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CT QB PDF
CT QB PDF
QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT CODE/NAME: EC2252- COMMUNICATION THEORY
PART A (1Mark)
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C B A B A A B D A A B B B B A B B A D A
PART B (2 Mark)
These modulators are used in high level These modulators are used in low level Modulation.
modulation.
The carrier voltage is very much greater than The modulating signal voltage is very much greater
modulating signal voltage. than the carrier signal voltage.
35. What are the advantages of DSB-SC and SSB-SC?
DSB-SC:
Suppression of carrier results in economy of power.
It is commonly used in carrier current telephony system, in which one sideband is
filtered out to reduce the width of the channel required for transmission.<strong>
It offers secrecy.
It increases the efficiency because the carrier is suppressed.
SSB-SC
Bandwidth of SSB is half that of DSB-SC AM. Thus twice the number of channels can
be accommodated at a given frequency spectrum.
No carrier is transmitted, hence possibility of interference with other channels are
avoided.
It eliminates the possibility of fading. Fading occurs due to multipath propagation of
electro-magnetic waves.
36. Give the methods of generating SSB-SC-AM. And mention some applications of SSB-
SC. (Nov-08)
The two methods of generating the SSB-SC waves are
Frequency discrimination or Filter method.
Phase discrimination method.
Applications:
Police Wireless communication.
SSB telegraph system.
Point to point radio telephone communication.
VHF and UHF communication systems.
37. What is image frequency? (May-04)
If some other frequency fsi = fs + 2fi appears at the input of the mixer then it produces
fi at the output of the mixer. This interface with the desired IF since it is same as IF. The
frequency fsi is called image frequency. fo = fs + fi
38. What are the types of AM modulators?
There are two types of AM modulators. They are
Linear modulators
Non-linear modulators
Linear modulators are classified as follows
Transistor modulator
There are three types of transistor modulator.
(i) Collector modulator
(ii) Emitter modulator
(iii) Base modulator
Switching modulators
Non-linear modulators are classified as follows
Square law modulator
Product modulator
Balanced modulator
39. What is the need for modulation?
Needs for modulation:
Ease of transmission
Multiplexing
Reduced noise
Narrow bandwidth
Frequency assignment
Reduce the equipments limitations
40. Compare AM with DSB-SC and SSB-SC.
AM signal DSB-SC SSB-SC
Bandwidth=2fm Bandwidth=2fm Bandwidth=fm
Contains USB, LSB, carrier Contains USB,LSB Contains LSB or USB
More power is required for Power required is less than Power required is less than
transmission that of AM. AM &DSB-SC
PART A (1Mark)
Answers:
5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
B A B D C D C C B A C A B B C A C D B D
PART B
(2Mark)
87. Compare AM to FM
AM FM
FM system has infinite number of sidebands in
In AM system there are three frequency
addition to a single carrier. Hence its Bandwidth is
components and hence the bandwidth is finite.
infinite.
The amplitude of modulated wave in AM is The amplitude of frequency modulated wave in FM
dependent of modulation index. is independent of modulation index.
In AM, most of the transmitted Power is wasted In FM, noise is very less.
88. What is the basic difference between an AM signal and a Narrowband FM signal?
In the case of sinusoidal modulation, the basic difference between an AM signal and a
narrowband FM signal is that the algebraic sign of the lower side frequency in the narrow band
FM is reversed.
89. Compare Wideband FM and Narrowband FM. [April-04]
Parameter/Characteristics Wideband FM Narrowband FM
Modulation index Greater than 1 Less than or slightly greater than 1
Maximum Deviation 75KHz 5KHz
Range of Modulating Frequency 30Hz to 15KHz 30 Hz to 3KHz
Maximum Modulation index 5 to 2500 Slightly greater than 1
Large, about 15 times higher Small, approximately same as that
Bandwidth
than BW of narrowband FM of AM
FM Mobile Communication like
Applications Entertainment broadcasting
Police wireless, ambulance etc.
