CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

This manual meets the first aid training needs of individual service members. Because
medical personnel will not always be readily available, the nonmedical service members
must rely heavily on their own skills and knowledge of life-sustaining methods to survive on
the integrated battlefield. This publication outlines both self-aid and aid to other service
members (buddy aid). More importantly, it emphasizes prompt and effective action in
sustaining life and preventing or minimizing further suffering and disability. First aid is the
emergency care given to the sick, injured, or wounded before being treated by medical
personnel. The term first aid can be defined as urgent and immediate lifesaving and other
measures, which can be performed for casualties by nonmedical personnel when medical
personnel are not immediately available. Nonmedical service members have received basic
first aid training and should remain skilled in the correct procedures for giving first aid. This
manual is directed to all service members. The procedures discussed apply to all types of
casualties and the measures described are for use by both male and female service members.

1.2 Formulate of the Problem

As for the formulation of the problems obtained in this paper among other :
1.2.1 What is first aid?
1.2.2 What is the first aid procedure?
1.2.3 What is general form of first aid?
1.2.4 How the dialogue in situation of accident and emergency?
1.2.5 What is basic life support?

1.3 Aims of Paper

The aims of paper among other :
1.3.1 To knowing the meaning and explanation of first aid.
1.3.2 To knowing the procedure of first aid.

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1.3.3 To knowing the general form of first aid.
1.3.4 To knowing how the dialogue in accident and emergency situated.
1.3.5 To knowing basic life support?

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 First Aid

First aid is the initial care provided to someone who has suddenly fallen ill, or who has
been injured, until more advanced care is provided or the person recovers. Immediate and
effective first aid may reduce the severity of the injury or illness and promote recovery.
Knowledge of first aid is important for everyday life at home, work, or in the community.
Not every incident requiring first aid will be life threatening, however the more people with
basic first aid knowledge, the better the chances are of saving a life.

2.1.1 Understanding Vital Body Functions for First Aid

In order for the service member to learn to perform first aid procedures, he must have a
basic understanding of what the vital body functions are and what the result will be if
they are damaged or not functioning.
a. Breathing Process.
All humans must have oxygen to live.Through the breathing process, the lungs
draw oxygen from the air and put it into the blood. The heart pumps the blood
through the body to be used by the cells that require a constant supply of oxygen.
Some cells are more dependent on a constant supply of oxygen than others. For
example, cells of the brain may die within 4 to 6 minutes without oxygen. Once
these cells die, they are lost forever since they do not regenerate. This could result
in permanent brain damage, paralysis, or death.
b. Respiration.
Respiration occurs when a person inhales (oxygen is taken into the body) and then
exhales (carbon dioxide [CO2] is expelled from the body). Respiration involves
the
Airway. The airway consists of the nose, mouth, throat, voice box, and
windpipe. It is the canal through which air passes to and from the lungs.

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 Lungs. The lungs are two elastic organs made up of thousands of tiny air
spaces and covered by an airtight membrane. The bronchial tree is a part
of the lungs.
Rib cage. The rib cage is formed by the muscle connected ribs, which join
the spine in back, and the breastbone in front.The top part of the rib cage
is closed by the structure of the neck, and the bottom part is separated
from the abdominal cavity by a large dome-shaped muscle called the
diaphragm (Figure 1-1). The diaphragm and rib muscles, which are under
the control of the respiratory center in the brain, automatically contract
and relax. Contraction increases and relaxation decreases the size of the
rib cage. When the rib cage increases and then decreases, the air pressure
in the lungs is first less and then more than the atmospheric pressure, thus
causing the air to rush into and out of the lungs to equalize the pressure.
This cycle of inhaling and exhaling is repeated about 12 to 18 times per
minute.

Figure 1-1. Airway, lungs, and rib cage.

