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Activity 4: Fundamentals of Materials
Due Date: Thursday, January 26th, before class.
Delivery form: Blackboard
Description: Answer the following questions.
Individual assignment
Chapter 1: The Structure of Materials
1. Explain your understanding of why the study of the crystal structures of metals is important.
It is important because in that way we can know better the manufacturing process, we can know
the way to treat the part or the material to get it the way we want. We need to know how crystal
structures behave and influence in the structure of it, so in that way if we want a metal with
certain or specific properties we can analyze and determine whether if its a good option or not.

2. Is it possible for two piece of the same metal to have different recrystallization temperatures? Is it
possible for recrystallization to take place in some regions of a part before it does on other regions
of the same part? Explain your answer.
Yes, and it all depends on the temperature present when cold working. If one metal piece was
cold worked, itll have more internal energy to carry on the recrystallization process.
Recrystallization may happen in different regions of the piece or material, it all depends in the
amount of cold and the shape of the part, for example is the part has different sections or
thickness in some parts, etc.

3. Describe your understanding of why different crystals structures exhibit different strengths and
ductilities.
Every material and, of course, different crystal structures have different arrangements of atoms.
This atom arrangement defines or determines the type and the orientations of crystal defects,
this defects obviously may vary depending on the type of material, it physical and mechanical
properties, etc. and it is basically the type of atom orientations and number of defects that
determine strength, ductility, and other physical properties.

4. What materials and structures can you think of (other than metal) that exhibit anisotropic
behavior?
First, we need to define what is an anisotropic material, we can define this as a material or all
materials whose properties like thermal, electric conductivity, density, etc., do not follow any
regular direction.

5. Two parts have been made of the same material, but one was formed by cold working and the
other by hot working. Explain what differences we may observe on their behavior between the
two.
Cold working: In this type of work method is done at a temperature below recrystallization
temperature, the material or parts tends to shrink and obviously, the mechanical properties
change, and this type of work, it decreases properties like elongation, impact values, etc.
Although is a great working method, it has its disadvantages, for example: after working the
material is not uniform, there is more risk of cracks, decreases resistance to corrosion.
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Hot Working: This type of work is done at a temperature above recrystallization temperature and
it increases mechanical properties, at the end the material has a uniform structure, there is less
risk of cracks, ultimate tensile strength, yield point and corrosion resistance are unaffected, and it
requires less energy for plastic deformation because at higher temperature metal become more
ductile and soft.

6. Why do you think it might be important to know whether a raw material to be used in a
manufacturing process has anisotropic properties? What about anisotropy in the finished
product? Explain.
It is important to have anisotropic in the processes, especially in raw materials so in that
way we can work it out and get the type of material with specific properties, for example
when cold working a metal sheet we obviously want its properties to be stronger, so its
important to know its anisotropic properties so we can manage it the way we like. Finally,
anisotropy is important in a finished so in that way the strongest direction of the part can
be designed to support the largest load in service.

7. Explain why the strength of a polycrystalline metal at room temperature decreases as its
grain size increases.
We know that the more grain boundaries the strength the material gets. Metals with large grains
have less grain boundaries and for instance the grain boundaries will not be stronger so the
material will have a los strength.
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Chapter 2: Mechanical Behavior, Testing, and Manufacturing Properties of

Materials.
1. On the same scale for stress, the tensile true stress-true strain curve is higher than the
engineering stress-engineering strain. Explain whether this condition also holds for a
compression test.
It doesnt hold for a compression test because when stretching the body gets ticker and
large forming a neck that suddenly at a certain point itll break, and when compression
the body gets bigger than smaller.

2. What are the similarities and differences between deformation and strain?
We can say that the difference between deformation and strain is that deformation is the
changing of the shape of a certain body, material or product due to force and pressure
that is applied on it, while strain is a certain forcer created by the elasticity of an object,
in other words, when an exterior stress is applied to a certain body, it tends to pull itself
apart. The similarities are that they are both reaction to a certain force or factor that Is
affecting the bodys original form.
3. Explain the mechanical properties of Strength, Hardness, Toughness and Stiffness.
Strength: We can define it as the ability to resist and applied force without failure, it is
important to remember that failure means when an object can no longer bear the
force thats been applied and it breaks. This stresses acting on the body cause a
certain deformation in many ways.

Hardness: It is the resistance of a material to a plastic deformation or the resistance

to scratching, abrasion, or cutting. The greater the hardness of a metal, the greater
resistance to deformation.

Toughness: It is the ability of a material to absorb energy when impacted, examples of

materials known to be very tough are stainless steels and titanium alloys. It is
important to mention that toughness its not the same as hardness because if a
material is very hard it is usually very fragile.

Stiffness: It is defined as the tendency of a material to react with a minimum

deformation when the material is stressed. Materials that are stiff are usually hard
and more fragile.
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4. Draw a sketch of a simple stress-strain diagram and indicate the important points of the
graph

In this diagram, there are 5 important stages when a ductile material is subjected to a
tensile test. This are those stages:
Proportional limit: In the diagram, point P, this value of stress remains constant or
proportional, in other words, nothing happens to the body or material.
Elastic Limit: Point E in the diagram, its the value of stress in which the material is
perfectly elastic, this means that if the material is unloaded before crossing point E then
itll go back to its original position.
Yield Point: Point Y in the graph, this point is defined as the stress after which material
extension takes place more quickly either with no or little increase in weight.
Ultimate Stress Point: Point U in the diagram, is the maximum strength the material can
resist before breaking. In other words, the ultimate stress corresponding to the peak
point on the stress strain graph.
Breaking Point: Point B, its where the material can no longer hold and it breaks.

5. Explain the difference between Yield Stress, Ultimate Tensile Stress and the Module of
Elasticity.
Module of elasticity it is when the deformation is elastic, meaning it can go back to its
original form, Yield Stress it is the stress at which a material starts to experience a plastic
deformation, in other words, it begins to deform and it cant go back to its original
position, and Ultimate tensile stress Is when the body can no longer resist and it fails.
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6. Explain the definition of a ductile and brittle material and give two examples of each.
Ductile Materials:
Resist large strains before failure.
Often have small module of elasticity and ultimate stress.
Large strains and yielding before they fail.
Examples: Steel and Aluminum

Brittle Materials:
Materials fracture at low strains.
They have large module of elasticity and ultimate stress.
They fail quickly and suddenly without warning.
Examples: Glass and Cast Iron.

7. Which hardness test will you use to measure the hardness of a thin aluminum foil piece?
I would use Knoop Hardness test. In this method A diamond pyramid indenter is used and
it is desgined specifically for testing soft material and thin coating, since the penetration
depth is very small
8. List and explain briefly the conditions that induce brittle fracture in an otherwise ductile
material.
For a brittle fracture to occur in a normally ductile material, the following factors must be
present simultaneously:
A stress concentrator must be present.