Conies: Circles, Parabols, Hlipses, and Hyparbols - She Loves Math Page 1 of 29
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BQ SE ies, Parabolas, Ellipses, and
This section covers:
1 Tables of Conics
= Girles
* Anplicationsof Cc:
‘= Parabolas
‘= ApplcationsofParsbolae
= Elipses
‘= Aoplestionsof Elipees
Cons (circles, lps, parabotss, and hyperbolas involves a set of
curves that are formed by intersecting @ pane and a double right cone
{probably too much information!) But in ase you are interested, there are
four curves that canbe formed, andl are used in applications of math and
science:
Hyperbola
‘http:/www.shelovesmath.con/precel/par 2 nno16Conies: Circles, Parabolas, Elipses, and Hyperbolas- She Loves Math Page 2 of 29
Inthe Conies sectien, we wll tlk about each type of curve, how to recognize
and sraoh them. an then g over some common applications (sorry —another
way of saying “word problems)
‘Always draw pictures first when working with Cones problems!
Table of Conics
Before we go into depth with each conic here are the Conic Section
Equations. Note tat you may want a go thraugh the rest of thi section
before coming bac o this table, since it may bea ite overwhelming at this
paint
* eat oat
ee
ea
fam] om | rain | opto,
year
cn *
Note that we can abo write equotions for eles, ellses, and hyperbola in
‘terms of cos and sin, and other trigonometric functions; there are examples of
‘these inthe Introdction to Parametric Equations section,
Circles
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lipses, and Hyperbolas ~ She Loves Math
You've probably staid Creles in Geometry clas, or even eater
Circles are defined as a set of points that are equidistant (the same stance)
{rom 3 certain poi; this distances called the radius ofa circle.
Heres the equation for ace, where isthe ais:
Center (0,0): x +7 =
center (bk): (AF Hy -B) =
Have were to solve for yin terms of x (for example, ta put inthe graphing
Center (0,0): y= =x
eer wa ng): yaaa tk
Here ate graphs ofsample circles, with thei domains and ranges:
ean oni cam
any aft
wepee r anatase
Ieee [eat
Sometimes we have to complete the square to get the equation for acre,
‘We learned how te complete the square with quadratics herein the Factoring
and Completing te Square ection.
Problem:
Find the center and radius ofthe following eee
24 yt Gr — 12y 56 = 0.
Solution:
fi i
ops
gn rie abe ects dee
lenses Jee _sse_
(Pea oar
lose
(earn?
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en ¥
You may see “re problem ike this, where the solution is just paint
Problem:
Complete the square and graph: 1? jy! — ty
Solution:
Hop oserysie8 seg taseens ena mde
(e-tee_}ivsor_jest_[Salinigamdeantonecae aa
fs) opsaa3 soa ment geste te
(ea}sina'—siees | fe tepein sap ae
featetnatae Fer
Writing Equations of circles
‘Sometimes you wihave to come up with the equation of cle, or tangents
ofices
Problem:
‘write the equation ofthe Ene that i tangent o the
dele (x — 3)? + (x +2)" = G1 atthe point (~2, —8)
Solution:
Aline tangent ta erle means that i touches the cle at one point onthe
‘outside ofthe circle, at a radius thats perpendicular to that ne
For thie problem, since we only have one point an the tangent line (-2,~8),
well have tget the slope of the line ofthe line to get its equation
Remember herein the Coordinate System and Graphing tines that
Derpencicular line Fave slopes that are opposite reciprocals of eachother
Let's draw a plture, and then get the solution:
P mi LTT
RH
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EST cons eee
| (23-8. Sones teimert
AR SSE
Hero's another typeof problem you might se
lem:
Trelines y= je— J and y= —}r~ ¥ each contain diameters ofa
circle, and the poin: (5, 0) Islsoon tat circle. Find the equation ofthis
cele
Solution:
iftwolines are both dlameters ofthe same circle, where the intersect must
bbe the center ofthe cle. In this case, it was easier to draw a pletureto see
‘that this true:
Sonow we can get the center af the circle by fining the intersection ofthe
‘wo lines, Since we have another pont, oo, we can get the equation ofthe
cide
ees
ari ign rn pn ate
morn 58
Foca os
seen 8
‘Applications of Circles
‘httoy/www.shelovesmath.cors/precal/parametrics-and-conics! 2016Conles: Cirle, Parabolas,Elipses, and Hyperbolas- She Loves Math Page 6 0f 29
Problem:
st
QW
‘A pieza delivery aei can be represented bya ccle, and extends to the points
(0,18) and (6,8) (hese points are on the diameter ofthis cele). Write an
‘equation forthe cle that models this delivery area,
Solution:
fe draw a pletre, we'll see that well have to use both the Distance.
