GREEK BASIC COURSE Volume 1 x wise A Ba OA hey wh Gigs This work was compiled and pub- th of America. S. OBOLENSKY, P. SAPOUNTZIS and A. SAPOUNTZIS FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. 1967 DEPARTMENT OF STATEGREEK BASIC COURSE PREFACE le Course, Volume 1, provides introductory materiale ix moder “student soho wishes to achieve @ working command of the language ‘curently spoken by educated Greeks. The siyle is neither entirely demote (coogi) nor strictly formal. The Greek orthography is used from the beginaing so that the student Teams to read what he has eared 10 ay. Sebsequent solumes are planned to camry the student farther into the jrommar and ocabulary af rgoken Greek and to Invoduce gradually the more formal spoken and triten forms Lnoun as hethorwouse, ured on fomal occasions by all educated Greeks ‘and commonly encoulered in the press. The linguist in charge of this project it Serge Obolensky, Chairman ofthe Depart. ment of Near Easter and Alfican Languages. Greek texts have beom provided by Panagiotis S. Sepounttis ond Aspasia Alki Sopountzis, language insuuctors, These ‘ithore collaborated inthe writing, classroom testing, revision and tape recording ofthe tntire volume, which Mra. Sapountsis alo typed. James C. Bostan reviewed the English portions of the test [or style and clarity of expression. The accompanying tape reconlings were produced in the FSI stedios ander the direction of Gary Alley. James . Frith, Dean (school of Language Studies Foreign Serote Inatiate Department of State autGREEK BASIC COURSE ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface see ee ee ee Oe Introduction fs ese Symbols wed eee eee eee ee Oe eT Bestel Ointegee fe ee ee eee = Note 1.1 Transeription wed see eee ee eee eee e ee eens Se ce Co WS Assimilation of vows oe eee eee ere eee cece eee oO unit 2 rere ee ee i tte at) Note 2.1 Hat, Menttt, Vare!, tarentt! ve ee ee eee cece ee eee gop Palatalization eee eee eee tees 5 29 Defindte Arthel® See eee eee eee eee eee 16 21h Aasdmflation of VOWS oe sete eee eee ee eee eee eee 7 ttt 9 Rboets|Cialoere settee eee ee ee esrative ee eee een cere a Wote 341 > Gender and agreement sss e cece cece cece cece ee ab Det Indefinite article Se ete e cece eee e eee ene es aS 3.9 Definite article-plurel 6 sees eee ee eee eee e eens 86 nts & Paaic Dialogue se ce eee eee cette eee e eee teeee eee 0 Note bet Assindlation se eee eee eee e eee e eee cece ee at Riel | iersorell ones te ee eer | bs hi) CMT GoanuooooccudgduopooocoGouc0 4GREEK BASIC COURSE at bas 46 units Imp. and Fert. stom see ee ee Pros. tense, Class I verbs Pres, tense verb "be! se eee Basic Dislomue Narrative Hote 5.1 58 5.9 Review (Units nse 6 Assimilation of vowels se eee Assimilation of /s/ se eee eee Cases ee eee ee doc0cgud Articles: Accusative see ee ee Stress eee ete eee Declension. se eee ee eee final eee eee Noun: Accusative case. see ee Adjective: Accusative case sss Clase IL verve se eee ee ee ee a3) Greek writing system see eee Wiview DYHMS ee eee eee eee "Polite! expressions see eee e+ Narrative eee eee eee Basic Dialogue + Kerratave Note 644 be bene 62 603 Gel 65 66 clase ctass Chass class class caass Tverbs: Futures se eee eee T verbs: Future continous. . I verbs: Simple Future... I verts: Ferfective sten foms . Evarbe: Persona? endings. + + « E varbs: Irregular perfective stem foms fret yago000d9GcGu0000cGq ciase verbs: Subjunctive see eee eee ee 36 6 7 uy hs 7 7 “7 ue so s 3 3 st 38 ou 6s 66 69 n B ™GREEK BASIC COURSE 6.7 Impersonal verb /prépi/ ss sees eee e ee eee e eee ee 5 Bundt 7ooeooondcc000dbdbqdnnbobdGonon Impersonal use of /oor{/ oe eee ee cette ete e eee eee 6 Gp CoC. Jo00cq0go040000G0000cc5uG00GG U1 Seto Exprossions of THM ss ee ee este eee ence eteteeee % feria Mdtective (tale) eee er eye othe ee ie 6 tit 7 ieee Mantes ere se he eee ec cee hye er Pq cebgododoD00GGGoadG000G0D0G00noDKaG WN Wote 261 Use Of genitive ce see eee eee ee eee te eens OS Tered Genitive cane-articlese eee eee eect eect eee eee ees 6 Teved Gonstive CA90-NONE ee eee eee e tect tence eee 72 eh and and Declensions vee eee eects eee eee e ees 87 Tae) Irregular declensions ese cette ete e eee e eee ee 90 73 Adjoctives: Declension severe eect eee eter eee ees 90 Adjectives: /aft6e/, /6108/s ee cece ee eeteeeceenee 98 TS ABjectiwent /pOlts/s eee eee ee eee eee eee ete eee 98 76 60 Of fadddsta/s ee eee eee c ee eeee Bodcucgdoqgo (4 Grea Wea ot] eine, seen eee eee te) os) frig Usolct{ribond ee ese eee tol Unit 8 EsoOrnt rh qggGuuDdpocco00000ueRbGuaGGKudoGdGG = fiareekive fe 8c eee eee at 0 Possoasive pron@im se pee eee cee e eer eter eee 103 6,2 Pargonsl pronouns used as direct and indirect object$ ss ee eee ee 103 8.3 Demon trative pronouns. Gs eee ete et eee tee teen ee 106 euser fattse/, /eksne6/ oe eee c cece cee ee eect eneeeeee 107 Bek QUBSLLON MOTD. ee ee eee eee eet eee eee 108 BS Yee Of VOID bof ae eee e cece eect ence eet eee es 18 init 9 poke Ulalogies yee ee ee ee ee ng iarnesive ee ete ete eeGREEK BASIC COURSE Wote 9.1 24d declension neuter nouns in /-ma/. e022 + + Sete1 aed declenaion nouns /to yéla/ and /to Wr¥as/ oe eee eee eae 10 Unit 10 PID in dnp oDdSUN Oo OdbboGGdobndosoUGDOKdGG Co Rarvatives oe ee ee ee) as Note 10.1 Vorb ‘be! ~ Past tome, eee cece eee e cece eect eee ee 126 tot Class I verb: Past tense personal endings. sees esse ee eee er toed Simple PAE ve eee eee cece etter eteeeeeeee MT NOek Use of vord /ards0o/ eee eee eee eee eee e eee e cree ee 0 toes Ube of verb /kondbvo/ se ee rete cece cece tee e teens OM Review (Units 6 - 10) Barrette eet eee ee ot unit 14 WAEAAAW. eee eee eee eee eee t ee eee eeeeee res mB Note 1141 Clase I verbs = contimous pat see ee eee beeen us 11.2 Past tense of verb /éx0/s +++ ese e sees wesc eee ee me Ce Unit 12 Basic UULGUE ee se ee eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eeees IF Narrative, « lee ee ee eee | ccs Hota 1261 Vooatives cee eee c cece teeta etree teen ee eee | 155 tact Clase I verbo: Imperatives see eee eee eet eee ee eee 156 taeaet Porfoctive Imperative se eee se ee tee ee eee eee 197 12.242 Continuous Imperative se eee ee eee eee ee eee eet eee 157 1863 Impersonal vorb /nydth/ oe ee eee ee ee eee eee eee | 158 mnt 13 Passo DALI oe eee eee ete eee c ete e eee ceeces th MITAETR, Cece tte e twee cette eee tenenaseees Md Note 13.1 Class II verbo - Present tenae, soe ees eee cece ee eens 168 13.2 Puture and eubjunctive contimious see eee eee eee ee eens 166 193 Notations eee e ee eeeGREEK BASIC COURSE Unit 94 (Besdc|Dinlogne) ee ee | ces Nasa lee ee il (Nose) ieese | ard cecleneicne: ores ete tee ce 73 Masta Feminine nouns in /2 19/6 se ee eee eee eee ence 8 Mu.142 Feminine nouns in /-i88, ~82/ eee eee eee eee eee eee 1m whst63 Feminine nouns in /tita/ esse eee ee eee eee eee eee 178 rut Masculine nouns in / -45/e e eee eee eee eee eee ee 15 ee Wreretse e e see os vs Katharovusa case emiings. eee ee eee eee re est 15 cress es Note 1541 Glave II verte: Forfective stom form see eee eee esse ee 187 Asetet Clase IT verba: Simple future and subjunctive ss eee eee eee 188 t5e2 Clase II verte: Simple Past esse eee eee ee 15e3 Class IT vorba: Contimous putt see ee eee ee sees 88 15edet Continuous Past in /—ava/e eee eee eeeeee bene 189 W5su Irvoqular verb /ryino/ sees cece eee cece eee e cece 190 15:8 Third declension neuter nouns in /-on/ oe eee eee ee eee ee 190 15.6 PONCan' hogdcncndddoncoso0onG = 1) 15.7 Indoclinable nouns see eee er Review (Units 11 = 15) Pete ese asec eee ee re ce ereatines eee eee ac) unit 16 Magic DIALOPUE. ee ee eee eee eee eee eeeeeenees 808 arrears) Note 16.1 Mover, oe eee eee e eee e eee ee 208 16.2 Adverbials of tim sees ee eee cece eee err) 16.3 Comparatives ese cece reece eceeee bene 209 V6 SuperLAtMO, vee eee ee ee ee eee eens eeeee ato witsGREEK BASIC COURSE 5 Condition ss. e eee eee eee eee ’ eee eeeseee ate 16.6 Adjective: katharevusa mfuter fom in /= o/s eee eee eee eee att Unit 17 Basic Diglogues +++ eee ee eee Be ee ee ae Hote + cases II vorbe: Inporstive ee ee eee ee eee cee ee eee a7 1762 Daclinable numerals. 17.3 Alternative porfective stam form of /O6l0/ + + eee ae Watt 18 fbeess Dinhonesels © see i ete tao Mote 1041 Prusent Perfect sees ee ee ee eect eee ence eens as 16.2 Verbs with prefins oe eee eee eee eee eee eens 236 16,9, Past tense augment /e-/ esse eee eee eee ee eee e eens 287 Unit 19 Hote 1961 Past Parfects ce eee eee eee eee ae 234 we Chae TIT Werte eee eee eee eee ee as 190241 Glass TIT vorbe - Stem formative suffixes « pce ess s9s2s2 Class ITT verbs - Present tome se ee see eee eee eee eens 236 1904.9 Clase TI verte - Future and oubjmctives sees eee eee eee 237 19.9 Chase Ik verte - Prfective otan fom see eee eee eee ee a7 19.361 Clase IIT vorbe - Staple Future and Subjunctive sees eee eee a7 19.368 Notation Unt 20 Wore 20.1 Formation of perfective atm ee eee eee cece cece eee ab 20.4.1 CSET WOrS ee ee eee ete eee t teens 2b 20.1.2 Class II verte, ++ + poute3 Class IIT verbh eee eee eee eee fee | aTGREEK BASIC COURSE Note 20.2 Class IIT verbs - Simple Past oe ee Review (Unite 16 - 20) Warrative see ee ee eee Unit 21 Basie Dialogue... eee ee ee WIT ee eee ee Wote 21.1 arg declansion neuter ane Use of /iboe/ +s. ++ ee Chass IIT verte - Imperative. Use of /Bikés/.. ses + 6 ust 22 Basie Dialogue. « « Narrative see ee Wore 22-1 Adjectives in /-fe/ +. + 22,2 Clase T vera: prohibitive 22.3 Vorb /iplrao/ +e eee 2aeh Use of word /makdrt/ +e eee eee eee unit 29 Banic Dialogue. cee eee eee ee eee eee Merativete he ee ee ee Note 2341 Past participle ss sees eee eee ee 23.2 Class III verbs Irregular perfective stems. 