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y v y
u
x
(Ix+Iy)/2 x
u
v
Ix
x
u
Ixy
Ixy
u
x
Ix
(Ix+Iy)/2
+ve -ve
Ixy Ixy
u u
y y
(Ix+Iy)/2
Iy
(Ix+Iy)/2
Iy
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 1
Theory of Structures
N M Y I X M X I XY M I M Y I XY
= + 2
X+ X Y 2
Y
A I X I Y I XY I X I Y I XY
N ( N .e X ) I X ( N .eY ) I XY ( N .eY ) I Y ( N .e X ) I XY
= + 2
X+ 2
Y
A I X I Y I XY I X I Y I XY
N N [e X .I X eY .I XY ] N [eY .I Y e X .I XY ]
= + 2
X+ 2
Y
A I X I Y I XY I X I Y I XY
N A[e X .I X eY .I XY ] A[eY .I Y e X .I XY ]
= 1 + 2
X+ 2
Y
A I X I Y I XY I X I Y I XY
For the neutral axis, the stresses are equal to zero; i.e = 0.0
A[e X .I X eY .I XY ] A[eY .I Y e X .I XY ]
1+ 2
X+ 2
Y =0
I X I Y I XY I X I Y I XY
A[e X .I X eY .I XY ]
2
X = 1
I X I Y I XY
2
I XY I X I Y
X = . (1-1)
A[e X .I X eY .I XY ]
2
I XY I X I Y
Y= . (1-2)
A[eY .I Y e X .I XY ]
Equations (1-1) and (1-2) give the intersection of the N.A. with the X and Y
axis respectively. By analyzing those two equations, one can notice that the position
of the N.A does not depend on the magnitude of the force, but on its position ex &
ey.
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 2
Theory of Structures
If we but IXY = 0.0 in both equations for the case of sections have an axis of
symmetry, equations (1-1) and (1-2) will be reduced to
IY i y
2
X= = . (1-3)
A.eX eX
I X ix2
Y= = . (1-4)
A.eY eY
Equations (1-3) and (1-4) are valid for sections having one ore more axis of
symmetry. As ix & i y are constants, the position of the N.A depends only on the
eccentricity of the force. The N.A lies in the opposite quarter of the applied force, as
shown in the following figure.
Force Force
.A
N
N.
A
The previous fact is valid for shapes with one or more axes of symmetry, thus
the two perpendicular axes X and Y though the C.G of the section are the principal
axes, and the product moment of inertia Ixy = 0.0
For unsymmetrical shape, such as L-sections, the N.A may not lie in the
opposite quarter to the external force.
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 3
Theory of Structures
EX. (1)
5.0
4.0
7.0
3.0
7.0
5.0
12 * 2 3 2 *12 3
Ix = 2656.0 *2 + + (12 * 2) * 7 2 * 2 =Cm4.
12 12
2 *12 3 12 * 2 3
Iy = 1784.0 = *2 + + (2 *12) * 5 2 * 2 Cm4.
12 12
Mx = N . ey = 3N -Ve.
My = N . ex = 4N +Ve.
N M Y I X M X I XY M I M Y I XY
= + 2
X+ X Y 2
Y
A I X I Y I XY I X I Y I XY
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 4
Theory of Structures
N A[e X .I X eY .I XY ] A[eY .I Y e X .I XY ]
= 1 + 2
X+ 2
Y
A I X I Y I XY I X I Y I XY
1 0.21 X - 0.0514 Y = 0
The same problem could be solved by using the principle moment of inertia.
2
I + IY I IY
IU = X + X + I XY
2
2 2
2
I + IY I IY
IV = X X + I XY
2
2 2
2 I XY
tan(2 ) =
I X IY
Iu = 3955.635 cm4.
Iv = 484.3469 cm4.
= 37.7258 0. Degree.
Where is the angle of the principal axis (U) with respect to X-axis.
I U 3955.635 2
iu2 = = = 54.94 cm .
A 72
I 484.3469 2
iv2 = V = = 6.727 cm .
A 72
U n * Eu = iv2
Where
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 5
Theory of Structures
Y
V
U U
yc
os
xs
in
Y
X X
in
o s
ys xc
U
V
Y
iu2
Vn =
Ev
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 6
Theory of Structures
Y
V
19.45
6 U
5.0
3
1.3 4.00
3.00
37.7
X X
4.8
4.76
2
11
U
.38
V
Y
From the above equations and figures, we may conclude that the position of
the N.A depends on the position of the external force with respect to the principal
axes.