Formula and Midpent Formula from the Coordinate System and Graphing
nes zection,
Let's draw apleture, and then get the solution
or =
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Parabolas
Lets revisit parabola (a type of quadratic), but go Into itle more depth
here
\We stud Parabols inthe introduction to Quadtatis section, but we only
looked at “verti” paraboin [tht either go up oF down)
erabolais inthe form y= afr — h)? + hy where hk)
Is the vertex and "x-fi the als of symmetry or line of symmetry (LOS);
thisisa “vertca” parabola. Note that this can also be written
ye k= ale Ay! oF bly k) = (2 A)? +h where b=
We remember that
Parabolscan also be inthe form r= u(y ~ + where (hs the
Vertes and "y=" the LOS;this'sa“horzonta” parabola, Thelie of
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symmetry (L05) line that divides the parabola into two pats that are
rirror images of each ather.
‘Technically, paratolais the set of points that are equidistant from a line
(called the diretrb) and another point not on that ie (called the focus, of «|
focal point xe le
Soif pis the distance from the vertex tothe focus point (called the focal
length) itis also the distance from the vertex tothe directes. This makes the
distance from the focus othe dreetrixs 2p, Note thatthe focus is ahways
“inside” the parabd on te ine of symmetry, and the dvectrxis “outside”
the parabola
[Also note that the Ine perpendicular tothe line of symmetry (and thus parallel
tothe directrix that connects the focus to the sides ofthe parabola is called
the ltus chord, lat rectum, or Focal width, foal chord or focal rectum; the
length ofthis chords 4p. You can use this information to help you draw the
parabola you know the distance from the vertex tothe focus
wi
Heres «parabola with canter (0, 0} He
directric
Uf the vertex is at te origin (00), the equation ofthe parabola is y = a
and 4
+ Hyoudothe algebra, kfolowsthat that p=
For example, Kp =4 (length af focus to verte), the equation ofthe parabola
wouldbe v= aig? = 0 we
Note that the abo graph showsaparabol thathas positive value before
the 2
Here are te four efferent “directions” of parabolas and the generalized
‘equations foreach
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Note that sometime (asin the problem below) we have to complete the
square to get the ecuatonin parabolic form; we dd ths here in the Solving
‘Quadratic by Factring and Completing the Square Section.
Let's do some problems!
Problem:
Identity the vertex, of symmetry, focus, equation ofthe direct and
domain and range fer the following paraboas, then graph the parabola:
(2) y= 4 =e 9) 2 = 29
Solution:
t's typically easier te graph the parabola ist, and then answer the questions.
a 1
a: tooo peas
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“The cables ofthe mile part of @ suspension bridge are inthe form of a
parabola, and the towers supporting the cable ae 600 feet apart and 100 feet
high. Whats the height of the cable at a point 150 feet from the center of
‘the bldge?
Solution:
Let's draw a peture ofthe bridge, and place the mide ofthe cable vertex) at
the point (0,0),
ct ro
soy =e Tgetewal —
ho Bil soeeetcp erent
at {Pt loeenoceomst menor na
Sere aaa
me Lee yah: tetera
y amacrine Pe
Ellipses
An ellipse sort of cok ike an oval oa football, andi the set of points whose
‘stances from two fixed poets (calle the foci) inside the elise is always the
same, dj + ily =. The distance 2a called the constant sum or foc
‘constant, and ais the distance between the center ofthe ellipse toa vertex
{you usualy don't have to worryabout the cy and dl). athe length ofthe
center to the vertices) is always bigger than b the length of he center tothe
co-vertices).