2363 Mixed’ conjugetion sss + + Umit 2h Basic Dialogue. MITEL cee ee eee ee ee eee e eee ee Mote au.1 Prefix /asana-/ sees ee 24,2 Prosent active participle « Unit 25 Basic Dialogues see eee eee ee ee eee aur 250 257 259 26 264 204 265 267 265 an ae a am am an 2 200 280 282 205 208 209, aoWote 25.1 Ordingls . . Review (Unite 21 - 25) GREEK BASIC COURSE a7 yor 305, 306(GREECE Internation boundary Indetitenoundony ‘Ons tReiond anise over exit Nomfs enter od 40, piies GREEK BASIC COURSEGREEK BASIC COURSE INTRODUCTION Greek 1s the official language of the present day Kingdom of Greece. More than 95 percent of its population are native speakers of Greek. Other languages spoken in Greece are those of small minorities: Turkish, Bulgarian, serbian, Sephardic (spoken mainly in Thessalonikt by the descendents of Jews formerly residing in Spain and Portugal), Albanian and some others. Outside the Limits of Greece Greek 1s spoken in the neighboring islands, such as Bozca Ada and Imbroz (Turkey), Cyprus, as well as in surrounding coun- tries, e.g. southern Albania, southern Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkey (Intanbul). It 48 algo spoken by large Greek connunities in the Anericas (U.S.A., Canade, Argentina, Brazil), 1n Europe, Africa and Australia. Like English, Greek belongs to the large Indo-Hittite (Indo-European) fantly of languages and apread over the Balkan peninsula sometine during the second millenium B.C. Ancient Greek appears to have been divided into four main groupe of dialects: Arcadian-Cypriotie, Dorian, Aeolian and Tontan-Aetie. Beginning in the 4th century B.C. the Ionian-Attic dialect spread all over the Greek speaking territories while other dialects began to decline and then disappeared com pletely in the: firet centuries of the Christian era. Modern Greek presents a rather complex lingutstic picture. On the one hand this language 1e the result of a normal Lingulatie evolution from the older Greek; on the other hand, however, intense nationalistic sentiments during certain periods of Greek history have preserved intact many morphological, syntactic and lexical elements of archaic Greek. As a result there are two broad types of language used in modern Greece, the 'popular!, or dhimotiki, and the 'formal', or katharevusa. The former is the every-day language of the people containing loanwords fron other languages which have been incorporated into the Greek language in the course of later Greek history. 'Dhimotiki! 1s primarily @ spoken language, that of Greek songs and ballads, and does not have a fixed orthography, but is largely used by modern writers of poetry and fiction. ‘Me latter (katharevusa) 1s a conscious and artificial return to older Greek, and 1s taught in schools and used for official purposes and in a more or less ‘pure! forn by newspapers. Since the 2nd century B.C. the Greeks have disputed among thenselves about their language. At that time literary men scorned colloquial usage, consciously imitating the classical style in their works. The schism has continued to our days. xiaaGREEK BASIC COURSE Finally, a kind of compromise form, drawing unsystematically from both ldnimotiki! and 'katharevusa! has evolved. ‘This mixture of the two, called in this Course 'kathomilument!, 1.e. tevery-day language’, has now become the standard speech of Greece. Not all standard speakers of modern Greek, however, can be assumed to use the same mixture of katharevusa or dhinotikt elements in their speech, ‘me ratio may vary not only from speaker to speaker, but also may depend on the situation in which the speaker uses the language. Thus the same speaker may use the extreme variety of dhinotixt while buying things at a market place and then switch to the extreme katharevusa when addressing a university professor. The general trend 1s toward dhinotiki which 1s the normal ‘informal! language, bat \atharevusa in its various degrees of purity! continues to be used as the offictal language in government work (Paraliment, Courts, Radio broadcasts, etc.). The spoken Greek may be represented graphically as follow KATHOMILUMENT Differences of style are even more conspicuous in the written language. Besides Government or other public announcements, doounents, official correspondence, etc. all public signs in towns and villages are written in katharevusa. ‘Thus, for example, the word for fishing shop in every-day language is 'psardédhiko! but the sign over the store says ‘ikhthiopolfon'; the word for grocery store 48 'bakdliko! but the sign seys '"pandopolfon', ete. ‘As far as the press 1s concerned the conservative newspapers are written 4n katharevusa; those ortented towards the center, in kathomtlument; and those of the extreme left, in the extreme and sometimes even somewhat artificial dhimotakt. xivGREEK BASIC COURSE The written language, therefore, may be graphically represented thus? dhimottict kathomtlunent, katharevusa Modern Literature Older Literature Official Language Moderate Press Conservative Preas Every-day Usage This Course The Greek described in this Course is representative of the kathomtlument variety, 1.e, that of the 'standard! speech of educated Greeks. As the influences from the other styles of Greek on the natural speech of an educated person vary according to the speaker and thus create a great variety of ‘correct! utterances, both the most common dhimotiki and kathaverusa forms are represented 4n the Basic Dialogues and Grammatical Notes. At the same time the use of extreme dhimotikt or ‘overpure! katharevusa 1s carefully avoided, ‘The whole Course consists of 75 units and is divided into three volunes, each volume containing 25 units. After every five units there 1s a Review con— sisting of a Narrative which 1s based on the vocabulary of previous units. In addition to this the Review Units of Volume I have Review Drills in which the student is supposed to supply proper forms of given words. ‘These drills are continued in more advanced units in connection with the katharevusa grammatical forme. Katharevusa 18 systematically introduced in the narratives of Volume III and the rules of katharevusa grammar are discussed in the subsequent grammatical notes. Thus the student who has completed Volume III of this Course should have a good foundation for reading official documents as well as newspapers written in katharevusa. ‘The following parts may be found in a Unit: Basic Dialogue Sample Drills Response Drill Substitution Drills Useful Words ‘Transformation Drills ‘Polite! Expressions Correlation-Substitution Drills Narrative Response Exercise Granmatical Notes ‘Topics for DiscussionGREEK Basi COURST Basic Dialogues and Reaponse Drills are found in each unit. Narratives begin with Unit 2, The occurrence of other parts may vary. Use of This Course 1. Basic Dialogues Most Basic Dialogues consist of 10 sentences. In more advanced units the dialogue may be divided into two or three parts of 10 to 14 sentences The instructor reads the Greek, item by item, repeating each item (a butld- up or a sentence) twice for each student. Sach member of the class repeats. the Atem immediately after the instructor, trying to imitate his (or her) pronun~ ciation. If in the instructor's opinion the item is mispronounced by the student, the instructor repeats it at normal peed with the student repeating after him (or her) as many times as necessary. after the class hours each student goes over the Basic Dialogue by listening to the tape and repeating, doing this until he knowa the dialogue by heart. After the sentences of the Dialogue have been thoroughly memorized the students take part in acting out the Dialogue. ‘The instructor may take one of the parts the first time or two, This procedure 1s to be continued until any student can take part and go through the dialogue like an actor. 2. Response Dritis Reaponse drills consist of questions and anawers based on the dialogue and narrative atiuations, und are divided into ‘Response Drill At referring to the dialogue and "Response Drill BI referring to the narrative. One 'real situation! 