Fundemental Astronomy

uQ,sl
;drld oHdj
Fundemental Astronomy
v' budIa Yfk,al m%kdJ

v' budIa Yfk,al m%kdJ
ishu ysl weKs
2017 iema;en
m.Kl wCIr ixfhdackh(- v' budIa Yfk,al m%kdJ
msgqjeiq ksuejqu (-
uqKh (-
fmrjok
;drld oHdj ksia ukfia wm; l=yqf,ka cks; jQ wisu;a m%;M s ,hls' th
f,dj merKs;u fukau wdlYkSh;u lafIa;% w;r w.%ia:dkh fydnjkafkahhs
mejiSu w;sfYdala;shla o fkdf' tjka oHdjla ms<sn|j uQ,sl isoaOdka; ia;r
flfrk mos jk l=vd fmd;a msxpla f,i Wiia fm< flaj, jHdmD;sh id:lj
ksu lsug yels u ms<sn|j fm!oa.,slj ud w;sYhskau ;Dma;su;a h'
j;aufkaoS f,dj mqrd b;d m%p,s; Ih lafIa;%hla

fia ;drld oHdj ie,lsh yel' tfiau th fm!rdKsl iNdjHh oHdjla fkdj
osk osk hdj;ald,Sk jk wkd.; f,dalhg w;HjYH jk Ih lafIa;%hls' kuq;a
f jk g Y%S ,xldj ;=< ;drld oHdjg ysj we;s ia:dkh lsisfia;au m%
udKj;a fkdjk nj meyeos,sh' ienkau ;ju;a ;drld oHdj Y%S ,xldjg
wd.ka;=l lafIa;%hla u lk.dgqodhlh' fndfyda fokd ;drld oHdj hkq
fcfHda;sIfhau fldgila nj jrojd jgyd .ks;s' we;euqka is;kqfha ;drld
oHdj ld,.=K oHd lafIa;%fha fldgila jk njhs' th Tjqkf.a o jrola
fkdjk w;r wm rg ;=< oHd wOHdmkhg olajk l=vudf.a ie,ls,af,ys
m%;sM, nj uf.a woyihs'
fujeks miqula hgf;a ;drld oHdj bf.kSug fjr ork ,dxlSh

isiqkg ;drld oHd Ih lafIa;%h w<,d isxy< niska ,shjqk YajdikSh .%ka:
b;d ,n uo ;;a;ajh jvd W.% lrjhs' fuu .%ka:h ieliSfos lreKq j,
YajdikSh;ajh ;yjqre lr.ekSug wka;cd;sl jYfhka ms<s.ekqkq mdG .%ka:
lSmhlau weiqre lf<' h h lreKq ms<sn| jer ia;r wjYH hehs ye=kq
g wfOda ,sms u.ska tajd ia;r fldg we;' .%ka:fha uQ,sl mrud: blaujd .sho
jer wOHkhg leu;s mdGlhkaf.a nqoa jOkh i|yd;a ;drld fN!;sl
oHdj ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd oSu i|yd;a fojk mfofha w.
Nd.fhaoS ;drld fN!;sl oHdf uQ,sl ixl,am meyeos,s jk f,i iq
ia;rhl=;a wNHdihl=;a bosm;afldg we;' th mdGlhdg W.;a lreKq
jvd;a ;yjqre lr.ekSug Wmldr f hkak uf.a Yajdihhs'
fuu jHdmD;sfha lghq;= j,os fukau ;drld oHd wOHhk

lghq;= j,oS o ks;e;skau ud yg iyh u yd fuu .%ka:h i|yd w.kd miq
jokla imhd oSu inkaOfhka ;dld osYdks wlaldg ud fYaIfhka ia;; + sjka;
fj' tfiau" udf.a wOHhk lghq;= j,oS ud yg ksrka;rfhka iyh olajkakdjQ
wfYaka p;=rx." rkaosl fukaia" trx. ;s<sK" ixL ,laIdka" cQ chx." fhdydka
bfIa" ,sud,a pka," ikacq, ;srxch yd biqre wfr;ak hk ud ys;dor
whsh,dgo udf.a yDohdx.u ia;+;sh' tfiau fuu l;jHfha wdrNfha mgkau
wjYH Wmfoia yd u.fmkau ,nd ka fgrkaia mSia yd m%oSma o is,ajd hk .=re
mshjrekg o" ud fYaIfhka ia;; + sjka; fj'
fuu jHdmD;sfha lghq;= j,oS fukau Wiia fm< wOHhk lghq;= j,oSo ud yg
oekqu ksf,daNSj ,nd fokakdjQ y,d$ wdkkao cd;sl mdif,a oHd wxYfha ud
wdor .=re u jreks" mshjreks udf.a fkduo ;=;sh Tn ieug ysf'
wjika jYfhka ksrka;rfhka ud iu. /f|ka ug iyh jkakdjq ud ys;

;=re le,g o" ud wdor foudmshkg o" ud wdor ke.Kshgo udf.a ia;+;sh ysf'
fuu lD;sh ms<sn|j mdGl Tnf.a ksudKYS,S fpk b;d w.h fldg i,l'
v' budIa Yfk,al m%kdJ"

oHd wxYh"
y,d$ wdkkao cd;sl mdi,'
fm<.eiau
fmrjok
fm<.eiau
1 mfoh - ;drld oHdj hkq l=ulao @
2 mfoh - ;drld yd ;dh .=K
;dh mKduh (Stellar Evolution)
m%d.a ;rej
m%Odk wkql%uKh
r;= fhdaO wjh
iq jduk yd l jduk wjh
r;= iqms fhdaO wjh
iqms fkdajd msmr
s eu yd ;rejl wjidkh
fkdajd msmsrefuka miq wjh
;re j. (Types of stars)
ly jduk ;re
r;= jduk ;re
r;= fhdaO ;re
ks,a fhdaO ;re
iqms fhdaO ;re
iq jduk ;re
Uqre jduk ;re
kshqfg%dak ;re yd iamkao ;re
hq.au ;re yd nyq ;drld moaO;s
Visual Binaries
Eclipsing Binaries
Spectroscopic Binaries
Close Binary Stars
p,H ;re (Variable Stars)
The Cepheid group of stars
The RV Tauri stars
The red semi-regular and irregular variables
The long-period regular variables (Mira-type variables)
The Beta Canis Majoris variables
;dh j.SlrKh (Stellar classification)
jKdj,sh wkqj j.SlrKh ^WIaK;ajh wkqj&
MK j.SlrKh ôSma;;dj wkqj&
fi j.SlrKh ^jKdj,S ,CIK wkqj&
;dh kdulrKh (Stellar Nomenclature)
fh kdulrKh
*a,eia kdulrKh
fh-*a,eia kdulrKh
;dh kq (Stellar Measurements)
r
oSma;;dj
;Sj%;dj
oDIH oSm;
a s Yd,kh
ksrfmalaI oSma;s Yd,kh
;drld fN!;sl oHd;aul ilrK yd ta wdY%s; .eg
fmd.aika wkqmd;slh
oSma;s Yd,k ilrKh
oSma;s >%dj ilrKh
.eg
wNHdih -1
wNHdih -2
;drld fN!;sl oHdfoS nyq,j Nd; jk ksh;
ms<s;=re
3 mfoh - ;drld oHd T,smshd ;r
;rh ms<sn|j hula
;r jHqyh (SLAAO)
;rh i|yd bosm;a u
;r oskfhaoS
wka;cd;sl ;rh
wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd yd ;drld fN!;sl oHd T,smshd
;r.h i|yd Y%S ,xldf iyNd.s;ajh
wka;cd;sl T,smshd ;r b;sydifha fidre u;lhkaf.ka |la
wdY%s; .%ka:
uQ,sl ;drld oHdj (Fundamental Astronomy)
1 mfoh
;drld oHdj hkq l=ulao @
(What is Astronomy. ?)
f,d j mqrd O oHd Ihka /ila mj;S' fN!;sl oHdj" ridhk

oHdj wdoS Ihka ta w;ka wmg jvd;a yqre mqre f' f
w;ka ;drld oHdj hkq l=ulao hkak fidhd ne,Su j ;drld oHdj
hkak ir,j fufia ksjpkh l< yel
;drld" .%yf,dal" ksydld" ukaodlsKs wdoS wNHjldY jia;+ka ms<sn|j

oHd;aul mokulska hq;j = wOHhkh flfrk oHdj ;drld oHdj hs
fN!;sl oHdj yd ridhk oHdj hk uQ,sl yr Ihka oa;ajfhka ie-
,;a fuh lafIa;% .Kkdjla Tiafia wOHhkh lrkd iqYd, Ih
m:hls th uQ,slj fldgia 3 lg fnod wOHhkh flf
Yaj kHdh oHdj (Cosmology)

;drld fN!;sl oHdj (Astrophysics)
kslaIK ;drld oHdj (Observational Astronomy)
Yaj kHdh oHdj - f fldgi ;drld oHdf kHdhd;aul
lreKq j,ska iuka; f ta Tiafia Yajfha
iNjh" tys ldYkh" hdka;%Kh" meje;au
wdoS .eUqre ixl,am ms<sn|j jrKh flf
(7)
;drld yd ;dh .=K (stars & stellar properties)
;drld fN!;sl oHdj - Yaj kHdh oHdfjka bosm;a jk ixl,am
fN!;sl oHdj" ridhk oHdj hk oHd
Ihka oa;ajfha ixl,kfhka wOHhkh lsu
fuysos isf fndfyda ixlSK uQ,Ou fukau ir, uQ,Ou Tiafiao Yaj
hdka;%Kh jrKh lrhs ;drld oHdf tk .Kkh ls ish,a, fuu
fldgig wh;a f imQKfhkau .Ks;uh mokula u; msysgd uQ,Ou
jrKh flf Wiia .Ks;ho nyq,j fhdod .efka
kslaIK ;drld oHdj - ;drld oHdf jvd;a wdlYkShu lafIa;%hla

jYfhka ie,lsh yel fuysoS O WmlrK
yd l%fudamdhka Nd;fhka wNHjldY jia;= kslaIKh flf
tysoS ,nd.kakd o;a; fukau kslaIK .Kkhka i|yd fukau kj
uQ,Ou f.dv ke.Sugo Wmld f
fuf,i m%Odk fldgia 3 la Tiafia ;drld oHdj fnod oelajqj

o" ;drld j oHdj (Astrobiology) wdoS ;j;a WmldKav /ilg ;drld
oHdj fnod oelah yel fuf,i f fldgia ish,af,kau iuka;j iEoS
we;s ;drld oHdj b;d oS> b;sydihla we;s mq,a wdlYkSh lafIa;%hls
by; tla tla wxY ms<sn|j iia;rd;aul ia;rhla lsu fuu .%

ka:fha iSudj blaujd isk w;r ;drld oHdf uQ,sl ixl,am yd ta wdY%
s; oekqu ,nd oSu fuys uqLH wruqK f
(8)
2 mfoh
;drld yd ;dh .=K
(Stars & Stellar properties)
;drldjla hkq"
wdf,dalh yd ;dmh fudapkh lrkakdjQ kHIal
m%;sl%shd ;=<ska Yla;sh WmokakdjQ jdhq f.da<hls
f wkqj ;drld hkq wdf,dalh" ;dmh wdoS Yla;Skg ridhksl Yla;sh

mj;kh lrkakdjQ Yla;s mj;lhka h ;drldjl m%Odk jYfhka
wdf,dalhg wu;rj ;dmh ^wfOdarla; lsrK&" .eud lsrK ( rays), X
ls r K wdoS O wdldr j,s k a Yla ; s h fuda p kh f
fuf,i ;drldjla ;=< Yla;sh ksIamdokh u i|yd ta ;=< isjk l%s-
hdj,sh kHIal m%;ls %shd (Nuclear Reaction) k
f tfiau wdf,dal mrdj;kh (reflection)
u.ska fkdj fudapkh u.ska ish oSma;sh
Wmojd.kakd fyhska oSma; jia;=jla f,i
ye|skah yel
fuf,i ;rejl Yla;sh W;amdokh f l%
shdj,sh laIKslj is fkdjkakls th ;ref
Wm; yd ne|S mj;S tfyhska ;rejl Wm; yd
tys jk pl%h ms<sn| m%:ufhka wOHkh lruq
(9)
;dh mKduh (Stellar Evolution)

m%d.a ;rej (Protostar)
;rejl ;sf.h f,i ye|skah yelafla ksydld
(Nebula) h' fuu ksydld jdhq j. .yk jQ;a
wka;;dh ,s wdoS fohska iuka; jQ ksYa; yevhla
fkd.kakd wNHjldYfha msys l,dm f,i ye|skah
yel' f wi<ska hk ;rejl .=re;aj Yla;sh fyda
fjk;a O ndysr n,mE ks i dfjka fuu
ksydldj ;=< we;s jdhq le<ulg ,la h yel' tysoS
h jdhq ialkaOhla tla t;eklg iuQykh f' fuh m%d.a ;ref
wdrNhhs'
fuf,i tla ;eklg tlajQ mod:

fmdosh fya;=fjka tu ia:dkfha l=vd .=re;aj
n,hla (Gravitional Force) yg .kS' f
fya;=fjka ;jrg;a wxY= tu jdhq leh yd
tlaf' fuu l%shdj,sh os.ska os.gu isjk
w;r u m%d.a ;ref WIaK;ajho tys .=re;aj
n,h yd ialkaOhg idfmalaIj by< hhs' l%ul%
ufhka >k;ajh je u ksid ;dm
Yla;sh ;rej ;=< isrfuka ;ref mSvkho Trdhka ksydldf
uKav,
m%d.a ;drld
by< hhs' tfy;a fuu n,h .=re;ajh u.ska
iu;=,s; lrjhs' fuh .=re;aj-mSvk iu;=,s;;dj k f' os.ska os.gu
isjkakdjQ fuu tla/ia fu l%shdj,sh u.ska ;rej w;a lr.kakd m%d:l
ialkaOh (Primary mass) tu ;ref Yd,;ajh" oSma;sh" oSma;;dj fukau
wjidkfhaoS w;alr.kakd brKu wdoS lreKq /ilg ;oskau n,mdkq ,nhs'
fufia ixfldapkh jQ ;ref WIaK;ajh by< ugulg <d jk

w;r th kHIal m%;sl%shd we;s lsug ;r m%udKj;a jk ;=reu th m%
d.a ;rejla f,i miqfjhs' fuysoS WIaK;aj wjYH;dj imQK l< iekska
kHIal ,hk m%;l s %shd werfUk w;r fu;eka mgka ;rej wdf,dalh
yd ;dmh fudapkh lrka oSma;h s f.fkka iar ;drld wjhg tk"
m%Odk wkql%uK wjhg m;a f' fuh m%d.a ;dh wjfha wjidkh hs'
fujeks m%d.a ;drld uKav, Trdhka wdoS ksydld j, nyq,j yuqjk w;r
ta jgd we;s jdhq j,dj m%d.a ;dh ksydldj (Proto star nebula) k f'
( 10 )
m%Odk wkql%uKh (Main Sequence)

kHIal ,hk m%;sl%shd (nuclear fusion) fya;=fjka wdf,dalh yd oSma;h s
fudapkh lrk fuu ;rej oeka m%Odk wkql%uKfha mj;sk ;rejla
(Main sequence star) fia ie,fla' ;rejla fuu wjfha ish ;
ld,fhka 90] u f.jd ouhs' fuysoS ;rejla th ;=< mj;sk yhsv%cka jdhq
ialkaO kHIal m%;sl%shdjkag Ndckh lsfuka Yla;sh ksIamdokh lrhs'
j;udkfha ork u;hg wkqj yhsv%cka yS,sh njg yerfuka fjd
Yla;sh Wmojhs' fuysoS isjkafka fm%dafgdak-fm%dafgdak uh (proton - pro-
ton chain / p-p chain) k l%shdj,sh hs'
fuu l%shdj,sh ;=<ska Yla;sh ksI-

amdokh lrk ;drld ;;amrhla ;=<oS yhsv%cka
fgdka .Kkla yS,sh njg yrjhs' iQhhd ms<snoj
ie,lSfoS ;;amrhla ;=<oS yhsv%cka fgdka ,shk
600 la muK m%;sl%shdjg Ndckh f' fuysoS 3.86
1033 erg s-1 (3.86 1026 J s-1) la fyj;a fu.d fjd
,shk 386 l Yla;shla ksmojhs' fuu Yla;sh iQh
wNHka;rfha ksmo ndysrhg meKSug jir
,shkhla muK .;f'
fuh iQhhd fyda Bg wdikakj iudk fyda wvq ialkaOhla

we;s ;rej, Yla;s mkduk l%shdj,sh hs' tfy;a" iQhhd fuka 1.3 fyda Bg
je ialkaOhla we;s ;drldj, Yla;sh W;amdokh jkafka fjk;a m%;l s %
shdjla fya;= fldgf.k h' fuh iQhhd jeks ;drld i|yd jeo.;a l%
shdj,shla fkdjk w;r iShia (Sirius) jeks ;rej, Yla;s W;amdokfha m%
Odk l%shdj,sh f' fuh ldnka-khsg%cka-Tlaiscka pl%h (CNO cycle) k
f'
fuf,iska m%Odk wkql%uKfha mj;sk ;drldjl isjk kHIal

,hk m%;sl%shdj fya;=fjka tys yrh ;=< l%ufhka yS,sh (He) m%;sY;h
by< hk w;r Bg idfmalaIj yhsv%cka (H) m%;sY;h my< nishs' f iu.u
tys oSma;;djo (Luminosity) l%ufhka by< hhs' h ;rejla m%Odk wkql%
uKfha mj;sk ld,h ;SrKh lrkqfha tys mj;sk bkaOk m%udKh hs'
fuysoS je yhsv%cka mudjla we;s Yd, ;re je laIu;djlska hq;=j wvq
ld,hla wdhq j<|hs' tk" Yd, ;re fl j, wdhqld,h flh' fuh
iQhhd ms<snoj ie,lSfoS jir ,shk 10 (1010 years) muK f hhs
( 11 )
.Kka n,d ;sf' tfy;a fuh jduk ;re ms<sn|j
ie,lSfoS tajdfha bkaOk mudf wvq nj fyj;a
tu ;re j, l=vd nj ksid tajdfha Yla;s ksIamdok
YS>%;djh fyj;a laIu;djh wvq h' ^fuys wdhqld,h hehs
i,ld we;af;a ;ref uq wdhq ld,h fkdj th m%Odk wkql%
uKfhys mj;sk ld,iSudj nj i,lkak& tuksid ialkaOh
iShia ;rejwvq ;re je ld,hla wdhq j<|hs' fuf,iska ;rejla
ish ; ld,fha m%Odk wjh miqlrhs' ? wyfia wmg
fmfkfk fndfyda ;re mj;skafka fuu wjfha h'
m%Odk wkql%uKfha mj;sk ;re tajdfha m%d:l ialkaOh mok lrf.k

m%Odk fldgia 2 lg fnod olajhs'
Lower main sequence :- m%d:l ialkaOh 0.08 M - 1.5 M jk ;re

fuu .khg jef' fjdfha Yla;sh ksmojkqfha
fm%dafgdak-fm%dafgdak pl%h u.sks' fjdfh ndysr ia:r j, WIaK;ajh
wvqu ksid tu ia:r j, mdrdkaO;dj (opacity) by< f' f fya;=fjka
yrfha ksmojk w;s Yd, Yla;sh ndysrhg f.k hdug lsrKh
(radiation) muKla m%udKj;a fkdf' f fya;=fjka ndysr ia:r j,
ixjyk Odrd yg.kS' f fya;=fjka fuu ;rej, wNHka;rfha lsrKuh
l,dmhl=;a ndysrhg jk g ixjyk l,dmhl=;a mj;S' wmf.a iQhdf.a
jHqyh ie,lSfoS o fuu ,laIKh oelsh yel' fjd jhia.; j;au yrfha
isg ndysrhg yhsv%cka iq,n;dj (hydrogen abundance) je jk wdldrhg
ielfia' ^10 msgqj rEmigyk& Bg fya;=j kHIal m%;sl%shd yrfha isjk
neka yrfha yhsv%cka blaukska laIh f' tfy;a ndysr ia:r j, WI-
aK;ajh kHIal m%;sl%shd i|yd m%udKj;a fkdue;s fyhska tajdfha yhsv%
cka b;s f'
ialkaOh 0.08 M - 0.26 M jk ;re j, mKduh b;d ir,

f' fjdfha imQK ;drldj mqrdu ixjyk Odrd l%shd;aul jk w;r
imQKfhka yhsv%cka laIh jQ miq th yS,h
s jdhq f.da,hla njg m;af'
yS,sh ,hkhg wjYH ;r Yla;shla ksIamdokh lsug fjdg fkdyels
neka ;rej iq jduk wjhg m;au isf' ^9 msgqj&
Upper main sequence :- m%d:l ialkaOh 1.5 M g je jk ;re

fuu .Khg jef' fjd lower mainse-
quence ;re j,g m%;sreoaO ,laIK olajhs' fuu ;re i|yd mej;sh yels
( 12 )
wju ialkaOh 1.5 M jkakd fiau Wmu iSudjla o mj;S' fuh ;SrKh
jkqfha .=re;aj-mSvk iu;=,s;;djh (Gravity-pressure equilibrium)
u;h' 4 msgqf i|yka l< mos ;rejl wNHka;rfha isjk m%;sl%shd
fya;=fjka ndysrhg yg.kakd mSvkh iukh lsug ;rej ;=,g .=re;aj
n,h l%shd lrhs' fuu n, oa;ajh iudk jQ g ;rej ia:djrj mj;S'
kuq;a ;rej wiS;j Yd, jk g tys m%;sl%shd u.ska yg.kakd mSvkh
w;s uy;a f' tfy;a fuh iukh lsug .=re;ajhg fkdyels jk
g ;rejg ;jrg;a mej;aula ke;' tk tys mod:hka wjldYhg
f.fhka .id f.k f.dia is hkq we;' tneka .=re;aj-mSvk
iu;=,s;;dj fkdf|k mos mej;sh yels Wmu ialkaOh" ;rejlg
mej;sh yels Wmu m%d:l ialkaOh ie,fla' ffioaOdka;sl .Kkh ls
j,g wkqj fuu w.h 100 M -150M w;r w.hla f' kuq;a fuu w.h
ms<sn|j O u;fNao ;ju;a mj;S' ukao fuu w.hg jvd fndfyda
ialkaOh je ;re oekgu;a kslaIKh fldg we;' oekg kslaIKh
fldg we;s )jeu ialkaOhla ork ;rej jkafka R136a1 k w;s
iqms ;rejhs' fuys ialkaOh 265 M muK f hehs .Kkh fldg we;'
tk wm iQhd fuka 265 .=Khl ialkaOhla orhs'
fuu j.fha ;re j, Yla;sh ksmojkqfha uQ,slj ldnka-khsg%cka-
Tlaiscka pl%h (CNO cycle) k kHIal m%;sl%shd oduh u.sks' fuu m%;l
s %
shd weru i|yd wju f,i fl,aka ,shk 18 l muK WIaK;ajhla
wjYH f' tfyhska fuu WIaK;ajh ,nd osh yels wju ialkaOhla
ork ;re j, ialkaOh fuu j.fha ;re j, my< ialkaO iSudj fia
ie,fla' fuh 1.5 M f' fjdfha isjk uQ,slu kHIal m%;sl%shdj jk
CNO pl%h u.ska idfmalaIj iqi,a Yla;shla uqod yhs' fuu Yla;h s
yrfha isg msg; ia:r j,g f.k taug lsrKh muKla m%udKj;a
fkdfjhs' f fya;=fjka fuu ;rej, yrfha ixjyk Odrd yg.kS' f
fya;=fjka yrfha uQ,jH ish,a, tlsfkl uqiq f' f wkqj fuu
j.fha ;re j, jHqyh lower main sequence ;re j, f,dauh f' ta
wkqj fjdfha yrh ixjykuh jk w;r ndysr ia:r lsrKuh f'
0.08<M< 0.26<M< M<1.5 jk