90. What are the advantages of Angle Modulation?
Angle modulation has several inherent advantages over Amplitude modulation.
Noise immunity.
Noise performance and signal-to-noise improvement.
Capture effect.
Power utilization and efficiency.
91. What is transmission bandwidth of FM?
For n side bands the bandwidth of FM wave is given by
B.W=2nm radians/sec
B.W=2nfm Hz
92. What are the two methods of producing an FM wave?
Basically there are two methods of producing an FM wave. They are,
i) Direct method
In this method the transmitter originates a wave whose frequency varies as function of the
modulating source. It is used for the generation of NBFM
ii) Indirect method
In this method the transmitter originates a wave whose phase is a function of the modulation.
Normally it is used for the generation of WBFM where WBFM is generated from NBFM
100. Explain the indirect method of generation of FM wave and any one method of
demodulating an FM wave. (Nov-06)
101. Derive the expression for the frequency modulated signal. Explain what is meant by
narrowband FM and wideband FM using the expression. (Nov-05 & May-04)
102. Explain any two techniques of demodulation of FM. (16)
103. Explain the working of the reactance tube modulator and drive an expression to show
how the variation of the amplitude of the input signal changes the frequency of the output signal
of the modulator. (16)
104. Discuss the effects of nonlinearities in FM. (8)
105. Discuss in detail FM stereo multiplexing. (8)
106. Draw the frequency spectrum of FM and explain. Explain how Varactor diode can be
used for frequency modulation. (16)
107. Discuss the indirect method of generating a wide-band FM signal. (8)
108. Draw the circuit diagram of Foster-Seeley discriminator and explain its working.(Nov-05
& May-09)
109. Explain the principle of indirect method of generating a wide-band FM signal with a neat
block diagram. (8)
110. Explain the working of balanced slope detector? (May-07)
PART A (1Mark)
111. In a receiver the input signal is 100V, while the internal noise at the input is 10V.
With amplification the output signal is 2V, while the output noise is 0.4V. The noise figure
of receiver is
(A) 2 (B) 0.5
(C) 0.2 (D) None of the above
112. A receiver is operated at a temperature of 300 K. The transistor used in the receiver
has an average output resistance of 1 k. The Johnson noise voltage for a receiver with a
bandwidth of 200 kHz is
(A) 1.8V (B) 8.4V
(C) 4.3V (D) 12.6V
113. A resistor R = 1 k is maintained at 170C. The rms noise voltage generated in a
bandwidth of 10 kHz is
(A) 16x10-14V (B) 0.4V
(C) 4V (D) 16x10-18V
114. A mixer stage has a noise figure of 20 dB. This mixer stage is preceded by an
amplifier which has a noise figure of 9 dB and an available power gain of 15 dB. The
overall noise figure referred to the input is
(A) 11.07 (B) 18.23
(C) 56.48 (D) 97.38
115. A system has three stage cascaded amplifier each stage having a power gain of 10 dB
and noise figure of 6dB. The overall noise figure is
(A) 1.38 (B) 6.8
(C) 4.33 (D) 10.43
116. A signal process m(t) is mixed with a channel noise n(t). The power spectral densities
are as follows Sm() = 6/9 + 2, Sn() = 6. The optimum Wiener-Hopf filter is
(A) 2 + 9/ 2 + 10 (B) 1/2 + 10
(C) 2 + 10/2 + 9 (D) None of the above
117. An amplifier has a standard spot noise figure F0 = 6.31 (8.0 dB). The amplifier that
is used to amplify the output of an antenna have antenna temperature of Ta = 180 K. The
effective input noise temperature of this amplifier is
(A) 2520 K (B) 2120 K
(C) 2710 K (D) 1540 K
118. An amplifier has a standard spot noise figure F0 = 6.31 (8.0 dB). The amplifier that
is used to amplify the output of an antenna have antenna temperature of Ta = 180 K. The
operating spot noise figure is
(A) 3.2 dB (B) 6.4 dB
(C) 9.8 dB (D) 11.9 dB
119. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 200K (first stage), Te2 = 450K and Te3
= 1000K (last stage). If the available power gain of the second stage is 5, what gain must
the first stage have to guarantee an effective input noise temperature of 250 K?