1s given by the dialogue and another one by the narrative. The answers to the questions are, therefore, predictable, and the student 1s supposed to know them. Thus, for example, if 1t appears from the dialogue that the restaurant is Just across the street from the movie theatre, the student must accept 1t as a treal! fact and say so when answering the question: 'Where ie the restaurant?! In the first 15 unite the answers to the questions in the Response Drills are given with the drills, Therefore, these questions and answers must be arilled in the same way as the sentences of the Basic Dialogues. Beginning with Unit 16 response drills contain only questions and the student 1s supposed to formulate the answers in his own words, but his answers must be pertinent to the given situation, From Unit 16 on the Response Drills are no longer drilled in the same way as Basic Dialogues, but rather take the form of a fre tion based on the facts given by the dialogue or the narrative. conversa~ xviGREEK BASIC COURSE 3. Useful Words and 'Polite Expressions! must be drilled by the instructor and memorized by the student in the same way 28 the Basic Dialogues. 4. Naprative ‘The narrative presents in expository style either 2 eituation similar to that represented in the Basic Dialogue, or a situation related to it, with broader vocabulary. ‘The instructor goes through the sentences illustrating new vocabulary items in the same way as for Basic Dialogue. After the students have thus la through the whole narrative at a normal speed. ‘he students listen with their books familiarized themselves with the new vocabulary, the instructor ré closed. The students summarize in English as much as they understand of the narrative, Then the students read and translate the narrative into English. The instructor then asks the questions of Response Drill 'B! and the students answer them, The narratives are intended to be memorized at home and retold in the student's own words in class the next day. ‘The narratives in Units 2 through 5 are presented both in transcription and in the Greek writing system. In subsequent narratives the transcription 4s omitted. 5. Sample Drills are to be treated in the same way as the sentences of Basic Dialgoues . 6. Substitution, Transformation and Correlation-Substitution Drills are to be used in accordance with the instructions given at the beginning of each drill. 7. Response Exercise Response Exercises occur at the very end of each unit, ‘The questions of these exercises are not necessarily related to any particular unit. Gradually, as the studentts vocabulary increases, these questions become of more general character, The purpose of a Response Exercise 1s to induce the student into a free conversation within the scope of his vocabulary. In Units 2, 3, and 4 all possible answers to the questions are given. All ‘these answers should be drilled in the same way as the sentences of the Basic Dialogues. Beginning with Unit 5 these exercises consist of questions only, and the student 1s supposed to be able to answer the questions by himself. Any answer given by the student 1s considered correct if 1t 1s appropriate and 1s good Greek. The answer is corrected by the instructor if necessary. ‘The student repeats the corrected answer. xviGREEK BASIC COURSE 8. Topics for Discussion ‘These drilis appear in the advanced units in 11eu of Response Exercts. ‘The instructor presents the toptes one by one and asks the members of the class to take part in the discussion. One of the students 1s asked to develop the the topic further and give his reasons for agreeing with the problem raised by instructor, Another student should present his arguments to defend the opposite point of view. Another one should try to find a compromise between the has The and two positions. ‘Then other students join in the discussion, When one topic been fully discussed the instructor raises the next controveratal quertion. exercise goes on until all topics of the unit have been thoroughly discussed totally exhausted. GLOSSARY At the end of each volume there 1s an alphabetical list of ail the vocab~ ulary items introduced in that volume, Following each verb is a number indicating the unit in which the other forms of the verb are listed.GREEK BASIC COURSE wor: Symbols used in the Basic Granmavical Notes. Qn the Bnglteh ele, parentheses and quotation marke are used toge:her (" 1) hen a nore Literal translation 49 given in addition to the ordinary English equivalent. Brackets [ ] are used to indicate words in the English equivélent which do not have an equivalent in Greok. Parentheses ( ) tndicate words which are in the Grosk but not in normal. English equivalent. The English side 40 not a Uterel translation of the Ore ) Dut what Bnglioh apaavers ordinarily say in auch a situation, Tho use of parentheses and brackote ap explained above should make the situttion clear in efch caso, Qn the Grook side, parentheses are use to intcate sounds which are sonetines onktted, Alternate prommetation of the sane word oF alternate vords are given after slant line /. Tn the Gramatical Hotes, slant Lines / / are used to set off Greek sounds, wore, phrases or gentences in transcription within an English text.Kadnuépa ous. KaAnon€pa cag. Kadnvoxra oa5- Xatpere. Te cov. nig elove/elore Mig clove; nan ebyap tore wat tact we" koctcs Kant ebyaptors, x.*eoets; Nat. WéAvora. “Ox. Tapawaris “Aproyot. Eva 860 GREEK BASIC COURSE kalinéra sa. kalispéra sas. kalinfzxta sas. xfrete. yaa. pba Sabe/iate péa 10007 kad efzarieté Bho Good morning (‘your good day?). Good afternoon. or Good evening. (‘your goat afternoon/ evening"). Good night. (said on parting). Hello. oF Good bye. a. how you are How are yout wll, ‘thanks (+E thank*) and you? ‘Tim fine, thanks, and you? Wo. Please. or You're welcome, (Or be!GREEK BASIC COURSE wiry tela tert ‘three ‘Eocene tésera four névre pénde five ee x08 atx énxé ted eptd/etts seven buxG/8xre ket /axts ett evvta/twed enbe/eryé nine coy Beka ten Grammatical Notes Yodern Greok 19 written in Greek letters inberited from ancient Greek. The spelling Ae to a large extent historical and 1s therefore ot cons ent on a munber of pointe. In order to mike 1t easier for the student the first 10 unite of this course are written both in Greek characters and in transcription, Begining with the unit 11 everything 18 4n Greok script and the transcription 1s used only occasionally in grammatical notes. ‘The transcription used here is an adaptation of Latin letters for most sounds and Greek letters for a fov, Tt 1s not stricltly speaking a tphonetic! transcription, For example the letter /x/ stanis for ope sound before /a,0,u/ and for another sound before /e,A/. Since the pronunciation 4s predictable on the tasie of where it occura, a single letter may be used for both sound. The transcription used in this course consists of the following letters and other symbols: Novela ay 0) ue) 4 Consonants: Votceless: p, t, 0, ky a, fy ts, x Voiced: by dy 8 gs ty ¥) dy YT 1 mY ‘Te accent mark /*/ indicates the loudest syllable in a plrage ot sentence and /*/ Amdicates a less lou ("secondary') stress. The weak stress is unmarked. A word said 4m isolation (as in the bulld-ups) will regularly have # primary stress /“/, In a sentence this may be replaced by seconiary /*/ or even ty weak stress (unmarked), The stress in CreekGREEK BASIC COURSE falls alvays on one of the Last three syllables of a vord. There are three types of phrase endings (or! ‘Junctures') im Greek: /,/ /2/ ant /./ (the spectal signs for these are /|/, /li/ and /#/ respectively). ‘These punctuation marks are sot used in the sam way or with the same veiues as in either English or Greek ordinary spelling. The system used here assigns specific values ‘to the punctuation marks. ‘Tne comma /,/ indicates that the intonation pattern preceding it 4s characterized by a raised pitch of the last stressed syllable of the phrase, A period /./ 1s used to indicate the end of a phra: accompanied by falling pitch. It may or may not correspond to a period either in Greek or in English spelling. ‘A question mark /2/ indicates a rising pitch in questions. Questions in Greek may be divided into tuo categorie: +) Questions waich begin with a question word (such, for example, as ‘who!, 'when!, ‘where', thow!, ete.), e.g. ‘Where are you going?! ‘What did he say?! etc. 2) Questions without question words (usualy beginning with « verb in Greek) such as, tare you going there?! ‘Did he say that?!, etc. Tue highest pitch in questions of the first category 1s on the question word, falling gradually to the last syllable. Questions of the second categary have the highest pitch on the stressed syllable of ‘the last word. Tue pitch levels are of course, not absolute, but are high or lov relative to each other. Stress (which 48 loudnese) and pitch (which is height of tone) must be carefully distinguished, Since the loudest syllable is often the highest in pitch, there io frequently a tendency to confuse the two. Very special