0.26 jk 1.5 - yrh glfnd,
g ;rej lsrKuh" lsrKuh
mQKj lfnd, o" yrh
ixjykuh ixjykuh ixjykuh
f f o f
) ialkaOh jeu ;rej hkq Yd,;u ;rej fkdjk nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=h' ;rejl Yd,;ajh hkqfjka
idudkHfhka woyia lrkqfha th wjldYfha w;a lr.kak bv h' tk mudj h' oekg kslaIKh fldg we;s
Yd,;u ;rej jkafka VY Canis majoris k ;rejhs' tfy;a fuys ialkaOh 30 M muK f'
( 13 )
r;= fhdaO wjh (Red Giant Phase)

fuf,i ish ; ld,fha m%Odk wjh .; l< ;rejl yrh ;=<
yS,sh ( ) ksIamdokh lsu ksid tys yrh yhsv%cka (H) fkdj yS,sh
(He) j,ska ms mj;S' tfy;a ;jrg;a fm%dafgdak-fm%dafgdak pl%h hgf;a
Yla;s W;amdokhg yhsv%cka fkdue;s neka yS,h s wvx.= yrh ixfldap-
khg ,lajk w;r ;ref ndysr ia:r msg;g m%idrKhg ,laf'
f wjia:dfoS ;ref wrh YS>%fhka je f' ysre ms<sn|j

ie,lSfoS ;j;a jir ,shk 5.4 la muK .;l< miq fuu wjia:djg
meKs g tys m%idrKh mD llaIh olajd muK isjk nj .Kkh lr
we;' tg iQhh wrh (solar radius - R ) klaI;% tall 1 la fyj;a ls' '
,shk 150 la muK f' fuu wjia:dfoS ;drldf oSma;;dj
(Luminosity) by< ugulg <d jk w;r yS,h s yrh ;=<g lvd jeu
ksid tys wNHka;rfha WIaK;ajh by< hhs' f;a iu.u ndysr ia:r j,
WKqiqu yhsv%cka ,hkhg m%udKj;a ugug mefKk w;r lfndf,a
b;sj we;s yhsv%cka ,hkh Yla;sh ksl=;a lsu werf' f fya;=fjka
yrfha WIaK;ajh ;j;a by< hhs'
m%d:l ialkaOh 0.26 M< M < 2.5

M jk ;re j, WIaK;ajh l%ufhka
je th yS,sh ,hkh jk WI-
aK;ajhg tk fl,aka ,shk 100 l
WIaK;ajhg ;ref yrfha WKqiqu
<d f' ;ref yrfha mj;sk wia:dhs
jdhQka j, by< ikakdhl;dj ksid
uq yrh mqrdu taldld WKqiqula o
mj;S' f fya;=fjka yrfha WKqiqu
100 106 K jk g laIKslj uq yrh mqrdu yS,sh ,hkh (helium
fusion) tljru isf' f fya;=fjka yrfha laIKslj w;s uy;a Yla;shla
cks; jk uq;a wdrNfhaoS wia:dhs yrh fya;=fjka Bg m%idrKh ugo
yelshdjla fkd,ef' kuq;a uo f,djla hk g yrfh wia:djr nj
fkdi,ld yka ;ref yrfha laIKsl m%n, msmsreulg ,laf' fuh
yS,sh oSma;sh (Helium flash) k f' ka Yd, Yla;shla ksl=;a jk uq;a
th ;ref ndysr ia:r fj; meKSu isfkdf' g fya;=j wNHka;r
ia:r u.ska tu Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh lsuhs' ka miqj ;rej ;=< yS,sh
( 14 )
,hkh isf' bka Wmosk mSvkh ;jrg;a .=re;ajhg tfrysj l%shd

lrka .=re;aj - mSvk iu;=,s;;dj o mj;ajd .kshs' m%d:l ialkaOh
0.26 M < M< 2.3 M jk ;re yS,sh ,hkfhka wk;=rej ;jrg;a
n/;s uQ,jH ,hkhg m%udKj;a ;r WIaK;ajhla f.dvkxjd .ekSug
wiu;a f' tneka tajdfha Yla;s W;amdok l%shdj,sh weKys' f
fya;=fjka .=re;ajhg tfrysj l%shd l< mSvk n,h wl%Sh f' f
fya;=fjka jir ,shk .Kkla ;siafia ;rej ;=< mej;s .=re;aj -
mSvk .egqfuka .=re;ajh ch .kakd w;r ta fya;=fjka ;ref
yrh .=re;ajh hgf;a YS>% ixfldapkhlg ,laf' f w;fu ;ref
ndysr ia:r isis,a fjka msg;a wjldYhg is hk w;r tu.ska
hefok ;rej jgd u~,la jeks jHqyhla ksudKh f' fuh ).%y
ksydldj (Planetary nebula) k jk w;r fuu wjh .%y ksydld
wjh k f' fjd b;d jKj;a fukau ;a;dlYkSh wNHdjldY
jia;= fYaIhla f' O yev .ekSu ksid fjd iuyrlg mgnekq
fYaI kduhka o mj;S' my; oelafjkafka tjeks m%lg .%y ksydld
lSmhl PdhdrEm lSmhls'
uq ksydldj fy,Slaia ksydldj tialsfuda ksydldj

(Ring Nebula) (Helix Nebula) (Eskimo Nebula)
n<,a wei ksydldj iuk< ksydldj vfn,a ksydldj

(Cats eye Nebula) (Butterfly Nebula) (Dumbbell Nebula)
) fuu .%y ksydldjla m<uqj kslaIKh lrk ,oafoa ,sh yfI,a keue;s oHd{hd isk's fuu u~,dldr
jHqyh .%yf,dalhla msmsulska yg.;a;la hehs Tyq Yajdi l< neka Bg tu kduh ,enqko miqj th tfia
ys fkdjk nj wkdjrKh h' wo;a fjd tu kdufhkau ye|skaf'
( 15 )
iq jduk wjh yd l jduk wjh (White Dwarf &

Black Dwarf Phases)
fuf,i iQh ialkaO 1'44 g wvq ;re .%y ksydld wjia:djg m;afuka
wk;=rej ;jrg;a ixfldapkhg ,la jk w;r tys WIaK;ajh l%ufhka
by< hhs' fuysoS ;ref yS,sh" ldnka njg ye wjika jk
f;lau ;rej os<hs' fuf,i ixfldapkhg ,lajQ ;rej iq jduk ;rejla
(white dwarf star) f,i ye|skaf' fjdfha isjk wl ixfldapkh
fya;=fjka Yd, mod: m%udKhla b;d iq wjldYhlg tlaj mj;S' tu
ksid fjdfha >k;ajh >k fikagrhg fgdka 1 l muK by<
w.hla .kS' ;rejla fuu wjia:df jir 50"000 la muK mj;S'
iq jduk wjia:df jir 50"000 la muK mej;s ;rej

l jduk ;rejla (black dwarf star) njg m;af' fuh fujeks ;rejl
mKdukfha wjika woshrh hs' fjdfha o >k;ajh b;d wl h'
r;= iqms fhdaO wjh (Red Supergiant Phase)
by; mfohloS ia;r l< mos ialkaOh 8 M < M jk ;drld r;=

fhdaO wjh miq l< miq .%y ksydrsld wjhg m;afkdf' fuu ;re
uOHu m%udKfha ;re (Intermediate-mass stars) k f' fjdfha WI-
aK;ajh ;jrg;a by< f.dia th n/;s uQ,jH ,hkhg wjYH WI-
aK;ajhg <d f' ialkaOh o< jYfhka 10 M jk ;re j, WKqiu q
ldnka fyda Tlaiscka ,hkhg wjYH WKqiu q g m;af' fuu m%;sl%shdj
werfoSo yS,hs oSma;h
s jeksu msmsreula yg.kakd w;r Bg ldnka fyda
Tlaiscka inkaO neka th ldnka oSma;sh (Carbon flash) fyda Tlaiscka
oSma;sh (Oxygen flash) k f' fuh yS,sh oSma;shg jvd m%n, jk w;r
fgloS tu.ska uq ;rej kdY l< yels ;r Yla;shlao Wmoh yel'
fuf,i os.ska os.gu n/;s uQ,jH m%;sl%shdjg Ndckh jk w;r ialkaOh
15 M < M jk ;re j, fuh hlv olajdu isf' kuq;a t;ekska
Tng ;j;a m%;sl%shd lsug wjldY fkd,ef' g fya;=j hlv hkq
kHIal m%;sl%shdjkag myiqfjka Ndckh fkdjk ;oska ne|S (tightly
bound) we;s uQ,jHla fkdjk neks' f jk g ;ref O ugg j,
uQ,jH ia:Njkh j mj;sk iajNdjhla mj;S' th ndysrfha isg
we;=,;g uQ,jH j, ialkaOh wdfrdayKh jk ms<sfj,g nj fmfka'
( 16 )
yhsv%cka $ yS,sh
yS,sh $ khsg%cka
22
yS,sh $ ldnka $ Ne iuia:dkslh
Tlaiscka $ ldnka
Tlaiscka $ ksfhdaka $ ue.akSish
is,slka $ i,a*
( 17 )
hlv yd ksl,a ms yrh

ka miqj ;ref Yla;s W;amdokh weKysk neka .=re;ajhg tfrys
mSvkh wl%Sh f' f fya;=fjka ;ref yrh .=re;ajh hgf;a YS>% f,i
ixfldapkh f' fuu ixfldapkfhaoS msgjk Yla;sfhka fldgila hlv
mrudKq >gkhg fhof' m<uqj tajd yS,sh mrudKq j,g;a miqj fm%
dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak njg;a m;af' fuf,i ixfldapkh jk
w;r;=roS ;ref b;sj mj;sk kHIal bkaOk ish,a, iafMdagkhla
f,i laIKslj ksl=;a f' fuysoS uQ,slj Yla;sh ksl=;a jkqfha kshq%fkda
(neutrino) f,ih'
iqms fkdajd msmsreu yd ;rejl wjidkh (Super Nova Explo-

tion)
by; wjfha miqjk ;rejla <g m;ajkafka fuu wjia:djg h' ;rej
Yd, msmsreulg ,lafjhs' fuh iqm fkdajd msmsreula (super nova ex-
plosion) fyj;a w;skj ;re msmsreula f,i ye|skaf' fuysoS w;s uy;a
f,i .eud lsrK fudapkh flf' fuh .eud lsrK msmsreula (Gamma
rays explosion) f,i ye|skafjk w;r Yajfha isjk m%n,;u msmsreu
fia ie,fla' kuq;a fjd u.ska ;rejla imQKfhkau kdY jkafka
flfiao hkak ms<sn|j meyeos,s woyila ;ju;a ;drld oHd{hka w;r
fkdue;' fuu msmsre ksid Yd, wjfYaIhka (remnants) yg.kS' fu-
jeks msmsreula l%s' j' 1572 oS ghsflda n%dfya (Tycho Brahe) k oHd{hd
iska leisfhdamshd rdYsh ;=<ska kslaIKh l< nj b;sydi jd;d j,
oelaf' fuys oDIH oSma;h s ^-4& l muK w.hla tk" isl=re .%yhdf.a oS-
ma;shg jvd je w.hla .;a nj i|yka f' o< jYfh-
ka ialkaOh 8 M < M jk ;re fuu msmsre
j,g ,laf' tfiau fujeksu wjfYaIhla Tmshqlia
rdYsfha oelsh yels w;r th flma,f.a iqmfkdajd
wjfYaIh (Keplers supernova remnant) f,i ye|skaf'
mDfha isg wdf,dal jI 13 000 la muK wE;ska
msysgd we;s w;r fuys IalNh wdf,dal jI 14 la
muK f' f yereKqfldg yhsm fkdajd msmsre k flma,f.a
ixl,amhlao mj;S' fuh oHd{hska iska iqmfkdajd wjfYaIh
( 18 )
b;d Yd, ialkaOhla iys; ;rejl isjk w;s m%n, fkdajd msmsreula
f,ig w: olajk kuq;a idudkH w;skj ;re msmsre lsysmhl tl;=jla
f,igo u;hla mj;S'
fkdajd msmsrefuka miq wjh

fuu ms m s r efuka miq tu ;rej ;= <
wl .=re;ajdlIK n,hla yg.kakd w;ru f
ksid tu ;rej wl f,i ixfldapkhg ,laf'
fufia yels,Sug ,lajQ iQhh ialkaO 2 la muK
jk ;rejla kshqfg%dak ;rejla njg m;af' fjd
wl >k;ajhlska hq;=f' tfiau" iQhh ialkaO 3
la fyda Bg jvd je w.hla .kak ;re fkdajd
fkdajd msmsreula msmsrefuka miq l l=yrhla (Black hole) njg
is;a;rejl=f.a weiska
m;af' fjdfha .=re;ajdlIk Yla;sh b;du;au
by< f' ta flf;lao h;a wdf,dalhg mjd bka .e, hd fkdyel'
fndfyd pl%djdg uOHfha b;d m%n, ll=yr oelsh yel'
f wdldrhg ;rejl jk pl%h m%Odk jYfhka tys m%d:l

ialkaOh u; mokj l%shd;aul f'
;re j. (Types of stars)

by; mfo j,oS ;rejl mKduh ms<sn| idlPd flreKq w;r tysoS
O wdldr j, ;drld ms<sn|jo .%y flK' fuu mfofha
oelafjkafka tysoS idlPd flreKq fukau fkdflrekq wdldrfha ;drld
ly jduk ;re Uqre jduk ;re

r;= jduk ;re kshqfg%dak ;re yd m,air
r;= fhdaO ;re nyq ;re moaO;s
ks,a fhdaO ;re p,H ;re
iqms fhdaO ;re
iq jduk ;re
wjka h' ta hgf;a m%Odk jYfhka by; tajd ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq
flf'
( 19 )
ly jduk ;re (Yellow dwarf stars)

fjd m%Odk wkql%uKfha mj;sk ;re fYaIhls' jKdj,S mx;shg wkqj
^f ms<sn| idlPd flf& G .Khg wh;a jk fyhska G .Kfha
jduk ;re (G dwarf star) f,i;a ye|skaf' f .Khg wh;a ;rej, ial-
kaOh iQhh ialkaO 0'8 - 1'2 ;a w.hla .kakd w;r u;=msg WIaK;ajh
5300 K - 6000 K w.hla .kS' fjdfha Yla;s W;amdokh islrkafka yhsv%
cka yS,sh njg mj;kfhks' ^fm%dafgdak-fm%dafgdak pl%h&
Wod (- ysre (Sun)

we,a*d fikapQ A (Alpha century A)
fgda fi ( seti)
51 fm.is (51 pegasi)
r;= jduk ;re (Red dwarf stars)

m%Odk wkql%ukfha mj;sk ;re (main sequence stars) jk fjd id-
fmalaIj m%udKfhka l=vd fukau iS;, fyj;a WIaK;ajfhka wvq ;re
fYaIhls' fjdfha ialkaOh iQhh ialkaO 0'075 la muK f' tfukau
u;=msg WKqiqu 4000 K g wvq jk fjd jKdj,S mx;shg wkqj K yd M
hk mx;s j,g wh;a h' fjdfha o Yla;sh
ksmojkafka yhsv%cka yS,sh njg yerfuka h'
f ksid fjdhska b;d l=vd oSma;;djla cks;
f' tfy;a fuh iQhhdg idfmalaIj ne l<
0'0001 % jeks w.hla .kS' fuh m%udKfhka
Yd, r;= jduk ;re j, mjd ^Wod (- HD
179930, HIP 12961, Lacaille 8760) iQhhdg id-
fmalaIj 10 % muK oSma;;djls' tfy;a fjdfha
.a,sfia 581 ôl=fKa& ;rej ysreg wdh q l d,h idfm a l a I j b;d b y<
^jf& idfmalaIj w.hla .kS' .Kkhkag wkqj r;= jduk ;rejla
r;= fhdaO wjia:djg mefKk g tys wrh
iQhdf. fuka 0'25 muK f' miqj fjd ks,a jduk ;re njg m;ajk
w;r tysos oSma;;dj yd WIaK;ajh by< hk w;r iq jduk wjhg
meK tys wdhqld,h wjika lrhs' fjd jgd llaI.;j fi!r.%y
uKav,fhka mndysr .%yf,dal mej;Sf wjldY mj;S' ;=,d (Libra)
rdYsh ;=<ska kslaIKh l< .a,sfia 581 k .%yf,dal 6 ka hq;a moaO;sh Bg
ksoiqkls' fuys u ;drldj jk r;= jduk ;ref ialkaOh iQh ialkaO
( 20 )
0'2 la muK f' tfy;a fjd wdY%s; .%yf,dal j, jfha

meje;au (Habitability) u;fNaod;aul f' mDhg ysre
yereKq g wdikak;u ;rej jk fm%dlaisud fikapQ k
fikapQ rdYsfha ;rejo r;= jduk ;rejla f' th
mDfha isg wdf,dal jI 4'26 la ka msysghs'
.a,sfia 581 .%y
r;= fhdaO ;re (Red giant stars) moaO;sh ûeo&
uy wjfha mj;sk fjdfha m%Odk jYfhka whkSlrKh jQ mrudKq

(Ionized atoms) yd m%Odkj yS,sh mj;S' jKdj,S mx;shg wkqj
M .Khg wh;a f' H-R igyfka ol=Kq by< fl<jf fuu ;re
ksrEmKh f'
Wod (- uhsrla ( Andromedae)
ks,a fhdaO ;re (Blue giant stars)

m%udKfhka Yd, oSma;su;a ;re fYaIhla jk fjd oSma;;d mx;shg wkqj
II mx;shg ôSma;su;a fhdaO ;re - luminous giants) yd III mx;shg
^fhdaO ;re - giants& wh;a f' m%Odk wkql%uKh miq lr hka isk ;re
fYaIhla fia ie,fla' jKdj,S mx;shg wkqj O yd B hk mx;s j,g;a
fgloS A mx;shg;a wh;a f' ^f ms<sn|j bosfhaoS idlPd flf& u;=msg
WKqiqu 10000 K g by< f' yS,sh oykh u.ska Yla;sh Wmojhs'
Wod (- we,aisfhdka
fc,a (Rigel / Orionis)
we,aisfhdka ;rej
iqms fhdaO ;re (Super giant stars)

r;= fhdaO wjfhka miq Yd, ;re fuu wjhg m;a f' ,acQia ;rej
(Betleguese) fuu wjfha miqjk iqm%lg ;drldjls'
) ;drSh mrsKdufha ixlaIsma; igyk iòyd weuqkqu n,kak
( 21 )
Wod (- ,acqia ( Orionis)
bmaisf,dka lem%sfldaks ( Capriconi)
iq jduk ;re (White dwarf stars)