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 7
Theory of Structures
For example, consider the rectangular section shown, consider the member
(ab) to be the neutral axis, the equation of the straight line (ab) is: X = b/2
But, the equation of the N.A is:
N A[e X ] A[eY ]
= 1 + X+ Y
A IY IX
A.e X A.eY
1+ X+ Y = 0 .0
IY IX
eX eY
1+ 2
X+ 2
Y = 0.0 which represents the equation of the N.A.
iY iX
2 2
i i
at X = 0.0, Y = X and at Y = 0.0 , X = Y
eY eX
where X, and Y are the distances cutting X, and Y axes by the neutral axis.
And eX, and eY are the co-ordinates of the external force, at which if the force is
applied, the N.A. will be the line (ab).
2 2 I Y
iY A 2 d .b 3 1 b
eX = = = =
X b b 12 b.d 6
and so on,
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 8
Theory of Structures
And you can conclude that each straight boundary of the section has its corresponding
corner in the core, and every corner in the section has its corresponding straight
boundary in the core. Also, the core of symmetrical section is symmetrical.
2 I XY 2 * (6318)
tan(2 ) = = = 0.5416
I X I Y 12636 35964
= -14.221 Degrees.
eU eV
1+ 2
U+ 2
V = 0.0
iV iU
X . cos + Y . sin
U= + X . cos
X . sin Y . cos
2 37565.218
i 486
eU = V =
U 14.445
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 9
Theory of Structures
2.0
shearing force Qy = 25.0 t, where =
73.0 cm
N
23.0 mm and pitch = 10 cm. 4.0
25.0 cm
The cross section is composed of:
One plate 600x10 mm, 4 plates 200x10 mm,
20.0 cm 20.0 cm 20.0 cm
and 2 web plates 700x10 mm.
Q
Area: 280.000
Perimeter: 486.000
Centroid: X: 30.000
Y: 43.821
Moments of inertia: X: 220804.405
Y: 108678.333
Radii of gyration: ix: 28.082
iy: 19.701
to find the position of the neutral axis, we can apply the equations:
Xn . Ex = -(iy)2
Yn . Ey = -(ix)2
Xn = -(19.701)2/4 = -97.032
Yn = -(28.082)2/(-2) = 394.3
The slope of the N.A = tan-1 Yn /Xn = tan-1 (394.3/-97.032)
= 76.175 Degree.
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 10
Theory of Structures
N A[e X ] A[eY ]
= 1 + X+ Y
A IY IX
N = 275.9966 = 275.0 t
N A[e X ] A[eY ]
1 = 1 + X1 + Y1
A IY IX
275.0 280[4.0] 280[ 2.0]
1 = 1+ (30.0) + (29.179)
280.0 108678.33 220804.405
275.0
1 = (0.765) = 0.7511 t/cm 2
280.0
30.0
1
29.179
76
.17
X X
5
N
43.821
2
1
-0.75
30.0
5
-1.39
N/A
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 11
Theory of Structures
The rivets transfer the load between the upper flange plate (600x10 mm) and
the two flange plates of the composed I beams.
Q.S
Shear flow at this section =
IX
S = 60.0 * 1 * (29.179-0.5) = 1720.74 cm3.
25 *1000 * 1720.74
= = 194.826 kg./cm
220804.405
force = shear flow * pitch
force/rivet = 194.826 * 10/4 = 487.065 kg
2.3 2
area of a rivet (circle of 2.3 cm diam.) = = 4.15cm 2
4
shear stress in rivet = force / area = 487.065 / 4.15 = 117.231 kg. / cm2.
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 12
Theory of Structures
Note
Y Y
h1
X
h1
h2 h2
b
a a b
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 13
Theory of Structures
Deflection
1- For the cantilever beam shown in Fig. (1), find the position of maximum positive
B.M. and also find the maximum deflection for the part L, and the part C.
w t/m'
L C
w = 1.5 t/m
L = 8.0 m, C = 3.0 m
EI = 2500 m2.t
Solution:
Reactions:
Q = 5.156-1.5 x
M = Q.dx
M = (5.156 1.5 x).dx
M = 5.156 x 0.75 x2 + const.
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 14
Theory of Structures
w t/m'
L C
27.0
6.75
2.670
12.0
23.0
4.000
64.0
To find the maximum deflection for the part L, the B.M.D. is considered as an
elastic load.
We = 5.156 x 0.5 x2
Slope = We .dx
Const. = 23.0
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 15
Theory of Structures
This third degree equation could be solved by iteration using Newtons method.
By iteration, x = 3.378 m
= .dx
Frame Deflection
2.0 t/m
3 b
4.0
8.0
M at a = 0.0
3.0 * 4 + 2.0 * 8.0 * 4.0 = 8.0 * Yb
Yb = 9.50 t
X = 0.0
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 16
Theory of Structures
Xa = 3.0
M at b = 0.0
2.0 * 8.0 * 4.0 3.0 * 4.0 = 8.0 * Ya
Ya = 6.50 t.