attention mst be paid to the intonation of each Greek sentence. Tt should never be treated as if it were an English sentence, The punctuation marks will help the student to aay things correctly; but only careful Listening, and imitation as well as constant and persistent dril! will give him a correct premuneiation.GREEK BASIC COURSE Uioke.142- Vowels. There are five vowel sounds in Greek: ‘Transcription fof taf fol tof Wearest English Sound Description Somewhat Like 1 of 2, but higher, tenser and without the glide of that vowel. Tednnically: a high front wnrounded vowel (4). Like ¢ of Technically: a (higher) mid front unrounded vouel: (e]. Somewhat Like in father, but mich shorter 1f unstrersed. Technically: a low unrounded Technically: a higher-nid rounded back vowel [0]. Sommvhat, Like op in boot or u in rude, but higher, tenser, and without the w glide of English. Technteatiy: high back rounded vowel fu]. Earle kirfa, kéri, infos, fotera 86, keréa, étimce, nfros kad, doa, parakalé, potdn 286, dra, péros, ofsarioté wand, kuldri, kali, ualfa Al fiaros Anéra BhoGREEK BASIC COURSE def Jeoferio éprepe pérno patites pénde fal tela Btka kant hing Af Wote 1.3. Consonants sription bof Sound Descript: Like b of bob Technically: a voiced bilabial step (b]- efiete iden fa seré ala ra kecatos abet patéras ira wd uefa kale wtteros boré, banbés, bukélt béno, fia‘Teagecription sat AL sof AL In del GREEK BASIC COURSE Like ¢ of dot but with the tongue touching the teeth. Technically: a voiced dental stop [a] Like £ An fond. Technically: a voiceless labiodental spirant (f]. Like g in got. Rare except after Jaf a8 40 finger Tecnntesliy: 4 voteed dorsowelar stop [a]. Like ¢ of got but without the strong puff of breath, Fronted before /4/ and /e/. Technically: a voiceless dorso-velar stop (k]- May be Like 1 of Like (before /o,u, /), fronted before /e/ and /3/ (eith sone speakers almort Like dy betore /4/). Technical 1 voiced apico-dental, lateral (2). Lske of mops may be fronted (towards 2) vefore /1/. Technically: a bilabial nasil (a). Like p of nov before /a,o,u/, fronted before /e/ and /3/. Technically: an apicodental nasal In dino, kondé, pandd, pandéfies flo, falakrés, f6ros furs, fos, fe1és grennés, erfnya Angelos, angira, Anglos kota, dno, kepa, K6, kirios abt, 1ul684 Lostés, lekés, lekesis im, 1ip6n, 1iymés, Limini, Wsturyta dima, nékros, néxtos mtkrés, nfva, néno naés, norés, nis néos, misf, nfxta UNIT +‘Transeription hf bef tof a Al dt GREEK BASIC COURSE Nearest English Sound Description Like p of pod but without the strong putt of breath, Technically: a voiceless bilabial stop [Pp]. Usually a single flap or tap of the tongue against the ridge behind the upper teeth. Technically: an alveolar fap (r'). Like 2 of L- Technically: a voiceless apico~dental spirant bl. Like t of tot but without the strong puff of breath, and with ‘the tongue touching the teeth. Technically: a voiceless apico- dental stop (t). Like x of Technically: a ‘voiced labio-dental spirant /+/. Made by friction of air passing ‘through as tongue 48 in position tor /x/. Before /a,0,u/ (or before consonants folloved by one of these vowels) tthe sound is back, like German ch of before /< ah, doen, / (or consonants followed by one of these vovels) the sound 4s front, more like ch in German sch. Techafeally: a voiceless dorsoevelar spirant [x]. szamples potiri, parakalé, pudend ino, perné Toni, Gra, rixo, révo, péros korftsi, revsoi sémos, sfla, sovarsa Soya, doe, {91x00 vevéos, vds0, vant vinas, vorion xard, xorés, xtfta contd, xtapéii xinénas, xfrete, xoée, ixtfsGREEK BASIC COURSE vor Trangeription Nearest_dnglish Sound Descpription Al Like 2 of ‘Technically: 26, pézo, efte, shxari 2 voiced apico-dental spirant [2]. sunt hl Made by friction of air passing ayord, arépi, fyuros, through as tongue 42 in position yrésa, ynostés for /e/. (It 48 a voiced counterpart of /x/). Technically: a voiced Aorso-velar spirant (y]. Pt of ‘Technically: a 286, Saat, délos voiced apico-denta) slit spirant [5]. ‘bixti, déndro, Sipsé, Seksid Af of thin. Technically: a snfdema, oflasa, o¢ios votcelees apico-dental slit spirant aut Bis, Otsarrés. (eo). fes/ Like ta in pets. Technically: a korftst, tsinimto, tea voiceless spico-dental affricate [c]. teuvdli, taiyéro Jel Like de in Technically: kafedsie, arfésixes 8 voloed aploo-dental affricate [2]. Ad Like y An yeast. Tecanicalty: a nrkta, pobyd, xhiya, p96, palatal glide [3]. kylto, yindka, pyite, alfoya, eoryée, yitonas, yatrée, yfros, S103, 8 te ‘The Greek alphabet consists of 24 lettere! letter Teapscrtption Mane. of Letter sp Oresk: $9 teamscrtpttons as fl tage Jase pe hl five deital yr hd revue Iehoal ba Pf bbkra Péita/ ek /ef Equdov /épstlon/ oe Al CFira SaSta/GREEK BASIC COURSE Mano of latter in Gree tn, transcription: K Al tea [eal ae sf ora /etta/ oot Al yelira/ tira /ysta/ x K fel raul nde /ebpa/ AOA Al aul 8) ba émia/ oom bl pl/ud /s/ voN tl vt/vi Aff 8 fs! at Dess/ ° 0 Jel Burnpov /éssiroo/ x 0 hl xt set oe Al 5/9 /6/ ogrt /s/ otyna /shyma/ .T Md sad /és/ v ¥ Al Tyurov /$psilon/ ¢@ M1 at ssf x x dl xt bil 1 e teal “ Test/ wa bol duéya Lorka/ ov hy Rovaotsr Awrebs/ ‘Mou! a def Svopdcerat Jonondzete/ it 49 called! ety Oty ve AL elpnvexot /seiniks/ ‘peaceful! vloberd /roners/ “I adopt * viés /368/ ‘aun! ‘Used in final position onlyGREEK BASIC COURSE wars Sequence of letters he be bef prop Poore/ 'T ean! ve by vréww Lasno/ "T dress! tbe tef yupenvds, /gromés/ ‘prectpicet After vowels the combinations lM, Vt, YX usually stand for the sequences /mb/, /nd/, Ung venpectively, 6. AapmpS¢ Aaxbrée/ "bright! vtpag /fraras/ ‘man! ernptvw Leyeetn0/ "1 approve! Te pronunciation /mp/, /nt/, /nk/ occurs vhen the coabinations UR, Vr, 7 are folleved by a voiceless consonant, mainly in foreign loanwords. ‘Te combination YY occurs only in the middle of the vord and representa the sovnd /ne/ of English ‘finger, "longer ete. eug. BYVELOG /Angelos/ ‘angel's ‘The sound /t9/ and /ée/ are represented in Greek orthography by to (=t¢ in final position) amt tC respectively, e.g. toLyépo /tatyiro/ ‘cigarette! xtetunag /exSaasias/ ‘cicada’, ‘Tee combination -Yx~in the middle of the xord corresponds to the sound /nx/, e8. ouyqupetze — /ainxorfte/ texcuse!'. ©) Yowl+ Consonant ‘The combinations GU and €v stand for /av/ and /ev/ before vovele ant vciced consonants, e.g.aby6 /avy6/ ‘egg', apa /évra/ tbreeze', eimuepta /evinerfa/ 'prosperity!, and for /af/ and /et/ before voiceless consonants, e.g.attoxtvnto /aftokinito/ tear', edtuxla /eftixia/ thappiness', etxaptorG /efxarist6/ ‘thank you'. The gemination (doubling) of consonants occurs only in script, not in speech. 421 double consonants represent single scunds, e.g.HAAoc /Ales/ ‘other!, ddAayh fatayi/ ‘change’, "Ava /éna/ ‘ann'. 3) Accents Tere are three accents: the acute accent //, the grave accent /*/, and theGREEK BASIC COURSE cfrewsflex accent /*/. 4) ‘The signs /"/ and /‘/ traditionally called 'breathings! are written above all Aritial vewels combinations, These signs have no meaning in nodern Greek, 5) Other siens Tee apostrophe /"/ 9 used to indicate the loss of a vowel, /ratvonsntte/ ‘the car’, v'dvepi —/oanev6/ ‘90 that I go wp. s‘abtoxlynro The diseresia /*/ ia written on T or © to indicate that the combination of ¢ or 0 represents either a dirnthong (when T or © are unstressed), e.g. EDnvo¢ /tipnoe/ Yeleeplesa! oF two separate vovel scunds (when T or 6 are stressed), e.g. nput /prof/ ‘maraing’. Tae!subgeript! /,/ 48 a sign written under some vowels without affecting the rromunetation, e.g. ve Stay /na Stas/ ‘ac that he give'. 6) Eupetuation ‘The punctuation signs are identical in Greek and English exceyt for the question mark and the semicolon. ‘Te question nark in Greek is /;/ and the semicolon is /*/, Phonology: Assimilation of vevels- lali efraristé, kesfs? Fine, thank you, and yout hen a word ending in avovel {= follow | by one beginning with the same vouel, ont of the vowels is assinilated, tua /ke/+ /esfs/= /kesfs/. Similar vowel asuindlation occurs with certain other combinations of vowels (eee later unite).GREEK BASIC COURSE wats ME ovyxupetre. 