(A) 10 (B) 13
(C) 16 (D) 19
120. An amplifier has an operating spot noise figure of 10 dB when driven by a source of
effective noise temperature 225K. The standard spot noise figure of amplifier is
(A) 4 dB (B) 5 dB
(C) 7 dB (D) 9 dB
121. An amplifier has an operating spot noise figure of 10 dB when driven by a source of
effective noise temperature 225K. If a matched attenuator with a loss of 3.2 dB is placed
between the source and the amplifier's input, what is the operating spot noise figure of
the attenuator amplifier cascade if the attenuator's physical temperature is 290 K?
(A) 9 dB (B) 10.4 dB
(C) 11.3 dB (D) 13.3 dB
122. An amplifier has an operating spot noise figure of 10 dB when driven by a source of
effective noise temperature 225K. What is the standard spot noise figure of the cascade?
(A) 10.3 dB (B) 12.2 dB
(C) 14.9 dB (D) 17.6 dB
123. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 150K (first stage), Te2 = 350K and Te3
= 600K (output stage). Available power gain of the first stage is 10 and overall input
effective noise temperature is 190 K. The available power gain of the second stage is
(A) 12 (B) 14
(C) 16 (D) 18
124. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 150K (first stage), Te2 = 350K and Te3
= 600K (output stage). Available power gain of the first stage is 10 and overall input
effective noise temperature is 190 K. The cascade's standard spot noise figure is
(A) 1.3 dB (B) 2.2 dB
(C) 4.3 dB (D) 5.3 dB
125. An amplifier has three stages for which Te1 = 150K (first stage), Te2 = 350K and Te3
= 600K (output stage). Available power gain of the first stage is 10 and overall input
effective noise temperature is 190 K. What is the cascade's operating spot noise figure
when used with a source of noise temperature Ts =50K
(A) 1.34 dB (B) 3.96 dB
(C) 6.81 dB (D) None of the above.
126. Three networks are cascaded. Available power gains are G1 = 8, G2 = 6 and G3 = 20.
Respective input effective spot noise temperatures are Te1 = 40K, Te2 = 100K and Te3 =
180K.
(A) 58.33 K (B) 69.41 K
(C) 83.90 K (D) 98.39 K
127. Three identical amplifiers, each having a spot effective input noise temperature of
125 K and available power G are cascaded. The overall spot effective input noise
temperature of the cascade is 155 K. The G is
(A) 3 (B) 5
(C) 7 (D) 9
128. What is the maximum average effective input noise temperature that an amplifier
can have if its average standard noise figure is to not exceed 1.7?
(A) 203 K (B) 215 K
(C) 235 K (D) 255 K
129. An amplifier when used with a source of average noise temperature 60 K, has an
average operating noise figure of 5.If the amplifier is sold to engineering public, the noise
figure that would be quoted in a catalog is
(A) 0.46 (B) 0.94
(C) 1.83 (D) 2.93
130. An amplifier when used with a source of average noise temperature 60 K, has an
average operating noise figure of 5. What average operating noise figure results when the
amplifier is used with an antenna of temperature 30 K?
(A) 9.54 dB (B) 10.96 dB (C) 11.23 dB (D) 12.96 dB
Answers:
111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127
A A B A C B D C B D D B A B C A B
128 129 130
A C A
PART B (2Mark)
131. Define noise.
Noise is defined as any unwanted form of energy, which tends to interfere with proper
reception and reproduction of wanted signal.
132. Give the classification of noise.
Noise is broadly classified into two types. They are External noise and internal noise.
