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Diplom PDF
Diplom PDF
Diploma thesis
Author:
Supervisors:
Rasmus Birkelund Nielsen
Kim Hjgaard-Hansen
Mauritio B. G. M. Nielsen
February 3, 2012
ii
Institut for Elektroniske Systemer
Elektronik & IT
Fredrik Bajers Vej 7
9220 Aalborg
Telefon 99 40 86 00
http://es.aau.dk
Titel: Synopsis:
Physical Layer measurements in 3GPP
LTE Denne rapport beskriver throughput
mlinger p udrullet 3GPP LTE
netvrk. Disse mlinger skal benyttes
Tema:
til at undersge hvorledes dmpn-
Kommunikationssystemer ing og intermodulations forvrngning
pvirker andre UEs i nrheden.
Projektperiode: For at undersge disse aspekter er der
3. november 2011 foretaget en rkke live mlinger p et
i forvejen udrullet LTE netvrk, hvor
3. februar 2012
der i den frste mling foretages en sim-
pel undersgelse ved at dmpe down-
Forfattere: link signalet vha. attenuatorer. Den
Mauritio Birk Georg Musil Nielsen anden mling blev foretaget ved at sam-
Rasmus Birkelund Nielsen menkoble signalet modtaget p UE,
med at stj-signal fra en SMIQ 06b Vec-
tor Signal Generator.
Vejleder: Det kunne ses fra resultaterne at der
Kim Hjgaard-Hansen tydeligvis var en effekt ved at udstte
en UE for disse stj niveau. Desvrre,
er de foretagede mlinger ikke nok i
sig selv, og der br foretages yderligere
Oplagsantal: 4 mlinger. Forslag til hvilke aspekter der
br fokuseres p, er angivet i perspek-
tiveringen.
Sideantal: 97
Bilagsantal: 1 praktikrapport
Rapportens indhold er frit tilgngeligt, men offentliggrelse (med kildeangivelse) m kun ske efter
aftale med forfatterne.
iv
Department of Electronic Systems
Electrical Engineering
Fredrik Bajers Vej 7
9220 Aalborg
Telefon 99 40 86 00
http://es.aau.dk
Title: Synopsis:
Physical Layer measurements in 3GPP
LTE This report describes throughput mea-
surements performed on a deployed
3GPP LTE network. The measure-
Subject:
ments are to be utilised to examine
Communication Systems how attenuation and intermodulation
distortion affects other UEs in the vicin-
Project period: ity.
November 3rd, 2011 Inorder to examine these aspects, a
number of live measurements were per-
February 3rd, 2012
formed on a deployed LTE network,
where in the first measurement, a sim-
Authors: ple examination is made by attenuat-
Mauritio Birk Georg Musil Nielsen ing the downlink signla with attenua-
Rasmus Birkelund Nielsen tors. The second measurement was per-
formed by combining the signal received
on the UE with a noise signal generated
Supervisors: from a SMIQ 06b Vector Signal Gener-
Kim Hjgaard-Hansen ator.
It could be seen from the results that
there was clearly an effect, by exposing
the UE for these noise levels. Unfor-
Copies: 4 tunately, the performed measurements
are not enough, in the sense that there
should be proformed additional mea-
Page count: 97
surements. Some proposals as to which
aspects should be investigated further,
Appendix: 1 internship report and are given in the Perspective chap-
ter.
Completion of project: February 3rd, 2012
The contents of the report is freely available however, publication (with reference) may only happen
per agreement with the author(s).
vi
Chapter 1
Preface
This project has been made by Rasmus Birkelund Nielsen and Mauritio Birk
Georg Musil Nielsen, as part of the diploma thesis in Electronic Engineering
at Aalborg University. The overall theme of the project is based on Com-
munication Systems, and was conducted over the period from November
3rd , 2011 to February 3rd , 2012.
vii
viii
Contents
1 Preface vii
2 Introduction 1
3 Project Goal 3
I Analysis 4
6 Concepts Of Interference 21
6.1 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.1.1 Johnson-Nyquist noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6.1.2 Gaussian noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.1.3 Signal-to-Noise ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2 Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2.1 Co-Channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2.2 Intersymbol interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.3 Intermodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ix
6.4 In Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
II Measurements 27
7 Introduction 28
7.1 Throughput measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.2 Intermodulation Distortion measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.2.1 Directional coupler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.3 Case: Downlink blocks Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.4 Key Performance Indicator (KPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
8 Initial test 33
8.1 Setup and test procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.2 Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
8.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
III Assesment 56
10 Final conclusion 57
11 Perspective 59
IV Appendices 63
A MIMO 64
x
D Modulation schemes 70
D.1 BPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
D.2 QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
D.3 QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
xi
xii
List of Abbreviations
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
ACK Acknowledgement
AS Access Stratum
CP Cycle Prefix
eNB evolved-Node B
GP Guard Period
RB Ressource Block
RV Redundancy Version
xiv
S-GW Serving Gateway
UE User Equipment
xv
xvi
List of Figures
5.1 Frame structure for type 1 for FDD mode. (Rumney 2009) . . 11
5.2 Frame structure for type 2 for TDD mode. (Rumney 2009) . 11
5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) sym-
bol structure for normal cyclic prefix case. (Rumney 2009) . . 12
5.4 OFDM symbol versus cyclic prefix + OFDM symbol . . . . . 12
5.5 Ressource grid for 1 uplink slot (a) and 1 downlink slot (b) . 13
5.6 Subcarrier allocation in OFDM and OFDMA. By assigning
different OFDM sub-channels, Frequency-Division Multiple
Access (FDMA) is achieved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.7 Transmission of a series of QPSK symbols in both OFDMA
and SC-FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.8 Simplified signal generation of SC-FDMA and OFDMA . . . 20
xvii
7.3 UE reporting CQI to the eNB, which afterwards sends a
request of which modulation and coding the UE should use
next. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
xviii
9.19 RSSI with different modulation on the intermodulated