08 elvar A npeopela Tod elvar 4 npeopeta; bekue ‘H mpeopeta elvar Sefté. +6 npoteveto bawout dnb / én” 285 dn! 885 Elvai x6 npoteveTo paxput an" 8055 Médvora, elvae. aprovepé 8 orabybs, Elvat 8 oratubs dprotepd; ety "ox, bev elvar. Basie Dialogue wm simorfte, po ine 4 pre pS tn(e) 4 presviat Soxass A presvfa, tne Seketd. to prokeenfo makes ap6/a 286 ‘apobs ine to proksento nakrié, apod6? savia 4 4 P mdlista, fre, aristeré © stagnte Ane) 0 staomts aristerd? Ben bxh. ohn ” Bxcuse me. where (he, she, 48) 10,(they) are (the) embassy Where 40 the Exbassy? right, to the right, on the right ‘Te Esbassy 19 on the right. (the) consulate from here Is the Consulate far from here? ities deft (the) station Is the station on the left? ot No, At 4 not.nar’ ebdetav unpoor& xat'ebBetav pnpooré "0 oraduss elvar xat'ebdetay unpooré. népa ORG Lae ebyaptorG nkpa nod6. *0 crabs elvat 16 npokeveto elvar noveé, AE A npeopeta elvar uanpud. “Yorega. ‘H npeoBeta b€v elvat nort waxpud én’ + Elvae woved, Gand & +6 npotevi ovadyss elvar waxpvé. Elva xe "Sotepa max" ed0eiav unpoort. mpokeveto, 8 ovadubs x's} npeopela elvat nodG paxpud én" £63. GREEK BASIC COURSE katefofan straight brostd in front, katefafan brosta straight ahead © statnés, tne Tue station is straight ahead. katefefan brosta, pore very polf mich sas efxaristd péra ‘Thank you very much. poli. Narrative ‘near by! proksento ine kondé, ala i Ybut! prezyia Ine makrid. ‘then, ‘aftervards', tater! A preavia, in tne polf makeia apto prokeento. tne konif, aldo stadmés, ine makrié. ine bei 6 Bekeid, kistera katefOtan briatd, to proksento 0 statmds ki presvSayine polf makria peda.GREEK BASIC COURSE kalinéra sas, péa is00? kali efrarieté keofs? me sinworite. pi in(e) 4 preavia? 4 preavia tne Sokeit, Ine to prokeento makrif apobst milista, to prokmento ine pot makrid apod3, An(e) 0 stands aristerd? Gxt, Bin ine, pai tne? © stadnds ine kntefoian twostd. An(e) 4 preavia aristerd? Gxt, 41 prenvia ine Beksis. tne to prokeento 083 konid? xi, to proksento ine makrif apodé, in(e) 4 previa ke to proksento kontl? Gxi, 1 preavia le to proksento tne polf marti, Verb: tis', ‘imn't!, ‘aret, aren't, Blvat 8 oraeubs dprovepis —_tn(e) o stadms aristeré? Is the station on the left "Oxt, bév elvar. Gxt, 8én tne. Mo, 4 don't, 'O oraduss xe'h npeofela © stands ki previa tne The station and the Babasey elvay noAG paxpud- polf makria. are very far. ‘The above examples illustrate the use of the Greek eqtivalent to the English verb ‘we! in the ard person singular or plural (affirmative ant negative). Tvs: Blvat_ _/Ane/ means either (he, che, 4t) 1s or they are ant 6Ev elvat /8én ine/ means either (he, she, it) den't or they aren't sigte 248, Phonology: Palatalization Fealinixta sa2/ "good night! Se/ ‘rot dndsssta/ ‘yea! (te proksenfo/ (tine) consulate! 5GREEK BASIC COURSE These oxanples illustrate sone tpalatalizad' consenants, i.e. conscnants nade with the tongue in a similar position to that in saying y in inglish. ‘The following consonants are palatalized (nore cr less, deporting on speaker} when, foltowed ty the scund i: /A/, /n/, /n/ Consonants /k/ and /x/ are sisnye palatalised before the sounds 4 and @. Examples: HSeios/, /kfpos/, /kitos/, /re/, kerés/, kethi4/ Aianérs/, /pia/, polt/ dsieés/, n$xes/, /rf08/ Imbri/, eénd/, /ebni/ Frtnénas/, /X0s/, /xhna/, /xérete/, /x831/, /rer5na/. A221 consonants are palatalized befors /y/, e.8+ Jagita/, /nvbs/, /xyéni/ Ivaxyé/, /ryénizma/, Aybpess/, /mv6/ Deyo statnés, ine deksis/, /pyfte/ Peyaristeré/, /s navé/ Jo wayé/, /anipays/, /armyéne/ ven /n/ occurs before /y6/ or /y6/ the resulting combination of sounés is /mié/ or ei6/ voapuctively (i.e, the combination of /n/ with a very palatelized /n/ ani /a/ or /o/\, OO ail, Inés, west, feaneabrs/, ou Yote. 243 Nouns Gonder ~ Definite article. Elvat ¢ oraQubs Eptoseps; —_in(e) ¢ staonds aristerd? Is the station on the left? Moo elvar f npeopeta; pi in(o) 4 preaviat Where's tie imoassy? Elvat 36 npoteveto panpué tne dn! 885; sp0ide preknenfo, makrié Is the Consvlate far from here? Oreck nouns fall into three groups with rerard to genler: masculine, feminine and neuter. Do not be deceived by these labels into believing that gender is a matter of scx. You con ‘see from the examples above (tstation', nascul: /", fentrine; 'Corsulate’, neuter) ‘that gender is 2 grammatical feature of nouns (a question of their siarus) rather than a feature (determined iy their meanings). The best way to pet it is: thore are thre eroups of nouns in Greek, and for the nost poré, you carnot determine what rreup @ neun Lelons 6GREEK BASIC COURSE vats to by considering what the noun means. As in Paglish there are two kinds of articles in Greck: definite (tthe!) and Ye ‘The definite articles are underlinal in the exanples above. Thus 5 /o/ is the indefinite masculine definite article, /A/ the fininine, and +6 /to/ the neuter difinite article. (The indefinite article is discussad in Note 3.2). Greek nouns may have various endings, e.g. -0¢ /-08/, ~ac/-a5/, or=n /-3/, -0/-0/, 0 /0/, ste, In Modern Greek the m of a noun offers sone degree of predictatilty as tc its gender, ¢.g. almost all neuns ending in -0 /-of-ov /-on/ in Katharevusa) are neuter; a crest munber of nouns ending in ~a /-a/ are fertnine; Yost aninate nouns ending in -n // are fiminino, whereas inaninate nouns endirg in =t A/ are neuter, (It should be noted that feminine nouns ending in /~4/ are spelled =" whereas novter nouns ending in /-i/ are spelled -, rerardless of whether they are anivate or inaninate). ‘Te majority of nouns (but not all) ending in -0¢/-o8/ are nasculine, Hovever, the gender of a great munber of nouns cannot, be praticted at all from their endings. The student, therefore, is advised to learn t:e articles with the nouns. In this Course ‘the article is regularly given whenever @ new noun is introduced as 8 oratubs —/o staomis/. wild-up, Rote zsh Phonology: Assimilation of /-e/ in the word /ke/ tand* reste fare you" kistera ‘and then! ye stadmés ‘and the station’ han the word /ke/ 4s followed by a ord which bogins with # vowel the assintlation patterns are as follow: Ne/rlelmbre/, eve. feests/ _(/xo/t/oaks/) NeoltA/ales/, onc. /kisvera/ —(/ko/t/fstera/) Mno/r/alabrya/, ete /rvaristeri/ (jo//aristert/’) Leole/ilabey:/, 0.5. feriérote/ (/eefe/vdépote/) Aeslr/o/m/eve!, oxg./eve siainés/ (/xo/t/e sto%ss/).GREEK BASIC COURSE BREED i yoryéna ayord ayiri Arbre abt Al Al bt axinds vaixt deiro neydlos foros ayépt bai yitkés okiromt sibinsronos pera'fnoGREEK BASIC COURSE z 45a fof cosa oavoia ofeia anoona éxer0 O.be2e © statis aneié. 4 presvia neds, to proksento ines. © stadmis ki presvia inedé, © staomis ke to preksento inedé, © staonés, 1 prervia ke to proksenfo, inods, pi in(e) 0 stanés? pi in(e) 4 presvia? pi in(e) to proksento? pi in(e) 0 stadmis ki prosvia? PS In(e) o stagmie 4 presvis ke to proksento? © statnis in(e) aristeré. 4 presvia in(e) aristerd, to proksento in(e) aristerd. © statnds kd preavia in(e) aristeré. © stands 4 preavia ke to proksenfo, in(e) aristerd, Béniro bulyé arérftis free endusiaznés odlasa b908 tical Drtlas Senple Driite ined’ 0 stands? Aned8 4 presvfa? ined to prokaenfo? ine38 0 staomdo kd. prozvfaz ined3 0 stadmie ke to prekeenfo? Aned8 o stands, 1 presvia ke to proksenfo? © staomds tne Seksid. 1 prosvta tne Sekeié, to proksento ine Seksii, © statnte id presvia, ine Seksié. © staonds 4 prezvia ke to proksenfo, ine Soxstd, © staonds ine katafotan brosté, 1 proavia ine katefetan brosté. ‘to prokaento tne katefetan brosté. staonis ki previa ine katefotan brosté. © staomis 4 prezvia ke to proksenfo, tne latefotan brost,GREEK BASIC COURSE neds, 0 staonée? Anedé, 4 preavia? ine5é, to prokaenfo? inodé, 0 staondo, 4 prezvia ke to proksenfo? nélista, ine,/ dei, én ine, nélista, ine,/ dx, Sén tne. nélista, ine,/ éxt, Sén tne. nélista, ine,/ éxt, dén tne. kalinéra sas, pis tae? ne sinsorfte, pi in(e) 4 preavia? ine to proksenfo makrié apob3? fn(e) 0 stadmde ariatard? pi in(e) 0 staande? in(e) 4 prervia aristerd? Ane to proksento 058 kontét in(e) 4 previa ke to proksento xondd? kali efxaristé/ kald efxariotd, keofst 4 presvia fon Seksif/ ine katefotan brosta/ In(e) apo8s, aristerd/ ine Seksté/ tne pol makrtd pods. Gxt, Bén tne/ to proksento in(e) 988 yondé/ mélista, to proksenfo ine polf makrid apods. nblista, fne/ Sxi, 86a in(e) aristard, tne Yatefotan trosté/ éxi, tne deksi, ktstera katefoian brosté, An(e) 085 kondé/ ine para poll mari spots. néliste ine/ xi, Bén in(e) aristerd. tne Seuss. mitista, {ne/ Sxt tne makrié apods. 