External noise may be defined as that type of noise which is generated external to the
communication system. And it can be classified into
1. Atmospheric noise
2. Extraterrestrial noises
3. Man made noises or industrial noises
Internal noise may be defined as that type of system which is generated internally or within the
communication system or receiver. it can be classified into
1. Thermal noise
2. Shot noise
3. Transit time noise
4. Miscellaneous internal noise
133. Define noise temperature. (May-04)
The available noise power is directly proportional to the temperature and it is independent of
value of resistance. This power specified in terms of temperature is called as noise temperature.
Te = (F 1)T
134. Define Atmospheric noise and industrial noise?
Atmospheric noise, which is also called static, is produced by lightning discharges in
thunderstorms and other natural electrical disturbances which occur in the atmosphere.
The industrial noise or man-made noise is that type of noise which is produced by such
sources as automobiles and aircraft ignition, electrical motors, switch gears and leakage from
high voltage transmission lines and several other heavy electrical equipments.
135. Define shot noise? [Nov-05, Apr-04]
Shot noises arise in active devices due to random behavior of charge carriers. In electron
tubes, shot noise is generated due to random emission of electrons from cathodes, whereas in
semiconductor devices shot noise is generated due to random diffusion of minority carriers or
simply random generation and recombination of electron-hole pairs.
136. Define partition noise?
Partition noise is generated in a circuit when a current has to divide between two or
more paths. This means that partition noise results from the random fluctuations in the division.
PART C (16Marks)
150. Derive the effective noise temperature of a cascade amplifier. Explain how the
various noises are generated in the method of representing them. (May-02)
151. Explain how the various noises are generated and the method of representing them.
152. Write notes on noise temperature and noise figure.
153. Derive the noise figure for cascade stages.
154. What is narrowband noise discuss the properties of the quadrature components of a
narrowband noise. (May-08)
155. What is meant by noise equivalent bandwidth? Illustrate it with a diagram (8)
156. Discuss briefly the characteristics of various noises present in a communication
system and their impact in a typical system. (Nov-06)
157. Discuss the following:
i) Noise equivalent bandwidth ii) Narrow band noise
iii) Noise temperature iv) Noise spectral density
159. How sine wave plus noise is represented? Obtain the joint PDF of such noise
component.
Answer:
160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176
C C B D C B D C A B A C B D A C C
177 178 179
A B B
PART B (2Mark)
199. Explain the working of super heterodyne receiver with its parameters.
200. Discuss the noise performance of AM system using envelope detection.
201. Compare the noise performance of AM and FM systems.
202. Calculate the noise power of a DSB-SC system using coherent detection. (Nov-05)
203. Discuss in detail the noise performance in SSB-SC receiver.
204. Explain the significance of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM system. (May-04)
205. Derive the noise power spectral density of the FM demodulation and explain its
performance with diagram.
206. a. Draw the block diagram of FM demodulator and explain the effect of noise in detail.
b. Explain the FM threshold effect and capture effect in FM.
207. Describe the characteristics of super heterodyne receiver. (Nov-06)
PART A (1Mark)
208. A direct sequence spread binary phase-shift-keying system uses a feedback shift
register of Length 19 for the generation of PN sequence. The system is required to have
an average probability of symbol error due to externally generated interfering signals
that does not exceed 10-5. The Antijam margin is
(A) 47.5 dB (B) 93.8 dB
(C) 86.9 dB (D) 12.6 dB
209. A slow FH/MFSK system has the following parameters. Number of bits per MFSK
symbol = 4; Number of MFSK symbol per hop = 5. The processing gain of the system is
(A) 13.4 dB (B) 37.8 dB
(C) 6 dB (D) 26 dB
210. A fast FH/MFSK system has the following parameters. Number of bits per MFSK
symbol = 4; Number of pops per MFSK symbol = 4. The processing gain of the system is
(A) 0 dB (B) 7 dB
(C) 9 dB (D) 12 dB
211. A rate 1/2 convolution code with dfrec = 10 is used to encode a data sequence
occurring at a rate of 1 kbps. The modulation is binary PSK. The DS spread spectrum
sequence has a chip rate of 10 MHz. The coding gain is
(A) 7 dB (B) 12 dB
(C) 14 dB (D) 24 dB
212. A rate 1/2 convolution code with dfrec = 10 is used to encode a data sequence
occurring at a rate of 1 kbps. The modulation is binary PSK. The DS spread spectrum
sequence has a chip rate of 10 MHz. The processing gain is
(A) 14 dB (B) 37 dB
(C) 58 dB (D) 104 dB
213. A total of 30 equal-power users are to share a common communication channel by
CDM. Each user transmit information at a rate of 10 kbps via DS spread spectrum and
binary PSK. The minimum chip rate to obtain a bit error probability of 10-5.