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c. Blood Circulation. The heart and the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and
capillaries) circulate blood through the body tissues. The heart is divided into two
separate halves, each acting as a pump. The left side pumps oxygenated blood
(bright red) through the arteries into the capillaries; nutrients and oxygen pass
from the blood through the walls of the capillaries into the cells. At the same time
waste products and CO2 enter the capillaries. From the capillaries the oxygen
poor blood is carried through the veins to the right side of the heart and then into
the lungs where it expels the CO2 and picks up oxygen. Blood in the veins is dark
red because of its low oxygen content. Blood does not flow through the veins in
spurts as it does through the arteries. The entire system of the heart, blood vessels,
and lymphatic is called the circulatory system.
(a) Heartbeat. The heart functions as a pump to circulate the blood continuously
through the blood vessels to all parts of the body. It contracts, forcing the
blood from its chambers; then it relaxes, permitting its chambers to refill with
blood. The rhythmical cycle of contraction and relaxation is called the
heartbeat. The normal heartbeat is from 60 to 80 beats per minute.
(b) Pulse. The heartbeat causes a rhythmical expansion and contraction of the
arteries as it forces blood through them. This cycle of expansion and
contraction can be felt (monitored) at various points in the body and is called
the pulse. The common points for checking the pulse are at the
Side of the neck (carotid).
Groin (femoral).
Wrist (radial).
Ankle (posterior tibial).
(c) Carotid pulse. To check the carotid pulse, feel for a pulse on the side of the
casualtys neck closest to you. This is done by placing the tips of your first
two fingers beside his Adams apple (Figure 1-2)

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 Figure 1-2. Carotid pulse

(d) Femoral pulse. To check the femoral pulse, press the tips of your first two
fingers into the middle of the groin (Figure 1-3).

Figure 1-3. Femoral pulse.

(e) Radial pulse. To check the radial pulse, place your first two finger on the
thumb side of the casualtys wrist (Figure 1-4).

Figure 1-4. Radial pulse.

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 (f) Posterior tibial pulse. To check the posterior tibial pulse, place your first two
fingers on the inside of the ankle (Figure 1-5).

Figure 1-5. Posterior tibial pulse.

2.2 First Aid Procedure

First Aid Procedure :
1) Check yourself first: If you have been injured in the accident, first check
yourself for any injuries. Try to assess how well you can move your limbs, and if
you experience symptoms such as dizziness etc. Remember you need to be fit
enough to help the others.
2) Check the other person(s) for injuries: If other people are injured, first assess the
extent of his/ her injuries. For e.g. is he bleeling from the head, neck, arms legs,
abdomen back etc. Treat the quietest person first, they are usually more seriously
injured or cannot breathe. People who can talk or scream, on the other hand, can
breathe therefore can be treated a little later. Ask for the patients name, if he
responds, it means he is able to understand the situation and has most likely not
suffered a severe head injury.
3) Look for signs of breathing: Next, check if the person is breathing and if he has
a pulse.
4) Call for help: Immediately call for an ambulance or rush the person to a hospital.
Once you know more about the patients condition you will in a better position
to tell the doctors about his/her condition.
5) Check for obstructions in the persons mouth and throat: If you do not hear any
breath sounds, check his/her mouth for any obstructions. If there is something
obstructing the airway, use your index and middle finger to clear the airway.

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6) Perform life saving techniques: If there is no pulse, start CPR or EAR. Keep the
persons neck straight to start EAR (External Air Resuscitation) or CPR (Cardio
pulmonary resuscitation). There are 3 types of EAR; Mouth-to-mouth, Mouth-
to-Nose, Mouth-to-Mask. You could read more about how to
perform EAR and CPR here.
7) Ways to help him/her in grave situations: If there is bleeding from the mouth or
the patient is vomiting, turn the person to his/her side. This will avoid any
chances of the person choking. Place the persons arm that is under him straight
out and the arm closest to you across his chest.
8) Deal with open wounds: If there are extensive wounds, try to control the
bleeding using pressure to the area using a cloth. Press down with your palms
rather than your finger tips. You can also read about first aid measures for
fractures.
9) Always suspect spinal injuries: If the persons neck is in an awkward position
(not normally placed) or the person is unconscious, do not move the patient. Get
help immediately. This could mean that the persons neck is broken, and moving
him/her in such a situation can cause more harm than good.
10) Keep the person warm: Usually accident victims feel excessively cold due to
shock. Therefore keeping them warm is essential to survival. You can use
whatever you have to do this, such as a T-shirt, jacket, etc.
11) Avoid feeding the person: Do not give the person any water, food or other fluids
through the mouth, it could lead to the patient choking.

Tips to remember while shifting a person to the hospital

The patient should be transported on a stretcher or a stiff board. This is

important as reducing the amount of movement the person experiences is
essential to avoid his/her injuries from becoming worse.
Keep the persons neck and back straight. You could place a rolled up towel or
thick cloth under the neck for better support.
Ensure that the person is lying down flat.
If there is only a limb injury, the patient can be transported in a sitting position.