4 presvia tne konds, ald to prokeento ine nakrii/ éxi, toe pra polt malta apods.waveve mand +6 Levotoxeto Elvat navéva wan5 Eevosoxeto 885 noveds ta 6 xeAtbperpo Wat, elvar Eva, Eva xde6~ perpo wanpvd dn" 865. expe Elva dupep6s onvé Eyer Spata weyida 76 Supls 6 buyhrea “oye, elvar genv6 ne"Exer dpata wat peyéda bupécia. Sngpxer éntong 36 dorvatbpi0 "indipxer entonc Eva ward GREEK BASIC COURSE kanéna (nevter form) kar (n.) to ksenoSoxto any, sone, nobody, none good (the) hater {ne kandna kaT3 ksenoSaxto Is there a (any!) good hotel 058 kondé? gra (n.) to xilyénetro né, {n(e) ana, gna xitytnetro maker sp086, akrivé (ne) in(e) akriw? teins (ne) os, oréa (n.r.) verte (n.s2.) to Bonitio ta dondtia Sed, tne feind, kbd orda ke meydia donitia, Spd onists to estiatério Apirsi optsis éna kald ‘around here? one (the) iXoneter Yes there 18 one, & kilometer (tar) trom here, expensive Is it expensive? reasonable, cheap he (ohe, it) has deautifel, nice large (te) room (the) rooms No, At 18 reasonabte and has nice (and) large rooms. there 1s, there exists also (the) restaurant Is there also a good restaurantGREEK BASIC COURSE toruarépro 865 waved mumps niles (n.) MéAvora, elvar Eva pind proteph, GANG mOAG nods. we “ A Opa 4 bra TE tpa elvars tf dra ine? Elvat S60. ine Bio. 16 Aeugopeto to leoforfo Tf elvar +6 Aewpopeto; 76 rzwgopeto elvar beEé. T6_unévec elvar pines. “Yndpyet Eva bupdtio pe untivic. = "H tL bo tiyéne binyo. Go yudsGuerpa TS HAAO Eevodoyxeto bév elvar to wart, Eras elvar noAG nab, Kald, ald aft, tne polf kald. 4 wat pert elvar £85 woved. sineS8 kendé, “Eva Levosoxeto elvat nat’et0eTav unpo- ord. Blvav Eva xudusuerpo paxpud én’ 265. Blvae grav, Gand Exer dpata wal peyéda supétia ul undvic. “Byer éntonc iva nahé dorvarépro. “Eva f S60 xuALd= netpa paxpué dn"&6G elvar Eva Eko wahd Eevoboxeto. Ke'atr6 Exet nod dpata vat peyira bupdtea, arrd elvar nal ORG dnptp. "6G noved elvar & orad- estiatério 088 konid? nélista, {no éra mikes aristerd, ald polf ald, pi ino to leoforto? te leoforte ine eksid. intrd dna Sondtio ne keencSoxto 6én tne nearby? small Yos, there is a small, out very good one, on the lett, what (the) nour Yome tine is 402 Tes two ofetoek. (the) bus hare ia the bus? ‘The bus 4s on the rinht. "(tne) bathroom) * neath tor! ‘kSloneters* tother" (ns) tenga (ne)! ‘a good and big tavern’ Gna kaenoSexfo, ine katefatan brosté. Goa xtlyénetro nakrid apodé. ald dx oréa ko royale Sonitia ne ofnyo. act episis gna kalé estistério. in(e) Ine find, bra £ 610 xilydnetra nakrid e706, in(e) éna Alo kalé ksencdoxio. kyafts polf orda ke nevila omitia. ald tne ke polf akriv’. 658 kondé,GREEK BASIC COURSE “0 ovagass Exe Eva nord naA6 dottarépio. "Bxet enlong nal pia wahf taBépva. 16 tovuarépto Sév el- var pevédo, elvat winpd nat emnvé, aad # tapepva elvar nodt weydan. nbs. unr 3 in(e) © staonds, 0 staonés, ari éns polf kalé estiatério, be eptsie ke ala kali tavérma, to estiatério, én ine meyalo, ine mikeé ke £tind, noyali. a 4 tavémna, tne polf evvena/Evéexa eleven sibena twelve senarpla thirtoen benarooepe fourteen Senanévre fifteen Senate sixteen Sexnegrd /Senaensé Selaet ti /betaepts seventeen Senaoxré/Senaonrs dokaoxts oxaokts eighteen bennevves Sekaensa nineteen elwoot Lows ‘twenty pa in(e) éna isenoloxtoy aci notla Wyorda Sondtia? tne ftinée Beh ostiatério? a tn(e) gna d10 ksencdoxto? axi afté onda ke meydla Sondtia? inle) akeivé afté to ksenoSoxfo? PS inle) © staonds? axl o statnds eatiatério? In(e) aftd to estiatério meydlo kyakriw? 2 ana iacnobexfo, in(e) dna xiayénetre valid 27056. ndlista, éd neyila ke pol{ oréa Sonitia, mélista, ine ftiné, né, dnt Gna kalé eatiatdrio, an(a) 410 ksenodoxto, n(e) éna t Sto xilyénetra maki’ apobs ndlista, afte éxi orda ke moydia Sondtia, re bényo. nidista, in(e) akrivé. © stagnds ineds kondd. ndlista, 0 stadnds xi éne kalé estiatério, GxL. aftd to ostiatéric tne mrs ke ftir.GREEK BASIC COURSE artont Sala ko pinde Sekapéaie, enda io tésera Sekatria, okt ke tela érdeka, Sekadkst ko tésera fiat. Si8okm Ke est Selaokts, Bekatria be Bo Selapinde. Selatdsora kina Sekaplede, Setaenda kina fies, oktd kyokt Bocas, opts kyenyt Bekadeat, andoka ‘ylkat Sokaaptd, Séboka igeptd Belaenia, Bokackts ke Blo Lema. Hote 3.1 Adjective: Gender and Agreement. Elvat navéva ward Eevotoxeto 285 woveds Elvay dxpep6; “oxt, elvar genv. Elvat Eva pines dptorens, BAK WONG Wars. Mla wadf wat weyihn tapEpva. tne kandna kaié ksenoboxfo Ie there good hotel around 288 komad? here? ine akrivé? Ia At expensive? bri. tne ran’. No, 1's reasonable, ine éna mikré aristeré, There 42 « small, but very ald polf Kalb, ‘geod one on the left, fa lal ke meyali tavérna. A good and big tavern, ‘Tese sentences illustrate the use of adjectives, vhich have different endings for each of the three genders. sdjectives watch matify nouns ‘agree! with than in gender. In xahS Eevosoxeto /xa13 tenotoxto/, tha noun 48 nevter, and the affective has neuter ending, in MaMf] ahGREEK BASIC COURSE wert > rapépva all tavéraa/ the noun ie feminine, and the edjective has a foninine ending. Adjectives which refer to a noun also ‘agree’ with the noun, as elvat dxpuB6 Ane akrivé?/ Bx, elves genvé /éxi, tne ftind/, both referring to the neuter noun Revoboxeto ——_/rsenobaxfo/. ‘There are several different classes of adjectives, according to their endings, The most frequent 1s that which has 0G /-o8/ in the masculine, -n /~i/ in the feninine, and -0 /-0/ in the neuter, % B a grnvéc, /ttinéo/ — gxnvfi [ttinf/ — gxnv ‘/ftiné/ tebeap* wads, Veaiés/ wah Aat/ db /raié/ ‘ot neyédos fuerbios/ weyéin —fnoyiti/peytho ——frayélo/ "tg" panes Arsiebs/—yunph Aaland Srthré/ toma! An other adjective class is represented bys patos foréos/ — Spata foréa/ —Spato Jorbo/ "oomutitel' Nearly a2 adjectives with stems ending 40 & vowel (es in /oré-ce/) are of this type, ‘No adjectives Evag /énas/ ‘one! ant wavévag /kanénas/ ‘any, sone! have the foliowing farms: Me Fe me fag /bras/ la faa or wth w/v Veoa/ wavevas fanénas/ naupta /kanfa/or nauuré /camnTé/ navéva — ranéna/ Other classes of adjectives will be discussed in later units. Beginning with Unit & the three forms (nasculing, feminine and nouter) of a1 adjectives will be given in the build-ups as follows: nadbc, fy -6 ada, -f, -6 ‘good! neyéiog, elyat /tne/ ‘to be! present tense. “H dpa elvar d60. 4 éra ine Bfo. It's two o'clock, Tot elvar +6 Aewpopete pd tne to leoforto? Where 4s the bus? The complete present tense forns of this verb are: 7GREEK BASIC COURSE eluat Hive/ elpaote /aaste/ eloas Koel clove / clove /4s00/ or /{ate/ elvat Hne/ elvar Ire! Tis verb does not belong to any of the verb classes and may be said to be ‘irregular’. Grenma tical Drills ‘Serele Deine Dadian ed ato éna leofordo. est axis fo leoforia, aftde axt éna Kkeenodoxto, ents dxure tria estiatéeria, cats adnate plénde estiatiria. aftt @xune Bfo keenoSaxta. xd pio kate, eat pinis tedy me lentnd. aftde pint akéto vala. ents plaune nerd. ests pirate taf’ xorfs sdeari. aftt pinure kafé ne yéla. 0 atagmds dxdt Ofo estiatiria, ta estiatéria dzun kalé préyevma, fo kafes ine xorfs sdzart. to tady tne xorfs lendad. 4 adxari toe polf akrivi. 4 tavdrnes Sén tne makria apedd, afta to estiatério Gén ext kuldrva. to yale dre pols ftind. 4 Erbyanyds kamn Of0 Orammés. afte to kaferdo tne polf kale. erd f8vy0 stie Oto apti(m) bétra est fevvis stis Sto apto estiatério, aftt favyi stis to aptin apfna, ents févyume stis okté apti(n) breevfa. ests fevyete stiz Sdka apti(n) davérna, artes fevyune stis O10 apto estiatério, evd ine) 36. est tale) 086. aftes tne sti(n) bresvia, ents tmiste sti(n) davérna, eats tote ato keenotoxto. aftas tne sto estiatério, © Kininatayrafos arxisi stis Sfo. aftd to ksenoSoxto axi t¢ka Sondtia. tf dra tne? 1 patra tne wabrsé aptin 4 adina tne onéa, to proksento tn(e) eD8 kondd. ests éxete ena ergo Eondtio, te leoforta tne kad, totaketéi ya ti(m) batra tn(e) oréo. ta dsitgria ya to leoferto in(e) ftind.GREEK BASIC COURSE UNIT Change the forn of the underlined verb as necessary to agree with the prorouns (or nouns) in parentheses. aftt tne sti(m) bétra, (ev, aftés, cafe, caf, afte, ents) est ks (ey6, aftf, ents, aftés, aftés) Ben exo Seka bramés. (eal, enfa, aftée, aftés, emis, aft6) ents fi 26, to kafenfo. (to kaencdoxfo, eyé kyesfe, 4 preavia, to kaenodoxfo kyo statmés, eafs) tf dra favyi to leoforio? péeo makrid, in(e) 4 pltra aptin seine? ne to takstBi ergo? tf det 4 pltrat +f dnun ya priyormn te eatiatiria? dam ta kafents lati? 38 Exercise ena kafento, aftés, enfe, eofs, aft) nan) gate? (arts, evd, enfs, aftés, esfs) pinune yale. fers, ated, 0, esf, atts) 2 va ti(m) patra, (ests, aftés, aftés, enfe, est) wags. (enfs, aft, caf, ests, afts) fivyl stis eptd/ atis dkat/ atts Of0/ atis plade/ stis Sia, ine pot makrii/ ine Séka xttyinotra nakria aptin atine/ Bén ine poll makrid eptin aetna, tn(e) 083 konds, mi.iata, tne plra poll oréo/ é:i,béa tne oréo,ke ine poll meydlo/ mélista, ine polf orio,ke polt nevdle, xt kamnoboxia/ det tankmes/ act kafents/ axa dna pra poli kald ke ftind eotiatério, dun taf mo yale ke scart, { sbito/ dixon tedy me Lenin / kolirya ke friyenpée, poont me witiro ke marmelite/ 8én éxun,polt kald kaf8, ald dum pire polt bald taiy. ndiista deun/ éxi Bén émun ta lafenta kat’, ald dn ta estiatéria/ né dxun lafé ald Ane pinda iotos,GREEK BASIC COURSE poe pinete tongfé sas? to(n) bine skéte/ xoris sixari/ me polf aixari ke yala/ 8én bino kafé, pino taéy. Gam ta kafonta ltirya? nilists, dcn/ dén dxun ulirya, ald dun frivanyée me witiro,ke marneLiBa/ 8én din ta kafenta kalirya, ali dm ta estiatérta, péso kinun o kaféa ke ta kuliryaz Kimun pinde Sraws/.opté Sraxmée/ Bébeka tramis. Get 4 pétra tanta Jal tavérna? néliste, éxt aa ali ine polf akrivi/ éxi, Bin dx tamta/ éxi nfa, pu ine konda sto pevélo keenotoxto, tf dra févyete ya tim) bétra? favo stis epté/ stis enéa/ sti(n) mia. xi § pita kiniatéyrafo? Gxi, Bén &xt/ nélista xi, ald ine polf ties ke akrivis. tf dr(a) arxizi o kininatéyrafos? ardat plnia otis enda/ stis Séka/ otis ‘Sédoka/ sti feceka. Ane) akrivée? ndlista, ine polf akrivie/ éxi, én ine akrivés, ali dén ine polt kalés/ ine péra polf akrivie ke pira poll ordos. pho Nain dna tsitirio? aint pine Sraxnde/ ots Sramis/ Béla Bramis/ {test Sraxds/ triinia Sremés,GREEK BASIC COURSE warts novNi novnave MoS novdave etairfipta; napa~ nai; BAEnw 8 oratudexne x6v ora®usoxn BAEnere év oraduépxn; ewvois evvoetre 6 OnGarmdoc, nob 4 xépre "Bvvoetze tév dn&AAno, nob elvae unpoové éx'sfv nbpta; exet A buptsa/Pupte MéAvora, éxet elvar 4 ov- plda, nob novadve rf etor- feta. Units puns Puls 6 puldne isitiria parakala? mitpo © stadmirxis to(n) stagméret vilpete to(n) stadnérxt? enoé enofte © Sphlsios po 4 porta notte ton spélilo, pa ine brosth apti(n) bérta? exe 4 otriba/airto ndlista, ekf tnle) 4 eirtéa pu pundne ta ssitdria, us to sel ‘they sel Where do they sei] tickets please? to sve (the) station-mster (the) station-master (as direct object) Do you sve the stationmaster (over there} to mean you mean (the) exployee hoy which. (the) doar You mean the employee (who 18) An front of the door? there (the) ticket window, wicket Yes. There's a ticket window over there where they sel] tickets.GREEK BASIC COURSE npiinos, -n, -0 first 4 SE ouls) (the) seat, clase, posttien nparng S€oeus prétis edseos of the first class x6 naphupo to pardoire (the) window @Edw Eve elertfipto mpimnc Salo dna Saitirio prétis I want a first class ticket Esau, noved ov napd- 22se0s, Konda sto next to the wirdew, Sup. rarfoiro. byorvxiig Saeed unfortunately Bros, -n, -0 S08, an Breg bes mn of doers fo (the) seats 4 duatoororxta 4 anaksostixta / (the) trate x6 tpevo to tréno aaieh vfiv duaootor- —saft{(n) tin anakeo- in this train xta stixta maouevoc, -n» ryarnénes, taken, occupied meaoueves pyacnéres ple x6 Baynby AL ‘to vagont (the) steeping car Avoruxiig Beg of SEser¢ Mstixbs, Olea 4 Oele Unfortunately all the first ig npGrng Séoeus o’abrhy tis protie oeeece class seats in this trai fv duatoororxta elvar safti(n) tin anakso- are taven. Fut there are niaouéves. "AAM ats6 x6 stixta, fne prasnéne (this train has!) ten pevo Eyer béna Okoers aid aftd to tréne, dxi sleeping car aeate in this Bayxbv AL. Oédere pa; Seka 98st vagonis. train. Do you want. [one]? edtete mfat Savpéora cavntsia excelent pores pretiné te prefer 4 BMbba 3 ele (the) Greece ovfy “EAASa atin eld in GreeceA xadvotépnar(s) Bid 06 Cavptoval Uposiui v6 paynby AL, wed nob xh péve orfv “BAAMBa Exouv névea nadu- oxépnot. +6 Btxno Exere btxno aayatvw nadsiov Yefiropa “Ryere Stuno, sh xpéve 85 Sv anyatvouy xas6hov ypfiyopa. Ore Dounby sAnpogopla ol mAnpogoptes Tére Aownbv, xalpere ui" edyaptord 116 the mnpo- yoptes xat 6 elourfipto. or Hand Ex6 wadd nat ward vablBL. GREEK BASIC COURSE wor s 4 kavistérisi(s) myé pu Sevnisia. protind to vagoris, myd pu ta tréna stir eldda, dxun panda kadistérsss to Bikyo exete Bflevo Tyéno kasere yehyora exete Oko te tréna eb8 6én piyémn kandiu yrtyora, tote pén i plirotorfa 4 plireforfes tote Liptn utrete, kefmarist6 ya tis Plirofories ke to Asitirio. sto kale ato kalé. ke bale takstis. (tne) deaay since Excellent. I prefer the sleeping car, since the trains in Gresce are always late (always have delay"), (the) right, law youtre right to go not at all quickly, promptly, fst You're right, trains here don't go fast at all. then vel (the) information (the) pieces of Antormatiors Wiel1 then, good bye and ‘thanks for the 4nfermation(s) and the ticket, rood bye (sifd only te a person who takes leave) Sood bye. liave a nice trip!GREEK BASIC COURSE pO puldne isitiria? ‘sti(n) Siriéa kondA sti(m) bérta, po Inje) 0 staantrats, tf isitirio 0811 aftds o epivétis? HLL Ona isitirto prétsi ste pardairo, fnfe) dles 4 O@sis saftt(n) tin Statixés, dles 4 odsis tis prétis o2sece anaksostixta pyanndres? konda sto pard9iro, ine pyazméres. Gai vagontt aftt 1 amksostixta? ndlista, axi O¢ka Gsis vagonit. tf protindt aftes 0 epivatis? protimll to vagonl!, 6184 ta trina stin eldta émun panda katistériat. plyénun yrtyora ta tréna stin 6x1, O¢n piydmun kadélu yrtyora. endda? sxtont elnoot Eva Skosiéna ‘twenty one elxoot S60 Skosibfo ‘twenty two elxoos rete skositrda ‘twenty three elnoct séocepa Skositésera ‘twenty four elxoot névre Akosipénde ‘twenty five elwooe EEL Skosidkss ‘twenty six elnoat énvé/etnoor égré skosieptd/tkosterts twenty seven elnoge duxd/elnoge bxx6 Akostokté/tkostoxté ‘twenty eight elnogt évvéa skostenta ‘wwenty nine spidvea trhdnda tainty wptéven Eva triandaéna, ‘thirty one capévea, sarknda forty capévea Eva sarandadna forty one neviivea peninde fiftyGREEK BA‘ COURSE wary Narrative “Odos 4 nbdauoc nnyatver ord piytnt sto ‘people, world! wageveto. Avvot of dmddanbas novdgve elorfipra. vonec of décess soy elma miaoutves. Abré¢ nportuder to Aeugopeto. puldne iaitfria, —‘employeen! Htet, this to leoforfo. ‘the prefers! Abrés 4 dx8096000 elves ‘porters nor waddc. Advf f padlror elvar nord ‘euitease! neyéan. OL dnooxevés elvar noved ALaposkevds ine kondé sti(m) “luggage! ovfiv néprta. Dérta, Kade oraduss Exe Eva wa- kde stadms, axi ana teach, every! geveTo. kafenfo. aftds 0 ‘pesvenger' elousfpro. sattirio. Bfucoe vedyw yd viv Uéxpa. "today" feos elvar spate. aay eters yee viv "A@fuas pote fevyis ya tin spina? ‘when! noubc, -&y pyde, A, 6 ‘who, which one! TE ple Spa geGyes dn'sév ovatus Eva spé- se ata Gra, fry apto(n) stain’ dna tréno, vo wet nnyatver orfv Udtpa. “Odoc 8 ‘ke piyéni sti(m) bétra, 6108 0 kdemos ine wBauor elvar unpoord aviv duptéa nob a ” ol tndAAndos novdive vé elarefipra, woved Prostd stin Girtba pu i ipllili puline te aviv n6pra nod elvar d oraOudpync. Avotv- ieitfria, kondé sti(m) bérta pu ine o Hic Bhes of Oéocuc vic mpeg d€ceug stadnirxis, Distixds éles 1 odsis tis woved ot6 napédvpo elvar miacuéver. Ex6 ovatus tndpyer entong xi ’Eva Aewpo- peto nob of S£cers rou Sév elves miaou- pyasnfnes. sto stand iparxi episis kina vec, dAAd Bhog & nbsuog nporupder x6 a etorfo, pu i Obie tu Sén tne pyasmines, spfvo nov nnyatver xoX6 ypfyopa, bude bel ® aité 16 Aewpopeto Eyer ndvea nadvoté- pnot. Koved or6 Acwpopeto BAénete Evav piyéni pol yrivora, S48td afté to leoforto dxBoyspo we ste padtroes wai the EAAES 4.5 énia Kabistarist. Konda sto leoforto Prétis O8se0s kondd sto pard3iro tne ald los o kéanos protindl to tréne pu wsGREEK BA‘ dnoonevés. 2x6 xageveto not elvar oxby ovaGub,xdBe éniparns niver v6v xxge tov, nuBorepa mnyatvet thy Ofc tov or6 rpévo. Efuepa # fuépa elvar nodt dpate nU'Bhog 6 xbouos mnyatver TELS. pSte févys dna trdno apto(n) staat? pO piydns afte to trénc? 6 tale) dios o kdamos? pO In(e) 0 staomarxta? Ine les 4 O2sis kondA sto pardeiro pyasminest +4 Alo ipdrxd sto(n) stasmiz Ine les 4 Sdsis saftd to leoforto pyazménes? tf protindt d1o8 © kdanos? Gx4 alvh to leoforto kagistarisi? {Uf vldpete ond sto leofortot Uf del aftds 0 axdoftros? tf dni kdge epivitie sto kafento pu tne sto(n) stad? tf kdnd Astera? ne oréa indra steera? pil piyénd Blos o kéanos sinera? COURSE vidpete énan axSoféro me tis valitees ke tis Ales aposkevés. sto kafento pu ine sto(n) staand, kése epivatis pini toln) gafé tu, Kistera piyént st ssi tu sto tréno. sinera 4 intra ine polf oréa ky6los © ktznos piytnd takssos. yo Det 0 mta Gra. piydnt st4(m) batra, Bios o kdsnos ine brosta sti(n) éirf8a, pu 4 AphLint puline ta isitiria, tne kondl sti(m) bérta, okt pu tn(e) élos 0 kérnos, 4 Beis tis prétis oseos kondh sto pardoire 6x, 1 Oasis saftd to leoforto Bén tne pyasntne: protind to tréno, pu piyént polf yrivors ndlista, axt pdnda kadistérisi. vidpete énan axdoféro. dxi valftees Ke Ales apoakevés, Pini to(n) gaf€ tu. piytnt sts(n) 068i tu sto tréno. nilista, ine polf oréa intra siner: piyend takefo1.GREEK BASIC COURSE war s Phonology: Vowel assimilation and Vovel loss. makrid apobd, Far from here. wostd apti(m) bérta, In front’ of the doar. ond sto pardsiro, Near ('to!) the window saftd to leoforio. In that bus, ‘Te vowel assimtlation in words ending in a vowel and folloved by a vard beginning with the same vowel was discussed in Note 1. Tae above examples {Llustrate the assinslation of vovels in the prepositions /se/ ‘av, $n, tot and /ap6/ ‘tron, of, than! before vouels which are not the same, (/apo/t/e36/ a /ap0B6/ and /oe/+/a£06/a/eates/) and ose of vowels in prepositons before consonants (/ee/ + Mahe/stol ana /ap6/+/tin/a/aptin/). Note 5.1.1 Assimilation of /s/ before voiced consonants. ae Bros 8 xbayos aioe 0 kéanoe oe oxts Sena stan Oka at ten o'clock A npeoseta 4 previa ‘the Embassy The sound /2/ in the above examples 49 represented in Greek spelling by the letter o /a/. Two combination of g with a voiced consonant ts /s/p voiced consonant. Thus axle béna /atiz déka/ but orle durG/stis oKtd/. The man bit the dog. Hie bit the dog. The dog bit the man, The dog bit hin. Notice that the pronoun has one shape (he) when it's the subsect of a sentence, and 8 different shape (hi » 80g) ave ‘only one shape, no matter vhat their function. when it's the object of « sentence; but nouns ( In Greek the nouns as well as the pronouns change their shapes, The different shapes fare called ‘cases': the subject-shape of noun or pronoun is called the ‘nominative case', and the object-shape is called the ‘accusative case (There used to be a ‘case'-aystem in English a thousand years ago, but it's practically urGREEK BASIC COURSE ‘all gone nov, except for a fev vestigial relies: pronoun forms Like he/hin/nis, and possessive forms like man's and dog's) Spoken Greek has four cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and voeative. The fsfth case (dative) waich is still sometimes used in ‘hathareva has conpletely disappeared {ram the spoken Language, except for sone expressions taken directly fron old Greek, The nordnative ease 2 the one used when 4 noun or pronoun 48 1) a aubgect of # vero {aa 8 xivquaréypages /o kininatéyratos/ in 8 xeynuass— youges doxtter ors durt Je wininatéyratos arsizi stis okté/), 2) either subject or complement of the verb ‘to bet (as aité /afté/ and Eva Aewpopeto / ina Yectorfo/ An the sentence até elvar Eva Aewpopeto /afts ine (6)na eaforie/. ‘To nominative singular 18 also the ‘name form‘, thst 1s, the one used when the noun 4s cited, ae in a dictionary or when talicing scout it, ‘The accusative (objective) ca: 49 the one used when @ noun or pronoun 4s the object of avert (as pdénete r6v ora®utpxn Jipete to(n) statndrai?