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Medijska Istra Ivanja Recenzije Prikazi 1 P DF 2 PDF
Medijska Istra Ivanja Recenzije Prikazi 1 P DF 2 PDF
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rise of consumerism and the decline cally orientated analyses should in-
of the public sphere were also expre- vestigate the motives for using or not
ssed. The public sphere is especially using social media, Pako Bili con-
fragmented through numerous web- cluded.
based platforms. Concerning the In- The next speaker was Susana de
ternet, the democratic impact of te- la Sierra from the University of Ca-
chnology should be reassessed with stilla-La Mancha, Spain, who gave a
stronger emphasis on social factors general overview of the media poli-
that determine its usage. The social cies in Spain. She noted that the me-
and technological poles are somew- dia system in Spain had a very deep
hat hard to set apart, especially when historical influence, which was es-
it comes to Web 2.0, user-generated pecially evident in the printed press
content and social media in general. regulation. The Spanish Constitution
Bili underlined that this socializati- entered into force in December 1978,
on of the World Wide Web redefined concluding the authoritarian regime
the role of communication in demo- that had been imposed by General
cratic societies. As opposed to ver- Francisco Franco after his military
tical forms of communication in the rebellion against the Republic in Ju-
mass media, these horizontal forms of ly 1936. During the period of dicta-
communication change the dominant torship, no rights nor freedoms were
ways of producing, sharing and dis- guaranteed. This authoritarian system
seminating information. The question lasted for almost forty years, but it
of the limited democratic potential of was not homogeneous. In the 1960s,
the social media was raised, as sof- the regime opened up slightly, which
tware is not neutral it pre-structu- allowed for a revision of some laws
res communication types. The issues concerning the media mainly those
of information privacy and the trust governing the press and the radio. The
in information sources have become Press Statute passed in 1966 is still in
crucial. Some of the issues raised ca- force today. Currently, the freedom of
nnot be addressed at present, since we expression and the freedom of infor-
are not yet certain of the broader soci- mation are protected by the law, and
al implications that the developments the European Convention on Human
of social media will have. However, Rights (ECHR) is part of the Spa-
the potential exists, and media polici- nish legal system. Furthermore, de la
es should reorient themselves towar- Sierra emphasised the specificity of
ds communication polices, observing Spain as a decentralized country wi-
the fluctuating power relations within th 17 autonomous communities, four
these developments. More empiri- official languages and, consequently,
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with a number of media policies. She important market. Young people are
concluded that, due to the difficult increasingly using the Internet as a
historical background and the specifi- source of information, which chall-
cities resulting from decentralization, enges the position of traditional me-
one could say that there is no clear dia outlets. Mller underscored that
media policy in Spain legal changes the commercial aspect was often put
occur owing to European mandates, before the communicative character
i.e., to European policies. Specific and the democratic potential of the
Spanish changes take place mainly Internet. In Germany, neither of the-
owing to particular media groups and se aspects of the Internet is seen as an
their select interests, and not owing opportunity for further development
to strategic orientations coming from of traditional and/or social media.
(local) governments. In the discussion that followed,
The final speaker in the first se- the participants tackled the relation-
ssion was Sebastian Mller from the ship between the social media and
University of Bielefeld, Germany, traditional media, and the necessity to
who focused on the actors in different develop new approaches to what the
media fields. He stressed that the Ger- media were today. Special emphasis
man media market was rather large, in the discussion was given to the si-
and it currently experienced a thoro- tuation in Croatia and the changes in
ugh development since the advent of the legislation that had occurred re-
the new media services, especially the cently. It was noted, that the influence
Internet. Traditionally, the German of the European Commission proved
media market is very much shaped by to have been very firm in the negoti-
a dual broadcasting system, with the ation process regarding the alignment
coexistence of equally strong public of the Croatian media legislation with
service broadcasting operators and the acquis. The questions that rema-
private broadcasters. The landscape ined open were those related to the
is also shaped by a very diverse print swiftness of the changes that arose
media market, privately organized by with the digital convergence, and to
publishers with newspapers, weeklies the obstacles in the implementation
and magazines. The new media ser- of selected EU provisions that occu-
vices, however, pose different chall- rred due to local conditions of the
enges for the traditional media. The media market.