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 In case of a bleeding injury, lift the injured part above the persons body level
and apply pressure on the region. Keep applying pressure till you reach the
hospital. This helps control and eventually stop the bleeding.
Make sure the person has a pulse and is breathing on the way to the hospital. If
he/she stops breathing, be prepared to start CPR or EAR in the vehicle.

2.3 First Aid General Form

First Aid Treatment Form

Name of treating person Location Date Time (24 Hour Clock)

Surname Given name Date Gender

M/F

Address

Phone Number (home) Phone Number (mobile)

Consent to treatment Refusal of treatment Casualty

Signature:

History of accident or illness: (what happened?)

First aid assessment: (What is the injury/illness?)

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 Time it occurred:

General Observations Assessment Injuries/Symptoms & Signs

(Insert Bold Number) Abrasion Discolouration Pain

Conscious State Bleeding Fracture (?) Sprain

1. Fully conscious Burn Laceration Swelling

2. Drowsy Contusion Tenderness

3. Unconscious

Pulse

1. Slow, 2. Rapid,

3. Strong, 4. Weak,

5. Regular, 6. Irregular

Pulse Rate

Respiration

1. Deep, 2. Shallow, 3.
Absent, 4. Gasping, 5.
Rapid, 6. Slow R L L R

Respiration Rate

Temperature ( O C )

Skin

1. Hot, 2. Warm, 3.

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Cool, 4. Cold

Pupils Reactive R L R L R L

(Y/N) Equal

Allergies/ Medications/Past Medical History:

Treatment:

Hospital (Own Transport Time of Departure Expected Destination

Ambulance Time of call Who called Time

arrived

To own Doctor Time of Departure

Other (e.g. Police, Security) Service Time of call Who called Time
arrived

Continue Event Time continued Who advised

First Aider (Print Name): Date:

Signature: Time:

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2.4 Dialogue About Accident And Emergency

An emergency is an unexpected situation requiring immediate action. Here are some

phrases that you can use in emergencies and difficult situations. If you are in a genuine
emergency, you must call the emergency services.

1. Phrases useful in an emergency

Help!
Help me!
Please help me!
Help me. Im drowning.
Help me. I cant swim.
2. Warnings
To tell someone that you are in danger, shout Look out! or say Be careful!
Be careful on those steps. They are wet and slippery.
Watch out! That tree is falling.
Look out! Were going to crash.
Be careful! Its stormy outside.
Be careful! The vessel is too hot.
3. Medical emergencies
Here are some phrases that you can use in a medical emergency.
Call an ambulance!
Call the doctor!
I want to see a doctor.
I need a doctor. Im dying.
I think Im having a heart attack. Please call the doctor.
Ive cut myself. / Ive injured myself.
Ive broken my leg / arm.
I hit my head against the wall. Now Im feeling a little faint.
Ive burnt myself.
I feel dizzy. / Im feeling dizzy.

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It is the example dialogue about accident and emergency :

Peter : Hey! That car just ran a red light and hit that truck!

Gail : Is anyone hurt?

Peter : I dont know lets call 911. Hello? Id like to report a car accident near the
post office on Charles Street. It looks like a man is hurt. Yes, it just happened. OK,
thanks. Bye.

Gail : What did they say?

Peter : Theyre going to send an ambulance and a police car right away.

Gail : Good, theyre here. I hope the man is OK.

Peter : I know. You have to be so careful when youre driving.

Language notes

Hey! This expression is used to show surprise. Notice how That car just ran a red
light and hit that truck! is said with a lot of energy.
Is anyone hurt? This is a yes/no question, so the intonation rises at the end. Notice
how this question is asked in a worried way.
911 is the phone number you dial for emergency services. The person who answers
will ask you questions about the emergency situation and then send out the necessary
emergency services, which may include police officers, firefighters and an
ambulance.
Id like to report a car accident near the post office on Charles Street. Notice
how the key words car accident, post office and Charles Street are stressed.
These are the important details that the emergency services need.
It just happened is a way of saying It happened a moment ago. Notice the stress
on just, which emphasizes that the accident happened very, very recently.

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 What did they say? Notice how say is emphasized, but the intonation falls at the
end of the word. This is a what question, so the intonation falls at the end.

