BI GING MN: IN T S

Chng 0 H M

1. Biu din s

2. Chuyn i c s gia cc h m

3. S nh phn c du

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 1

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
 BI GING MN: IN T S

Chng 0 H M

1. Biu din s
1.1. H thp phn
1.2. H nh phn
1.3. H bt phn
1.4. H thp lc phn

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 2

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Biu din s
* Nguyn tc: Dng mt s hu hn cc k hiu ghp vi nhau theo qui
c v v tr.
- S k hiu c dng l c s ca h, k hiu l r.
- Gi tr biu din ca cc ch khc nhau c phn bit thng
qua trng s ca h ( r i ).
* Biu din tng qut:

N an 1 rn 1
... a1 r1 a 0 r 0 a 1 r 1
... a m r m

m
a i ri
n 1

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 3

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Mt s h m thng dng

Tn h m S k hiu C s (r)
H nh phn (Binary) 0, 1 2
H bt phn (Octal) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8
H thp phn (Decimal) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10
H thp lc phn 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
(Hexadecimal) 16
A, B, C, D, E, F

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 4

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1.1. H thp phn (1)

* Cc k hiu: a i 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
* Biu din s:
N10 an 1 10n 1
... a1 101 a 0 100 a 1 10 1
... a m 10 m

m
a i 10i
n 1
- Nu ch c phn nguyn th i (n 1) 0

* V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 5

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1.1. H thp phn (2)

* u im:
- tnh ph bin (d nhn bit)
- kh nng biu din ln (do c nhiu k hiu)
- biu din ngn gn, tn t thi gian ghi v c
* Nhc im: kh s ho

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 6

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1.2. H nh phn (1)

* Cc k hiu: a i 0,1
* T chc h:
- m khi u t gi tr 0, sau cng lin tip thm 1 vo kt
qu m trc theo quy tc:
0 + 0 = 0, 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 10

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 7

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1.2. H nh phn (2) T chc h

Thp Nh Thp lc Thp Nh Thp lc

Bt phn Bt phn
phn phn phn phn phn phn

0 9
1 10
2 11
3 12
4 13
5 14
6 15
7 16
8 ...

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 8

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1.2. H nh phn (3) Biu din s

* Biu din s:
m
N2 a i 2i a n 1.2n 1
... a 0 .20 a 1.2 1
... a m .2 m

n 1

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 9

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 BI GING MN: IN T S

1.2. H nh phn (4) Cc php tnh s hc

* Cc php tnh trong h nh phn:
- Php cng:
0 + 0 = 0 ; 1 + 0 = 1 ; 1 + 1 = 10 (102 = 210).
- Php tr:
0 - 0 = 0 ; 1 - 1 = 0 ; 1 - 0 = 1 ; 0 - 1 = 1 (mn 1)
- Php nhn:
0x0=0; 0x1=0;1x0=0; 1x1=1
- Php chia: Thc hin tng t nh php chia s thp phn.

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 10

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1.2. H nh phn (5)

* u im : d th hin bng cc thit b c in.

* Nhc im : biu din di, tn thi gian ghi c.
* Mt s nh ngha :
- bit
- byte
- LSB
- MSB

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 11

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1.3. H bt phn H c s 8 (1)

* Cc k hiu: a i 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
* T chc h:
m khi u t gi tr 0, sau cng lin tip thm 1 vo kt qu m
trc theo qui tc:
0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 1 = 2, ... , 7 + 1 = 0 (nh 1 ln trng s k tip)
* Biu din s:
N8 an 1 8n 1
... a 0 80 a 1 8 1
... a m 8 m

m
a i 8i
n 1

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 12

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1.3. H bt phn H c s 8 (2)

* Cc php tnh trong h bt phn:
- - Php cng: khi kt qu cng mt ct ln hn hoc bng 8: ly kt qu
chia cho 8, phn d ghi vo ct tng tng ng, nh 1 ln trng s ct k
tip.
- Php tr: khi s b tr nh hn s tr ( mt ct): mn 1 ct k tip
(tng ng vi cng thm 8 vo ct ) ri tr.
* V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 13

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 BI GING MN: IN T S

1.3. H bt phn H c s 8 (3)

* u im:
- Biu din ngn gn
- C th dng mt t nh phn 3 bit biu th cc k hiu bt phn (v 8 = 23)
* Nhc im: cc php tnh phc tp.