;rejl wjika wjhls' f i|yd fuu ku fhdok ,oafoa ,sh hsgka
keue;a;d isks' ta 1922 oS h' WIaK;ajh yd >k;ajh wl h'
Wod (- iShia B (Sirius B)

40 tvdks B (40 Eridani B)
Uqre jduk ;re (Brown dwarf stars)
;rejl WIaK;ajh yd mSvkh" tys wvq ialkaOh fya;= fldgf.k kHIal

,hk m%;sl%shd (nuclear fusion) i|yd m%udKj;a fkdjk g fujeks ;re
ysf' ialkaOh 1028 Kg isg 84 1028 Kg muK f'
kshf
q g%dak ;re yd iamkao ;re (Neutron stars & Pulsars)
kshqfg%dak ;re hkq ialkaOh je ;rejla iqmfkdajd msmsrefuka miq
m;ah yels wjhls' ta yereKq fldg m%udKfhka Yd, ;re 2 la
tlg .efoSo kshqfg%dak ;re yg .kS' fjd oekg yuqj we;s l=vdu fu-
kau >k;ajfhka jeu ;re fYaIhhs' msh weig iq meyefhka osiajk
w;r wrh 10 km muK f' fjd yelsf,k g tajdfha
fldaKsl .uH;djh (angular momentum) l%ufhka wvqf' f ksid ta;a
iu.u ^fldaKl s .uH;d ixia;sh ksid& ;ref N%uK f.h jeug
mgka .kS' fjd ixfldapkh jk wjia:dfoS tajdfha bf,lafg%dak" fm%
dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak f,i folv f' fjd i;=j
w;sYhskau m%n, pqnl lafIa;%hla mj;sk neka
tajd ;rej u;=mska ;,a lr ykq ,ef' f
ksid ;rej u;=msg oSma;su;a ,mhla we;s lrhs'
m,air hkq o kshqfg%dak ;re .Khgu jefgk

w;s m%n, pqnl lafIa;h% la iys; oHq;a pqnl lsrK
fudapkh lrkakdjQ ;re fYaIhls' tfy;a fuu
PSR B1509-58 m,airh oHq;a pqnl iamkaok mDhg ,efnkafka tajd
( 22 )
mD;=h foig osYdkq.;j mj;sk g muKs' fuu m,air jgd .%yf,dal

mjd llaI .;j mj;S' m%:ufhkau wkdjrKh lr.;a m,airh jQfha PSR
B1257 +12 h' m<uq jrg m,airhla kslaIKh lrk ,oafoa fcdia,ska fn,a
nk,a yd wekafgdaksfhda fyIa h' ta 1967 fkdjen 28 oSh'f,d m,airh
m,air w;=ka jvd;a m%p,s;h' my; oelafjkafka kslaIK b;sydifha
jeo.;a m,air lSmhls'
m<uqj kslaIKh l< X lsrK m,airh - Cen X - 3

.%yf,dal iys;j kslaIKh l< m<uq m,airh - PSR B1257+12
kslaIKh lr we;s jeu N%uK ld,hla we;s m,airh - PSR J2144-
3933
hq.au ;re yd nyq ;drld moaO;s (Binary stars & Multiple star
systems)
fo ;re ke;fyd;a oajHx.S ;re moaO;s f,io fuh ye|skaf' wjldYfha

tlsfklg wdikakj mj;akd ;re tllg je ixLHdjla hq.au ;re
moaO;shla f,i ye|skaf' fjd ye|skaug hq.au ;re hk moh Nd;
l< o tu moaO;Skaf.a ;re ixLHdj oa;aj ;re moaO;s blaujd hk wjia:d
tug mj;S' tneka fjd ye|skaug fmdf nyq ;drld moaO;s hk
jok jvd;a W; nj l;Df.a mqoa.,sl u;hhs' kuq;a myiqj ;ld fu;eka
mgka zhq.au ;reZ hk moh fuys Nd; f' fjd m%Odk wdldr 2 ls'
m%ldY hq.au ;re - fjd wNHjldYfha lsf,dag ,shk .Kkdjla

wE;ska msysho mDfha flaI j,ska kslaIKfhaos
hq., ;re fia osiaf' tfy;a fuu moaO;s j, ;re
w;r .=re;ajdlIKuh ne|Sula ke;' tneka fjd
m%ldYuh jYfhka muKla hq.au ;re f'
hq.au ;re - fjdfha ;re w;r .=re;aj n, u.ska yg.kakd wka; l%shd
mj;S' fjd ;jrg;a fldgia 3 lg fnod olajhs' îsxy,
mj;kfhaoS more;a jekish yels neka bx.%Sis fhu fuysoS
fhdod .ekSu jvd W; nj l;Df.a u;hhs&
Visual Binaries
Eclipsing Binaries
( 23 )
hq.au ;re j.SlrKh

(Binary Star Classification)
hq.au ;re
m%ldY hq.ua ;re hq.u

a ;re
(Optical Binaries) (Binary Stars)
Visual Binaries
w;smsys; f
overlap
Eclipsing Binaries
w;smsys; f
overlap
Visual binary stars

flaIhla ;=<ska ykd.; yels hq.au ;re f .khg jef' fuf,i
flaIhla u.ska fjd ykd.; yelafla tajdg mj;sk r b;d Yd,
fkdjk fyda tajdfha wfkdakH ixfhda.h (mutual separation) m%
udKj;a ;r jk goSh' f i|yd ixfhda.h l,d 0'5 g jvd Yd, h
hq;=h' ^we;e .%ka: j, fuh l,d 0'1 la f,io i|yka f& my; oelafjkafka
fuu j.hg ksoiqka lSmhls'
iShia (Sirius) - F.W. fni,a iska 1834 oS ykd .kakd ,oS' tys Sirius
A ;rej b;d oSma;su;a jk w;r tys oDIH oSm;
a sh -1'44
muK f' Sirius B ;rej iq jdukfhla f'
jKdj,s ldKavfha F .khg jef'
( 24 )
61 Cygni - fuh ,sh yfI,a iska

ykd .eksk' uq,oS fuh m%ldY hq.au ;rejla f,i
ye|skajqj o miqj th hq.au ;rejla fia
ykd .eksk' fuys ;re 2 u wdikakj iu oS-
ma;sfhka hq;=h' ialkaO o iQh ialkaOhg wdikak
h'
Eclipsing binary stars 61 Cygni
fjd hq.au ;re j, fYaI wdldrhls' fjd fuf,i

ye|skaug fya;=j jkafka tajdfha ;re tlsfkld
jgd .ufkaoS .%yKhka (Eclipse) yg.ekSuhs' fuysoS
idudkH iQh .%yKhloS fukau tla ;rejla
wfkla ;rej bosmska hk g .%yKhla we;sf' f
fya;=fjka moaO;sh u.ska mDhg ,efnk wdf,dalfha
h wvqjla osiaf' tla mN%uKhloS fujeks .%yKhka Sirius A yd Sirius B
2la yg.kS' ;re folu Yd,;ajfhka yd oSma;sfhka ^jf my<& hq.au ;re
moaO;sh
iudk k .%yKhkayoS S isjk wdf,dalfha wvqu
iudk h' tfy;a tfia fkdjk g oSma;sh je ;ref .%yKh m%d:l .%
yKh (primary eclipse) yd wfkla ;ref .%yKh oa;Shsl .%yKh
(secondary eclipse) f,io ye|skaf'
tfy;a fujeks .%yKhka we;sjkafka hq.au ;re moaO;sfha ;,h

kslaIlhdf.a ;,hg iudka;r fyda l=vd wdk;shla olajk goS
muKs' ;re moaO;sfha ;,h kslaIlhdf.a ;,hg ,nl (perpendicular)
g lsisgl th eclipsing binaries .khg fkdjef' tfy;a tu
wjia:dfoSu moaO;sfha ;,hg iudka;r ;,hl isg kslaIKh lrkaf-
klag th eclipsing binaries .kfhys ,d ie,lsh yel' ta wkqj h
hq.au ;re moaO;shla eclipsing binaries .khg jefo hkak kslaIlhdf.a
msysu u; o ;SrKh f'
fmr i|yka l< mos fuu .%yKhka fya;=fjka tu ;drld

moaO;sfha wdf,dalfha h wvqjla osiaf' tk kslaIlhd fj;g mefKk
wdf,dalh h muKlg wjysr f' f fya;=fjka tu ;rej, wdf,dal jl%
fha (light curve) h p,k yg.kS' ;drldjl wdf,dal jl%h hkq tys
oSma;sh wdj; ld,hg tfrysj m%ia;dr.; lsfuka ,efnk igykhs'
fuu wdf,dal jl% fi!r.%y uKav,fhka mndysr .%yf,dal (extra solar
( 25 )
planets) ykd.ekSug uy;a fia Wmld f' uela,d*ska (McLaughlin)
keue;s ;drld oHd{hdg wkqj tjeks wdf,dal jl% wdldr 4 lska mj;S'
Type I
uQ,dY%h (- An Introduction to Astrophysics - Prof. Baidyanath Basu
fujeks moaO;shl ;re f.da,Sh yevfhka (spherical) hq;=h ^yevh lD;s

ke;&' ;rej, iEu tall j.M,hlskau iudk oSma;shla ysohs' wdf,dal
jl%fha .eUqre wvqu m%d:l .%yKh jk w;r l=vd wvqu oa;Shsl .%-
yKhhs' ^fuys ;rej, msysu;a iu. wdf,dal jl%fha p,kh ii|kak&
Type II
( 26 )
fuysoS ;re 2 Yd,;ajfhka yd oSma;sfhka tl iudk fkdf' tuksid m%

d:l .%yKh j,hdldr .%yKhla f,i;a (annular) oa;Shsl .%yKh
mQK .%yKhla f,i;a (total) osiaf' g fya;=j ;drld 2 Yd,;ajfhka
iudk fkduhs' ^miq msfgys wdf,dal jl%h ii|kak& wdf,dal jl%
fha .eUqre wvqfuka m%d:l .%yKh;a ^j,hdldr& jl% fyda me;,s
yevhla .kakd l=vd wvqu oa;Shsl .%yKh;a ^mQK& ksrEmKh lrhs' fuu
mQK .%yKh yd j,hdldr .%yKh tlla udrejg tlla (alternately)
isf' ^miq msf rEmh u.ska wjfndaO lr.kak&
Type III
uela,d*skag wkqj moaO;sfha ;rej, oSma;sh fndfyda fihska wiudk g

oSma;sh je ;ref oSma;sh wfkla ;rej u.ska mrdj;kh lrjhs' tg
wu;r wdf,dalhla ,efnk fyhska wdf,dal jl%h iqug jl%
iajNdjhla .kshs' tfy;a rEmfha mos ;drldj, .=re;ajh ksid tajdfha
f.da,Sh yevh lD;s th os. f.da,Sh (prolate spherodical) yevhla
tk r.a fnda,hl yevh .ekSu ksid o jl%h iqug ug bv we;s nj
( 27 )
fmfka' tfy;a uela,d*ska g wkqj th ;j;a wdldrhls'
Type IV
fuysoS jl%h lvf;d iajNdjhla .kS'
Spectroscopic binary stars

fjd hq.au ;re nj wkdjrKh lr.; yelafla tajdfha jKdj,s wOH-
hkh u.ska muKs' Bg fya;=j tajd tlsfklg b;d wdikakfhka mej;Su hs'
fuf,i ykd.;a m<uq ;rej jkafka uy j,id (Ursa Major) rdYsfha
id k moaO;sh hs' fuys jKdj,sh mlaId lsfoS fomilg
ia:dmkh we;s jKdj,s fLd (spectral lines) oelsh yels nj mila
h' fuu fLd j, iajNdl ixLHd;fhka isjk wm.ukh fN!;sl
oHdf tk fvdma, wdprKhg (Doppler effect) wkql+,j isf' kuq;a
tla ;rejl h jKdj,S fLdjla fomilg wm.ukh ;su tu.ska
meyeos,s l< fkdyels h'
ta wkqj fuh tla ;rejla fkdj ;re tllg je ;re 3 lska

hq;= moaO;shla nj ks.ukh flKs' tu ixisoah isjk whqre 23 msgqf
rEmfhka ukdj meyeos,s f' ^fuu jl%fha p,kh yd jKdj,S fLd j,
wm.ukhka wjfndaO lr.ekSug fvdma, wdprKh ms<sn| uQ,sl isoaOdka;h oek isu
w;HjYH f&
hq.au ;re moaO;shla h ksYa; ld,hla ;=< wdj;Shj

h ,laIhla jgd mN%uKh f' fuu ,laIh ialkaO flakah (mass cen-
ter/Barry center) k f' ienkau hq.au ;drld moaO;s muKla fkdj
wjldYfha wfkdakH .=re;aj n, u.ska ne|S we;s iEu jia;=jlau tu
moaO;Skaf.a ialkaO flaka jgd mN%uKh f' fi!r.%y u~, ie,lSfoSo
iQhd we;= .%yf,dal ish,a, fi!r.%y uKav,fha fmd ialkaO flakah
jgd mN%uKh f' kuq;a wmg osiajkqfha iQhd ksi,j isg .%yf,dal ta
( 28 )
( 29 )
jgd mN%uKh jkakdla fuks' g fya;=j iQh ialkaOh idfmalaIj w;s
uy;a uhs' fi!r.%y u~f,a ishu .%yf,dal fuka 1000 .=Khl muK
ialkaOhla ysre i;=h' h jia;=jl ialkaOh jejk g th ialkaO
flakahg jvd;a wdikak f' tuksid iQhd ialkaO flakahg b;d wdi-
kak f' )ienkau th mj;skqfha ysre ;=,h' tuksid ysref.a p,s;h b;d
ishq f' th meyeos,sj oYkh fkdf'
hq.au ;re moaO;shl ;re j, ialkaO wkqj tajd ialkaO

flakahg jvd;a wdikak f' ta ms<sn|j oyd oelafjk rEm igykla
my; f' ^tys jD;a;fha IalNh ;ref ialkaOhg iudkqmd;sl nj i,lkak'
lv bfrka fmkajd we;af;a lCIhka h&
ialkaO iudk wjia:djla ialkaO wiudk g
;re 2 ys ialkaO fjki

idfmalaIj Yd, g
^fuysoS moaO;sfha ialkaO
flakah Yd, ;rejg b;d
wdikakj fyda ta ;=<
mej;sh yel&
) fuu ,laIh ieu gu iQhd ;=,u fkdmsysghs' th fi!r.%y u~f,a .%yjia;k + af.a msysug wkql+,j p,kh
f' tfy;a tys msysu iQhdg b;d wdikak fyda th ;=< f' 2016 jifoS tys msysu iQhdf.ka msg;g
meKsfha h'
( 30 )
f yereKq fldg ;j;a fYaIs; hq.au ;re fYaIhla mj;S' ta ms<snoj o
flfhka wOHkh lruq'
Close Binary stars

fuh hq.au ;re j, fYaI wjia:djls' fuysoS hq.au ;re 2 tlsfklg b;d
wdikakfhka msysghs' f fya;=fjka miq ld,skj tu ;re j, mKdufhaoS
O n,mE we;sjk w;r ta fya;=fjka widudkH jk pl%hla tajdg
ysf' fuu ;rejgd vn,dldr yevh .;a iSudjla mj;S' fuh Roche lobe
f,i ye|skaf' ;drldjg ish ialkaOh .=re;ajh hgf;a tlafldg ;nd.;
yelafla fuu iSudj ;=,oS h' wiudk ialkaO mj;sk ;re oa;ajhlska hq;=
moaO;shl ialkaO je ;re m<uqj fhdaO wjhg t<fUk w;r tg
tu ;rej fuu iSudj blaujd m%idrKhg W;aiy orhs' kuq;a tu iSudj
blaujd .sh g ;ref ialkaOh tys .=re;ajfhka oS bj;aj hkq we;'
tfy;a fuu iSudf mj;sk Inner Lagrangian Point (L1)k ,laIh

yryd wfkla ;ref frd iSudjg yqjudre u jvd myiq f' f
fya;=fjka Yd, ;refjka ksl=;a jk ialkaOh iyhl ;ref frd
iSudjg we;= jk w;r jydu tu ialkaOh iyhl ;rej iska .%yKh
lr .kS' f l%shdj,sh fya;=fjka ialkaOh je ;ref ialkaOh YS>%fhka
wvq jk w;r wvq ialkaO ;ref ialkaOh Bg iu.dj iS>%fhka jef'
wjidkfha je ialkaO ;rej iq jduk ;rejla njg m;af' oeka moaO;sh
mj;skqfha by< ialkaOhlska hq;= m%Odk wkql%uKfha mj;sk ;rejlska yd
iq jduk ;rejlska h' miqj wfkla ;rejo fhdaO wjhg t<fUk w;r
fmr mosu tys m%idrKh ksid frd iSudj blaujk w;r ta;a iu.u tys
ialkaOh L1 ,laIh yryd iyhl iq jduk ;rejg yqjudre f' fuu l%
shdj,sh fya;=fjka wia:dhS iq jduk ;ref ialkaOh by< hk w;r th
h Wmu w.hlg meKs g th iqms fkdajd msmsrreulg ,laf'
( 31 )
fuf,i fuu ;rej, mKduh tajdfh ialkaO mKdukh (mass trans-
fer) fya;=fjka idudkH ;re j,ska meyeos,s wm.ukhka olajk nj .uH
f'
p,H ;re (Variable Stars)

g fmr mfofhaoS hq.au ;re moaO;s ms<sn|j wm oS>j idlPd lf<uq'
<g p,H ;re ms<sn|jo flfhka idlPd lruq' p,H ;re f,i
ye|skafjkafka ld,h;a iu. ;ref oSma;sh wdj;Shj p,kh jk ;re
h' fjd m%Odk j. 2 ls'
ksi p,H ;re (Intrinsic variables)

ndyHh p,H ;re (Extrinsic variables)
ndyHh p,H ;re hkq ;rej bosmska jdhq j,djla .uka lsu" .%
yf,dalhla .uka lsu wdoS ndysr n,mE u; tys wdf,dalh p,kh
jk ;drld f' ksi p,H ;re hkq ;ref wNHka;r l%shdj,Ska
fya;=fjka oSma;sh p,kh jk ;drld f' fuu ksi p,H ;re fldgia
lSmhlg fnod olajhs'
iamkao p,Hh ;re (Pulsating variables)

iafMdagk yd msmsre iys; ;re (Exploding & eruptive
variables)
fuu fldgfiaoS ka iamkao p,Hh ;re ms<sn|j wOHkh lrk w;r

< fldgfiaoS b;s fldgi ms<sn|j wOHkh flf' fuu iamkao
p,Hh ;re my; mos Wm fldgia /ilg fnod olajhs'
1) The Cepheid group of stars

i. the classical Cepheids (type I Cepheids)
ii.the RR Lyrae stars / Cluster variables
iii.the W Virginis stars (type II Cepheids)
2) The RV Tauri stars

3) The red semi-regular and irregular variables
4) The long-period regular variables (Mira-type variables)
5) The Beta Canis Majoris variables
( 32 )
fuu ldKav j,g p,Hh ;drld fnod we;af;a tajdfha wdj; ld,h" oS-
ma;sh wdoS lreKq mok lrf.kh'
Cepheid Variables
fi*S p,Hh ;re k jk fjd m%Odk ldKav 3 lg fnod olajhs'
fjdg fuu kduh fhdod we;af;a tu j.hg wh;a jk fv,agd fi*S (
Cephei) ;rej ykd.ekSfuka wk;=rej h'
classical Cepheids - Type
fjdfha wdj; ld,h osk 2 - 45 ;a w;r jk w;r th fndfyda g osk

5 ;a 10 w;r f' fuu j.hg ksoiqka f,i fjdfha ksi oSma;sh ^f
ms<snoj bosfhaoS idlPd flf& o< jYfhka -1.5 ;a -6 w;r p,kh f'
fjdfha o wdf,dal jl% j, wdldr lSmhla oelsh yel'
Type I
Wod (- Delta Cephei
Type II
) fuu wdf,dal jl% j, m%ia;drfha ksk (crest) folla fyda YSI (through) folla w;r ld,fhka ;ref
wdf,dal p,kfha wdj; ld,h fidhd .; yel'
( 33 )
Type III
RR Lyrae Stars
fjd fmdl=re p,Hh ;re (cluster variables) f,io ye|skaf' Bg

fya;=j fjd f.da,Sh ;re fmdl=re j, nyq,j yuquhs' fjd p,Hh ;re
w;r wju wdj; ld,hlska hq;= wdf,dal jl%hlska ys ;re fYaIh f'
wdj; ld,h meh 2 isg meh 24 olajd f' fjdfha ksi oSma;sh 0.0 ;a
0.5 ;a w;r f'
Cepheids - Type II
fjd f.da,Sh ;re fmdl=re yd laISrm:fha uOHhg jkakg nyq,j yuqf'

fjdfh wdj; ld,h osk 10 isg 30 w;r f' ksi oSma;sh 0.0 ;a (-3.5)
w;r p,kh f'
( 34 )
The RV Tauri stars

fjdfha wdj; ld,h osk 30 - 150 w;r f' ta w;ka nyq;rhl wdj;
ld,h osk 80 la muK f'
Long-Period Variables (Mira Type Variables)

oekg ykdf.k we;s p,Hh ;re w;ka nyq;rhla fuu .Khg jef'
1958 j.SlrKhg wkqj fujeks ;re 3657 la ykdf.k we;' fjdfha
wdj; ld,h osk 150 - 500 ;a w;r f' f j.hg wh;a jvd;a m%
lg ;rej jkafka iSgia rdYshg wh;a Mira ( ceti) k ;rejhs' tys wdj;
ld,h osk 330 la muK f' tk jirlg wdikak ld,hls' f yereKq
fldg Centauri, M 22 hk tajdo fuu j.hg ksoiqka f'
Red semi-regular & Irregular variables

fjdfha wdj; ld,h osk 100 la muK f' ,acQia yd Mu Cephei g
ksoiqka f'
Beta Canis Majoris Variables ( Cephei Stars)

fjdfha ksi oSma;h
s ^-2& ;a ^-4& w;r p,kh f'
( 35 )
;dh j.SlrKh (Star Classification)