(A) 1.3x106chips/sec (B) 2.9x105chips/sec
(C) 1.9x106chips/sec (D) 1.3x105chips/sec
214. A CDMA system is designed based on DS spread spectrum with a processing gain of
1000 and BPSK modulation scheme. If user has equal power and the desired level of
performance of an error probability of 10-6, the number of user will be
(A) 89 (B) 117
(C) 147 (D) 216
215. A CDMA system is designed based on DS spread spectrum with a processing gain of
500 and BPSK modulation scheme. If user has equal power and the desired level of
performance of an error probability of 10-6, the number of user will be
(A) 27 users (B) 38 users
(C) 42 users (D) 45 users
216. A DS spread spectrum system transmits at a rate of 1kbps in the presets of a tone
jammer. The jammer power is 20 dB greater than the desired signal, and the required
b/Jo to achieve satisfactory performance is 10 dB. The spreading bandwidth required to
meet the specifications is
(A) 107Hz (B) 103Hz
5
(C) 10 Hz (D) 106Hz
217. A DS spread spectrum system transmits at a rate of 1kbps in the presets of a tone
jammer. The jammer power is 20 dB greater than the desired signal, and the required
b/Jo to achieve satisfactory performance is 10 dB. If the jammer is a pulse jammer, then
pulse duty cycle that results in worst case jamming is
(A) 0.14 (B) 0.05
(C) 0.07 (D) 0.10
218. A DS spread spectrum system transmits at a rate of 1kbps in the presets of a tone
jammer. The jammer power is 20 dB greater than the desired signal, and the required
b/Jo to achieve satisfactory performance is 10 dB. The correspond probability of error
is
(A) 4.9x10-3 (B) 6.3x10-3
(C) 9.4x10-4 (D) 8.3x10-3
219. A CDMA system consist of 15 equal power user that transmit information at a rate
of 10 kbps, each using a DS spread spectrum signal operating at chip rate of 1MHz. The
modulation scheme is BPSK. The Processing gain is
(A) 0.01 (B) 100
(C) 0.1 (D) 10
220. A CDMA system consist of 15 equal power user that transmit information at a rate
of 10 kbps, each using a DS spread spectrum signal operating at chip rate of 1MHz. The
modulation scheme is BPSK. The value of b/Jo is
(A) 8.54 dB (B) 7.14 dB
(C) 17.08 dB (D) 14.28 dB
221. A CDMA system consist of 15 equal power user that transmit information at a rate
of 10 kbps, each using a DS spread spectrum signal operating at chip rate of 1MHz. The
modulation scheme is BPSK. How much the processing gain should be increased to allow
for doubling the number of users with affecting the auto pad SNR?
