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(. 1)





(()) (. 3)





((
)) (. 5)
EE
(. 7)

(20152016)

(20152016)

,
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- .
 1

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, .
.

, , ,
.
.
, ( 1000 km/h)
.
, , , .

m

n mol .

, 1 mol ,
= 6,021023 ( Avogadro)
g
[ ( )
12
1/12 6 C .]
Vm = 22,4 L
( STP) = 0 C ( = 273) p = 1 atm.
m , V , n
mol :
m N V
n= = = ( , )
M NA Vm

.
, :
( )
, .
( )

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. ( ) .
( )
.

.
:
(), 0 ( 0 C)
, 100 (100 oC).
273 C.
, 0 ( 0 ). ,
( 0 ) = ( 273 C )
, ( T).
273
, 273 ,
, ,
= + 273

B
 2

.
, , ,
. ,
. :

= , , p= F
S

, ().

S.I. ( ).
m2
,
(atm): , .
5
(1 atm = 1,013 10 )
m2

, , ;

, , ,
. .
, .
F, .
F.

(.. ,


1020 ), , , . , F
. .

, ( -
) , , ,
.
, 1 m2 , 1 m2
1 m2 . , m2 , -
, , () .
, , .
, .
( ) , ,
.

, , ,
.

,
, S, :
: () F = p S,
F
: () F = p S, .
, ,
F = + F p S = + p S , , p = p + B
S
F , , , .
, ,
.

F ,

, S, :
: F = p S
F : F = p S

, ,
F = + F p S = + p S , , p = p B
S

F F , S, :
: F = p S
: F = p S
, ,
F = F p S = p S , , p = p

B
 3

, -
. , .., (V), (p),
(d) (T) .
, -
. p, V, T ,
, .
, .
, -
, .

.
, (Boyle):
pV
(2 > 1)
, .
:
p p V = , :
pV, .
: ,
. , , ,
2 . , , , -
.
1 , ,
0 V . , ,
.
.

, , .
, (Charles):
pT
(V2 > V1)
.
:
p p
V1 = , V :
T
pT, , .
V2 ,
.
: ( -
0 T
). .
, ,
.

- .
, (Gay-Lussac):
VT
(2 > 1)
.
:
V V
1 = , p :
T
VT, , .
2 ,
() .
- : .
0 T , , .
, .
, .
,
. ( ) ,
.
, , . , , , -
.

B
 4

, - .

, , -
, , .
()
.
, .
,
. , , ,
.

, , :
n mol
pV=nRT
.
T R
p, V, T.
8,314 J S.I., p 2 , V m3, T K ()
mol K m
R=
0,082 L atm , p atm, V L, T K
mol K

n mol

1 mol, (= Avogadro). , , n = .
mol
,

pV=
RT

pV=
R

R
T = k o (Boltzman).
NA
S.I. k = 1,3811023 J
K

, ,
pV=k

n mol () m 1 mol ( kg
mol

g
m
, m g). , , n = .
mol M
,
m
pV= RT
M
m R T
p=
V M
m
d . :
V
, d,
dR T
p=
M

, , .
pV
n mol , = n R =
T
, , ,
(p1, V1, T1) (p2, V2, T2), :

p1 V1 p2 V2
= , n :
T1 T2

, , -
.

B
 5

.
(, , ), .
,
. ,
( ) .
.

.


, :
(1023),
, .
(= ) ,
, .
.
( )
:
( ) , ,
( ) .

, ,

,
(, , ):
1 Nm 2
p= v
3 V
: p
m

V
v2
m Nm
m = m d = = , :
V V

p = 31 d v2 ( )

, , :

1 Nm 2 2 N mv
2
2 m v2
p = v = pV =
3 V 3 V 2 3 2

, , ,
,
pV = k
.
2 m v2
k =
3 2
2
2 mv
=
3k 2
m v2 3
, , = kT
2 2

m v2
=
2
( ).
.

B
 6

2
v ( v) .


v = v2
3k T
v =
m
3R T
v =
NA m

3R T
v =
M

, , ;

,
2
m v2
(, , = mv = )
2 2
m v 2 3
( = kT
2 2
, , ,
, , .)

.
, , -
. , , ,
.
, () () ,
, , , .
, ,
, .
, ( ) -
, .
-
, -
( ) .

(
M ).
...
.
, , 1 v1, N2 v2, ... N v.
1 + 2 + ... + = .

: v N1 v1 + N2 v2 + ... + N v
N
N1 v12 + N2 v22 + ... + N v2
: v2
N

N1 v12 + N2 v22 + ...+ N v2

: v v2
N

(, v2 v ).
, . (, , v > v ).

B
 7

' (20152016),
( ) /
(. 8894)

. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
() . 19, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
. 30, 31, 32, 33, 36

. 9, 12, 11, 13, 10

( ) . 27, 28, 29