private publishers and private broad- The second session focused on the
casters try to constrain online activiti- Actors of Media Regulation and Me-
es by the public service broadcasters, dia Regulatory Approaches. Speakers
because the Internet is regarded as an from Croatia, Greece and the United
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Kingdom gave a thorough insight in- ence of the European Unions law on
to the national regulatory actors and domestic practices regulating the me-
the influences that the EU law exer- dia sector in Greece. She noted that
ted on domestic regulatory practices. the accession to the European Union
The first speaker in this session was was the key point and the catalyst for
Tomislav Jeli from the Ministry of the fundamental restructuring of do-
Culture of the Republic of Croatia. He mestic regulatory intervention in the
provided a thorough description of the field of the media. The impact of the
media legislative framework in Cro- EU law was felt in the structural as
atia and of the actors involved. Jeli well as in the content regulation, but
noted that the Croatian media legisla- it mainly concerned the audiovisual
tion (i.e., the Media Act, the Electro- media. Psychogiopolou drew attenti-
nic Media Act, and the Croatian Ra- on to the jurisprudence of the Court of
dio- Television Act) was fully aligned Justice of the European Union in the
with the acquis and provided for the field, and the recently adopted presi-
freedom of expression, protection of dential decree that transposed the EU
pluralism and diversity, general con- Directive on Audiovisual Media Ser-
tent requirements and content pro- vices. She gave examples of the EU
duction (i.e. European works, inde- case law regarding structural regula-
pendent production, own production), tion; examples of a case concerning
codes on editorial freedom and ethical the state monopoly in radio and TV
codes, protection of privacy, dignity, broadcasting, and a case of the main
reputation and honour. He stated that shareholder dispute related to a spe-
the media regulation and policies also cific media company. Regarding the
promoted citizens participation and content regulation, most of the provi-
democracy in the Republic of Croa- sions included in the Greek law we-
tia, as provided by the Constitution. re a mere translation of the Directive
Jeli noted, however, that some of the on Audiovisual Media Services. The
existing legal norms were not fully EU case law regarding the content
implemented, which required further regulation dealt with the compliance
efforts on the part of the media and with domestic legislation introducing
the legislator, since there was a room content requirements and rules of go-
for improvement in the future. od conduct. In conclusion, Psycho-
The second speaker was Evange- giopolou stressed that in the case of
lia Psychogiopolou from the Hellenic Greece there has essentially been an
Foundation for European and Foreign adjustment to EU law and policies.
Policy (ELIAMEP), Athens, Greece. The national regulatory framework
Psychogiopolou discussed the influ- has been brought into line with EU
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policy goals and instruments, and has the countries of Southeastern Europe.
not exerted any particular influence Speakers from Turkey, Bulgaria and
on the design of EU media policies. Croatia discussed the role of media
The final speaker of the second as an important factor in promoting
session was Rachael Craufurd Smi- or hindering democratic and political
th from the University of Edinbur- processes.
gh, United Kingdom, who explored The first speaker was Dilek Kur-
regulatory approaches in the United ban from the Turkish Economic and
Kingdom, focusing on the growing Social Studies Foundation (TESEV),
influence of the European Union and who opened the session with presen-
the human rights law. She gave a ting key issues of the Turkish media
short evaluation of the recent moves policies. After giving a short histori-
to rely on competition law rather than cal outline, Kurban showed how the
state regulation as a mechanism to re- process of economic liberalization in
alise public interest objectives in the 1980s in Turkey brought an end to the
media field. She also presented a short state monopoly over the media, and
history of the press regulation in the resulted in the burgeoning of private
UK, and, by outlining several recent broadcasting companies. This was co-
examples (e.g. the Clive Goodman upled with the quantitative growth of
case), she argued that the self-regula- the written press. Although important,
tory regime that currently applied to these developments did not result in
the written press (i.e. the current Press the establishment of free and inde-
Council) was widely considered to ha- pendent media in Turkey. The poli-
ve failed. Craufurd Smith argued for tical and economic inter-dependence
more effective self-regulatory mecha- of the media and the state remained
nisms that could be better connected unchanged since the establishment
of the Republic in 1923. Moreover,
to other regulatory bodies and courts.
the media continues to be dominated
In the short discussion that fo- by a few conglomerates, which mo-
llowed, the participants outlined so- nopolize the ownership of the sector.
me of the problems of self-regulatory On the other hand, the democratizati-
bodies and other regulatory issues on process initiated by Turkeys EU
that they experienced in their home accession candidacy implied reforms
countries. in the areas of freedom of expressi-
The third session on Media Po- on and freedom of the media, as we-
licies and Democratic Politics: The ll as structural reforms in the areas
Quest for Free and Independent Me- of licensing, media ownership and
dia concentrated on experiences from competition. The entry of transnatio-
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nal companies into the media sector governmental control). The end result
increased the pressure on the gover- was a new pattern of relationships
nment to adopt a coherent regulatory between political parties and selected
framework. Kurban concluded that media, which (at their extreme) led to
media had been a battleground for the hybrid political structures: party-me-
democratization in Turkey, and that dia or media-party. Thus, it could be
the current challenges concerning said that there was a strong emphasis
media freedom and independence in on the development of capacities for
the country lay in the overregulation, media presentation and PR in party
the very low level of journalistic ri- politics, Smilov concluded.