;drld oHd;aul lghq;= j,oS jvd;a myiq ug yd je
M,odhs;djla ,nd .ekSug ;drld tajdfha O .=K wkqj j. lrkq ,nhs'
f hgf;a my; j.SlrKhka ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq lruq'
jKdj,sh wkqj j.SlrKh ^WIaK;ajh wkqj&

MK j.SlrKh ôSma;;dj wkqj&
fi j.SlrKh ^jKdj,S ,CIK wkqj&
jKdj,S j.SlrKh (Spectral classification)

nyq,ju m%dfhda.sl mj;sk l%ufohhs' fuysoS i,ld n,kqfha ;drldf
jKdj,sh hs' ta weiqka tajdfha fmd .=K ork ;drld fjk fjku
ldKav j,g j. fldg olajkq ,nhs' fuf,i j. lsfoS WIaK;ajh
wkqjo j.SlrKhla o isf' m%dfhda.slj fuu j.SlrKh jvd;a jeo.;a
jkafka fuysoS WIaK;aj wkqj ldKav j,g fnoS ;su ksidh'
fuysoS ;drld mDIal WIaK;ajh u; uQ,sl ldKav 7 lg fnod we;s

w;r tajd bx.%Sis lemsg,a wlaIr 7lska ixfla;j;a fldg we;' tfiau iEu
ldKavhlau yska-wrd b,lal fhdod .kska h,s;a WmldKav /ilg
fnod we;' fuysoS m<uqj ldKavhg ys bx.%Sis wlaIrh;a miqj
b,lalu;a ,shd oelau;a isf' iEu ldKavhlau 0 isg 9 olajd WmldKav
j,g fnod we;' ^ O ldKavfha 5 isg 9 g;a M ldKavfha 0 isg 5 olajd;a WmldKav
j,g fnod we;& b,lalf ixLHd;aul w.h je jk g ;ref mDIal
WIaK;ajh wvqf'
Wod (- A ldKavfha jeu WIaK;ajh iys; WmldKavh A0 jk w;r wju

WIaK;ajh we;af;a A9 WmldKavfha h'
G ldKavfha jeu WIaK;ajh ork ;re wh;a jkafka G0
ldKavhgh
my; oelafjkafka tu j.SlrKhg wod< j.=jhs' ^miq msg n,kak&
( 36 )
jKdj,s mx;sh WIaK;ajh jKh
40,000 K isg
O5 - O9 25,000 K
ks,a - ks,a iq
25,000 K isg
B0 - B9 11,000K
ks,a - ks,a iq
11,000 K isg
A0 - A9 7,500 K
iq
7500 K isg
F0 - F9 6,000 K
iq - ly iq
6,000 K isg
G0 - G9 5,000 K
ly iq - ly
5,100 K isg
K0 - K9 3,500 K
;o ly - ;e,s
3,600 K isg
M0 -M5 3,000 K
r;=
oekg ykdf.k we;s ;re w;r O5 ldKavhg jvd by< WIaK;ajhla

ork ;drld fkdue;' my; oelafjkafka tu tla tla ldKav i|yd ksoiqka
lSmhls'
O class - Camelopardalis B class - Archener

Canis major Regulus
Cephi Rigel
Circini A Bellatrix
Plasketts Star Alnilam
Ophiuchi Algol A
Orionis Spica
Orionis C
Orionis A
Pupis
Persei
( 37 )
A class - Sirius F class - Alrakis
Deneb Canopus
Altair Polaris
Vega ( Lyrae) Procyon
Fomalhaut Wezen
G class - Alapha Centauri A K class - Alpha Centauri B

Capella Ereidani
Ceti Arcturus
iQhhd (The sun) Algol B
M class - Betelguese ( Orionis)

Antares ( Scorpi)
MOV Lacille 8760
iQhhd ka wh;a jkqfha G2 ldKavhg h'
hlaia j.SlrKh (MK classification/ MKK classification

/Yerkes classification)
by; j.SlrKh id:l fukau M,odhs jqjo th m%dfhda.sl
Nd;fhaoS .eg mek ke.sK' tk h h ;re tlu jKdj,s mx;shg
wh;a jqjo tys oSma;;djh wdoS ,laIK w;ska lemS fmfkk fjkial
mej;Su hs' ksoiqkla f,i r;= jduk ;re yd r;= fhdaO ;re tlu
jKdj,s ldKavhg wh;a jQ uq;a r;= fhdaO ;re j, oSma;;dj r;=
jduk ;re j,g idfmalaIj b;d wlh' f wkqj ;rejl mDIal WI-
aK;ajh muKla i,lka j.SlrKh wid:l jk nj mila jQ w;r
tu .egj u. yerjd .ekSug fjk;a ;dh .=Khla u; mokj kj
j.SlrKhla bosm;a h' hlaia kslaIKd.drfha W.W. fuda.ka" P.C.
lSkka yd E. fl,audka iska bosm;a lrk ,o fuh ;dh oSma;;dj
(Luminosity) u; mokj bosm;a flK' ôSma;;dj ms<snòj jer
ia;r ;dh kq hgf;a miqjg idlPd flfrkq we;&
fuysoS oSma;;dj wkqj ldKav 8 lg fnod olajk w;r tajd

frdau b,lal yd bx.%Sis wl=re fhdod f.k k lrkq ,nhs' my;
oelafjkafka tu j.SlrKh hs'
( 38 )
oSma;;d mx;sh ixfla;h
oSma;u
s ;a iqms fhdaO ;re
Ia
(Bright Supergiants)
iqms fhdaO ;re
Ib
(Supergiants)
oSma;u
s ;a fhdaO ;re
II
(Bright giants)
fhdaO ;re
III
(Giants)
Wm fhdaO ;re
IV
(Subgiants)
jduk fyda m%Odk wkql%uK ;re
V
(Dwarfs or main sequence)
Wm jduk ;re
VI
(Subdwarfs)
)iq jduk ;re
VII
(White dwarfs)
uQ,dY%h (- An Introduction to modern Astrophysics - Bradly W.Carroll / Dale A. Ostlie
jKdj,S j.SlrKfhaoS we;sjk .egld ;;a;ajh HR igyk ^yiam%

x.a-ri,a igyk& u.ska jvd;a meyeos,sj wjfndaO lr.; yel' tys ol=Kq
mi by<g jkak r;= fhdaO ;re mj;shs' ksoiqka f,i Trdhka rdYsfha oS-
ma;su;au ;rej jk ,acQia (Betelguese) yd jDYal rdYsfha oS-
ma;su;au ;rej jk wekagdria (Antares) ;rej .; yel' fjdfha WI-
aK;ajh my;a w.hla .kakd kuq oSma;;dj b;d by< f' HR igyfka
ol=Kq mi my< fl<jrg jkak r;= jduk ;re msysghs' fjdfhao WI-
aK;ajh my;a w.hla .kshs' kuq;a r;= fhdaO ;re j, fuka fkdj fjdfha
oSma;;dj b;d l=vd w.hls' kuq;a igyk mslaif S oS fuu ;re foj.hu
tlu jKdj,S ldKavhg wh;a jk nj fmfka' fuu .egj u. yerjd
) iuyr fmd;a j, by; j.SlrKfha iq jdukhska i|yd ixfla;h f,i D wlaIrho fhdod we;'
(AN INTRODUCTION TO ASTROPHYSICS - Bradley W. Carroll / Dale A. Ostlie 2007 2nd edition)
( 39 )
.ekSug by; wm ie,l+ hlaia j.SlrKfha iyh me;Sug isf'
j;udkfhaoS jvd .=Kd;aul j.SlrKhla is lsu i|yd by; bosm;a
lrk ,o j.SlrKhka oa;ajh ixl,kh fldg j. lsu isf' th
jvd;a ia;rd;aul j.SlrKhla f'
fuysos m<uqj ;rej wh;a jk jKdj,S ldKavh;a

"bkamiq jKdj,S Wm ldKavh;a " miqj oSma;;d mx;sh;a ^hlaia
j.SlrKh& igyka lrkq ,ef' my; oelafjkafka Bg ksoiqka lSmhls'
iQhhd ms<sno ie,lSfos tys jKdj,S j.SlrK ldKavh G f'

tys jKdj,S Wm ldKavh 2 f'
hlaia j.SlrKhg wkqj iQhhd wh;a jkafka V ldKavhg f'
ta wkqj" iqhhdf.a jKdj,S mx;s j.SlrKh G2V f'
,acQia ;rej ie,lSfoS tys jKdj,s ldKavh M f'

tys jKdj,S Wm ldKavh 2 f'
hlaia j.SlrKhg wkqj th Ia ldKavhg wh;a f'
ta wkqj" ,acQia ;ref jKdj,S mx;s j.SlrKh M2Ia f'
fuf,i j. lsu u.ska ;drldj ms<sn| jvd ia;rd;aul j.SlrKhla
isf' jKdj,S ldKavh yd Wm ldKavh u.ska ;ref mDIal WIaK;ajh
ms<sn|j;a oSma;;d mx;sh u.ska ;ref oSma;;dj;a ms<sn|j;a
woyila ,nd .; yelsf' ;drld fN!;sl oHd;aul .Kkhka j,oS fuu
j.SlrKhka wdY%s;j ,nd .kakd o;a; m%fhdackj;a f'
fi j.SlrKh (Sechi Classes)

by; i|yka l< j.SlrK yereKq g ;dh j.SlrKh ms<sn|j fuu
j.SlrKh ;rula jeo.;a f' l%s' j' 1860 muK ld,fha oS ;dh jKdj,S
wOHkfha mqfrda.dfhl= jQ wekacf,da fi iska fuh bosm;a flK'
fuh ;drld j, jKdj,S fLd (Spectral lines) iajNdjh mok
fldgf.k f.dvke.+jls
Class I - ks,a yd iq meyefhka hq;a ;re g wh;a f' m<,a ;Sj% yhsv%-
cka fLd oelsh yels f' jKdj,S mx;shg wkqj A, F ldKav
j, ;re fuu mx;shg iudkl olajhs' f.d (Vega),
we,afghd (Altair) fuu j.hg ksoiqka f'
( 40 )
Class II - ;rula m%n, yhsv%cka fLd oelsh yel' tfy;a m%n, f,i
f,dayuh jKdj,S fLd oelsh yel' ysre " lefm,d yd
wdlagqria g ksoiqka f'
Class III - ;e,s meyefha isg r;= meyehg yqreh' jKdj,S mx;shg
wkqj M .Khg jefgk ;re g wh;a f' ,acQia yd
wekagdria g ksoiqka f'
Class IV - r;= meye;sh' ldnka fLd oelsh yel'
Class V - fudapl fLd (Emission lines) oelsh yel'
fuf,i O ;dh mrd;Ska mok fldg f.k O l%u Tiafia ;drld

j.SlrKh lrkq ,nk w;r tu.ska f;dr;=re jvd;a M,odhSj yeisrug
wjia:dj Wodf'
;dh kdulrKh (Steller Nomenclature)

rd;%S wyi foi msh weiska n,kakl=g tys we;s iauhdjy pu;aldrh
w;aoelsh yels f' ne ne,augu tys ms mj;skqfha wka lsisjla fkdj
z;drldZ f' lg jpkhg rd;%S wyfia ;re .Kk wixLHh tk" fkd.skh s
yels ;r Yd, f hhs lshhs' f ms<sn|j Tn is;kafka l=ulao @
kuq;a ienkau th tfia fkdf ! rd;%S wyfia wmg

oelsh yels ;re .Kk 6000 - 10000 w;r jk nj WmlrK
wdOdrfhka .Kkh fldg we;' O wOHkhka yd O lghq;= i|yd
fuu ;drld ms<sn|j wOhkh l< hq;= w;r tysoS tajd kdulrKhg ,la
l< hq;=h' kuq;a f id Yd, ;drld .Kkla k lrkafka flfiao @@@
fuh m%dfhda.slj we;s jk .egjla nj Tng mila f' fuu .egj u.
yerjd .ekSug ;drld oHdfoS m%Odk jYfhka ;dh kdulrK 2 la
mj;S'
fh kdulrKh (Bayer catalogue)

*a,eia kdulrKh (Flamsteed catalogue)
fuu kdulrK foflysoSu ;drld k lrkqfha ;drld rdYs
(Constellations)wdOdr fldgf.kh'^;drld rdYs ms<sn|j bosfhaoS idlPd flf&
( 41 )
f yereKqfldg fyka v%em (HD), ia;afidakshka wdoS ;j;a kdulrK
lSmhla o mj;S' ^f w;kao fyka v%em kdulrKh jvd;a m%p,s; f&
fh kdulrKh (Bayer catalogue)

f ms<sn|j wOHkhg fmr ;drld rdYs ms<sn|j h wjfndaOhla mej;sh
hq;=h' ;drld rdYshla hkq wyfia mj;akd ;re tlafldg ;kkq ,enQ uk-
(l,ams; rgdjka h' w;S;fha isg O ck fldGdi iska f.dvk.k ,j
wo jk g wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd ix.uh (International Astronomical
Union - IAU) iska iu; fldgf.k we;s fujeks rgdjka ;drld rdYs
f,i ye|skah yel' j;udkfha fujeks iu; rdYs 88 la mj;S'
fh kdulrKh fuu rdYs

Wmfhda.Sfldgf.k ;drld k lrk l%
ufohls' fuh l%s 'j' 1603 oS fcdydka
fh keue;a ; d is k a yka j d
fok ,oaols' fuysoS Nd; jkqfha ir,
l% u foh ls ' by; mjik ,o
mos ;drld rdYs 88 la mj;sk w;r
wyfia tajdg ys l,dm
wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd ix.uh iska
iu; fldgf.k we;' ta wkqj h
rdYshlg wh;a ;re w;ka tys oDIH
oSma;sh jeu ;rej .%Sl fydafha m<uq
IAU u.ska m%ldYs; lkHd rdYsfha wlaIrfhka rdYsfha ku o we;=,;a jk
(Virgo) ;re is;shula oSma;su;a miqfu- fia k lrkq ,nhs' bka miqj jvd;a
ka olajkafka Bg wh;a l,dmhhs oSma;u
s ;a ;rej .%Sl fydafha fojk
wlaIrfhka rdYsho we;=,;a jk fia k lrhs' my; oelafjkafka Bg
Nd; jk .%Sl fydahhs'
- Alpha - Zeta - Lambda
- Beta - Eta - Mu
- Gamma - Theta - Nu
- Delta - Iota - Xi
- Epsilon - Kappa - Omicron
( 42 )
- Phi - Phi
- Rho - Chi
- Sigma - Psi
- Tau - Omega
- Upsilon
)fuys olajd we;af;a .%Sl fydafha ism,a wlaIr muKla nj i,lkak
fuu kdulrKhg fhdod .kqfha .%Sl fydafha ism,a wl=re f' .%Sl
fydah wjika jQ miq ,;ska fydah (Latin alphabet) fhdod .kq ,ef'
fuysoS oSma;sfha ms<sfj< wkqj wod, .%Sl wl=r;a miqj rdYsfha
ku;a ,shkq ,ef' kuq;a rdYsfha kf w.g ism%;Hh fhdod WpdrKh
lsu idudkH is; f' kuq;a tfia fkdjk wjia:djkao kE ;r mj;S'
îenkau fuysoS Nd; jkqfha inkaO Nla;s (Genitive)mohhs&
Wod (- Orion rdYsfha oSma;su;au ;rej ,acQia f' tneka fh

kdulrKhg wkqj th k lsfoS .%Sl fydafha m<uq wlaIrh jk
- we,a*d wlaIrho miqj rdYsfha kduh jk Orion hkak Orionis
hk moh;a ixl,kfhka k lrhs' tg tys kduh Orionis f'
Orion rdYsfha fojk oSma;su;au ;rej jkqfha fc,a ;rej h' tawkqj
tys fh kdulrKh Orionis f'
Lyra rdYsfha osma;su;au ;rej f.d k f' fh kdulrKhg

wkqj th Lyrae f'
^jf isg ol=Kg& fuys

olajd we;af;a Trdhka
yd ,hsrd hk rdYs j,
;re is;h s f' by;
ksoiqka ta yd ikaixokh
lrkak' ;re j, id-
fmalaI oSma;sh wdfrdayKh
jk g ;s;a j, IalN
je f
( 43 )
*a,eia kdulrKh (Flamsteed Designation)

fuh fcdaka *a,eia iska ykajd fok ,oaols' fuysoS o kdulrKh
i|yd weiqre lr.kq ,nkafka ;drld rdYSka h' fh kdulrKfhaoS fu-
kau i,lkq ,nk ;rejla wh;a jk ;drld rdYsh m<uqj ykd.kq ,ef'
wk;=rej th tu rdYsfha ;re w;ka ngysr isg kef.kysrg msysgkafka
lSfjkshg o hkak i,lhs' tk rdYsfha ;re ngysr isg kef.kysrg
wxlkh lrhs' g yska-wrd b,lal Nd; f' wk;=rej fh l%ufhaoS
fukau rdYsfha ku o fhdodf.k îenkau Nd; jkqfha inkaO Nla;s mohhs&
k lrhs' ;drld ngysr isg kef.kysrg fm<.eiaug Nd; jkqfha taj-
dfha IqjoxYhhs (Right Ascension)
Wod (- Trdhka(Orion) rdYsfha ,acQia ;rej" *a,eiaf kdulrKhg

wkqj 58 Orionis f'
tfiau tu rdYsfhau fojk oSma;u s ;au ;rej jk fc,a"

*a,eiaf kdulrKhg wkqj 19 Orionis h'
fh-*a,eia kdulrKh (Bayer-Flamsteed Designation)

fuh j;udkfha Nd; jk ;j;a l%ufohls' by; oS wm i,lk ,o l%u
2 u ixl,kh fldg oelau fuysoSo isf' tk m<uqj h ;rejl
*a,eia kdulrKhg wod< wxlh;a miqj fh kdulrKhg wod< .%Sl
wlaIrh;a bka miqj ;rej wh;a jk rdYsfha kduhg wod< inkaO Nla;s
moh;a ,shd olajhs' fuu.ska wod< ;rej ms<sn|j jvd;a iia;r
kdulrKhla isf' kuq;a ;re is;sh j, fuu l%uh t;r ckm%sh
ke;' Bg fya;=j uqKh lsfoS ;rula os. k we;=,;a lsu m%dfhda.sl
fkdu h yel'
Wod (- ,hsrd rdYsfha oSma;u

s ;au ;rej jk f.d ;ref fuu l%uhg wkqj
3 Lyrae k f
ia,acQia ;rej fuu l%uhg wkqj 58 Orionis k f
fc,a ;rej 19 Orionis k f
;re is;sh j, nyq,j Nd;hg .efkkqfha fh kdulrKh hs' tfiau

m%dfhda.slj o iq,nj Nd; jkqfha fh kdulrKhhs'
( 44 )
;drld kdulrKhg Nd; jk m%uqL;u l%ufohka jkafka hf:dala; l%

ufohka h' kuq;a iuyr jeo.;a ;re i|yd tajdgu wdfKsl jQ kduhla
mj;S' idudkHfhka iEu rdYshlu mdfya jvd;a oSma;su;au ;re i|yd
fYaI kdu we;' fuf,i k fhoSu m%dfhda.sl l%shdj,Ska ysoS jvd;a myiq
f' my; oelafjkafka ksoiqka lSmhls'
Wod (- Trdhka rdYsfha oSma;su;au ;rej ,acQia (Betelguese) k f'

