Answer this TOEFL vocabulary in context question: In the example sentences above, the word “adversity” is closest in meaning to (A) difficulty (B) contrast (C) good luck . (D) propensity Answer; NOTE: The Vocabulary Appendix (pages 426-492) provides lists of signal words that provide context cues, Study these words before you begin the exercises for Practice with Context Cues, EXERCISE 2, Read the following sentences; write the meaning of the word in italics in the space provided as ‘well as the context cues that helped you to figure out the word meaning. Refer to the examples A-] Read about Vocabulary in Context. Often there is more than one context cue to provide the probable meaning of an unfamiliar word. Practice with Context Cues se a 1. Although the small goslings appeared misproportioned and unattractive, the adult swans were elegant and graceful baby swans contrast cue (although, small/adult) 2. Just as the Great Depression of the 1930s brought forth the Keynesian Revolution, so the ‘apparent inability of the Keynesian model to resolve the stagflation problems of the 1970s and 1980s has spawned a new alternative theory of macroeconomics. ‘up doing mundane tasks such as typing and filing in order to survive. i 3. Not all newcomers turn out to be producers, directors, or Hollywood starlets; the majority end 4. The grasshoppers were so hungry that they tried to eat wood. The weather beaten boards of houses and fences looked ravished after the grasshoppers had gnazed on them for an hour or two, 5. The buffet was extravagant, and the drinks seemed to come from an endless source. The women paraded in gowns omamented with furs and jewels, and the men smoked coveted Cuban cigars. 6. The sights and smells of the market were distinctive indeed; as vendors set out their wares, the pungent axoma of spices and coffee pervaded the square. Reading Comprehension 25510. uu 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. W 236 /. The villages disappeared as the army advanced with tanks, guns, and short-range missiles; such aggression was appalling, but no one interfered, In the ear, the eardrum (a thin membrane) is set into vibration by the pressure compressions of the sound wave. . Tn the technical sense, sound waves are longitudinal waves that are propagated in solids, liquids, and gases. Without matter there are no sound waves. Most sound comes to us through the air. For many, the mark of true wilderness is no longer just a healthy animal population, but potable ‘water—water so far from civilization that it retains its earth-given purity. It is only natural that children of tall, thin parents should be tall and thin themselves, rather than plump like many children. Unlike the inniocuous garden snake, all vipers have a poisonous bite and alll are dangerous toman, ‘As conditions change over long periods of time, life forms change, too, evoluing new characteristics that enable them to survive in a different environment. Emily Dickinson, an important 19th century American poet, spent most of her life secluded in. her father’s home in Amherst, Massachusetts. She rarely went out and almost never entertained friends. ‘The young men spoke affably throughout the night, cracking jokes and telling stories until dawn. Ice worms, highly specialized creatures that live only in glacial ice and snow fields, provide food for the wild birds of the Arctic region. Oranges, lemons, guavas, and nectarines offer a good source of Vitamin C Reading Comprehensionbb 18. Most artists of the Perthgarreth School painted the stormy, white-capped, roiling seas off the coast of Comnwalll at some point in their careers, 19, The autorhythmicity, or selt-activating character, of the heart clearly sets it apart from skeletal muscle. 20, During the Civil War in the United States, families were often tragically divided on the issue of the Union. It was not unusual for brothers to be estranged for the rest of their lives. EXERCISE 2B: Practice Selecting Vocabulary for Short Passages Read the following passages and fill in the blank spaces with the appropriate words from the answer choices provided. Use context cues, textual cues, and logical reasoning to choose the most appropriate words. 1. Even before metals were available in (2) ______ quantity to provide a crude monetary system, primitive man found it necessary and desirable to have money of sorts. Each primitive groups () ______ money often depended upon the nature of its livelihood. (c) _______ commodities common to a particular culture were often used; for example, a hunting society would use the skins of wild animals for money. A pastoral culture often used livestock, whereas agricultural communities often used grain and (d) _. Almost every useful commodity was probably used by some group somewhere as money. These early moneys are not completely forgotten, as evidenced by the fact that a number of modem money terms (e) some of the ancient forms of money. For example, the modern word pecuniary comes from the Latin pecus for cattle. Similarly, salary derives from the Latin word for salt, salarium, Both salt ‘and cattle were used as money at different times in (f) _________ Rome. 1.@)_ metallic 14) Strange 1(e) derive from slight Useful administer to sufficient Heavy resemble brittle Ancient deliver 1.(b)_ residual 1.(4)_ automobiles 1.) modern specific seashells ancient colorful foodstuffs beautiful collective merchandise beleaguered Reading Comprehension 257