ghts, the poor implementation of self- The following speaker was Zrinj-
regulation and very restricted content ka Peruko from the Faculty of Politi-
regulation provisions. cal Sciences in Zagreb, Croatia, who
The next speaker was Daniel Smi- gave a short presentation on the media
lov from the Centre for Liberal Stra- policy and the processes of media de-
tegies, Sofia, Bulgaria, who discussed mocratization in Central and Eastern
the relationship between media poli- Europe (CEE), with special emphasis
cies and democratic politics through on examples from Croatia. Two main
the example of Bulgaria. He noted groups of parameters are necessary
that media were extremely important for the analysis of media systems:
for the Bulgarian parliamentary regi- political culture and structure, and
me, and that they had a special role in structural dimensions of the media
establishing the party system after the system. While authors differ in what
fall of communism. There have been elements of political culture or struc-
two models of interaction between ture they highlight as most important
political and media actors over the elements of normative media theory
past twenty years; the first model of related to political values, as in Sie-
aggressive majoritarian attempts to bert et al. (1947/1956) and Blumler
control the (public electronic) media and Gurevitch (1974; 1977/1995),
characterised the 1990s, while the or political structure and values, as
second model developed after 2001, in Hallin and Mancini (2004) the
when the party system established structural elements of the media sy-
during the first ten years started to stem are almost identical: the type
disintegrate, and populist newcomers and development of the media mar-
won at the following parliamentary ket, the nature of the journalistic pro-
elections. These developments took fession, the type of the relationship of
place against a much more pluralistic the media to the political realm, and
background (not susceptible to direct the role of the state in the media sy-
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nog odnosa klasinog po Zakonu o jek dosta jak, naalost, a u svim dru-
radu, to novinara onda stavlja u vrlo gim privatnim medijima se nekako
teak poloaj da u biti niti ne mogu ili esto uvaavaju i vlasniki interesi,
jako teko mogu biti nezavisni, nego dakle vlasnik si ne eli i nee dozvoli-
izvravaju ono to im se kae, jer su ti da urednici koje je on postavio rade
egzistencijalno ugroeni, ne, to je vr- protiv njegovih ekonomskih interesa
lo oita povezanost radnog poloaja (Ispitanik/-ica C1). U tom kontekstu
i nezavisnosti struke (Ispitanik/-ica velik broj ispitanika istie problem
C2). Prijetnje i napadi na novinare su pritisaka od strane oglaivaa koji se
takoer prisutni. Novinari/ke u lokal- pokazuju vrlo snanim akterima na
nim medijima su u posebno nepovolj- medijskoj sceni ekonomski pritisci
noj situaciji i to se tie radnih pozici- prisutni su svugdje jer svi i tiska-
ja (nedostatak kolektivnih ugovora), a ni i elektronski, i novi mediji ive u
i to se tie nezatienosti od prijetnji zagrljaju kapitala, odnosno ovise o
i napada. Takoer, javljaju se i pro- oglaivaima (Ispitanik/-ica C5).
blemi pristupa informacijama koji su Upravo su ovaj potonji problem, kao
neadekvatno regulirani tj. ostavlja se i problem preispitivanja poslovanja
veliki prostor odugovlaenjima sa da- medijskih kua, glavni problemi koji
vanjem informacija Zapreke prema se najmanje propituju u medijima.
van su teko ili nemogue dolaenje Veina ispitanika se slae da se
do informacija u jedinicama lokalne nove tehnologije uvelike koriste kao
samouprave, govorim o informacija- orue za rad u novinarskom poslu.
ma koje su malo osjetljivije prirode, Izmijenjeni trini uvjeti i poveano
ali trebale bi biti puno transparentni- sudjelovanje online servisa djeluju sa
je. I sporost reakcije pojedinih insti- jedne strane negativno (do podataka
tucija na traenje odgovora, tu naila- je lake doi, ali ih treba paljivo pro-
zimo ak na vei problem s dravnim vjeriti), a sa druge strane pozitivno
institucijama (Ispitanik/-ica C10). na rad novinara omoguavaju jed-
Uoljiva je i meusobna poveza- nostavnije publiciranje materijala pa i
nost cenzure i autocenzure, na koje onih koji budu cenzurirani u drugim
utjeu politiki i ekonomski pritis- medijima ono to pouzdano i si-
ci koji su prisutni u svim medijima. gurno znam je da e novinari koji su
Veina ispitanika navodi da su u po- neto istraili, neto otkrili, a taj ma-
sljednjih desetak godina ekonomski terijal se zabrani kod njih u redakciji
pritisci sve snaniji, a primjetna je i da e ga probati plasirati u neke druge
razlika izmeu tipa pritiska i vlasni- medije gdje znaju da e se taj materi-
tva medija to su dakle, ovi javni jal moda moi objaviti (Ispitanik/-
servisi i tu je utjecaj politike jo uvi- ica C4).
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