Trdhka rdYsfha fojk oSma;su;au ;rej fc,a (Rigel) f'
jDIN rdYsfha oSma;su;au ;rej we,afvnrka (Aldebaran) h'
jDYal rdYsfha oSma;su;au ;rej wekagdria (Antares) k f'
lkHd rdYsfha oSma;su;au ;rej iamhsld (Spica) k f'
:qk rdYsfha oSma;u s ;au ;re oa;ajh leiag(Castor) yd
fmd,laia (Pollux) k f'
f wkqj tlu ;drldj l%u lSmhlg jqj k l< yels w;r tu.ska
wod< ;rejg k lSmhla jqj ,eh yel' kuq;a bka ksfhdackh jkafka
tlu ;rej f' Tng kduhka lSmhla we;' kuq;a ta ish,af,ka
ye|skafjkafka Tnju fkdfo ???? fuh;a tjeksu ixisoahls'
;dh kq (Stellar Measurements)

mD f.da,h u; j;a jk wmg tosfkod ;fhaoS jeo.;a jk kq /
ils' os." nr" ld,h" WIaK;ajh tajdg ksoiqka h' ;drld j, iajNdjh yd
jHqyh wOHhkfhaoSo tjeksu iqfYaI kq .Kkdjla mj;S' by; oS wm
olajk ,o O j.SlrK wdosh is lsu wdoshg Wmld jkqfha fuu
kq h' fuu fldgfiaoS tu kq w;ka my; tajd ms<sn|j wOHkh
flf'
r (Distance)
oSma;;dj (Luminosity)
;Sj%;dj (Flux)
oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh (Apparent Magnitude)
ksrfmalaI oSma;s Yd,kh (Absolute Magnitude)
fuu kq jvd;a ;drld fN!;sl oHdj iu. im f' tneka fuu

fldgfia lreKq .%y lsfoS ir, .Ks;uh yd fN!;sl oHd;aul
mokula hgf;a .%y flf'
( 45 )
r (Distance)
r hkq wmg fndfyda yqre mqre rdYshls' mDh u; fndfyda jia;+ka w;r
r uekSu wms ks;r is lruq' Tn bosfha we;s .ia folla .ek is;kak' ta
w;r r kSug Tng wjYH k Tn tla .il isg wfkla .ig .uka
lrka g fldajla wdOdrfhka r ukskq we;' fuf,iskau Tng iQhhd
yereKq g wmg wdikaku ;rej jk fm%dlaisud fikapQ ;rejg r uek-
Sug wjYH jQf hehs is;uq' oeka Tng fmr mosu tu r ksh yelso @@@
fkdyelshs fkao @ Bg fya;=j mDh isg ;rej,g mj;sk w;s Yd, rhs'
oekg ykdf.k we;s Yd,u f.h jk wdf,dalfha f.fhka .sho
Wla; ;rejg hdug jir 4 lg jvd .; jkq we;' tneka f i|yd
fjkia oshqKq l%ufohla Nd; lsug isjk nj wmg fmfka'
f i|yd Nd; jk l%u w;ka jvd;a m%uqL;u l%uh

wiumd; l%uhhs (parallax method)' tu l%uh my; rEm igykska wjfndaO
lr.uq'
E
D
a
E/
g Wmfhda.S lr.kafka mD mN%uKh u.ska yg.kakd wdprKhls'
by; rEmfha E hkq i,lkq ,nk kEu oskhloS mD msysgquhs' ^lv bfr-
/
ka olajd we;af;a mD llaIhhs& E hkq bka udi 6 lg miqj mD msysgquhs'
fuf,i mDfha wdj;Sh mN%uKh ksid ;re j, wyfia oDIH msysgqu
fjkia jk nj Tng jegfyao @@@ fuh miq msfgys rEmh yd ii|d
wjfndaO lr.kak' fuf,i ;ref msys tlsfkl iumd; fkdu
fyj;a wiumd;h u.ska r b;d myiqfjka ueksh yel' ta i|yd ir,
( 46 )
fuys j mi rEmfhka
ckjd ui wod, ;rej^ly
meye;s& fmfkk whqreo
ol=Kq mi rEmfha Bg udi 6
g miq tk cQ,s ui
tu ;reju wyfia osiajk
whqreo fmkajd we;' miqf
wp, ;re j,g id-
fmalaIj ;ref msysf
p,kh kslaIKh lrkak
;%sfldaK;sh wdOdrfhka ir, iQ;%hla jHq;amkak fldg we;'^fuu

jHq;amkakh fuu .%ka:fha iSudj blaujd isk uq;a oekqf ika;;sl nj i|yd fuh
bosm;a fldg we;&
^miq msfgys rEmh weiqka&

fuys iQhhd (S) mDh (E) yd ria: ;rej hd lrk ;%sfldaKh Rcq
fldaKS f' tys hkq jirloS ;ref yg.kakd wiumd;h fyj;a jdIsl
wiumd; fldaKhhs (Annual parallax angle)' p hkq bka wvla jk w;r th
iQh flakasl wiumd; fldaKh (Heliocentric parallax angle) f,i
ye|skaf' a hkq iQhhd yd mDh w;r r f' tu r klaI;% tallhla
(Astronomical Unit) f,i ye|skaf' fih hq;af;a D rhs' f wkqj
by; ye|skajQ ;%sfldaKhg ;%sfldaK;sh fhoSfuka
kuq;a fuu wiumd; fldaK b;d l=vd f' tys Wmu w.h l,d 1 fkd-
blaujhs' tneka .Ks;fha tk my; inkaO;djh weiqka by; iQ;%-h
h,s fufia ,shuq ^my; inkaOh i;H jkafka fldaKh wxYl 14 g l=vd goS h&
ta wkqj
f
( 47 )
fhkh idfmalaIj Yd, tallhla jk w;r wiumd; fldaK b;d l=vd
f' tu ksid fhk fldaKh l,d j,g mj;kh lr .ekSu jvd
iqiq f'
wxYl (degree) yd fhka (radian) w;r inkaOh my; mos f'
wxYl yd l,d (arc seconds) w;r inkaOh my; mos f'
ta wkqj by; wm ,nd .;a ilrKh fufia h<s fm< .eiah yel'
fuu ilrKh ,nd.;a miqj th ;jrg;a ir, lsug fkdyels h'

kuq;a tys 206265 a hk moh ;ks mohla fia .ekSfuka ilrKh ir,
lsug yelsh' fuu mofha w:h jkqfha klaI;% tall 206265 l r
hkakhs' ;drld oHd{hka iska fuu r ;ks rla f,i i,lk ,oS' fuh
kj ;drld oHd;aul tallhl W;am;a;sh h' th mdfila (Parsec) k
kj r uekSf tallh h' ksid r uekSug Nd; lrk Yd,;u
tallh fuhhs'
1 parsec = 206,265 Astronomical units = 3.261 ly = 3.086 1016 m
ta wkqj oeka by; ilrKh b;d ir, wdldrhla .kshs' tk tys iu;
ilrKh my; mos f'
D = r ^mdfila - pc)
p = iQh flakasl wiumd; fldaKh ^l,d&
( 48 )
r uekSf tall (Distance measuring units)

klaI;% tallh (Astronomical unit - AU)
mDh yd iQhhd w;r r ;ks tallhla f,i ie,lSfuka fuu tallh

yslr we;' tk" mDh yd iQhhd w;r r klaI;% tallhls' fuu
tallh fi!r.%y uKav,fha .%yf,dal j,g we;s r m%ldY lsfoS nyq,j
Nd; f' r m%udK ixikaokd;aulj oelaug yelsu Bg fya;=jhs'
klaI;% tallh yd SI tall w;r inkaOh my; mos f'
1 AU = 1.496 1011 m
wdf,dal jIh (Light year - ly)
ne ne,augu ld,h uekSf tallhla fia fmkqko fuho r uekSf

tallhls' fuu tallfhka yefjkafka wdf,dalh jirloS .uka lrk r
m%udKhhs' wdf,dalfha f.h 2.99 798 453 108 m s-1 3 108 m s-1 f' ta wkqj
jirloS .uka lrk r b;d Yd, rls'
1 ly = 3 108 3600 24 360 m 9.46 1015 m
fuh ;re w;r r oelafoS iq,Nj Nd; jk tallhls'
mdfila (Parsec - pc)
by; fldgfiaoS ia;r lrk ,o mos fuu tallh wiumd; l%ufhka r

uekSf l%shdodufhaoS yqfola ilrKh ir, lr .ekSf wruqKska ysjqk
tallhls' fuh b;d Yd, tallhls' fuu tallh wfkl=;a tall iu.
olajk inkaOhka my; mos f'
1 pc = 206,265 AU
1 pc = 3.086 1016 m
1 pc = 3.261 ly
* miq msfgys we;s iu; ilrKfha ksrjoH;dj udk Yaf,aIKh u.ska ;yjqre lsfoS tys jHq;am;a;h
s
ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h' tys 1 hkq mdfila 1 hk r m%udKh i yqfola ksh;hla fkdjk nj wjOdrKh
l< hq;h= '
( 49 )
***<g by; iQ;%fha fhoS wjfndaO lr.ekSug ta wdY%s; ksoiqka
lSmhla i,luq'
ksoiqk 1
;rejl ;%sfldaK;sl wiumd;h l,d 0'04 f,i uksk ,oafoa k ;rejg we;s
r mdfila j,ska jkqfha @ For a star, the trigonometric parallax was measured to be
0.04 arc seconds. What is the distance to the star in parsecs ? (Sri Lankan Astronomy &
Astrophysics Olympiad - 2008)
a) 20 pc b) 25 pc c) 30 pc d) 35 pc
by; ilrKh Rcqju wdfoaY lruq'
tuksid ksjeros ms<s;=r (b)
ksoiqk 2
mdfila 100 la ka msysgd we;s ;rejl msysf fjki mD mN%uKh
wdOdrfhka kslaIKh lsug kslaIlhl= iu;a h' Tyqg kslaIKh l< yels
fldaKsl fjkia f wju w.h l,d lSho @ An observer was able to measure the
difference in the directions, due to the Earths motion around the Sun, to the star as
distance as 100 parsecs away. What was the minimum angular difference in arc seconds
this observer could measure ? (International Olympiad on Astronomy & Astrophysics - 2007 -
Thailand)
m<uqj iQ;h
% wdOdrfhka ;%sfldaK;sl wiumd; fldaKh fidhuq'
kuq;a wiumd; fldaKh hkq ;%sfldaK;sl wiumd; fldaKh fuka fo.=Khla

neka by; w.h fo.=K lruq'
ms<s;=r - 0.02 arc seconds

***fuu .Kkhka .%ka:fha iSudj blaujd isk uq;a jer wOHkhg leu;s mdGlhkaf.a nqoa jOkh
i|yd bosm;a lr we;s nj i,lkak'
( 50 )
oSma;;dj (Luminosity)
;dh .=K ms<sn| idlPdfoS wu;l l< fkdyels .=Kdx.hls oSma;;dj'
oSma;;dj hkq yqfola ;drld i|ydu wkkH jQ ,laIKhla fkdjk w;r
th ishu oSma; jia;= tk" Yla;sh fudapkh lrk ish jia;= i|yd
w: oelah yels ,laIKhls' oSma;;dj hkq h jia;=jl tall ld,hloS
tk" ;;amrhloS fudapkh lrkq ,nk uq Yla;s m%udKhhs' fuys SI
(system international) tallh ;;amrhg cQ,a (J s-1) fyj;a fjdghhs (W)'
fuu.ska wod< ;ref laIu;dj fyj;a Yla;sh W;amdokh lrk YS>%;djh
ykd.; yel'
;drld j, oSma;sh ie,lSfoS th b;d by< w.hla .kS' iQhhdf.a oS-

ma;;dj ^tk ;;amrhloS iQh mDIaGfhka ksl=;a jk uq Yla;s m%udKh&
jkqfha 3.86 1026 J s-1 h' fuh fl;r Yd, w.hlao hkak Tng
is;d .; yel' m%udKfhka Yd, ;rej, oSma;;djh b;d wlh' f.d ^
Lyrae) ;ref oSma;;dj iQhdf.a tu w.h fuka 60 .=Khls' ;drld
oHdfoS oSma;;dj m%ldY lsf wNsu; tall mj;S' iQh oSma;;dj mok
fldgf.k oSma;;dj bosm;a lsu tjeks l%uhls' tks iQhdf.a oSma;;dj
tallh fldgf.k h ;rejl oSma;;dj tfuka lS .=Khlao hkak tysos m%
ldY flf' th oelafoS wod< oSma;;d w.hg miqj L hk ixfla;h
oelah hq;=h' my; oelafjkafka ksoiqkls'
f.d ;ref oSma;;dj iQhhdf.a oSma;;dj fuka 60 .=Khls'

f.d ;ref oSma;;dj = 60 L
by; 5 msgqfos by< ialkaO ork ;re wvq wdhq ld,hl=;a wvq ialkaO
ork ;re je wdhq ld,hl=;a j<|k nj i|yka lf<uq' tfiau Bg
fya;=j ;ref Yla;s W;amdok CIu;dj fyj;a oSma;;dj nj;a tk"
oSma;;dj wl fuka je YS>%;dfjka Yla;sh jeh u ksid blaukska
m%;sl%shl wjika u;a nj i|yka lf<uq' f weiqfrka .Kkhka lsu
i|yd my; ir, iQ;%h fhdod .efka'* ^fuh m%Odk wkql%uKfha mj;sk ;re
i|yd muKla j,x.= nj i,lkak&
* 5 jk msgqf i|yka mos by< ialkaO ork ;re wvq wdhq ld,hla orkafka wehso hkak fuu.ska ikd:
f
( 51 )
L = ;ref oSma;;dj îQhh osma;;d tall L)
M = ;ref ialkaOh îQhh ialkaO tall M)
ie' hq' (- fuu ilrKh m%Odk wkql%uKhg muKla j,x.= jk w;r

fjkia wjia:d i|yd fhoSfoS M ys oYlfha w.h fjkia f'
***;drld fN!;sl oHd;aul .Kkhka j,oS ;drld j, oSma;;dj .Kkh

i|yd lDIaK jia;= lsrKh ms<sn| kshuhka Wmfhda.S lr.kS' )lDIaK
jia;=jla (Black Body) hkq ishu j.fha lsrK wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd
fiau ishu j.fha lsrK fudapkh lrkd jia;=jla f,i ir,j oe-
lah yel' my; oelafjkafka tjeks uQ,sl kshu lSmhls'
iafg*dka - fnda,aiaudka kshuh (Stefan-Boltzman Law)

lDIaK jia;=jlska tall ld,hloS tall j.M,hlska ksl=;a jk uq
Yla;sh lDIaK jia;=f iM, WIaK;ajfha isjk n,hg iudkqmd;sl f
by; kshuhg inkaO ilrKh my; mos f'
E = ;;amrhloS tall j.M,hlska ksl=;a jk Yla;sh (J s-1)

= iafg*dka-fnda,aiaudka ksh;h (5.6704 10-8 kg m2 s-3 K-4)
T = ;dm .;sl WIaK;ajh (K)
by; iudkqmd;sl inkaOfhaoS ksh;h f,i f.k we;af;a ))iafg*dka-

fnda,aiaudka ksh;hhs' tys w.h 5.6704 10-8 kg m2 s-3 K-4 f'
*ienkau mmQK lDIaK jia;=jla hkak ys;jla jk w;r ;drld hkq mmQK lDIaK jia;= fkdf'
tfy;a wdikak jYfhka mmQK yeisu olaj;ehs i,lka by; kshuhka fhdok nj wjOdrKh
flf'
***fuu .Kkhka imQKfhka fN!;sl oHd;aul mokulska hq;a uq;a oekqf ika;H;dj Wfoid
we;=,;a fldg we;s nj i,lkak
( 52 )
mdGlhdf.a wjfndaOh i|yd my; olajd we;af;a )iafg*dka-fnda,aiaudka

kshuhg wod< m%ia:drhhs'
fuys l meye;s
fLdfjka ia f g*dka
ks h uhg wod< m%
ia:drh;a ks,a meye
fLdfjka kaf.a
ks h uhg wod< m% -
ia;drh;a olajd we;'
fuu kshuh weiqka fndfyda .Kkh ls is l< yel' ta ms<sn|j

ksoiqka u;=jg i,ld n,uq'
kaf.a kshuh (Wiens Displacement law)

lDIaK jia;=jl Wmu ;rx. wdhdufh;a tys iM, WIaK;ajfh;a
.=Ks;h ksh;hls
th .Ks;uh inkaO;djla f,i my; mos ksrEmKh flf'
max = Wmu ;rx. wdhduh (m)

Teff = iM, WIaK;ajh (K)
b = kaf.a ksh;h (2.898 10-3 m K)
*iafg*dka-fnda,aiaudka kshuh iafg*dka kshuh f,io ye|skafjk w;r iafg*dka-fnda,aiaudka ksh;h
iafg*dka ksh;h f,io ye|skaf'
** iafg*dka-fnda,aiaudka ksh;h" fnda,aiaudka ksh;h yd mg,jd fkd.ekSug Tn m%fY h hq;=h'
fnda,aiaudka ksh;h (k) hkq idj;% jdhqkh s ;h (R) wej.dfv%da ksh;hg (N) olajk wkqmd;h jk w;r
tys w.h 1.381 10-23 m kg s-2 K-1 f' th iafg*dka-fnda,aiaudka ksh;hg () Rcq inkaO;djla
fkdolajhs'
( 53 )
fuho b;d jeo.;a kshuhls'
whski
a aghskaf.a Yla;h
s ms<sn| ilrKh
fuu ilrKho fYaIfhkau ;drld j, kHIal m%;sl%shd yd ta wdY%s;

Yla;s mHdi fiug Wmfhda.S f' fN!;sl oHdf tk b;d m%lg
ilrKhls'
E = ksYap,;d Yla;sh (J)

m = ialkaOh (kg)
c = wdf,dalfha m%f.h (3108 m s-1)
fuu ilrKfha miqu ms<sn|j uo ia;rhla lsu j' fuh whskai-

aghskaf.a fYaI idfmaCI;djdofha tk ilrKhls' fuu ilrKh u.ska
mod:h yd Yla;h s (matter & Energy) w;r wka;l%shd j,oS msgjk
Yla;sh fyda iEfok mod: ialkaOh fiug Nd; f' ;drld fN!;sl
oHdfoS fuh nyq,j Nd; jkqfha ;drld j, isjk kHIal m%;l s %shd
j,oS Wmosk Yla;h s fiug nj wm by;oS o i|yka lf<uq' ta wdY%s;
jeo.;a m%dfhda.sl .eg u;=jg i|uq'
;Sj%;dj $lafIa;%h ( Intensity/Flux)

jia;=jl oSma;;dj iu.u ne|S mj;sk wfkla mrd;sh jkafka ;Sj%;dj hs'
fuh lafIa;%h f,io we;e g ye|skaf' bx.%Sis niska f i|yd meyeos,s
wre;a f.fkk Flux hk jpkh Nd; jqj isxy, niska f i|yd oSma;h s
f,io jHjydr f' kuq;a oSma;sh hkak jvd;a Nd; jkqfha ka miqj
i,ld nef,k oSma;s Yd,k l%u (magnitude systems) inkaOfhka h'
flfia kuq;a wod, mo ish,a,u Nd;fha mj;S'
jia;=jl lafIa;%h hkq h jia;=jlska ksl=;a jk Yla;sfhka

tall ld,hloS tall j.M,hla u; m;kh jk Yla;s m%udKhhs' ta wkqj
fuys SI tallh j. grhg fjd (W m-2) fyj;a ;;amrhg j.
grhg cQ, (J m-2 s-1) f' by;oS wm i|yka l< iafg*dka-fnda,aiaudka
( 54 )
kshuh weiqka ;rejl ;Sj%;dj i|yd my; ilrKh jHq;amkak l<

yel'
;rejlska tall ld,hloS ksl=;a jk Yla;sh L k th me;sr hk j.M,h

A jk g ;ref ;Sj%;dj()) F
;rejlska ksl=;a jk Yla;sh th f.da,dldr jia;=jla f,i yeisfrk neka

f.da,Sh wjldYhlg yso hhs' tneka j.M,h f.da,hl j.M,h
weiqka h<s ,sh yel')
L = oSma;;dj (W / J s-1)
d = jia;=f isg r (m)
F = ;Sj%;dj (W m-2)
by; ilrKfhka jeo.;a ks.ukhlg t<h yel' tk h jia;=jl

isg we;s r je jk g tys ;sj%;dj l%ufhka wvq jk njhs' fuh wmf.a
tosfkod ;fhao nyq,j w;aoel we;' o,ajd we;s bmkaoula .ek
is;kak' bmkaof isg bj;g hk g l%ufhka Tng oefkk WIaK;ajh
wvq jk nj fmfka' fuh by; ilrKfhka meyeos,s l< yels nj Tng
jegfyao @@@ tk ;Sj%;dj frys j.hg m%;sf,dauj iudkqmd;sl f' fuh
m%;sf,dau j. kshuh (inverse square law) k f' fuh fN!;sl oHdf
tk fndfyda kshuhkag mdol jQ uQ,Ouhla f,i ye|skah yel'
^Wod (- ij;% .=re;ajdlIK kshuh" l+f,da kshuh&
m% ; s f ,da u j. ks h uh oyd
oelafjk rEm igykla
*;Sj%;dj hkak bx.%Sis niska Intensity f,io ye|skafjk neka by; ilrKh my; mos o ,shd olajhs'
( 55 )
oSma;;dj yd ;Sj%;dj ms<sn|j jeo.;a igykla''''''

