2. A helium-filled balloon on a string is attached to an electric balance. The reading is: -0.0034., (@) @_ Explain how this shows that the force being exerted on the balance by the balloon is about 0.1 N upwards. String Balance Gi) Add labelled arrows to identify the other two forces acting on the balloon and. show that the value of weight is about 0.07.(b) The balloon is given to a child, The child holds the balloon by the string and walks ata constant speed. ‘The balloon trails at an angle of 43° to the vertical as shown, @ Add labelled arrows to identify the other forces acting on the balloon in this, Giiation. “Valties are net required, 2 Gi) Write an expression for the vertical component of the tension in the string. @ Git) By considering the vertical forces acting on the balloon, calculate the tension in the string in this situation, (eo) ‘The chita wale meter The mew angle of the balloon and string is shown below. eepashh the hance un anche“14. A sign at a railway station advises passengers to keep back from the platform edge. This as Sacaise Hea au Ey Colson ELIS Keep back from the platform edge ae a oats icin Explain what is meant by turbulent flow, and suggest why it is dangerou to stand near the edge of the platform, passengers4 The densities of liquids may be measured using hydrometers. The hydrometer in Fig. 4.1 consists of a weighted bulb with a thin stem. scale on stem Fig. 4.1 The hydrometer is floated in the liquid and the density is read from a scale on its stem. The hydrometer in Fig. 4.1 is designed to measure densities between 1.00gcm- and 1.40gem-*, (a)_On Fig. 4.1, mark with the letter M the position on the scale of the 1.10gm~* graduation. a (b) The hydrometer has a mass of 165g and the stem has a uniform cross-sectional area of 0.750 cm?. Calculate (i) the change in the submerged volume of the hydrometer when it is first placed in a liquid of density 1.00g cm” and then in a liquid of density 1.10 gcm-%, ) the distance on the stem between the 1.00 gomr and the 1.10 gom”® graduations.——S rs (b) Spherical particles of radius 4.5 x 107m and density 8.9.x 10° kgm? are initially distributed uniformly throughout some water of density 1.0 x 10° kgm? and viscosity 8.5 x10“ Pas. The water is 8.0 mm deep. Assume that there are no currents in the water. (1) Calculate the terminal speed at which a pariicle falls through the water. g (a) Explain what is meant by a viscous liquid. {b) Suggest why, for viscous flow of a fluid through a pipe, the flow rate Is expressed as a volume flow rate, measured in m®s~", rather than a linear speed, measured in ms~" (©) The volume flow rato V of a viscous liquid undergoing steady flow through a tube of length L and radius ris given by rip Brl * where 7 is the viscosity of the liquid and pis the pressure ditference between tha ends OF the tube Water of density 1.0% 10%kg m” flows out of a container through a tube of iength 19. om and internal diameter 1.8mm, as illustrated in Hig, 5-1 waterWhen the axis of the tube is at a depth of 9.71 cm below the water surface, waler runs out of the tube ata rate VoF 1.5% 10-8 mse, (@ Show that the pressure difference between the ends of the tube is approximately B90 Pa. MW Dotormine the viccosity of the water. ADS tesphetevialis from testin a viscous fluid, The flow of fluid round the spheré:ramains laminar. Explain (a) by reference to the forces acting on the sphere, why the sphere reaches a terminal ‘speed, (b) why the sphere may not fall vertically if it is spinning. 6 A hollow tube contains some sand. When placed in a liquid, the tube floats upright as illustrated in Fig. 6.1 liquid. density » _-sand area of cross-section A Fig. 6.1 The centre of mass of the tube and the sand is at C. (a) Explain why the tube remains upright as it floats in the liquid. 2 (b) The tube and its contents have a total mass M. The tube, of uniform cross-section A, floats with length L submerged in a liquid! of density p. Show that the length L is given by the expression uM Ap L(c) When placed in water of density 0.99 gem, the length L is 12.1.0m. The tube is then transferred to a liquid of density 1.11 gcm-®. Calculate the change in the submerged length. 7 Acaris moving along a straight horizontal road at constant speed (a) Explain why the production of eddy currents behind the car results in an increase in fuel consumption, (b)_ A car having a frontal area A is moving through still air of density p with speed v. The drag force F acting on the car is given by the expression Fetoyapv2, where Cp is a constant for the car. (i) Show that the power output P of the car's engine that is required to overcome drag is given by P=kv%, where kis a constant. (ii) One particular car has a frontal area A of 1.8m? and a constant Cy of 0.34. The power available to overcome drag in still air of density 1.1kgm-? is 84kW. Calculate the maximum speed V;,,. of the car. The car in (ii) now moves against a current of air of speed 9.0ms~!, measured relative to the ground. The air has density 1.1 kgm. Calculate the ratio power output to maintain speed v,,,, against air current of speed 9.0ms~t power output to maintain speed v,,q, in still air4 Arectangular iceberg floats in seawater of density 1030 kg m-%, as illustrated in Fig. 4.1. area of top 6.4.x 104 m?~ surface of sea Fig. 4.4 The iceberg floats with its top, area 6.4x104m?, 28m above the surface of the sea. The density of ice is 920 kgm, (a) State what provides the upthrust on an object when it is immersed in a fluid. (b) The bottom of the iceberg is at a depth d, measured in metres. Give expressions, in terms of d, for (i) the mass of the iceberg, (ii) the mass of seawater displaced by the iceberg. (ec) Using your answers in (b), determine @) the depth a, d the fraction of the iceberg that is below the water surface.