“The equation ofa “horizontal” eipse thats centered onthe oiin (0,0)
22 = | (asunder the xis larger thn what's under the y). The
length ofthe longest xs called the mara) is lays 2, and this along
the anlsforahoszontal lips. gin the citance om te center othe
elipse toa vertexiea so the vertlces are at (0, 0}
“The length ofthe smaller axis (aed the minor ans or is 2b, and this along
‘the yas fora hofizontal elise. Again, the distance from the center ofthe
ellipse toa cowertexisb, sothecovertces ae at () +h).
‘btae-/furwus ehelovesmath com/fnrecal/nerametrics-and-conica/ ‘¢wp016CConies:Ciels, Parabolas, Etipses, and Hyperbolas - She Loves Math Page 12 0f 29
“The focuses or folalways lie inside the elise on the major axis, andthe
distance from the center tn. focus ise. Sothe foc are at (Le, 0) for this
type ofelipse,andit tums out that a? — p=
‘Note that a circle happens when a and bare the same in an ellipse, soa cele
{sa special typeof elise, but forall practical purposes, cles ae itferent
than ellipses. Somerimes you wil be asked to get the eccentrily ofan ellipse
‘which isa measure of how close toa cce the ellipse is when tis acle,
the eccentictys0. Alo, the area of anelipse is zal.
Note aso that the foal width focal chord, or focal rectum fan ellpse is 2
; this the distance rerpendlelar tothe major aus that goes through the foc.
Here's a horizontalelipse; we wil iso look at vertical and transformed
llipss below.
Here ae the two aferent “directions” of elipes andthe generalized
cubes tree
a
ee
cae
You also may have to complete the square tobe abe to graph an elips, ike
we di here fora crde. (And since you always have tohave 3 "2" after the
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equal sign, you may have to divide all terms by the constant onthe eight fit
‘sre *Y.
Let's put tall together and graph some elses
Problem:
entity the vertices, o-vertlees, foc, and domain and range fr the fllowing
clpses then graph) Qo? } Ny? 411 Qo) 2 y WE
Solution:
1 typically easer:0 graph the ellipse fst, and then answer the questions
er
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Here's one where you have to Complete the Square to beable to graph the
ellipse:
Problem:
main ad range fr the following
33
Ieentiy the vertices, co-verties, foc and
lips; then graph i? + y! +2 +
Solution:
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Conic: Circles, Paabolas, Ellipse anc Hyperbols- She Loves Math
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Writing Equations of Ellipses
You may be asked to write an equation from either a raph ora description of
anelipse:
Problem
Wire the equation ofthe ellipse:
Solution:
‘We can see thatthe elips is 10 scross (the major axis length) and 4 down
{the minor ais length). So,22=10, ané 2b= 4. We can also se thatthe
center oftheelipse (i) is at (4-3)
Since the elses horizontal, we use the equation (ME 4 b=,
Pugin ourvavestora.b hand kandweget 5!2 3 1 Wot too
bed!
Problem:
Page 14 0f 29CConies:Citeles, Parabolas, Elises, and Hyperbolas - She Loves Math Page 9 of 29
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Writing Equations of Parabolas
Problem:
\write the equation of parabola with a vertex of (2,4) and focus
4). Als find the domain and range of the parabola
Solution:
2 frmitewennt sorb eg
je eaefinef. eaten,
pefictfea mente
omen: (281 (8)
‘Applications of Paraboles
Problem:
The equation Je models eros sections of parabolle mirors that are used
for solr energy. There fsa heating tube located at the focus of each parabola;
how high i this tube located above the vertex of its parabola?
NULLITY
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Solution:
For problems ike these, unless otherwise noted jst assume the vertex ofthe
Peabolais at (0,0) Since we know thatthe equation of paraboais
art, where a= and p = dh thenfor det wehave =
can ether cross muti or jst do mental math ase that p= 8. So the
heating tbe needs obelcated uns above the verte of he parabola,
+
A searchlight has a parabolic reflector (has across section that forms @
“bout. The parabeic “bow!” s 15 inches wide fom rim to rim and 12 inches
‘deep. The lament ofthe light bulb is located at the focus. (a) What is the
‘equation ofthe parabola used fr the reflector? [b) How fer from the
vertexis the flamert ofthe light bulb?