;drldjl fyda fjk;a kEu oSma; jia;=jlska Yla;sh O wdldr j,ska
fudapkh f' tu Yla;s lsrK oHq;a pqnl jKdj,sfha (Electro-
magnetic spectrum) O mrdihkag wkqrEm lsrK fia fudapkh f'
kuq;a ksia wmf.a wei uq oHq;a pqnl jKdj,shgu ixfoS fkdf'
th ixfoS jkafka wdikak jYfhka 390 nm - 750 nm muK jk b;d mgq
mrdihlg muKs' ^fuu mrdih oDIH l,dmh- visible region k f& tk
h jia;=jlska ksl=;a jk lsrK by; mrdihg wh;a k muKla th
ksia weig oYkh f' tk wod< jia;=j oSma;u
s ;au osiaf'
kuq;a h jia;=jlska lsrK fudapkh jkafka oDIH

mrdihg muKla wh;a jk fia fkdf' fYaIfhkau ;drld ie,lSfoS
oDIH mrdih yereKq g X lsrK" lsrK wdoS wYla;s lsrK
mrdihkaf.ka mjd fukau wfOdarla; ^;dm lsrK& wdoS lsrK o nyq,j
fudapkh f' ;drldf kshu oSma;;dj fifoS ishu ;rx. wdhdu
mrdihkaf.ka ksl=;a jk lsrKhkaf.a Yla;sh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=uh'
fuf,i O ;rx. wdhdu mrdihkaf.ka hq;j = lsrK

fudapkh u .egld ;;a;ajhka yg.kajhs' bka tlla jkafka oekg
Nd; jk lsis WmlrKhla ishu ;rx. wdhdu mrdihkag ixfoS
fkduhs' tuksid uek .; yelafla i,lkq ,nk ;rx. wdhdu
mrdihlg wkqrEm oSma;;dj muKs' wfkla .egj jkafka msh weig
osiajk oSma;h
s uekSfoS Bg ,nd.; hq;af;a by; olajk ,o wdhdu
mrdihg wh;a lsrK muKla uh' f ksid .Kkh ls j,oS h oS-
ma;;djla" ;Sj%;djla fyda oSma;s Yd,khla uekSfoS th l=uk wdhdu
mrdihlg wkqrEm oehs olajkq ,ef' my; olajd we;af;a tu ixfla; h'
v - visible ôDIH&
B - blue ^ks,a&
V - violet ô&
R - r ed ^r;=&
flfia jqj ishu ;rx. wdhdu mrdihkayS uksk ,o oSma;;dj

yd ;Sj%;djg wkqrEm oSma;s Yd,khkao i,ld nef,k w;r th
fndaf,da;sl oSma;s Yd,kh (Bolometric magnitude) k f' fuh
kSu w;sYhskau wmyiq jk kuq;a fYaI .Ks; l%u u.ska .Kkh lrhs'
( 56 )
oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh (Apparent magnitude)

;drld oHdf tk w;sYhskau jeo.;a ;dh kquls" oSma;s Yd,kh' rd;%S
wyfia ;drld tajdfha oSma;sh wkqj j.SlrKhg m<uq h;akh ork ,oafoa
ysmdlia keue;a;d isks' Tyq iska ;drld oSma;sh wkqj mx;s 6 lg
fnok ,oS' jvd;a wre ;re 6 jk mx;shg;a jvd oSma;su;a ;re 1 jk
mx;shg;a wh;a h' fuh oSma;s Yd,k l%u j, uQ,drNh f,i .; yel'
ish,a,gu fmr ;rejl oSma;u s ;a nj (brightness) hkq

l=ulao hkak yd ta wdY%s; miqu ykd.ekSu j' ? wyfia O oS-
ma;sfhka hq;= ;re oelsh yel' iQhhd ie,l+ g ta ish,a,gu jvd
w;sYhskau oSma;us ;a h' pkahd (moon) ie,lSfoS iQhhd ;ru m%Ndu;a
fkdjqj o ? wyfia ish ;rej,g jvd oSma;su;a h' fuf,i O jia;=
O oSma;sfhka osf,kafka ukaoehs Tn uolg is;d nejdo @@@ f jk
g Tn ,nd we;s oekqfuka th b;d myiqfjka ir,j .%y l<
yel' ;drld oSma;u s ;a jkafka tajdfhka ksl=;a jk wdf,dalfhks' ^tneka
tajd oSma; jia;= f& pkahd jeks .%y jia;= osf,kafka fjk;a oSma; jia;=
j, wdf,dalh mrdj;kfhks' ^tneka tajd woSma; jia;= f& wmg wyfia
osiajk jia;=jl m%Ndu;a nj (brightness) Rcqju r|d mj;skqfha jia;=jl
Yla;s lafIa;%h (flux) u; h' iQhhd ie,lSfoS th mDhg b;d wdi-
kakj ^wka ;re j,g idfmalaIj& mj;sk w;ru tys oSma;;dj o by< f'
f wkqj by;oS wm i|yka l< ;sj%;dj ms<sn| ilrKhg wkqj ;Sj%;dj
by< hd hq;=h' .Kkh lr we;s mos fuys w.h 1366 W m-2 f' fuh
iQhh ksh;h (solar constant) f,i ye|skaf' kuq;a pkahd hkq
iQhhdf.a wdf,dalh mrdj;kfhka oSma;u s ;a jk jia;=jls' iQhhdf.ka
ksl=;a jk Yla;sfhka b;d w,amhla muKla pkahd u;g m;kh jk
w;r thskao h fldgila pka mDIaGhg wjfYdaIKh f' b;s fldgi
muKla mrdj;kh lrhs') tk tys oSma;;djh t;ru Yd, fkdf'
iQhhd yd iei|SfoS th fkd.sksh yels ;r h' kuq;a pkahdg wmg
we;s r idfmalaIj b;du;a wvqh' fmroS wm ,nd.;a ilrKhg wkqj
oSma;;dj uo jqj ro b;d wvq neka ;Sj%;dj by< f' tuksid iQhhd
yereKq g jvd;a oSma;su;a jkafka pkahd h' ? wyfia wfkla ;re j,
;;ajh g fjkia h' tajdfha oSma;;dj we;e g iQhhdg o jvd fndfyda
*jia;=jla u;ska mrdj;kh jk wdf,dalh" m;kh jk wdf,dalhg ork wkqmd;h fYaI mrd;shla f,i
Nd; f' fuh mrdj;l oYudka;rh fyj;a we,afnfvdaj (Albedo) k f' th oYu w.hla f,i m%ldY
w;r idudkHfhka iEu woSma; jia;=jla i|ydu th 1 g wvq w.hls'
**miqmsf ilrKh jHq;amkak lsfoS jia;=f iEu tall j.M,hlskau Yla;s fudapkh taldldr nj
Wml,amkh fldg we;s nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=h'
( 57 )
by<h' kuq;a tajdg we;s ro iQhhdg idfmalaIj b;du;a by<h'
wm ,nd.;a ilrKhg wkqj oSma;;djo b;d by< jqj r je jk
g ;Sj%;dj YS>%fhka wvq jk neka tajdfha ;Sj%;dj w;sYhskau l=vd f'
bosfhaoS wm is lrk .Kkhs ls j,oS tys ixLHd;aul w.hka fl;r
l=vd o hkak Tng wjfndaO lr .; yel' ta wkqj fuf;la fj,d wm
idlPd l< lreKq j, ixlaIsma; woyi jkafka h jia;=jla oSma;u s ;a
k tys ;Sj%;dj by< h' ^fuh wdldY jia;= i|yd muKla fkdj kEu jia;=jla
i|yd i;H jk fN!;sl uQ,Ouhls&
oeka wmf.a ud;Dldj jk oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh ms<sn|j i,luq'

oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh hkq i,lkq ,nk Lf.da,Sh jia;=jl (celestial ob-
ject) oSma;su;aNdjh ms<sn|j ukskq ,nk m%udKd;aul kquls' fuh
ixLHdjla f,i olajkq ,nhs' g udk yd tall fkdue;' fuys fYaI;ajh
jkafka kqf ixLHd;aul w.h wvq jk g jia;=f oSma;sh je uhs'
tk oDIH oSma;h s 1 jk ;rejla 2 jk ;rejlg jvd oSma;u s ;a h' h
jia;=jla i|yd fuu w.h Ok fyda RK w.hla h yel' tfiau Y=kHh o
h yel' Nd. ixLHdjla fyda mQK ixLHdjla o h yel' ^w.h mQK
fkdjk g Nd. f,i fkdj oYu f,i ,shd olajhs& ta wkqj h oDIH
oSma;s w.h i|yd ;d;al ixLHd moaO;sfha keu w.hla .; yel' fuh
wxlkh lrkq ,nkafka m wlaIrfhks' ienkau fuu oDIH oSma;s w.h
hkq jia;=jl ;Sj%;dj (flux) ms<sn|j m%udKd;aul kquls' ;Sj%;dj hkq oS-
ma;sh (brightness) ms<sn| kqula neka oDIH oSma;sho oSma;sh ms<sn| kqula
f' fuh .Kkh lrkqfha iu; lr.;a jia;=jl lafIa;%hg idfmalaIj
i,lkq ,nk jia;=f lafIa;%h fldmuK fo hkak .Kkh lsu u.sks'
kuq;a th idudkH l%ufohg uola fjkia f' f ms<sn|j ;drld
fN!;sl oHd;aul .%yh u;=jg i,luq'
my; oelafjkafka tjeks jia;= lSmhl oDIH oSma;s w.hka h'

jia;=j oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh (m)
iQhhd -26.8
mqryf|a Wmu oSma;sh -12.92
wv l,djla f,i mj;sk g
isl=ref.a oSma;sh -4.89
n%yiam;Sf.a Wmu oSma;sh -2.94
wyref.a Wmu oSma;sh -2.91
( 58 )
jia;=j oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh (m)

n%yiam;sf.a wju oSma;h
s -1.61
iShia ;rej ^? wyfi oS-
ma;su;au ;rej& -1.46
wekafv%dvd ukaodlsKh
s +3.44
fjiagd .%dylfha Wmu oSma;sh +5.20
msh weiska ksCIKh l< yels
Wmu iSudj ^wdf,dal IKh +6.5
100% u f;dr g&
fkmapQka ys Wmu oSma;sh +7.78
kuq;a fuu l%uh u.ska wmg Lf.da,Sh jia;+kaf.a oSma;;dj iei|Sh fkdfya'
ukao fuysoS tla p,H idOlhla muKla fkdj p,H idOl 2 la u
mej;su ksid bka tlla ms<sn|j muKla idOdrK jYfhka ix-
ikaokd;aulj i,ld ne,sh fkdyel' fuu p,H idOl jkafka oSma;;dj
(L) yd rh (d)'
ksoiqkla .;fyd;a ,acQia ( Orionis) hkq Trdhka rdYsfha

msys r;= iqms fhdaO ;rejls' fuys oSma;;dj iQhhdg idfmalaIj
w;SYhskau by< f' tk tys oSma;su;a nj o (brightness) w;s uy;a f'
tfia jqj oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh w.h w;ska iQhhdf.a w.h wvq jk w;r
ôSma;sfhka by< f& ,acQia ys je w.hla .kS' ôSma;sfhka wvq f& g
fya;=j jkafka ,acQia ;rejg mj;sk w;s uy;a rh' fuh wdf,dal jI
497.95 hehs .Kka n,d we;' f wkqj oDIH oSma;s Yd,k l%uh oSma;;dj
fukau r u;o r|k neka th ienkau jvd;a oSma;su;a ;re
ykd .ekSug iqiq mrd;shla fkdjk j. meyeos,s f' f ksid fuu
oSma;s Yd,kh idfmaCI oSma;sh f,io yeoskaf'
tneka oSma;;djh ms<sn|j muKla i,ld ne,sh hq;= k r ksh; l<

hq;=h' fuf,i ilik ,o kj ;dh kqula miqj ;drld oHd{hka
bosm;a lrk ,oS' f ms<sn|j <g i,ld n,uq'
*by; j.=f h h .%y jia;= i|yd Wmu yd wju f,i oSma;s w.hka 2 ls' Bg fya;=j tajd mDfha isg
mj;sk r" tajdfha l,dj (phase) wdoS lreKq u; tajdhska ksl=;a jk wdf,dalh fjkia u yd Bg
wkqrEmj ;Sj%;dj fjkia uhs'
( 59 )
ksrfmalaI oSma;s Yd,kh (Absolute magnitude)

by;oS i|yka l< mos ;rejl oSma;s >%djh (Flux) ixikaokfhaoS oDIH oS-
ma;s Yd,kh m%udKd;aul kqula f,i .ekSu widOdrK h' tu .egj
u. yerjd .ekSug fuu rdYsh Nd; f' ;rejl ksrfmalaI oSma;s
Yd,kh hkq h ;rejla mDfha isg mdfila 10 la ka mj;sk g tys
oSma;s >%djh iu; oSma;s >%djhlg olajk wkqmd;h weiqka ,nd.kak
kquls' f ms<sn|j u;=jg olajd we;s ;drld fN!;sl oHd;aul .%yfha
ukdj olajd we;' fuu.ska ;rej, oSma;;dj ixikaokd;aulj i,ld
ne,sh yel' M u.ska wxlkh f'
;drld fN!;sl oHd;aul ilrK yd ta wdY%s; .eg
fmd.aika wkqmd;slh (Pogson ratio)

fuh ;drld oHd{h fkdauka R. fmd.aika iska ykd .;a;ls' oDIH
oSma;s Yd,k j,g wkqrEm oSma;s >%dj w;r my; inkaO;dj mj;sk nj
Tyq iska ykd .eksk' th fmd.aika wkqmd;slh k f' ^fuys F1 hkq oSma;s
Yd,kh 1 jk ;ref oSma;s >%djh hkdoS jYfhka nj i,lkak&
tfiau oSma;s Yd,kh 1 jk ;rejl oSma;s >%djh" oSma;s Yd,kh 6

jk ;rejl oSma;s >%djhg ork wkqmd;h 100 la nj o ykd.eksk'ta wkqj"
fuh b;d jeo.;a inkaO;djls'
( 60 )
oSma;s Yd,k ilrKh (Magnitude Equation)
fmd.aika wkqmd;slfhka tlu ;rejg oDIH oSma;s Yd,khg yd ksrfmalaI

oSma;s Yd,khg wkqrEm oSma;;d my; mos f'
D = 10 par secs d = distance to the star
/ :-
D = 10 neka (-
fyda
m =oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh

M = ksrfmalaI oSma;s Yd,kh
D = r ^mdfila - pc)
( 61 )
oSma;s >%dj ilrKh (Flux Equation)
;re 2 l oDIH oSma;s Yd,k m1 yd m2 o" tajdfha oSma;s >%dj ms<sfj,ska F1 yd

F2 hehs o f.k
fyda
m1 = m<uq ;ref oDIH oSma;sh

m2 = fojk ;ref oDIH oSma;sh
F1 = m<uq ;ref oSma;s >%djh
F2 = fojk ;ref oSma;s >%djh
oeka wms f inkaO .eg j,g fhduq fjuq'
( 62 )
.eg
u;=msg WIaK;ajh 4000 K jk ;rejlska fudapkh jk
jeu ;Sj%;djlska hq;a lsrKfha ;rx. wdhduh l=ulao @ At what wave-
length does a star with the surface temperature of 4000 K emit most intense-
ly ? (IOAA - 2007)
kaf.a lDIaK jia;= lsrKh ms<sn| kshufhka
u;=msg WIaK;ajh 7500 K jk yd wrh iQhd fuka 2.5 .=Khla

jk ;rejl uq oSma;;dj .Kkh lrkak' Tf ms<s;=r iQh oSma;;d
tall j,ska fokak' iQh mDIal WIaK;ajh 5800 K f' Calculate the
total luminosity of a star whose surface temperature is 7500 K, and whose ra-
dius is 2.5 times that of our Sun. Give your answer in units of solar luminosity,
assuming the surface temperature of the sun to be 5800 K. (IOAA - 2007)
iafg*dka-fnda,aiaudka kshufhka
oa;aj ;re moaO;shl m%d:l ;ref oDIH oSma;sh 1.0 mag o

oa;Shsl ;ref tu w.h 2.0 mag f' moaO;sfha Wmu ixhqla; oDIH
oSma;sh fidhkak' In a binary system, the apparent magnitude of the primary
star is 1.0 and that of the secondary star is 2.0. Find the maximum combined
magnitude of this system. (IOAA - 2010)
( 63 )
m%d:l yd oa;Shsl ;re j, oSma;s >%dj F1 , F2 k
;re j, oDIH oSma;s w.hka Rjcqju wdl,kh l< fkdyels jqj oSma;;d
(luminosity) fyda oSma;s >%dj (Flux) w.hka wdl,kh l< yel' tkhska
msh weig fmfkk iQhhdf.a jKh Nd; lrka iQh m%ldY

f.da<fha (Photosphere) iM, WIaK;ajh .Kkh lrkak' (IOAA -2010)
kaf.a lDIaK jia;= lsrK kshufhka
fyda
5200 K - 6000 K mrdifha ish ms<s;r

= e i|yd uq ,l=Kq ,nd ks (2010 IOAA)
( 64 )
oa;aj ;re moaO;shla a yd b k ;re follska hq;a w;r tajdfha oSma;s

wkqmd;h (Brightness ratio) = 2 f' mDfha isg n,k g th f-
Naokh lr .ekSug wmyiq w;r oDIH oSma;sh 5 jk ;ks ;rejla f,i
osiaf' tla tla ;ref oDIH oSma;h
s fidhkak' A binary system of stars
consists of star a & star b with brightness ratio 2. The binary system is difficult
to resolve and is observed from the Earth as one star of 5th magnitude. Find
the apparent magnitude of each of the two stars (ma / mb) (IOAA - 2013/
SLAAO - 2015)
M32 b,smaiSh pl%djdgfha ^wekafv%dvd pl%djdgfha iyhl

ukaodlsKshls& ;drld ,shk 250 la muK mj;S' ukaodlsKsfha oDIH
oSma;sh 9m f' ;drld ish,af,a oSma;;d iudk k tla ;rejl oDIH oS-
ma;sh fidhkak' ô;a;H (-m = -26) There are about of 250 millions of
stars in the elliptical galaxy M32(a satellite of Andromeda Galaxy). The visual
magnitude of this galaxy is 9m. If luminosities of all stars are equal, what is the
visual magnitude of one star ?(Asian-Pacific Astronomy Olympiad - 1998)
ukaodlsKsfha oDIH oSma;sh mg j,skoa tys oSma;s >%djh Fg o k
( 65 )
tla ;rejl oSma;s >%djh Fs k
When the sun nears the end of its life it will burn helium in its core
for a further 100 million years and become a red giant star. When it
has depleted the Helium in its core it is estimated that its surface tem-
perature will fall from its present value of 5780 K to 3160 K and its
radius from 6.96 108 m to 1.26 1011 m. Show that the luminosity of
the Sun will increase by a factor of about 3000 due to these changes.
(SLAAO - 2012)
iQhhdf.a uq,a oSma;;dj L k
iQhhdf.a miq oSma;;dj L/ k
( 66 )
yhsv%cka yS,sh njg mj;kh lsu u.ska ;drld ;=< Yla;sh

ksmof' fuu kHIal m%;sl%shdfoS yhsv%cka ialkaOfhka 0.7% la
Yla;shg fmrf,a' iQhhd ;=< uq yhsv%cka m%udKfhka 10% la m%;sl%shd
i|yd fhof k ysre ;=< we;s uq M,odhS kHIal Yla;sh .Kkh
lrkak' (M = 1.9891030 kg) f wkqj iQhhdg Yla;sh W;amdokh
l< yels ld,h fidhkak' (L 41026 W) (IOAA -2008 / SLAAO -
2013)
m%;sl%shdjg ,lajk ialkaOh (m)
Yla;sh njg yefrk ialkaOh
Yla;s W;amdok ld,h t k
billion years
( 67 )
f.j;aj N%uKh jk wrh R jQ yd mDIal mrdj;l oYudka;rh a
jk .%yf,dalhla oSma;;dj L jk ;rejla jgd lCI.;j mj;S' lCISh
wrh D f' iu;=,s;;djfha mj;S hehs Wml,amkh fldg we;s w;r
wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd uq Yla;sh .%yf,dalh lDIaK jia;=jla fia
yeisfrka h<s fudapkh lrk nj i,lkak' A fast rotating planet of
radius R with surface albedo a is orbiting a star of luminosity L. The orbital
radius is D. It is assumed here that, at equilibrium , all of the energy absorbed
by the planet is re-emitted as a blackbody radiation. (IOAA -2007)
1& .%y jia;=j u;=msgoS ;ref lsrK ;Sj%;dj l=ulao @

What is the radiation flux from the star at the planets surface ?
2& .%y jia;=j u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrk uq Yla;h

s fldmuKo @
What is the total rate of energy absorbed by the planet ?
mrdj;l oYudka;rh u.ska ksrEmKh jkafka .%y jia;=j u.ska mrdj;kh

lrk Yla;hs hs' tfia k b;s Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh f' a hkq oYu ixLHdjla
neka wjfYdaIKh lrk m%udKh = (1-a)
mDh u; iQhdf,dalh iudka;rj m;kh jk

neka mDh wrhg iudk wrhlska hq;a
jD;a;hla yryd tk lsrK mDh yryd .uka R
lrk nj fmfka'
3& .%y jia;=f mrdj;s; oSma;;dj fidhkak

