhydration
48. Hyperkalemia
49. Hypokalemia
50. Disorders of acid-base balance - acidosis
51. Disorders of acid-base balance - alkalosis
52. Pathophysiological effects of disturbances of acid-base balance
53. General and local effects of heat on the human body
54. General and local effects of cold on the human body
55. Mechanical factors as the cause of the disease: General Adaptation Syndrome, traumatic shock
syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction
56. Effect of reduced atmospheric pressure on the human body - acute and chronic altitude disease
57. Effect of increased atmospheric pressure on the human body - decompression disease
58. Effect of acceleration, vibration, sound, ultrasound and ultraviolet radiation on the human body
59. Effects of ionizing radiation on the human body: radiation sources, deterministic and stochastic
effects of radiation
60. Effects of ionizing radiation on the human body - mechanism of action
61. Acute and chronic radiation syndrome
62. Effect of electricity on the human body
63. Effect of chemical factors on the human body
64. Etiology and pathogenesis of malignant tumors
65. General characteristics of malignant cells, the relationship between tumor and host
66. Diagnosis of malignant neoplasia - laboratory tests
67. Pathophysiology of paraneoplastic syndromes

CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (1 question)

1. Etiology, pathogenesis and classification of heart failure
2. Cardiomyopathy as a cause of heart failure
3. Workload as a cause of heart failure
4. Left heart failure
5. Right heart failure
6. Acquired heart valve disorder- general pathophysiology of heart valve disorder
7. Pathophysiological disturbances in the mitral and tricuspid valve disorders
8. Pathophysiological disturbances of the aortic valve disorders
9. Congenital heart valve disorders
10. Heart rhythm disorders - etiology and pathogenesis
11. Disturbances in creating excitation in the myocardium
12. Disturbances in conduction of excitation in the myocardium
13. Myocardial and pericardial diseases
14. General pathophysiology of arterial blood pressure
15. Essential hypertension
16. Secondary hypertension
17. Pulmonary hypertension: etiology, acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension
18. Arterial hypotension
19. Etiology and pathogenesis of shock
20. Etiology and pathogenesis of coronary insufficiency
21. Angina pectoris, etiology and consequences
22. Myocardial infarction - hemodynamic, biochemical and general disorders and consequences
23. Local disorders of peripheral limb blood flow
24. Abnormal breathing patterns
25. Cough, expectoration, respiratory bleeding, respiratory pain and cyanosis
26. Disorders of ventilation - hypo-and hyperventilation, obstructive ventilatory disorder
27. Bronchial asthma
28. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
29. Restrictive ventilatory disorders
30. Pneumothorax, pleural effusion, atelectasis, bronchiectasis, diffuse pulmonary fibrosis
31. Disorders of ventilation - perfusion lung ratio
32. Disorders of pulmonary diffusion
33. Disorders of pulmonary perfusion
34. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
35. Pathophysiology of chronic respiratory failure
36. Pathophysiological consequences of respiratory failure
37. Pathophysiology of tissue hypoxia
38. Pathophysiological consequences of tissue hypoxia and reserve adaptive mechanisms

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, LIVER AND KIDNEYS (1 question)

1. Etiopathogenesis of nausea and vomiting
2. Etiopathogenesis of abdominal pain
3. Etiopathogenesis of gastrointestinal bleeding
4. Hunger and eating disorders
5. Motility disorders of the esophagus and stomach
6. Pathophysiology of diarrhea
7. Pathophysiology of constipation
8. Pathophysiology of ileus
9. Disturbances of oral and gastric secretion
10. Etiology and pathogenesis of ulcer disease
11. Disorders of pancreatic secretion, acute and chronic pancreatitis
12. Malabsorption syndrome
13. Etiology and pathophysiology of tumors in the digestive organs
14. Etiopathogenesis of allergic and autoimmune diseases in the digestive organs
15. Etiopathogenesis of the liver failure
16. Pathophysiological consequences of liver failure
17. Disorders of bilirubin metabolism in the liver failure
18. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
19. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
20. Differential diagnosis of jaundice
21. Disorders of bloodstream in the liver failure
22. Neuropsychic disturbances in hepatic failure, hepatic coma
23. Metabolism of water, minerals and endocrine disorders in liver failure
24. Hematological and disorders of hemostasis in liver failure
25. Biological and biochemical disorders in liver disease: functional testing of liver
26. Etiopathogenesis and consequences of cholelithiasis
27. Alterations of urine quantity in renal diseases
28. Disturbances of concentrating of the urine in renal diseases
29. Etiology and pathogenesis of acute renal failure
30. Pathophysiological consequences of acute renal failure
31. Etiology and pathogenesis of chronic renal failure
32. Pathophysiological consequences of chronic renal failure
33. Pathophysiology of uremic syndrome
34. Pathophysiology of glomerular kidney disease
35. Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome
36. Pathophysiology of tubulointerstitial kidney disease
37. Selective disorders of tubular function
38. Renal hypertension
39. Pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis
40. Postrenal disorders of kidney function

ENDOCRINOLOGY, BLOOD, LOCOMOTOR AND NERVOUS SYSTEM (1 question)

1. Disturbances of neural regulation, neurosis, functional and psychosomatic illness
2. Disturbances of humoral regulation
3. Mechanisms and consequences of endocrine dysregulation
4. Disorders of the hypothalamus
5. Hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary (hyperpituitarism)
6. Hypofunction of the anterior pituitary (hypopituitarism)
7. The role of the pituitary in the general adaptation syndrome and the development of
psychosomatic diseases
8. Disorders of the neurohypophysis
9. Iodine metabolism, synthesis of thyroid hormones and their effects in cells
10. Hyperthyroidism
11. Hypothyroidism and goiter
12. Hyperparathyroidism
13. Hypoparathyroidism
14. Disorders of calcium homeostasis: hyper - and hypocalcemia
15. Metabolic bone disease
16. Hyperaldosteronism
17. Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
18. Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
19. Hypersecretion of the adrenal gland (medulla)
20. Disorders of female gonadal endocrine function
21. Disorders of endocrine functions of male sex glands
22. Etiopathogenesis and classification of anemia
23. Anemia due to hematopoetic stem cells disturbances
24. Etiology and pathogenesis of iron deficiency anemia
25. Megaloblastic anemia
26. Anemia due to complex mechanism of development and disturbance of hemoglobin synthesis
27. Pathophysiology of hemolytic anemia
28. Post-hemorrhagic anemia. Pathophysiological disturbances caused by acute and chronic blood
lose.
29. Polycythemia: absolute and relative
30. Quantitative disturbances of leukocytes
31. Qualitative disturbances of granulocytes
32. Malignant disease of white blood cells
33. Neoplasms of lymphoid system
34. Diseases of the plasma cells
35. Pathophysiology of hemostatic system
36. Pathophysiology of hemorrhagic syndrome
37. Hereditary disorders of blood coagulation
38. Acquired disorders of blood coagulation
39. The pathophysiology of thromboembolic disease
40. Pathophysiology of muscle
41. Degenerative diseases of the locomotor system
42. Pathophysiology of connective tissue
43. Disorders of motor function of the nervous system
44. Disorders of the somatosensory system
45. Pathophysiology of pain
46. Disturbances of cerebrovascular bloodstream
47. Epilepsy
48. Disorders of consciousness
49. Etiopathogenesis of coma