Verb Forms and Verb Tenses (#10):

Past Participles
English verbs have five basic forms: the base, - S, -ing, past,
and past participle forms.

The past participles for regular verbs are the same as their
past forms (look-looked-looked and study-studied-studied),
for example. For irregular verbs, the past and past participle
forms are different (for example, be- was/were-been and
go-went-gone).

The past participle is commonly used in several situations:

1. Past participles are used as part of the present and

past perfect tenses (both "regular" and continuous).

The non-continuous present perfect tense uses has

or have + the past participle; the present perfect
continuous tense uses has or have + been (the past
participle of BE) + the - ing form of the main verb.

Examples:

He has (He's) taken a vacation. /

He has (He's) been taking a vacation.

I have (I've) taken my medicine.

I have (I've) been taking that medicine for three days.

The non-continuous past perfect tense uses had +

the past participle; the past perfect continuous
tense uses had + been + the - ing form of the
main verb.

Examples:

She had (She'd) lived here for 10 years

when I met her.

She had (She'd) been living here for 10 years

when I met her.

He had (He'd) waited a long time before he left.

He had (He'd) been waiting a long time before he left.

2. Past participles are also used to make one of the
past forms for the modal verbs (modal auxiliaries).
These forms use a modal + have + the past participle.

Examples:

could have gone

may have been
should have known
might have seen
would have written
must have forgotten
3. Another use for past participles is as participial
adjectives (verb forms used as adjectives).

Participial adjectives may be used both singly

and in phrases.

Examples:

We were bored / excited / interested.

We were bored with / excited about / interested in

the movie.

It's broken / gone / done.

It's broken into two pieces / gone from where

I usually put it / done by machine, not by hand.

Abandoned, he didn't know what to do.

Abandoned by everyone he had considered to be

his friends, he didn't know what to do.

4. One more use of past participles is in making the

past form of infinitives (to + the base form).

Examples:

to be / to have been;
to live / to have lived;
to go / to have gone;
to have / to have had.

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Special Notes:

1. In the "modal perfect" tenses, the modal auxiliary

and have are usually contracted in spoken English
(though this is not as common in written English):

could have --> could've;

may have --> may've;
might have --> might've;
must have --> must've;
should have --> should've;
would have --> would've

When 've is spoken quickly in casual conversation,

the sound changes to something like "a" (the second
vowel sound in "sofa"). The common word "of" is
pronounced the same way in quick, casual speech.
Because of this, people sometimes write wrong forms
such as *could of, *may of, *might of, etc.

2. Both - ing forms (present participles) and past

participles are used as adjectives (for example,
boring / bored and exciting / excited), butthe
meanings are not the same:

He's boring = He bores someone.

He's bored = Something (or someone) bores him.

They're exciting = They excite someone.

They're excited = Something (someone) excites him.

3. The past infinitive is not very common except in

very formal writing or when it is important to
show two different times:

Tennyson: "'Tis better to have loved and lost than

not to have loved at all." (This is formal language.
Also, the poet makes a contrast between now--
"'Tis better" [It is better]--and the past--"to have
loved and lost" [loving and losing were in the past].)

I'm sorry to disappoint you. / I'm sorry to

have disappointed you. (In the first sentence,
"be sorry" and "disappoint" are both present, but
in the second sentence "be sorry" is present and
"disappoint" is past.)
Had hoped-keinginan yang tak terpenuhi di masa lampau-

Masih ingatkah kalian bentuk past perfect tense? Sekilas bentuk had hoped merupakan contoh
bentuk past perfect tense. Akan tetapi perlu diketahui ya, had hoped menyatakan harapan di
masa lampau yang tidak terjadi.

Berikut rumusannya:
S had hoped that S would verb word
They had hoped that we would go somewhere
Ingat: jangan pakai verb word saja kecuali dengan would dan verb word.
Contoh had hoped dalam kalimat:
Incorrect: We had hoped that she will live in Bekasi last year.
Correct : We had hoped that she would live in Bekasi last year. (kenyataanya tidak tinggal di
Bekasi)
Incorrect: She had hoped him stayinglonger
Correct : She had hoped that he would staylonger.
Incorrect: I had hoped he was comingto my party.
Correct : I had hoped that he would cometo my party.
Incorrect: Jimmys father had hoped that he go into business with him.
Correct : Jimmys father had hoped that he would go into business with him..
Incorrect: He had hoped that she not love him anymore.
Correct : He had hoped that she would not love him anymore.
Incorrect: They had hoped that she graduate this semester, but she couldnt finish her thesis in time.
Correct : They had hoped that she would graduatethis semester, but she couldnt finish her thesis
in time.
Incorrect: Presiden Wilson had hoped that World War be the last great war, but only two decades
later, the Second War was erupting.
Correct : Presiden Wilson had hoped that World War would be the last great war, but only two
decades later, the Second War was erupting.
Incorrect: She had hoped he takeher out.
Correct : She had hoped that he wouldtake her out.
Ternyata bentuk Had hoped-keinginan yang tak terpenuhi di masa lampau merupakan bentuk
ekspresi yang tidak kesampaian di wkatu lampau, jangan sampai bingung dengan bentuk past perfect
tense yahh! Tetap semangat belajarnya.
Missing auxiliary verb passive (hilang kata kerja bantu pasif)

the book has been read. (primary: has, been;

Passive-Present Perfect Tense)

Form passive voice with the auxiliary verb be.

You can make any transitive verban action verb that can take a direct objectpassive with the
auxiliary verb be.

Forms of Be
am, is, are, was, were, being, been

Active voice looks like this:

Subject + Verb + Direct Object.

Here are some samples:

We licked our lips.

Frank devoured a bacon double cheeseburger.

Everyone envied his enjoyment.

Passive voice makes these changes:

Direct Object as Subject + Form of Be + Past Participle + By + Subject as Object of the Preposition.

Now read these revisions:

Our lips were licked by us.

The double bacon cheeseburger was being devoured by Frank.

His enjoyment was envied by everyone.

Notice how wordy and clunky passive voice is! Now you know why English teachers tell you to
avoid it!