What is the reflected luminosity of the planet ?
by; oelajQfha wjfYdaIKh jQ m%udKh k b;sh mrdj;kh we;'
( 68 )
4& .%y jia;=f mDIaGh u;=msg uOHhk lDIaK jia;= WIaK;ajh .Kkh
lrkak' What is the average blackbody temperature of the planets surface ?
jia;=j mQK lDIaK jia;=jla f,i yeisfrk ksid
wjfYdaIKh l< Yla;h

s = fudapkh lrk Yla;h
s
takhska îafg*dka-fnd,aiaudka kshuh weiqka&
5& fuu .%y jia;=f tla me;a;la muKla ;rejg uqyqK,d mj;S k tu
me;af;a WIaK;ajh fidhkak'
If we were to assume that one side of the planet is always facing the star, what
would be the average surface temperature of that side ?
tla me;a;la muKla uqyKq ,d ;sfk wjfYdaIkh jk Yla;sh fudapkh

jkafkao tu me;af;kau muKs' ^wdikak jYfhka&
wjfYdaIKfhaoS fuka fkdj fuysoS imQK wO f.da,dlr mDIaGh u.skau

fudapkh isf
6& by; .egf a= 0.25 / D = 1.523 A.U. k ^4& fldgig ms<s;=r

ixLHd;aulj ,nd.kak' (L =3.8261026 W)
For the planet in problem (4) a=0.25 / D=1.523 A.U. calculate its surface
temperature in kelvins for the value of L =3.8261026 W.
( 69 )
iQhhd m%Odk wkql%uKfha .;lrk ld,h 1.21010 years f' m%Odk

wkql%uKfha ;re i|yd ialkaO-oSma;a;d inkaOh L M3.5 f,i
fokq ,nkafka k ialkaOh iQhhd fuka fo.=Khla jk ;rejl wdhq
ld,h fldmuKo @ The Sun will spend 1.21010 years on the main se-
quence. Given that main sequence stars obey a mass-luminosity rela-
tionship of form L M3.5 , what is the life time of a 2M star ?
(University of Southampton - 1st semester, 2012/13)
,ndoS we;s inkaOh u.ska
kj ;ref mrd;Ska L/ yd t/ k
( 70 )
m,airhla mDfha isg 1000 pc ka msysgk w;r tys oSma;;dj 104 L

f' fuys lsrK fudapkh jkqfha m%; s reoaO O%ej folla Tiafia jk
oa fla;=l yeve;s iucd;Sh lonhla f,ih' tys fla;=f wdrNl
fldaKh () = 40 f' m,airfha oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh fidhkak' A pul-
sar located 1000 pc far from Earth, 10,000 times more luminous than our Sun,
emits radiation only from its two opposite poles, creating an homogeneous
emission beam shaped as double cone with opening angle ()= 40. When we
can see it, what is the apparent magnitude of the pulsar ? (IOAA - 2012
weiqks )
m,airfha ksi oSma;sh Mp o iQhdf.a ksi oSma;sh M o k

40
by; ilrKh u.ska m,airfha ksi oSma;sh .Kkh l< yel' kuq;a Bg
m,airfha Yla;s lafIa;%h wjYH f' m,airfhka Yla;h
s fudapkh jkafka oa
fla;=l yevhl wjldYlg neka iqmr q e ilrKh fuu wjia:djg
j,x.= fkdf'
R
D
40
ir, ;%sfldaK;sfhka ^fla;=jg&
^mdfila gr j,g mj;kh fldg we;&

( 71 )
oeka m,airfha Yla;s lafIa;%h (Fp) fidhuq' fuys b;d jeo.;a lreKla jkafka
m,airfhka fomigu oa fla;=lj iucd;sh lonhla f,i lsrK fudapkh
lrk neka tla milg ksl=;a jkafka uq oSma;;dfjka y wvls'
oeka .Kkhg wjYH o;a; iems we;
ie'hq'(- m,airfha ;Sj%;dj fifoS i,lkq ,nk jD;a;dldr j.M,hg

wNs,nj lsrK m;kh jk nj i,ld we;af;a r je jk g
lsrK tlsfklg iudka;r nj ie,lsh yels ksidh
( 72 )
by; mfo j,oS wm idlPdjg nka l< ;drld fN!;sl oHd;aul

iQ;% weiqre fldg.;a O udos,sfha .eg lSmhla miq.sh msgq j,oS
idlPdjg nkaj we;' tajd ukdj wOHhkh u.ska tu iQ;% Nd; lrk
whqre jgyd .ekSug W;aiy .kak' my; olajd we;af;a ta inkaO
wNHdihls' fuu.ska Tf oekqf ika;H;dj jOkh jkq we;'
wNHdih - 1
1& fikafgda A ;ref iQh flakasl wiumd;h l,d 0'76 la f' fuu ;rejg
we;s r wdf,dal jI j,ska jkqfha" (SLAAO-2012)
a) 2.82 b) 3.56 c) 4.29 d) 5.74 e) 7.31
2& u;=msg WIaK;ajh fl,aka 25 000 la jk ;rejla Wmu lsrK ;Sj%;djh

msglrkq ,nkafka" (SLAAO-2012)
a) 0.12 m b) 0.23 m c) 0.29 m d) 0.33 m e) 0.43 m
3& iQhhdf.a oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh msun=-26.81 yd Bg r 4.84810-6 pc f k

iQhhdf.a ksrfmalIa oSma;s Yd,kh fldmuK fo @ (SLAAO-2012)
a) 4.76 b) 5.86 c) 5.63 d) 6.78 e) 8.3
4& There a two stars A & B with apparent magnitudes 1 and 3, respectively.
The correct expression about their apparent brightness is, (SLAAO-2007)
a) Star A is 6 times brighter than the star B

b) Star A is 6 times fainter than the star B
c) Star A is 6.310 times brighter than the star B
d) Star A is 2.512 times brighter than the star B
5& A star gives a parallax of 0.29// when observed from the Earth with a time
gap of 6 months. The distance to the star in light years is, (SLAAO-2007)
a) 3.26 b) 5.62 c) 11.24 d) 22.48
6& ish RR Lyrae ;re 0.75m l ksi oSma;shla fmkajhs' tjeks ;rejl oDIH
oSma;sh 16m k Bg mj;sk r lsf,damdfila j,ska (1000 pc=1 kpc)
USAAO-2016
a) 11.2 b) 17.6 c) 27.3 d) 36.5 e) 47.7

( 73 )
7& iQhhdf.a oSma;;dj 3.91026 J s-1 jk w;r tys wdikak jYfhka mrudKq 1057
muK we;' iQhhdf.a m%;l s %shd u.ska ksl=;a jk Yla;s m%udKh 10-19 J atom-1
f,i i,ld tys imQK mrudKq m%udKh Nd;d ug .;jk ld,h fidhka-
k' (SLAAO-2008)
a) 3.9 trillion yr b) 2.610-12 yr c) 3.91011 seconds d) 0.261012 yr
8& iQh ksh;h 1366 W m-2 f k iEu ;;amrhloSu iQhhdg ,nlj mD

mDIaGfha j. gr 1 la yryd hk iQh kshq%fkda .Kk weia;fka;= lrkak'
f .Kkh i|yd ysref.a tla ,hk m%;sl%shdjloS ysre 26.8 MeV Yla;shla
ksmojk g kshq%fkda foll=;a ksmofjk nj fhdod.kak' (1 J = 6.41018 eV)
(IAAO-2011)
a) 1.3106 b) 3.41010 c) 6.41014 d) 4.31012
9& A yd B hk ;re jirl ld,hla ;siafia kslaIKh flKs' ;re oa;ajhu

rEmfha mrsos miqug idfmalaIj p,kh jk nj fmKsks' tajdhska mDhg je
wE;ska mj;afka l=uk ;rejo @ (USAAO-2015)
a) A ;rej
b) B ;rej
c) ;re folu mDfha isg iu ka msysghs'
d) o;a; m%udKj;a ke;
10& A ;ref wrh B ys wrh fuka fo.=Khla Yd, f' A ys mDIal WIaK;ajh
B ys w.hg jvd fo.=Khla wvq h' tuksid A ;rej" (USAAO-2015)
a) Bg jvd 4 .=Khla oSma;su;a (luminous) h

b) Bg jvd 16 .=Khla oSma;sfhka wvqh
c) Bg jvd 16 .=Khla oSma;sfhka jeh
d) Bg iudk oSma;sfhka hq;=h
e) Bg jvd 4 .=Khla oSma;sfhka wvqh
11& ish RR Lyrae ;re 0.75m l ksi oSma;shla fmkajhs' tjeks ;rejl oDIH
oSma;sh 16m k Bg mj;sk r lsf,damdfila j,ska (1000 pc=1 kpc)
(USAAO-2016)
a) 11.2 b) 17.6 c) 27.3 d) 36.5 e) 47.7
)fuu .eg ioSug wjYH h o;a;hla fjf;d;a th miqmsgl olajd we;s o;a; igykska Wmqgd .; yel'
( 74 )
wNHdih - 2
1& ;rejla .%y ixl%dka;shla fya;=fjka oSma;sfha wdj;sh p,khla fmkakq lrhs'
ixl%dka;sfhaoS wju Yla;s lafIa;%h (Flux)" ixl%dka;s fkdjk wjia:dfoS tu
w.h fuka 98.2% k .%y jia;=f wrh" ;ref wrh fuka fldmuKlao @ ^.%
y jia;=j u.ska lsis lsrK fudapkhla ke;s nj i,lkak& (USAAO-2016)
2& pkahdf.a we,afnfvdaj ^mrdj;l oYudka;rh& 1 g iudk jk g tys oDIH
oSma;sh .Kkh lrkak' (IOAA-2012)
3& oSma;su;a ks,a p,H ;re (Luminous Blue Variable - LBV) tajdfha oDIH oSma;sh
(visual brightness) Yd, jYfhka fjkia lr.kS' kuq;a fndaf,da;sl oSma;s
Yd,kh ksh;j mj;S' tjeks ;rejl Wmu oSma;sfhaoS lDIaK jia;= WIaK;ajh
5000 K o" wju oSma;sfhaoS 30 000 K k fuu wjia:d foflysoS ;ref wrhka
w;r wkqmd;h fidhkak' (IOAA-2012)
4& ;re fmdl=rl ;re 10 000 la mj;S' bka 100 l ksi oSma;sh (Mv) = 0.0m o b;s
tajdfha (Mv)= +5.0m o f k tys taldnoaO ksi oSma;sh .Kkh lrkak'
^bsh :- ;rej, oSma;;d Wmfhda.S lr.kak&
5& jDYal rdYshg wh;a Dschubba ( Sco) hkq jDYalhdf.a ysi ksrEmKh
lrk ;rejhs' fuu ;rej mDIal WIaK;ajh 28,000 K ka yd 5.16109 m
wrfhka hq;a f.da,Sh lDIaK jia;=jla fia Wml,amkh fldg my; mrd;Ska
ksKh lrkak' ;rej mDhg mdfila 123 la ka mj;S'
a) oSma;;dj
b) ksi fndaf,da;sl oSm; a s Yd,kh
c) oDIH fndaf,da;sl oSma;s Yd,kh
d) ;ref mDIaGh u;=msgoS Yla;s lafIa;%h
e) Wmu ;Sj%;dfjka hq;a ;rx. wdhduh (max)
6& y;d.dr wdprKh (Greenhouse effect) fkdi,ld ye g mDfha u;=msg

WIaK;ajh .Kkh lrkak' mDh mmQK lDIaK jia;=jla f,i yeisfrk
nj i,lkak' (mDfha we,afnfvdaj = 0.39/ iQh wrh = 6.96108 m/
1 AU=1.4961011 m) ) (IOAA-2013)
7& iShia A ;ref oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh mv = -1.47m jk w;r RA = 1.7R f'
fuys wfkla ;rej jk iShia B yd iShia A tlu jKdj,S mx;shg wh;a
hehs Wml,amkh fldg iShia B ys wrh fidhkak' iShia B "iShia A g jvd
10m m%NdySk (faint) nj .kak' (m=10m) (IOAA-2013)
( 75 )
8& uq oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh 0.0m jk ;%s;aj ;re moaO;shl ;re 2 l oDIH oSma;s
Yd,k 1m yd 2m f' f;jk ;ref oDIH oSma;sh .Kkh lrkak'
9& 690 kpc ka msysgd we;s wekafv%dvd ukaodlsksfha mj;sk ;rejl ksrfmalaI
oSma;s Yd,kh (M) = 5m jk w;r th iqmsfkdajd ;drldjla njg m;ajk g
tys osma;sh 109 .=Khlska jef' fuu wjia:dfoS tys oDIH oSm;
a sh fidhkak'
10& Wmu ;Sj%;djhg wkqrEm ;rx. wdhduh (Peak wavelength ) = 644 nm jk

ksi oSma;sh (M) = -0.17m f' tys wrh îQhh tall j,ska& .Kkh lrkak'
(USAAO-2015)
11& A k ;ref wrh B ys wrh fuka fo.=Khls' A ys mDIal WIaK;ajh B ys

tu w.fhka y wvls' A ys oSma;;dj B ys w.h fuka lS .=Khlao @ (USAAO-
2015)
12& 2015 ud;= 20 osk tlai;a rdcOdkshg osiajQ iQh.%yKfhaoS Sheffield k.rfh
isg kslaIKh l< g iQh ;efha Wmu msjeiau (coverage) 90% la jk
nj olakd ,oS' iQhhdf.a oDIH oSma;s Yd,kh (m) = -26.74m k iQhh .%
yKfha Wp;u wjia:dfoS iQhdf.a oDIH oSma;sh .Kkh lrkak'
îQh ;eh mqrd taldldrj Yla;sh fudapkh jk nj i,lkak& (BAAO-
2015
13& iQhhdf.a isg mDh u;g mefKk lsrK mDIaGhg m;kh ug fmr
mD jdhqf.da<h kso wd hq;h= ' mDh u.ska mirhg uqod yk lsrK o
wjldYhg hdug fmr jdhqf.da<h kso hd hq;=h' idudkHfhka iQhhdf.a isg
mefKk lsrKfha ifm%aI;dj (transmittance)- t1 " mD lsrK ifm%
aI;djg - (t2) jvd by< f' iQhhdf.a iM, WIaK;ajh Teff o" iQhh wrh R
o" mD wrh R o" iQhhd yd mD ^flaka w;r& r x o f' mDfha
mDIal WIaK;ajh (T) (IOAA-2008 weiqrsk)s
nj fmkajkak'
SLAAO - Sri Lanka Astronomy & Astrophysics Olympiad

IOAA - International Olympiad on Astronomy & Astrophysics
USAAO - USA Astronomy & Astrophysics Olympiad
BAAO - British Astronomy & Astrophysics Olympiad
( 76 )
;drld fN!;sl oHdfoS nyq,j Nd; jk ksh;hka

(Astronomical & Physical constants)
Astronomical unit (AU) 1.4960 1011 m

Light year (ly) 9.4605 1015 m = 63, 240 AU
Parsec (pc) 3.0860 1016 m = 206, 265 AU
1 sidereal day 365.2422 solar days
1 tropical day 365.2422 solar days
1 calendar day 365.2425 solar days
1 solar day 24h 03m 56s.555 (units of sidereal time)
Mass of Earth 5.9736 1024 kg
Mean radius of Earth 6.371 106 m
Equatorial radius of Earth 6.378 106 m
Mean velocity of Earth on its orbit 29.783 km s-1
Mass of Moon 7.3490 1022 kg
Radius of Moon 1.737 106 m
Mean Earth-Moon distance 3.844 108 m
Mass of Sun 1.98892 1030 kg
Radius of Sun 6.96 108 m
Effective temperature of the Sun 5780 K
Luminosity of the Sun 3.96 1026 J s-1
Solar constant 1366 W m-2
Brightness of the Sun in V-band -26.8 mag
Absolute visual magnitude of the Sun (V-band) +4.75 mag
Absolute bolometric magnitude of the Sun +4.72 mag
Angular diameter of the Sun 30/ = 0.5 degree
Speed of light in vacuum (c) 2.9979458 108 m s-1
( 77 )
Gravitational constant (G) 6.6738 10-11 N m2 kg-2

Boltzmann constant (k) 1.381 10-23 m kg s-2 K-1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant () 5.6704 10-8 kg s-3 K-4
Planck constant (h) 6.6261 10-34 J s
Wiens constant (b) 2.8978 10-3 m K
Hubble constant (H0) 70 km s-1 Mpc-1
Electron charge (e) 1.602 10-19 C
Current inclination of the ecliptic () 230 26.3/
f.da,Sh ;%sfldaK;sfha uQ,sl ilrK
C b
a sin a.sin B = sin b.sin A
B A sin a.cos B = cos b.sin c - sin b.cos c.cos A

c
cos a = cos b.cos c + sin b.sin c.cos A
igyk (- f.da,Sh ;%sfldaK i|yd
A+B+C
1800 < A + B + C < 5400 f
( 78 )
wNHdih - 1 ^ms<s;=re&
1) c 6) a 11) a
2) a 7) d
3) a 8) c
4) c 9) b
5) d 10) c
wNHdih - 2 ^ms<s;r= e&
m%Yak wxlh ms<s;=r m%Yak wxlh ms<s;=r

1 0.134 stellar radii 9 -22.5m
2 -13.56m 10 16R
3 rmax: rmin = 36:1 11 4 times
4 -5.747m 12 -24.24m
a) -1.661031 W
5 b) -6.44m
c) -1.00m
d) 3.4851010 W m-2
e) 0.1 m
6 245.5 K / -27 0C
7 1.1832104 km
8 0.88m
( 79 )
;drld oHd T,smshd ;r (Astro Olympiads)
3 mfoh
;drld oHd T,smshd ;r
(Astronomy Olympiads)
;drld oHdj hkq w;sYhskau wdldYkSh lafIa;%hls' f,dj mqr fjfik
ck;dj th fkdaodxYhla f,io fm< isu ;drld oHdj wOHkfh-
ka ,efnk iauhdjy wdkkaoh ms<sn|j ukd idCIshls' ta flfia
jqj ;ju;a Y%S ,xldf ;drld oHd lafIa;%fha oshqKqj ms<sn| lsisfia;au
iEySulg m;a h fkdyel' ukao" f jk g;a Y%S ,xldj ;=< ;drld
oHdj u;aj yeoEug lsis l%uhla imdokh ke;' wju jYfhka
YajoHd, moaO;sh ;=< jqj tjeks u;a l%ufohla wog;a fkdmj;S'
oHd wOHdmkh rgl u;= oshqKqj i|yd w;sYhskau jeo.;a lreKla jqj Bg
w;aj we;s brKu fokSh f'
lreKq tfia jqj ;re f,da,S isiqkg b;d jkd ;rhla

jk ;drld oHdj ms<sn|j T,smshd ;r fyda Y%S ,xldj ;=< meje;au
ienkau w.h l< hq;a;ls' Y%S ,xldj mqrd O mdi,a ugfuka
O ;r /ila jdIslj ixOdkh lrkq ,nhs' ta w;r wka; mdGYd,Sh
m%Yafkda;a;r jevigyka (interschool quiz competion) wdoSh m%uqL f'
kuq;a ta ish,a, w;ka jvd;a m%uqL yd m%Odk jkafka cd;sl ;drld oHd
yd ;drld fN!;sl oHd T,smshd ;rhhs' fuh wka;cd;sl ;rhg
iu.dj meje;afjk cd;sl ugf ;rhhs' fndfyda isiqkf.a wfmalaIdj
jkafka cd;sl T,smshd ;rfhka molalula oskd .ekSu fyda fkdj
flfia fyda l=i,;d iy;slhla fyda oskd .ekSuh' ukao" tho b;d jkd
neks' <g wms ;rh ms<sn| ia;r i,ld n,uq'
( 80 )
;rh ms<sn|j hula''''''

fuh Y%S ,xld fN!;sl oHd wOHkxYh (Institute of Physics Sri Lanka-
IPSL) iska ixOdkh lrkq ,nhs' fuys uQ,sl;ajh .kq ,nkafka fld<U
YajoHd,h hs' iEu jirlu mej;afjk wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd
yd ;drld fN!;sl oHd T,smshd ;rhg (International Olympiad on
Astronomy & Astrophysics-IOAA) yd wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd
T,smshd ;r.hg (International Astronomy Olympiad - IAO) iu.dj
Y%S ,xldf cd;sl ugf ;rh f,i meje;afjkafka fuu ;rh h'
2007 jifoS m<uq jrg wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd yd ;drld fN!;sl oHd
T,smshd ;rh meje;ajqk w;r tu jifoSu m<uq jrg Y%S ,xld ;drld
oHd yd ;drld fN!;sl oHd T,smshd ;rho (Sri Lankan Astronomy
& Astrophysics Olympiad - SLAAO) meje;aKs' wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd
T,smshd ;r.hg iu.dj cd;sl ugf meje;afjk ;r.h lksI-
aG ;drld oHd T,smshd ;r.h (Sri Lankan Junior Astronomy Olympi-
ad - SLJAO) k f' th Y%S ,xldf werUqfka 2011 oSh' t;eka mgka iEu
jirlu fuu ;r mj;ajkq ,nhs' ;r mej;af uQ,sl wruqK jkafka
Y%S ,xldj mqrd isr isk olaI isiqka oHd Ih Odrdj fj; wdlYkh
lr .ekSuhs'
Y%S ,xld ;drld oHd yd ;drld fN!;sl oHd T,smsh ;rh