12.0
12.0 16.0
6.0
22.0
The second step is to find the elastic reactions for the elastic loads by applying
the equilibrium equations for both the elastic loads and reactions.
1- the vertical movement at b = 0.0, thus M for vertical elastic loads at b = 0.0
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 17
Theory of Structures
5.33
4.0
b
1.33
48.0 85.33
24.0 58.66
98.66
a = - 98.66 / EI.
2- the vertical movement at a = 0.0, thus M for vertical elastic loads at a = 0.0
48.0 * 2.66 + 85.33 * 4.0 + b * 8.0 = 0.0
b = - 58.66 /EI
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 18
Theory of Structures
Equation of 3-moments
Ex-1 Using the method of the three moments equation, draw the normal force,
shearing force and bending moment diagrams for the closed frame shown in the Fig.
EI = constant.
6.0 t 6.0 t
2 3
6.00
1 2.0 t/m' 4
8.00
The loading of the frame is symmetrical, so the bending moment is symmetrical also.
M1 = M4 and M2 = M3.
2 3
45.0 45.0
18 18
90.0
1 4
16.0
42.66 42.66
85.33
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 19
Theory of Structures
The bending moments and the elastic reactions are shown in the previous Fig.
85.33
42.66 42.66
16.0
1 2 3 4 1
45.0 18 45.0
18
90.0
-210.M2 = 1876
M2 = 8.9
Substituting this value into equation 1
M1 = 8.6
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 20
Theory of Structures
-8.85 -8.85
-8.85 -8.85
9.15 9.15
-8.51 -8.51
8.51 8.51
7.49
2- Draw the B.M and S.F diagrams for the fixed frame shown in the figure.
2.0 t 2.0 t
2.0 t/m'
2I
6.0
I I
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 21
Theory of Structures
This frame could be solved in three different ways leading to the same results:
6.0 Mbc
b c
Mba Mbc
M ba
a 6.0
One has to note that the external moment must be taken with its sign, i.e the
external moment 6.0 m.t is negative, that is because the resulting moment from the
equation of three moments is sign scribed. Then the moment of the cantilever is not
taken into account in calculating of elastic reaction.
b c
36.0
a 288 d
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 22
Theory of Structures
BENDING MOMENT
-17.97 17.97
2.0 t 2.0 t
6.0 -6.0
2.0 t/m'
2I 11.97
STRUCTURE DATA
3.02
6.0
I I
TYPE = PLANE 18.03
NJ = 6
NM = 5 5.93 -5.93
NE = 0
NS = 2 3.0 12.0 3.0
NL = 1
XMAX= 18.0
YMAX= 6.0
ZMAX= 0.0
12 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM NORMAL FORCE
2 2
-2.98 0.00T 2.98C 0.00C
-2 -2 2.98
-2.98 2.98
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 23
Theory of Structures
Analytical method
The equations obtained in this method are driven from the method of three-
moments.
M2 2(L1 + L2 ) L
= = 2 + 1 ( 2) = K 2
M1 L2 L2
where K2 is called the left hand focal factor of the second span.
M3 L 1
= 2 + 2 2 = K 3
M2 L3 K 2
M4 L 1
= 2 + 3 2 = K 4
M3 L 4 K 3
..
..
..
..
Mn L 1
= 2 + n 1 2 = K n
M n 1 L n K n 1
where K1 =
the right hand focal length is determined using the same procedure
M n 1 L 1
= 2 + n +1 2 = K n
Mn Ln K n +1
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 24
Theory of Structures
the connecting moment at the left and right supports of a loaded span is given by:
6(Lel .K n Rel )
M n 1 =
Ln (K n .K n 1)
where Lel is the left elastic reaction of the nth. Span.
And Rel is the right elastic reaction of the nth. Span.
6(Rel .K n Lel )
Mn =
Ln (K n .K n 1)
if the continuous beam is loaded over the left first span, then
6.Rel
Mn =
L n .K n
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 25
Theory of Structures
7- repeat the three previous steps from point f instead of point a to determine the
remaining right fixed points of the supports.
8- To find the left fixed points repeat the previous steps starting from the first left
fixed point which is support f.
Lb Ib Rb Lc Ic Rc Ld Id Rd Le Ie Re
y
x
a b f
c d e f
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 26
Theory of Structures
Connecting Moments:
Uniformly distributed load:
a b c d e f
L L
a b c e
d f
Prepared by: Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 27