/, novhive x6 clousfipia —/puline ta Ssitfrta/, ete. o of a proposition as dn'xfy népre Japti(m) vérta/, nove ot6 naphoupo Hrondi sto parétiro/, ete.). ‘The genitive (possessive) case is generally equivalent to English possessive forns ske man's or gog!2, or to phrases involving ‘of': of eho road. » Noun: Articles: Accusative, Bhénere x6v ora®uépxns ‘Vidpote to(n) statndri? Dp you see the station master? “Bret elvar 4 Suptéa nod eid fn(o) $ earBBa po Thaee te a (tthe!) window novdve xf elovrfipta. pune ta saiefrte, where they sell the tickets. Eu ula afer novek ox e810 mia odes kendt T want a seat next to the naphidvpo+ sto paréairo, window, Bixaprosd yt she minpopo- —— efxariaté ya tis ‘Thanks for the information(e). ples. plirofortes, ‘The above examples iivstrate definite and indefinite articles used in the accusative case, The complete set of these forms 18:GREEK BASIC COURSE war s Indefinite article n m Won, Evag és uta ma or pk mh Eve ea ace, Evav — éna(n) play) mfa(n) wed(v)mr sn) Eva enw Definite article Se. A. 7 t a = ft 8 We. 8 0 fH 1 6 to of 4 of 14 ch te Acc. s6v toln) shy tiln) +6 to to6g tus hottest Tt should be noted that before consonants the definite and indefinite masculine and definite feminine articles may have two alternate forms in the accusative singular (in Spoken Greek only), Bamples: éaum, ton, tin or dna, to, tt, Eales apti(m) dérta or ‘trom the door apts bérta Yidpo dnan staonérxt.or I ee a statdon-master. Widpo dna stadmkrat. ston gbam0 or ‘4m the world! sto bene Before vowels the definite and indefinite masculine erticle and the definite feminine article are r6v. /ton/, Evav /énan/ and fy /tin/ respectively, oxby tnBXindo ston sphsio ‘to the employes! BAtnw Evav dy8ogSpo. viépo épan axdoféro. I see a station-master, ovfy “EAASa atin eda ‘an reece! The feminine indefinite article Hla /mfs/or ytd /mn74/ usually has only one form; Ow ula ofr. Ofte mta obs. T want a seat. BXEnw ula EAAn npeofetasiépo ala 414 presvia. T see another embassy. but / vidpo milan £14 presvia/ may be also heard, usGREEK BASIC COURSE Note $e, Phonology: Stress Greek nouns can be stressed either on the last syllable (e.g. /f5tits/ tstudert'), on ‘the second syllable fron the end (e.g. /néftis/‘sailor'), or on the third syllable fren the end (e.gs /Asbropos/'man'). Nouns stressed on the last syllable will be referred to as ‘nouns; those stressed on the second syllable from the end "paroxytcne' ncuns, and those stressed of the thin! syllable fron the end ‘propar: owns. ote 525, Declensice BAénete Evav €x8096005 vidpete énan axtof6re? Do you see a porter? "Evvoette tSv inGAAnho not enofte ton iplilo pu You mean the employee in front clvat unpooré én" shy {ne urosta apt (n) of the door? nbpra; vérta? @8Aw ula d€or noved ox6 o210 fa ost kondh sto I'd 1ake a seat near the naphovpo. parfosro, window. Ebxaptord yb the mAnpopo- efxaristé ya tis pliro- Thanks for the infermation(s ptec. fortes. Tporwui +6 Baynby AL. evtanb to vagonlfs 1 prefer the sleesing car. Oi SnGAdrndroL nob novddve 4 tpalili pu puldne ta ‘The employees who sell tickets. 16 elourfipta. isitiria, ‘The above sentences illustrate accusative singular forma ( Evav &x8096p0 /eran axtoféro/, bv imGdkndo —/ton ipdiito/, plalv) O€ct/mta ofst/ and plural forms ( tL¢ mAnpogoptes —/tis plirofortes/ tH elottfipua fea seitiria/. Greek nouns are traditionally grouped into three declensions: Q ese. gournthig /tititfo/ ‘students vaGeng — /ndftis/Yeailor! and -a¢ /-as/Aoxtag won includes masculine oxytone oF paroxytone nouns ending in =n¢ — /~is/ Aroxias/ ‘seargent!; ferinine oxytone or parcrytone nouns ending in =n f-t/ e.g. REPLOXf Iperioxt/*azea', bp /xbri/ tdaughter and all nouns in ~@ /-a/, e.g, napdié /earbyh/ theart', vpte —/kirfa/"ady', @éAacoa fodlasa/ ‘seat, on: ALL masculine and feminine nouns endine $n -0¢ /-08/, eG. 6 dbep96¢ /o abelf60/ tbrotner', 6 voooxbuos 0 nosckéres/ tmedic', 8 BvBpunog Jo éniropos/ ‘nan, 4 486¢ — /4 086s/ tatreet', Mipog —/4 plros/ ‘Parcs’, 4 &uEEo- xGREEK BASIC COURSE wart 5 boc /4 Bi€ksoes/ ‘outlet! and all neuter nouns ending in -0 /-0/, e.g. 75 abyS /to avyS/ eee’, 16 mroto Ao plfo/ ‘ship, t’abroutynto — /taftok{nito/ tear", np comprises nouns (masculine, fexinine and neuter) that have various erdings. This class of nouns will be discussed in later unite, be First “4 Decdenaton a a second Declension ned ~ ioe (ater) Dectension Hote 5.6. Noun: Plural forme. nouns have the ending ~e¢ /-e6/ in the noxinative plural, beclenss, vatres, /rktees/ ‘sailors’, Roxtec — /loxfes/ 'sergeanta' wuplec Aesrfeo/ Nadies', xbpe¢ /k6res/ ‘daughters’ on masculine and feminine nouns end in 04 /1/, 6. ora uot /atagns/ tstations', vogondyou ‘/noscként/ ‘medics! Ev 8punot Hearops/*men', bot L2M/ setrects', — SuéEObOL Jostenost/ ‘ouriets! and neuter nouns of this declension end in -a /-8/, e.¢. atyd Jard/ teggs', hota —/plia/ ‘ships, absontvnra ——/aftokintta/ Nouns Accusative case. ‘The Nominative and Acousstive cases of Firet and Second Declensicn nome are as follow: 1 /e/. Sone nagculine nouns usually denoting acholarly cccupation have maintained this plural ending, e.g. of gourntal — /4 f1tsté/ tatudents? ot wadnynrel 1s wasiysté/ ‘professors! of waSnrat 74 masité/ ‘puptis', ete.GREEK BASIC COURSE nu. 8 vadeng eo néttis ot vattes i néttes 8 roxtas © loxfas ot Aoxtes 4 a, x6 vaben(v) ton) néres 0% vattes tus x6v roxta(v) to(n) Lexis tog Aoxtes tus loxfes nA xépn 2 kbrs ot xbpec 1 kéres A mpeopeta $ preavfa ot mpeopetes 1 preevfes As tiv xbpn (v) tin} ebrt sig xdpec tis Kéree viv npeofeta(v) tiln) vreavia tg mpeoBetec tis presvfes seen Deerension sagecline Singular Flea . 8 dbeAgdg o adelfés ol dbergot 4 adelff 3 wevnnarSypages 0 kinimatéyratos of xivmuaréypagot 4 kininatbyratt A. x6v doedg6lv) ton adeif5 tog ddeAgobg tus abetis xév nevnurréypagp, toln)etntratsrrato wots Mevmpatoypd gous tus kininatoyréfus Fextnine (sane as masculine) Singular 36 tpEvo to tréno 4 tpéva ta x6 Levoboyeto to kaerotoxfo td = Levoboyeta ta + 18 tp eve to trfno sé teva ta 16 Levoboyeto to ksenodoxfo - t Revoboxeta taGREEK BASIC COURSE unt 5 Tt should be noted that Second declension sasculire and feminine proraromtene nouns (nours stressed or the third syllable from the erd) have their stress shiftet to the second ayllaple fron the end in the accusative plural, est. Yom Sing, mtvmparSypagog © —Kinimatéyrafos Accs Fl, FOGG xLvMMaroypégous — tus kininateyréfua The abift of stress in declensions is discussed in detail in Note 7. Sif Adjective: accusative In Note 3. it was stated that Greek adjectives agree with nouns which they modify (e.g. wad, tyépa /kalt intra/ and with those which they refer to (e.g. of dnGAAnAoL Bév elvay wadot /4 4pd1i14 én te kal!/) in gender, number and case. he commonest type of adjective 1s the one which has the ending -0¢ /-o8/ for the nasculine, -n /-4/ for the ferinine and -0 /-0/ for the neuter (with censonant stens), for the one which ends in -0¢ /-09/, ~a /-a/, -0 /-0/ (with vowel stems), e.g. MadbG Mearts/, wadf /neis/, arb /kai8/ or Spatog /oréos/, dpata /orta/, dpato Jorto/. ‘The masculine ard nevter forms of adjectives of this type are declined 1ike second declension masculine nous in 05 — /-08/ and second declension neuter ncuns in =o /=0/. ‘The feninine foras have the sane case endings Af erin wa /aa/y first declension feminine nouns in Singular 8 made waGeng © wales nértis jee, TOV aS vaden to(n) gaté nétes Plural Nom. ol = madol vabites i kalf néftes Nec, FOGG eadods ares tus tals nfftes say om aA, al pata taBép va 4 walt ke oréa tavérna vec. iv aA mat dpala wBépva ti (n) gal ke onda tavérna 8