(A) 1.46 MHz (B) 2.07 MHz
(C) 4.93 MHz (D) 2.92 MHz
222. A DS/BPSK spread spectrum signal has a processing gain of 500. If the desired error
probability is 10-5 and (b/Jo) required to obtain an error probability of 10-5 for binary
PSK is 9.5 dB, and then the Jamming margin against a containers tone jammer is
(A) 23.6 dB (B) 17.5 dB
(C) 117.4 dB (D) 109.0 dB
223. An FH binary orthogonal FSK system employs an m = 15stage liner feedback shift
register that generates an ML sequence. Each state of the shift register selects one of L
non over lapping frequency bands in the hopping pattern. The bit rate is 100 bits/s. The
demodulator employs non coherent detection. If the hop rate is one per bit, the hopping
bandwidth for this channel is
(A) 6.5534 MHz (B) 9.4369 MHz
(C) 2.6943 MHz (D) None of the above
224. An FH binary orthogonal FSK system employs an m = 15stage liner feedback shift
register that generates an ML sequence. Each state of the shift register selects one of L
non over lapping frequency bands in the hopping pattern. The bit rate is 100 bits/s. The
demodulator employs non coherent detection. Suppose the hop rate is increased to
2hops/bit and the receiver uses square law combining the signal over two hops. The
hopping bandwidth for this channel is
(A) 3.2767 MHz (B) 13.1068 MHz
(C) 26.2136 MHz (D) 1.6384 MHz
225. A slow FH binary FSK system with non coherent detection operates at b/Jo = 10,
with hopping bandwidth of 2 GHz, and a bit rate of 10 kbps. The processing gain of this
system is
(A) 23 dB (B) 43 dB
(C) 43 dB (D) 53 dB
226. A slow FH binary FSK system with non coherent detection operates at b/Jo = 10,
with hopping bandwidth of 2 GHz, and a bit rate of 10 kbps. If the jammer operates as a
partial band jammer, the bandwidth occupancy for worst case jamming is
(A) 0.4 GHz (B) 0.6 GHz
(C) 0.7 GHz (D) 0.9 GHz
227. A slow FH binary FSK system with non coherent detection operates at b/Jo = 10,
with hopping bandwidth of 2 GHz, and a bit rate of 10 kbps. The probability of error for
the worst-case partial band jammer is
(A) 0.2996 (B) 0.1496 (C) 0.0368 (D) 0.0298
Answer:
208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224
A D D A B C D D D C D B A B B A B
225 226 227
D A C
PART B (2Mark)
229. State the channel coding thermo for a discrete memory less channel. (Nov-03, 08 &
May-07,08,09)
Given a source of M equally likely messages, with M >> 1, which is generating
information at a rate R. Given channel with capacity C. Then if,
RC
there exists a coding technique such that the output of the source may be transmitted over the
channel with a probability of error in the received message which may made arbitrarily small.
230. What is entropy? (May-04,07 & Nov-06)
The average information per source symbol in a particular interval is called entropy. It
is denoted by H and given as,
M
H = Total information / Number of message = P k log2(1/Pk)
k 1
PART C (16Mark)
246. Explain the significance of the entropy H(X/Y) of a communication system where X
is the transmitter and Y is the receiver.
247. An event has six possible outcomes with probabilities 1/2.1/4,1/8,1/16,1/32,1/32. Find
the entropy of the system.
248. Discuss Source coding theorem, give the advantage and disadvantage of channel
coding in detail, and discuss the data compaction.
249. Explain the properties of entropy and with suitable example, explain the entropy of
binary memory less source.
250. Five symbols of the alphabet of discrete memory less source and their probabilities
are given below. S=[S0,S1,S2,S3]; P[S]=[.4,.2,.2,.1,.1].Encode the symbols using Huffman
coding.
251. Write short notes on Differential entropy, derive the channel capacity theorem and
discuss the implications of the information capacity theorem.
252. What do you mean by binary symmetric channel? Derive channel capacity formula
for symmetric channel.
253. Construct binary optical code for the following probability symbols using Huffman
procedure and calculate entropy of the source, average code Length, efficiency,
redundancy and variance? 0.2, 0.18, 0.12, 0.1, 0.1, 0.08, 0.06, 0.06, 0.06, 0.04.
254. State and prove continuous channel capacity theorem.
255. Encode the following source using Shannon-Fano and Huffman coding procedures.
Compare the results.
X X1 X2 X3 X4 X5
P(X) 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.08 0.12