Problem:
Solution:
Let’ graph this part-uar parabola, again putting the vertex at (0,0),
aye tomes
Witeemree nit
roblem:
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Find the equation ofthis lips, graph, and fed the domain and range:
Endpoints of major r minor axe at (-1, 6) and (1, 2) and focus at (=
Solution:
Let's graph the points we have, and go from there,
‘es
Bickerton eae
ocoven nate [ro 3} (oes).
oa (1-6. -1r5] tee (21 | anette EAB HE ag
Applications of Ellipses
‘The foci of elipsesare very useful in science for thir reflective properties
{sound waves, ight rays and shockwaves 35 examples), and are even used in
medical applications. Infect, Kepler's fist law of planetary motion states that
the path ofa planets orbit models an elise with the sun atone focus, so the
‘orbits of asteroids nd ather bodies are another elliptical application.
wo girls are standng ina whispering gallery that is shaped Ike semi-liptical
arch. The helaht the arch is 30 feet, and the width is 100 fet. How far
from the center ofthe room should whispering dishes be placed so thatthe
rs can whisper to each ather? (Whispering dishes are places at the fel of
an lipse),
Solution:
‘bsin-/taranw ehelovecrnath ccm /nrecal/naremetrics-and-conics!
2016‘Conies: Cites, Parabolas,Elipses, and Hyperbolas- She Loves Math Page 16 0f 29
Problem:
Anicerink's inthe shape ofan eps, and is 150 feet long and 75 feet wid.
What is the width ofthe rink 15 fet from a vertex?
Solution
Poesy
Hyperbolas
A hyperbola sort of loks ike two parabolas that pont at eachother, and is
‘the set of ponts whose distances fram two fed points (the fci inside the
ellipse is always the same, cy ~ cy = 2a. The distance 2a called the focal
‘adi distance, focal constant, or constant diflerence, and ais the distance
between the center of the hyperbola toa vertex
The equstionof a “orzontr” hyperbola (as shown below) that centered on
the origin (0,015 2 — ffs 1. Thelenath ofthe axis in which the hyperbola
lies (called the tanaverse xsi 2, and hiss along the x-axis for 3
horizontal hyperbola, gin, the distance fom the entero the hyperbola to
avertexs aso the vertices are at (1,0)
‘The length ofthe conjugate ans 2b and note tat a does not have tobe
bigger than bie it does fr an elpse, (The distance from the center ofthe
hyperbola to aco-vertexsb. Also note where the b is nat onthe hyperbole;
itis on what wecallthe central rectangle (or fundamental rectangle) ofthe
hperbota (whose diagonals are asymptates forthe hyperbola). So the
conjugate ais along the -axs fr a horizontal hyperbola, andthe co:
vertices are at (0, -).
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The asymptotes fora horizontal hyperbola centered a (0, 0)are y= kr (
4: are the slopes, or the square rot of what's under the yover the square
root of what's under the x) The asymptote ae the diagonals ofthe central
rectangle ofthe hyperbola.
“The focuses o foc svayslie inside the curves onthe major ai, and the
distance from the canter to fcusis So thefod are at (0) fora
horizontal hyperbob (ie an elise) and ittunsoutthat «? 408 = C2 (1
like to remember that you shay se the diferent sig for ths equation: snco
elipseshavea plussign nthe equation 4 £2 = [they havea minus sign
2; sce hyperbole have» minus sign nthe equation
they ave apn sgn no? 4 =e)
Sometimes you willbe asked to get the eecentrety ofan hyperbol
isa measure of how “straight” or “stretched” the hyperbola is.
Sewhieh
Note that efor an lps, the focal with fea chrd or focal etm
cofanelipets 22 this the dtonce perpendicular othe msjorakithat goes
throug the oes
Here is» horizonta’ hyperbola; we il also look at vertical and transformed
hyperbolas below.