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 14

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1.4. H thp lc phn H c s 16 (1)

* Cc k hiu: a i 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Vi A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15
* T chc h: m khi u t gi tr 0, sau cng lin tip thm 1
vo kt qu m trc theo qui tc:
0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 1 = 2, ... , F + 1 = 0 (nh 1 ln trng s k tip)
* Biu din s:
N16 an 1 16n 1
.... a 0 160 a 1 16 1
.... a m 16 m

m
a i 16i
n 1

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 15

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1.4. H thp lc phn H c s 16 (2)

* Cc php tnh trong h thp lc phn:
- Php cng: Khi tng hai ch s ln hn 15: ly tng chia cho 16, s d c
vit vo ch s tng, thng c nh ln trng s k tip.
Nu gp cc ch s A, B, C, D, E, F: phi i v gi tr thp phn tng ng ri
mi cng.
- Php tr: Khi s b tr nh hn s tr: mn 1 ct k tip (cng thm 16) ri
mi tr.
* V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 16

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
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1.4. H thp lc phn H c s 16 (3)

* u im:
- Biu din ngn gn
- C th dng mt t nh phn 4 bit biu th cc k hiu thp lc phn (16 = 24)
* Nhc im: cc php tnh phc tp

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 17

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
 BI GING MN: IN T S

Chng 0 H M

1. Biu din s

2. Chuyn i c s gia cc h m

3. S nh phn c du

4. Mt s m nh phn thng dng

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 18

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
 BI GING MN: IN T S

Chng 0 H M

2. Chuyn i c s gia cc h m
2.1. Chuyn t h thp phn sang cc h khc
2.2. Chuyn t cc h khc sang h thp phn
2.3. Chuyn t h nh phn sang h 8 v h 16

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 19

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
 BI GING MN: IN T S

2.1. Chuyn t h thp phn sang cc h khc

* Phn nguyn:
- Chia lin tip s cn chuyn i cho c s ca h cn chuyn n,
dng chia khi thng bng 0.
- Vit o ngc trt t s d sau mi ln chia c kt qu.
* Phn phn s:
- Nhn lin tip phn phn s vi c s ca h cn chuyn n, dng
nhn khi phn phn s trit tiu.
- Vit tun t phn nguyn thu c sau mi ln nhn c kt qu.
* V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 20

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 BI GING MN: IN T S

2.2. Chuyn t cc h khc sang h thp phn

m
* Qui tc: S dng cng thc : N10 a i .r i
i n 1

- Thc hin ly tng v phi s c kt qu cn tm.

- Trong biu thc trn, ai l cc k hiu v r c s ca h cn
chuyn i.
* V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 21

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2.3. Chuyn t h nh phn sang h 8 v h 16

* Qui tc:
- Chia s nh phn cn i (k t du phy thp phn) sang tri v
phi thnh tng nhm 3 bit (h c s 8) hoc 4 bit (h c s 16).
- Thay cc nhm bit chia bng k hiu tng ng ca h cn
chuyn ti.
* V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 22

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
 BI GING MN: IN T S

Chng 0 H M

1. Biu din s

2. Chuyn i c s gia cc h m

3. S nh phn c du

4. Mt s m nh phn thng dng

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 23

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
 BI GING MN: IN T S

Chng 0 H M

3. S nh phn c du
3.1. Biu din s nh phn c du
3.2. Cng v tr s nh phn c du

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 24

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 BI GING MN: IN T S

3.1. Biu din s nh phn c du (1)

a. S dng bit du:
- Qui c: Dng mt bit ph, ng trc cc bit tr s biu din
du, 0 ch du dng (+), 1 ch du m (-).
- u im: d nhn bit, v tr s ca biu din dng v m l
nh nhau.
- Nhc im: Khng thc hin c cc php tnh s hc vi s
nh phn c du.
- V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 25

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3.1. Biu din s nh phn c du (2)

b. S dng php b 1:
* nh ngha b 1 (ca s N): N1 2n N 2 m

Nu N ch c phn nguyn: N1 2n N 1
* Cch ly b 1: ly o cc bit cn ly b.
* Qui c: vn s dng MSB l bit du
S dng : bit du l 0, gi nguyn phn tr s
S m : bit du l 1, ly b 1 phn tr s
* V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 26

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 BI GING MN: IN T S

3.1. Biu din s nh phn c du (3)

c. S dng php b 2:
* nh ngha b 2 (ca s N): N 2 2n N
* Cch ly b 2:
- Cch 1: N2 N1 1
- Cch 2 (Phng php xen k): i t LSB n MSB, gi nguyn cc bit cho
n khi gp bit 1 u tin, ly o cc bit cn li.
* Qui c: vn s dng MSB l bit du
S dng : bit du l 0, gi nguyn phn tr s
S m : bit du l 1, ly b 2 phn tr s
* V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 27

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3.2. Cng v tr s nh phn c du theo b 1 (1)

- Hai s dng: cng nh cng nh phn thng thng, c tng (s
dng).
V d:

- Hai s m: biu din chng dng b 1 v cng nh cng nh phn,

c trn bit. Bit trn c cng vo kt qu trung gian, c tng
dng b 1 (s m).
V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 28

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3.2. Cng v tr s nh phn c du theo b 1 (2)

- Hai s khc du v s m ln hn: cng s dng vi b 1 ca s
m, c tng dng b 1 (s m).
V d:

- Hai s khc du v s dng ln hn: cng s dng vi b 1 ca s

m, c trn bit. Bit trn c cng vo kt qu trung gian c tng
(s dng).
V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 29

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3.2. Cng v tr s nh phn c du theo b 2 (1)

- Hai s dng: cng nh cng nh phn thng thng, c tng (s
dng).
V d:

- Hai s m: ly b 2 c hai s hng v cng, c trn bit. B bit trn i,

c tng dng b 2 (s m).
V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 30

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3.2. Cng v tr s nh phn c du theo b 2 (2)

- Hai s khc du v s m ln hn: cng s dng vi b 2 ca s m,
c tng dng b 2 (s m).
V d:

- Hai s khc du v s dng ln hn: cng s dng vi b 2 ca s

m, c trn bit. B bit trn i, c tng (s dng).
V d:

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 31

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
 BI GING MN: IN T S

Chng 0 H M

1. Biu din s

2. Chuyn i c s gia cc h m

3. S nh phn c du

4. Mt s m nh phn thng dng

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 32

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1
 BI GING MN: IN T S

Chng 0 H M

4. Mt s m nh phn thng dng

4.1. M nh - thp phn BCD

4.2. Cc dng m nh phn khc

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 33

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 BI GING MN: IN T S

4.1. M nh - thp phn BCD (1)

- M ha 10 k hiu thp phn bng 4 bit nh phn (1 cat).
- T s 10 tr ln: mi k hiu s c biu th t nht bng 2 cat
nh phn.
* Mt s m BCD thng dng:
- M BCD t nhin (N-BCD: Nature BCD hay BCD 8421):
Cc ch s thp phn c nh phn ho theo trng s: 23, 22, 21, 20
C 6 t hp d, ng vi cc s thp phn 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 v 15.
- M BCD 7421
- M BCD 5121
- M BCD 2421 (m Aiken)
- M BCD 4221

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 34

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4.1. M nh - thp phn BCD (2)

u im: S
thp Trng s ca m BCD
- M BCD c trng phn
s khng thay i 8421 7421 5121 2421 4221
0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
- c sp xp 1 0001 0001 0001 0001 0001
2 0010 0010 0010 0010 0010
theo qui lut
3 0011 0011 0011 0011 0011
- D nh 4 0100 0100 0111 0100 1000
5 0101 0101 1000 1011 0111
6 0110 0110 1001 1100 1100
7 0111 1000 1010 1101 1101
8 1000 1001 1011 1110 1110
9 1001 1010 1111 1111 1111

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 35

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 BI GING MN: IN T S

4.2. Cc dng m nh phn khc (1)

a. M d 3: cng thm 3 vo mi t hp m NBCD, ch yu dng trong truyn
dn.
b. M Gray (m cch 1):
- Cc t hp m k nhau ch khc nhau duy nht 1 bit.
- Khng c tnh trng s.
- Ch c th gii m thng qua bng m.
Cng tng t nh m BCD, ngoi m Gray chnh cn c m Gray d-3.
c. M Johnson (vng xon):
- S dng 5 bit nh phn biu din 10 k hiu thp phn.
- M Johnson c s bit 1 tng dn t tri qua phi cho n khi y, sau gim
dn bit 1.
d. M vng:
- S dng 10 bit nh phn biu din 10 k hiu thp phn vi cc trng s
9876543210.
- Mi t hp m ch bao gm mt bit 1 chy vng t phi qua tri.
GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 36
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4.2. Cc dng m nh phn khc (2)

S S nh M d M M M M vng
thp phn 3 Gray Gray Johnson
phn D 3
0 0000 0011 0000 0010 00000 0000000001
1 0001 0100 0001 0110 10000 0000000010
2 0010 0101 0011 0111 11000 0000000100
3 0011 0110 0010 0101 11100 0000001000
4 0100 0111 0110 0100 11110 0000010000
5 0101 1000 0111 1100 11111 0000100000
6 0110 1001 0101 1101 01111 0001000000
7 0111 1010 0100 1111 00111 0010000000
8 1000 1011 1100 1110 00011 0100000000
9 1001 1100 1101 1010 00001 1000000000

GING VIN: NGUYN HNG HOA 37

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B MN KTT KHOA KTT1