(SLAAO) meje;afjkafka jhi wjqre 15-19 ;a w;r ^10-13 fY%aKs& isiqka
fjkqfjks' Y%S ,xld ;drld oHd T,smshd ;rh (SLJAO)
meje;afjkqfha jhi wjqre 11-15 ^6-9 fY%aKs&isiqka fjkqfjks' ;rlrejka
wod< jif foien 31 jk oskg wod< jhia iSud fkdblauh hq;=h'
Tng jhia isud ms<sn|j h .egjla we;ak u;=jg olajd we;s rl;k
wxl j,ska ta ms<sn|j uid oek.ekSu jvd W;h'
;r jHqyh (SLAAO)''''''
cd;sl ugf ;rfhaoS oekg mj;sk l%ufohg wkqj ;r.lrejkaf.a
kHdhd;aul oekqu (theory knowledge) uQ,slj mslafik mos m%Yk
a m;%
hlg ksh; ld,hla ;=,oS ms<s;=re iemhSug isf' oekg mj;sk m%Yak
m;%fha jHqyh my; mos f' kuq;a tu wdlD;sh fjkia lSug mQK n,h
mlaIljreka i;=h'
( 81 )
A part
nyqjrK m%Yak 20 ls' idudkHfhka jrK 4 la fyda 5 la ,nd foa' ^fndfyda
g jrK 5 la mj;S& fjdg ksje/os ms<s;=r f;dard ,nd fok ms<s;=re m;%
fha ,l=Kq l< hq;=h' m%Yak j, iajNdjh ms<sn|j ie,lSfuoS mq,a
mrdihl yso hk mos m%Yak ieliS we;' nyq;rhla m%Yak j,g .Kkh
lsulska ms<s;=r fidhd .; hq;= f' h m%Yak uQ,sl ;drld oHdf
ixl,am mlaId lsf wruqKska hq;= f' h m%Yak m%dfhda.sl ;drld
oHdf tk WmlrK Nd;h wdosh weiqka ieliqk tajdh' rEm igyka
yd m%ia:dl ksrEmK weiqkao m%Yak bosm;a fldg we;' h wjia:dj,
etlu m%Yakh wjqre lSmhloS wik ,o wjia:do mj;S' tfiau whlrejd
ishqj mlaId lsf wruqKska tlu m%Yk a h b;d ishq fjkial j,g
nka fldg h<s wik ,o wjia:do ke;=jd fkdf' ^Wod (- 2011 SLAAO
mcq-16 & 2014 SLAAO mcq-2)
B part
idudkHfhka rpkd m%Yak 5 la mj;sk w;r ishu m%Yak j,g ms<s;=r
iemhsh hq;=h' tu m%Yk
a fldgia jYfhka fNaokh fldg ,nd fok w;r
l%ufhka m%Yka fha w. fldgia j,g hk g tys ixlSK nj jef'
tkuq;a h wjia:d j, imQK m%Yk a fhkau n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka tla
ms<s;=rla muKla jk w;r tg if mshjrg ,l=Kq m%odkh lrhs' (Wod
(- 2015 SLAAO, 2nd essay question) ;drld fN!;sl oHdj ms<sn|j
wfmalaIlhdf.a oekqu mq,aj fuysoS uid n,hs' fgloS ;re
is;sh" ;drld oHdj wdY%s; WmlrK Nd;h wdY%s;jo .eg ilid we;'
fuh oekg mj;sk m%Yak m;% wdlD;sh f' kuq;a kEu wjia:djl m%Yk
a
m;% wdlD;sh fjkia lsf whs;sh mlaIkljreka i;= nj h<s;a wjOd-
rKh lr'
m%Yak m;%h i|yd ta ta jifoS jeu ,l=Kq ,dNshdg ,l=Kq 100 la ,efnk
fia ,l=Kq tl;= lrk w;r tu ,l=Kq m%udKh ishu
wfmalaIlhkaf.a ,l=Kg tla fldg wjika ,l=Kq .Kkh flf'
wka;cd;sl ;rfhaoS mjd is lrk fuh idudkHlrKh
(normalization) k f'
( 82 )
cd;sl ugf ;rfhka by< olaI;d fmkajk isiqkag my; mos ;Hd.
m%odkh lrhs'
,l=Kq 100 - 80 = Gold medal

,l=Kq 79 - 70 = Silver medal
,l=Kq 69 - 60 = Bronze medal
,l=Kq 59 - 50 = Merit award
cd;sl ugf ;r.fhaoS molal oskd.;a isiqkag okajkq ,nk oskhloS

meje;afjk ;Hd. m%Odfkd;aijfhaoS tu molal mskukq ,ef' l=i,;d
siy;sl ,dNS isiqkag wod< iy;slm;a ;eme,a ud.fhka ,eug i,iajkq
we;'
;rh i|yd bosm;a u''''''

idudkHfhka iEu jirlu ^fndfydag& wm%sfh,a - uehs udi j,oS ;rh
i|yd whm;a le|jkq ,ef' wh m;a le|u is lrkqfha cd;sl
fN!;sl oHd wOHkhd;kfha www.ipsl.lk hk fj wvh Tiafia is
flf' tys ksl=;a lr we;s wh m;%fha msgm;la" Pdhd msgm;la fyda tys
wvx.= lreKq we;=,;a jk fia ieliQ wh m;%hla ksis f,i mqrjd wod<
Nd. .dia;=j f.jQ njg jk nexl= ,m; o (bank deposit slip)
iajlSh ,smskh ,shQ uqoaor .eiQ ljr 2 o iu. my; ,smskhg fhduq l<
hq;=h'
uydpdh pkaok chr;ak"
inkaldrl"
cd;sl ;drld yd ;drld fN!;sl oHd T,smsh ;rh"
fN!;sl oHd wOHkdxYh"
fld<U 03'
Prof. Chandana Jayarathna,

Coordinator of the Astronomy Olympiads,
Institute of Physics, Sri Lanka
C/O Department of Physics,
University of Colombo,
Colombo 03
Faculty of science, Colombo University - 011 - 25 84 777

( 83 )
;r.h i|yd isxy," fou< yd bx.%SiS hk kEu udOHlska fmkS ish
yelsh' ;rlrejkaf.a myiqj mos leue;s Nd. uOHia:dkhlska ;r.h
i|yd iyNd.s h yel'
Nd.fha m%;sM, iEu jirlu ^fndfydag& Tlaf;dan-fkdjen udi

j,os by; olajk ,o cd;sl fN!;sl oHd wOHkdxYfha fj wvhg uqod
ykq ,ef'
;rh oskfhaoS''''''
;r.hg iyNd.S foS Tnf.a wkkH;dj iy;sl l< yels cd;sl
yekqm;" foaY .uka n,m;%h wdoS kEu ,sh,a,la /f.k hdu
w;HjYH f' ;r.h i|yd Tnf.a m%fY m;%h ;eme,a ud.fhka
Tng ,efnk w;r th m%udo hhs ye=fkda;ska uid oek .eksu W;h'
Tn w;g m;ajQ m%fY m;%h (admission card) ksis f,i mqrjd tho Nd.
Yd,djg /f.k hdug lsisg;a wu;l fkdlrkak' Tf mekai,a"
mEka" .Kl hka;%h wdoS ms<s;r
= e iemhSug w;HjYH jH muKla Nd.
Yd,djg f.k hdug bv ,ef' ^*hs,a ljr f.k hdug bv fkdfoa&
Nd.h i|yd .Kl hka;% Nd;hg bv ,nd foa' ôHd;aul .Klhla
Nd; lrkak& Nd. oskfhaos ksh; f,djg ;rula f,dikska Nd.
uOHia:dkh fj; .uka lsu Nd.h i|yd ukd ksrjq,a ukila
idod .ekSug Tng Wmld f' Nd. uOHia:dkfhaoS Tng fokq ,nk
ksfok j,g fyd|ska ijka fokak' h lreKla ms<sn|j .egjla
we;ak ta ms<sn|j ;r. ixOdhlfhl=f.ka uikak'
m%Yak m;%h Tn w;g m;ajQ jydu Tf ku" Nd. wxlh wdoS ia;r by<
ysia fldgqfjys mqrjkak' Nd.fhaoS m<uq fldgig ms<s;=re iemhSug
ms<s;=re m;%hla m%Yk
a m;%h iu. wuqkd tu idudkHfhka isf' tys
m<uq fldgig ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;=h' fojk fldgig ms<s;=re iemhSug m%
Yak m;%h iu. ysia lvodis wuqkd tjkq ,ef' fuu lvodis ta i|yd
Nd; l< hq;=h' Tng ;j;a lvodis wjYH k ixOdhlhl=f.ka
b,a,d .kakg ue,s fkdjkak' m%Yak wxlh iEu gu b;d meyeos,sj ,sug
j. n,d .kak' lgq jev i|yd we;e g lvodis imhkq ,nk w;r tfia
fkdue;s g wuqkd we;s jemqr ysia lvodis Bg Nd; l< yel'
wjidkfha Tn isl< lgqjev ;ks brlska lmd oukak'
( 84 )
Nd.fha m%;sM, iEu jirlu Tlaf;dan-fkdjen udi j,os by;

olajk ,o cd;sl fN!;sl oHd wOHkdxYfha fj wvhg uqod
ykq ,ef' tu jifoS jeu ,l=Kq ,nd.kakd isiqka lKavdhula B<
jif wka;cd;sl ;rh i|yd iyNd.S jkq we;'
wka;cd;sl ;rh''''''
fmr jif cd;sl ugf ;rfhka by< olaI;d oelajQ isiq lKavdhula
lKavdh kdhl f,i uydpdhjrhdo iu. tla tla jIfhaoS
meje;afjk ;rh g iyNd.s jkq we;' fuysoS ;rlrejkaf.a oekqu b;d
mq,a mrdihl mlaId flf'
kHdhd;aul m%Yak m;%h (Theoretical test)
fuysoS ;rlrejkag meh 5 ld,hla ,ndfok kHdhd;aul oekqu uek

nef,k m%Yak m;%hlg uqyqK oSug isf' m%Yk
a m;%fha jHqyh fjkia f'
uq ,l=Kq 300 la ysf'
m%dfhda.sl mlaIKh (Observational test)
fuh wdldr lSmhls' .%yf,dald.drhloS islrk mlaIKh" t<suyfka

islrk flaI Nd;h ms<sn| mlaIKh wdoS jYfhka mlaIK lSmhlg
uqyqK oSug ;rlrejkag isf' fuu fldgi i|yd uq ,l=Kq 250 ls'
o;a; Yaf,aIK mlaIKh (Data analysis test)
fuh ;rlrejkaf.a ixLHdk oekqu uek nef,k ;r. jghls' uq ,l=Kq

250 la ysf'
fuf,i ,nd.kak ,l=Kq iudkHlrKh fldg wjika ,l=Kq .Kkh
lrk w;r tu.ska ch.%dylhska ;SrKh lrkq ,nhs'
f yereKq fldg lKavdh ;r. jghlao (Group examination) mj;ajk

w;r tu.ska fyd|u lKavdhu o f;dard .efka'
( 85 )
my; oelafjkafka f olajd tla tla jI j,oS wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd
yd ;drld fN!;sl oHdj ms<sn| T,smshd ;rfhaoS Y%S ,xldj
ksfhdackh l< isiqka h' u f lS;sh Wfoid ish Okh" Y%uh" ld,h
leml< Tjqkg wm ks;e;skau ia;+;sjka; h hq;h
= ia;+;shs Tng
wka;cd;sl ;drld oHd yd ;drld fN!;sl oHd T,smshd ;rh

2007 - Chiang mai, Thailand
foakao uq;=isxy - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U

wYdka wdhjxY - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U
pd; ufyaka - Ourdc oHd,h" uykqjr
r; .sydka - o ueikoa oHd,h" l|dk
his;a u;isxy - Ourdc oHd,h" uykqjr
l=i,;d iy;sl,dNSka - foakao uq;=isxy
wYdka wdhjxY
pd; ufyaka
2008 - Bandung, Indonesia
( 86 )

r; .sydka - o ueikoa oHd,h" l|dk
trx. ;s<sK - wdkkao oHd,h" fld<U
ksi,a fkql - rdclSh oHd,h" fld<U
l=i,;d iy;sll,dNSka - his;a u;isxy
2009 - Teheran, Iran

Okq, iqrejka - Ourdc oHd,h" uykqjr
Yka nKavdr - Ourdc oHd,h" uykqjr
l=i,;d iy;sl,dNSka - wYdka wdhjxY

2010 - Beijing, China
( 87 )
Okq, iqrejka - Ourdc oHd,h" uykqjr
ixL ,laIdka - wdkkao oHd,h" fld<U
osks;a l=udr - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U
fka liqka - Ydka; is,afjiag oHd,h" uykqjr
l=i,;d iy;sl,dNSka - trx. ;s<sK

2011 - Chorzw, Karkow, Katowice, Poland
cQ chx. - o ueisfkdaoa oHd,h" l|dk

rka;l m.iajej - bism;k oHd,h" fld<U
,laud,a nqoal - Ourdc oHd,h" uykqjr
Ndkql osuq;= - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U
wfYaka p;=rx. - bism;k oHd,h" fld<U

2012 - Rio de Janiero, Vassouras, Brazil
( 88 )
Ndkql osuq;= - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U

wfYaka p;=rx. - bism;k oHd,h" fld<U
vhka bka, - wdkkao oHd,h" fld<U
wfhdaOH f;acis - o ueisfkdaoa oHd,h" l|dk
;dld osYdks - foa nd,sld oHd,h" fld<U
l=i,;d iy;sl,dNSka - vhka bka,

2013 - Volos, Greece
biqre wfr;ak - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U

rkaosl fukaia - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U
p;=Ial .S;rkao - ;laIs,d oHd,h" fydrK
fhdydka bfIa - wdkkao oHd,h" fld<U
l=i,;d iy;sl,dNSka - biqre wfr;ak
( 89 )
2014 - Suceava, Romania

ikacq, ;srxch - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U
rel w,aia - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U
fhdydka bfIa - wdkkao oHd,h" fld<U
molal ,dNSka - biqre wfr;ak - Bronze medel

2015 - Magelang-Central Java, Indonesia

,sud,a pka, - kd,kaod oHd,h" fld<U
Yajd jka;s - ix>;a;d nd,sld oHd,h" .d,a,
;;aird iurisxy - Wiia nd,sld oHd,h" uykqjr
( 90 )
l=i,;d iy;sl,dNSka - biqre wfr;ak

rkaosl fukaia

2016 - Bhubneswar, India

fjf,dapk isf.ard - o ueikoa oHd,h" l|dk
Yajd jka;s - ix>;a;d nd,sld oHd,h" .d,a,
rId bf,aisxy - ix>;a;d nd,sld oHd,h" .d,a,
pka,d rkrf.a - ydruydfoa nd,sld oHd,h" lsn;af.dv

2017 - Phuket, Thailand

2018 - Sri Lanka*

2019 - Hungary*
*;ju ksYa;ju ;SrKh lr fkdue;
( 91 )
wka;cd;sl T,smshd ;r b;sydifha fidre
u;lhkaf.ka |la''''
2007 IOAA - iudrNl W;aijh 2008 IOAA - Student Guides
2009 IOAA - Team Leaders 2010 IOAA - ;rlrejka
2011 IOAA - Data Analysis Exam 2012 IOAA - Closing Ceremony
( 92 )
2013 IOAA - Closing Ceremony 2014 IOAA - Closing Ceremony
2015 IOAA - Closing Ceremony ysoS 2016 IOAA - Theoretical Exam

IOAA Och bkaoshdjg Ndrka
wjia:dj
2015 IOAA ys l=i,;d iy;sl,dNSka

ûeo rkaosl fukaia yd biqre
wfr;ak&
2014 IOAA" Rumania ysos ch.%yKh l<
f,dalv molalu iu. biqre wfr;ak
( 93 )
wdY%s; .%ka:
1) An Introduction to Astrophysics - Prof. Baidiyanath Basu
Tanuka Chattopadhyay
Sudhindra Nath Biswas
ISBN 978-81-203-4071-8
(2nd edition -PHI PVT - 2014)
2) Fundamental Astronomy - Dr. Hannu Kartunen

Dr. Pekka Krger
Dr. Heikki Oja
Dr. Markku Poutanen
Dr. Karl J. Donner
ISBN 978-3-540-00179-9
(5th edition - Springer - 2007)
3) An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics - Bradley W. Carroll

Dale A. Ostlie
ISBN 0-321-44284-9
(2nd edition - Pearson 2007)
4) ;re mek - wu,a Wvj;a;

ISBN 955-8441-95-3
(1st edition - Vasana publishers - 2003)
5) ;drld rdYs - wu,a Wvj;a;

ISBN 978-955-29-0127-0
(1st edition - Vasana publishers - 2013)
6) ;drld oHd T,smshd ;r wms oskuq - L. D. ;dld osYdks

ISBN 978-955-1080-19-8
(1st edition S&T publishers - 2014)
7) ;drld oHd T,smshd fmryqrej - cQ chx. ffialr

ISBN 978-955-1080-24-2
(1st edition S&T publishers - 2016)
8) ;drld oHdj yeoEf m<uq mshjr - ir iS' r;akdhl

ISBN 978-955-1081-08-02
(2nd edition S&T publishers - 2013)
9) www.ipsl.lk
10) www.ioaa2016.com
( 94 )

Fundemental Astronomy

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Fundemental Astronomy

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Available Formats

uQ,sl

v' budIa Yfk,al m%kdJ

ishu ysl weKs

m.Kl wCIr ixfhdackh(- v' budIa Yfk,al m%kdJ

j;aufkaoS f,dj mqrd b;d m%p,s; Ih lafIa;%hla

fujeks miqula hgf;a ;drld oHdj bf.kSug fjr ork ,dxlSh

fuu jHdmD;sfha lghq;= j,os fukau ;drld oHd wOHhk

wjika jYfhka ksrka;rfhka ud iu. /f|ka ug iyh jkakdjq ud ys;

v' budIa Yfk,al m%kdJ"

f,d j mqrd O oHd Ihka /ila mj;S' fN!;sl oHdj" ridhk

;drld" .%yf,dal" ksydld" ukaodlsKs wdoS wNHjldY jia;+ka ms<sn|j

Yaj kHdh oHdj (Cosmology)

kslaIK ;drld oHdj - ;drld oHdf jvd;a wdlYkShu lafIa;%hla

fuf,i m%Odk fldgia 3 la Tiafia ;drld oHdj fnod oelajqj

by; tla tla wxY ms<sn|j iia;rd;aul ia;rhla lsu fuu .%

f wkqj ;drld hkq wdf,dalh" ;dmh wdoS Yla;Skg ridhksl Yla;sh

;dh mKduh (Stellar Evolution)

fuf,i tla ;eklg tlajQ mod:

fufia ixfldapkh jQ ;ref WIaK;ajh by< ugulg <d jk

m%Odk wkql%uKh (Main Sequence)

fuu l%shdj,sh ;=<ska Yla;sh ksI-

fuh iQhhd fyda Bg wdikakj iudk fyda wvq ialkaOhla

fuf,iska m%Odk wkql%uKfha mj;sk ;drldjl isjk kHIal

m%Odk wkql%uKfha mj;sk ;re tajdfha m%d:l ialkaOh mok lrf.k

Lower main sequence :- m%d:l ialkaOh 0.08 M - 1.5 M jk ;re

ialkaOh 0.08 M - 0.26 M jk ;re j, mKduh b;d ir,

Upper main sequence :- m%d:l ialkaOh 1.5 M g je jk ;re

0.08<M< 0.26<M< M<1.5 jk

r;= fhdaO wjh (Red Giant Phase)

f wjia:dfoS ;ref wrh YS>%fhka je f' ysre ms<sn|j

m%d:l ialkaOh 0.26 M< M < 2.5

,hkh isf' bka Wmosk mSvkh ;jrg;a .=re;ajhg tfrysj l%shd

uq ksydldj fy,Slaia ksydldj tialsfuda ksydldj

n<,a wei ksydldj iuk< ksydldj vfn,a ksydldj

iq jduk wjh yd l jduk wjh (White Dwarf &

iq jduk wjia:df jir 50"000 la muK mej;s ;rej

r;= iqms fhdaO wjh (Red Supergiant Phase)

by; mfohloS ia;r l< mos ialkaOh 8 M < M jk ;drld r;=

Tlaiscka $ ksfhdaka $ ue.akSish

hlv yd ksl,a ms yrh

iqms fkdajd msmsreu yd ;rejl wjidkh (Super Nova Explo-

fkdajd msmsrefuka miq wjh

f wdldrhg ;rejl jk pl%h m%Odk jYfhka tys m%d:l

;re j. (Types of stars)

ly jduk ;re Uqre jduk ;re

ly jduk ;re (Yellow dwarf stars)

Wod (- ysre (Sun)

r;= jduk ;re (Red dwarf stars)

0'2 la muK f' tfy;a fjd wdY%s; .%yf,dal j, jfha

uy wjfha mj;sk fjdfha m%Odk jYfhka whkSlrKh jQ mrudKq

Wod (- uhsrla ( Andromedae)

ks,a fhdaO ;re (Blue giant stars)

iqms fhdaO ;re (Super giant stars)

) ;drSh mrsKdufha ixlaIsma; igyk i`oyd weuqkqu n,kak

iq jduk ;re (White dwarf stars)

Wod (- iShia B (Sirius B)

Uqre jduk ;re (Brown dwarf stars)

;rejl WIaK;ajh yd mSvkh" tys wvq ialkaOh fya;= fldgf.k kHIal

m,air hkq o kshqfg%dak ;re .Khgu jefgk

mD;=h foig osYdkq.;j mj;sk g muKs' fuu m,air jgd .%yf,dal

m<uqj kslaIKh l< X lsrK m,airh - Cen X - 3

fo ;re ke;fyd;a oajHx.S ;re moaO;s f,io fuh ye|skaf' wjldYfha

m%ldY hq.au ;re - fjd wNHjldYfha lsf,dag ,shk .Kkdjla

hq.au ;re j.SlrKh