Here are the two diferent “directions” of hyperbola and the generalized
equations for each
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‘You also may have to complete the square to be able to graph an hyperbola,
like we did here fora cle. (And since you always have to have a"t” after the
€equalsign, you nayhave to divide al terms by the constant onthe right, fit
Isnt". Remember, forthe conic tobe a hyperbola, the ceffclents of the
i and? must have different sens,
Let’ put all together and graph some hyperbolas:
Problem:
dently the center, vertices, foci, and equations ofthe asymptote forthe
following hyperbola; then graph: (a) x? — 16y!— 1110)
Solution:
'stypiealy easier o graph the hyperbola fist, and then answer the
questions.
= con
sateen he
stceorongcetssbajecne
tee mtin FL tyne
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Jee ecsaean
ori ene a ola
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Kanne
| i
sent (9) ma aio)
este) a athe). tomate
Here's one where you have te Complete the Square tobe abe to graph the
hyperbola
Problem:
Identity the the center, vertices, foc, and equations ofthe asymptotes forthe
following hyperbol; then graph: I)? — 2542 4 98y ~ 1000 + 117K =O
Solution:
ain
sete ae
page a)
pegs tle ans Joss,
py ae a eae
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etna HEI sens
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Writing Equations of Hyperbolas
‘You may be asked to write an equation from either a graph or a description of
Problem:
‘writ the equation ofthe hyperbola:
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Solution:
We can see that the center of the hyperbola ie (2,—S), the transverse axis
leneth (2) is 6, and the conjugate aus length (26 also 6, S003, and
a
Since the hyperbola ishorizonta welluse the equation 8
Pug in our values, and we gt 22
oy
- ope
roblem:
Find the equation ofthe hyperbola where the afferenceof the focal rai is 6,
and the endpoints ofthe conjugate ans ar (-2, 8) and (-2, 2.
Solution:
We probably don’t even need to graph thishyperbola since we're basically
iven what aané bare, Remembethat the difference ofthe focal rats 2a,
3.
Since the endpoints ofthe conugats as are along vertical ine, we know
{hat the hyperbola shorzontal, andthe covert ac -2, 8) and (-2,-2).
From this information, we can ge the center (midpoint between the co
vers), ch (-2, 3) and he leat ofthe minor avs (2), whch is 10. So
255, (Oraw the pons fistful ta ee)
So the equation ofthe elses i — a =
Problem:
Fin the equation of the hyperbola where one ofthe vertices Isat {3.2}
ond the asymptotesare 2 = 12 (r ~ 3),
Solution:
{Let's try to raph this one, since it’ bard to tell what we know about it!
We can see from the equation ofthe asymptotes thatthe center ofthe
bryperboa is (3,2).
‘Then we'll graph this center and alsograph the vertex that i given tose that
‘the hyperbola is horizontal:
ee terete efi 1soni
Circles, Parabols,Elipses, and Hyperbols - She Loves Math
= “on
Peconic, |
‘Applications of Hyperbolas
Uke elipses, the fos of hyperbolas are very useful in scence for their
reflective properties, and hyperbolic properties are often used in telescopes.
‘They are ao usedto model paths of moving obeets, suchas alpha particles
passing the nucle f atoms, ora spacecraft moving past the moon tothe
planet Venus.
Problem:
‘Acomet’s path (ast approaches the sun) can be modeled by one branch of
the hyperbola == |, where the sun atthe focus ofthat part of
the hyperbola. Each unt ofthe coordinate sytem is 1 milion miles (a) Find
the coordinates ofhe sun assuming itis atthe focus with non-negative
coordinates). Rourd othe nearest hundredth. (b) How close does the
comet come to thesun?
Solution:
ain, t's typically easier to graph the hyperbola first and then answer the
questions.
i
Seve fences cis
{Sets som cmnetw
tinviyww shelovesmmath.comv‘precal/parametrics-and-conics/
Page 21 of 29
anno‘Conies: Circles, Parabolas, Ellipse, and Hyperbolas- She Loves Math Page22 of 29
Problem:
Two buldingsin shopping complex ace shaped lke a branches ofthe
hyperbola 7200? — {02y — 716190 ~ 0), where xand y are in feet. How
far apart ara the buildings 2 thelr osest part?