2.5 Basic Life Support

Basic Life Support (BLS) refers to the care health care providers and public safety
professionals provide to patients who are experiencing respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest or
airway obstruction. BLS includes psychomotor skills for performing high-quality
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using an automated external defibrillator (AED) and
relieving an obstructed airway for patients of all ages. BLS also focuses on the integration of
the following key skills to help rescuers achieve optimal patient outcomes:
Critical thinking: clear and rational thinking based on facts presented and the
learners experience and expertise
Problem solving: identifying solutions to issues that arise using readily available
resources
Communication: a closed-loop process involving a sender, message and receiver
Team dynamics: integration and coordination of all team members working together
toward a common goal.
2.5.1 Administering CPR
1) Assess the Victims Consciousness.
a) Gently tap his or her shoulder and ask Are you OK? in a loud, clear voice. If
he or she responds, CPR is not required but if doesnt, continue with the
following steps.

Figure 1-6. Asses the victims consciousness

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2) Send for Help
a) If he or she doesnt respond, send for help around you.
b) If more people are available around you, give directions to each person. When
giving directions, be specifically as much as possible. For example, Please
bring AED! or Please call 119.

Figure 1-7. Send for help

3) Check for Breathing

a) Check whether he or she is breathing normally.
b) Sit by the victim and check whether his or her chest and stomach is moving or
not.

Figure 1-8. Check for breathing

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4) Perform Chest Compressions
a) If he or she is not breathing normally, perform chest compressions
immediately.

Figure 1-9. Perform Chest Compressions

Performing Chest Compressions :

Place the heel of one hand on the victims breastbone.
Place your other hand on top of the first hand and interlace the fingers.
Lock your elbows and using your bodys weight, compress the
victims chest. The depth of compressions should be approximately 5
cm.
Perform 30 chest compressions at roughly 100 times per minute.
After each compression, allow the chest to recoil completely.
To an infant, use only one hand to perform heart compressions.
Compress about 1/3 the depth of the chest.
To procedure for giving CPR to a child is essentially the same as that
for an adult. The difference is use only one hand to perform heart
compressions and gently compress about 1/3 the depth of the chest.

Figure 1-10. Perform Chest Compressions

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5) Perform Artificial Respiration
After compressing the victims chest for 30 times, give rescue breaths.
1) Airway Management (Head-tilt chin-lift) :
Ensure an open pathway between a victims lungs and the outside
world. (Open the airway)
Place one hand on the forehead of the victim while grasping the bony
portion of the chin with the other. Tilt the head and lift the chin at the
same time. This lifts the tongue and creates a pocket for oxygen to
travel.

Figure 1-11. Head-tilt chin-lift.

2) Artificial Respiration (Mouth to Mouth)
Open the victims airway and pinch the victims nose with your thumb
and index finger.
Cover the victims mouth completely with your mouth and give a
regular breath for about 1 second into the victim. Check whether the
victims chest rises or not.
Let the victim exhale and give the second breath just as you did with
the first breath.

Figure 1-12. Mouth to mouth.

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6) Continue CPR
a) Repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths.
b) Continue CPR until emergency personnel arrive or signs of life return.

Figure 1-13. CPR

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion
The conclusion are :
1. First aid is the initial care provided to someone who has suddenly fallen ill, or who
has been injured, until more advanced care is provided or the person recovers.
2. Phrases useful in an emergency are Help me!, Please help me!, Help me. Im
drowning!, Look out! Were going to crash, Be careful! Its stormy outside, Call the
doctor! I think Im having a heart attack, Please call the doctor, I hit my head against
the wall, Now Im feeling a little faint, Ive burnt myself, etc.
3. Basic Life Support (BLS) refers to the care health care providers and public safety
professionals provide to patients who are experiencing respiratory arrest, cardiac
arrest or airway obstruction.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonym. 2015. Emergency. http://preuhotra.leogems.org/emergency.htm. Accessed on 6th

October 2017.

Anonym. 2015. First Aid Guide and Emergency Treatment. Japan : Sapporo Fire Bureau.
Anonym. 2016. First Aid In A Road Traffic Accident. http://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-
conditions/first-aid-in-a-road-traffic-accident/ Accessed on 6th October 2017
Headquarters Department Of The Army, The Navy, And The Air Force. 2002. First Aid.
Washington DC : US Army Medical Department.
L. Epstein, Jonathan. 2015. Basic Life Support, American Red Cross. United State of America :
StayWell.

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