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Algebra Formulas
Identity
1. Set identities A = A
Definitions: A I = A
I: Universal set Set identities involving union, intersection and
A: Complement complement
Empty set: complement of intersection and union
Union of sets A A = I
A A =
A B = { x | x A or x B}
De Morgans laws
Intersection of sets
A B = { x | x A and x B} ( A B ) = A B
Complement ( A B ) = A B
A = { x I | x A} Set identities involving difference

Difference of sets B \ A = B ( A B)

B \ A = { x | x B and x A} B \ A = B A
A\ A=
Cartesian product
( A \ B) C = ( A C) \ (B C)
A B = {( x, y ) | x A and y B}
A = I \ A
Set identities involving union
Commutativity
A B = B A
2. Sets of Numbers
Associativity Definitions:
A (B C ) = ( A B) C N: Natural numbers
No: Whole numbers
Idempotency
Z: Integers
A A = A +
Z : Positive integers
-
Set identities involving intersection Z : Negative integers
commutativity Q: Rational numbers
A B = B A C: Complex numbers
Associativity Natural numbers (counting numbers )
A (B C) = ( A B) C N = {1, 2, 3,... }
Idempotency
Whole numbers ( counting numbers + zero )
A A = A
Set identities involving union and intersection N o = {0, 1, 2, 3,... }
Distributivity Integers
A (B C) = ( A B) ( A C) Z + = N = {1, 2, 3,... }
A (B C) = ( A B) ( A C)
Z = {..., 3, 2, 1 }
Domination
A = Z = Z {0} Z = .{ .., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,... }
A I = I
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Roots of complex numbers
Irrational numbers: 1
+ 2k
1
+ 2k
Nonerepeating and nonterminating integers r ( cos + sin ) n = r n cos + sin
n n
Real numbers:
From this the n nth roots can be obtained by putting k = 0,
Union of rational and irrational numbers 1, 2, . . ., n - 1
Complex numbers:
C = { x + iy | x R and y R} 4. Factoring and product
N Z QRC Factoring Formulas
a 2 b 2 = ( a b )( a + b )

3. Complex numbers (
a 3 b3 = ( a b ) a 2 + ab + b 2 )
Definitions: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a 2
ab + b )
2

A complex nuber is written as a + bi where a and b are

real numbers an i, called the imaginary unit, has the a 4 b 4 = ( a b)( a + b)( a 2 + b 2 )
2
property that i =-1.
The complex numbers a+bi and a-bi are called complex
conjugate of each other.
(
a 5 b5 = ( a b ) a 4 + a 3b + a 2 b 2 + ab3 + b 4 )
Equality of complex numbers Product Formulas
a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d ( a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
Addition of complex numbers ( a b) 2 = a 2 2ab + b 2
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a 2b + 3ab2 + b3
Subtraction of complex numbers (a b)3 = a3 3a 2b + 3ab 2 b3
(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i 4
(a + b) = a 4 + 4a 3 b + 6 a 2 b 2 + 4ab3 + b 4
Multiplication of complex numbers
(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i ( a b )4 = a 4 4a3b + 6a 2 b2 4ab3 + b4
Division of complex numbers (a + b + c)2 = a 2 + b2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
a + bi a + bi c di ac + bd bc ad (a + b + c + ...) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ...2(ab + ac + bc + ...)
= = + i
c + di c + di c di c 2 + d 2 c 2 + d 2
Polar form of complex numbers
x + iy = r ( cos + i sin ) r modulus, amplitude
5. Algebric equations
Multiplication and division in polar form Quadric Eqation: ax2 + bx + c = 0
r1 ( cos 1 + i sin 1 ) r2 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = Solutions (roots):
= r1r2 cos (1 + 2 ) + i sin (1 + 2 ) b b2 4ac
x1,2 =
r1 ( cos1 + sin1 ) r 2a
= 1 cos (1 2 ) + sin (1 2 ) 2
if D=b -4ac is the discriminant, then the roots are
r2 ( cos2 + sin 2 ) r2
(i) real and unique if D > 0
De Moivres theorem (ii) real and equal if D = 0
n
(iii) complex conjugate if D < 0
r ( cos + sin ) = r n ( cos n + sin n )
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Cubic Eqation: x3 + a1 x 2 + a2 x + a3 = 0
Let
3a2 a12 9a1a2 27a3 2a13
Q= , R=
9 54
S = 3 R + Q3 + R2 , T = 3 R Q3 + R2

then solutions are:

1
x1 = S + T a1
3
1 1 1
x2 = ( S + T ) a1 + i 3 ( S T )
2 3 2
1 1 1
x3 = ( S + T ) a1 i 3 ( S T )
2 3 2
3 3
if D = Q + R is the discriminant, then:
(i) one root is real and two complex conjugate if D > 0
(ii) all roots are real and at last two are equal if D = 0
(iii) all roots are real and unequal if D < 0

Cuadric Eqation: x4 + a1x3 + a2 x2 + a3x + a4 = 0

Let y1 be a real root of the cubic equation

( )
y3 a2 y2 + ( a1a3 4a4 ) y + 4a2 a4 a32 a12 a4 = 0
Solution are the 4 roots of
1 1
z2 +
2
( ) (
a1 a12 4a2 + 4y1 z + y1 y12 4a4 = 0
2
)