Solution:
Let's try this one without drawing sce we know thatthe closest points of a
hyperbola ae where the vertices are, and the buldings would be 2a feet
apart
By dong ttle algebra (adding 746495 to both sides and then dividing all
‘terms by 745496) we see that the equation in hyperbolic form i
HEn~ By= 1 Soa = TIT =22. sothe buldng are 32 x2 = 64 feet
sparta tha closest pat
Problem:
Two radar stes are tracking an airplane thats hing ona hyperbole path. The
first radar ste is located at (0,0, and shows the airplane tobe 200 meters
away at certain ime. The second radar site, located 160 mils east ofthe
fist, showsthe airplane tobe 100 meters away at this same time. Find the
‘oordinatesof al possible points where the airplane could be located, (Find
the equation ofthe hyperbola where the plane could be located),
Solution:
Let's draw a picture frst and remember thatthe constant difference for 2
hyperbola salways 2a, The plane's path is actually on one branch of the
hyperbola; e's create @ horizontal hyperbola, so we'll use the equation
eee agar
oy an
hee pewrs nn act pba
enema lyr
Problem:
‘Alpha particles are deflected along hyperbolic paths when they ae directed
towards themuclel of gold atoms. fan alpha particle gts as clove a 10 units
ieee pS a te smanee.Conies: Circles, Parabolas, Elipses, and Hyperbolas- She Loves Math
tothe nucleus alonza hyperbolic path with asymptote
‘equation of its path?
Solution:
fo awhat the
Let's draw a picture fist and make the nucleus the center ofthe hyperbola at
(0.0)
mo
i nape ent ft
Identifying the Conic
‘Sometimes you areglven an equtlon ora description ofa con, and asked to
Identily the conle. Remember these rules:
f= 2 with others (and maybe“), oF y? with other xs (and maybe
9 parabola
x and y? vith same coefficients and + sign: circle
1 and yf with same coefficients and ~ sign: hyperbola
1 and yf withdliferent coefficients and + sign ellipse
1? and o? withalifferent coefficients and ~ sign: hyperbola
Page 23 of 29
Here are some exanples; always find it's easier to work/graph these on graph
paper to see what’sgoing on
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information:
For the following, write the equation ofthe cone, using the given
http-//www.shelovesmath.com/precal/parametrics-and-conics!
anosCConies: Circles, Paraboas, lipses, and Hyperbolas - She Loves Math Page 24 of 29
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Learn these rules, and practice, practice, practice!
Formore practice, ty the problem below. You can type in more problems (by
hitting the “to clear tis problem), or lick onthe "7" to dill down for
example problems.
Ifyou cickan the “View Steps” box on the widget’ answer screen you wil go
to the Mathaay ste, where you can register fora free seven-day tral of
the fll vers.on (steps included) ofthe software. You can even get math
worksheets.
You can aso goto the Mathway ste here, where you can reper forthe tal,
or ust use the software for fee without the detailed solutions. Thereis even
{8 Mathway App for your mobil device. Enjoy!
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spenieCConies: Crees, Parabols,Elipses, and Hyperbols - She Loves Math Page 25 0f 29
—- fix) tog
sin cos tan cot sec ese
sexe
Graph ‘Answer
(On to Systems of Non-Linear Equations — you are ready!
‘on Deenbe 2012158 pm a
‘This i simplyamazing and very helpfu.Lisa,canu please complete
‘these to be completed sections as well love math too.
‘Thank you somuch
latostfwow.shelovesmath.com/peecal/perametrice-and-conica! anneCConies: Circles, Parabolas,Elipses, and Hyperbolas - She Loves Math Page 26 of 29
iis, excel
website and very clear lessons!
My younger dster has to prepare fora college entry exam in our
‘country but se hasn't studied Conies before. (Neither have 0 fm
searching thenet about this topic to learn about it myself) she has 2
couple of weeks tothe exam. was wondering would you by any
chance be able to complete tis page before then?
‘Thank you somuch!
ray 2420873 pm:
‘Tanks se much fr writ
section fished this week
us
1" hoping to have the Cones
| teach coniesttions in my Pre-Caleulus lass. This website willbe a
‘reat too! fr students who can work ahead of me (they ean learn
independent by reading your information) or for those who need
remediation and review. plan to ty using It with such students ns
year. Thanks forthe great information. Nice job
‘htin'//urwrw shelovesmath.comfarecal/narametrics-and-canics!’ apne