distorted signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.20 channel quality indicator with different modulation on the
intermodulated distorted signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.21 Intermodulation distortion on TELIAs 1800 MHz band . . . 50
9.22 Throughput with -40dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.23 Throughput with -60dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.24 RSRQ with -40dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.25 RSRQ with -60dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
9.26 Resource Block with -40dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
9.27 Resource Block with -60dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
9.28 SINR with -40dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.29 SINR with -60dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.30 RSSI with -40dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.31 RSSI with -60dB attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9.32 channel quality indicator with -40dB attenuation . . . . . . . 54
9.33 channel quality indicator with -60dB attenuation . . . . . . . 54
xix
F.2 Location of UE and eNB. The measurement was performed
approximately at position A), while the eNB is located
approximately at position B). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
F.3 TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB with different level of attenuation 85
F.4 SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI with different
level of attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
F.5 TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB with different level of attenuation 87
F.6 SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI with different
level of attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
F.7 Every 1 minute the frequency was increased by 1 MHz. The
extra time was to insure that the interference signal was out
of range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
F.8 TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB with different frequencies . . . . 90
F.9 SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI with different
frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
F.10 Every 30 sec. the frequency was increased by 1 MHz. The
bandwidth was 10 MHz and the extra time was to insure that
the interference signal was out of range. . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
F.11 TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
F.12 SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI . . . . . . . . 94
F.13 TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
F.14 SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI . . . . . . . . 96
xx
List of Tables
xxi
xxii
Chapter 2
Introduction
1
and intermodulation in Real life measurements affects throughput. At the
same time the modulation of the network will be analysed.
2
Chapter 3
Project Goal
This project will mainly focus on the 1800 MHz frequency area.
3
Part I
Analysis
4
Chapter 4
5
Figure 4.1: The network architecture in LTE, showing how the system is
split and interconnected.
The functional split between the eNB and the MME results in two logical
gatway entities being defined. The Serving Gateway (S-GW) acts as a
local mobility anchor for the user plane, during handovers and anchoring
LTE and other 3GPP technologies, while at the same time forwarding and
receiving, user data packets. The Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)
allows interfacing with other external Packet Data Networks (PDNs) such
as the Internet, along with other IP functions. Furthermore, the P-GW
acts as an anchor between 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies, like WiMAX.
The eNB functions mainly by performing header compression, ciphering and
providing a reliable delivery of packets.
6
In figure 4.2, is the user plane protocol stack.
Figure 4.2: The protocol stack in the user plane. It consists of 3 layers.
Layer 1 is the Physical layer, Layer 2 consisting of 3 sublayers; MAC, RLC,
PDCP, and Layer 3 as the RRC layer.
7
Figure 4.3: The protocol stack for the control plane. It functions exactly as
in the user plane, however serves mainly as a carrier for control messaging
from the RRC which may contain NAS messaging, rather than user data.
8
Figure 4.4: Overview of the ideal system. The main focus of the
measurements will be on the physical layer downlink side.
It is the physical layer KPIs that are of main interest. The PHY layer
will be discussed in further detail in chapter 5.
9
Chapter 5
10
Figure 5.1: Frame structure for type 1 for FDD mode. (Rumney 2009)
The frame structure seen in figure 5.1 is frame type 1 defined for FDD
mode. Each frame consistes of 10 subframes, which consists for 2 slots. One
radio frame is 10 ms long. In FDD mode, both the uplink and downlink
scheme use the same frame structure however, they uses different spectra.
Frame structure type 2 is defined for TDD mode, and is seen in figure 5.2.
Figure 5.2: Frame structure for type 2 for TDD mode. (Rumney 2009)
11
eliminates ISI. If the GP is longer than the delay spread in the channel, and
each OFDM symbol is cyclically extended into the GP, then the ISI can
be completely removed. In figure 5.3, an example of an OFDM symbol
structure can be seen.
Figure 5.3: OFDM symbol structure for normal cyclic prefix case. (Rumney
2009)
12
Resource elements and blocks
Within the Physical layer, a resource element is the smallest unit and
extends over one symbol (OFDM or SC-FDMA) in the time domain, and
one subcarrier in the frequency domain.
(a) (b)
Figure 5.5: Ressource grid for 1 uplink slot (a) and 1 downlink slot (b)
The Ressource Block (RB) is the smallest unit, that can be scheduled.
It physically occupies 180 kHz in frequency, and 0.5 ms in time. Thus for
a channel bandwidth of 10 MHz (including guardspaces, etc.), a maximum
of 50 RBs can be alotted. For the full channel bandwidth of 20 MHz, there
are 100 RBs available.
In most systems the transmission bandwidth is fixed, however OFDM
systems enables the possibilty for flexible bandwidths. Subcarrier spacing
is determined by an inverse of the FFT intergration time, thus giving LTE
the flexibility of having six different transmission bandwidth configurations
to choose from. The different transmission bandwidth configurations can be
seen in table 5.1 on the following page
13
Channel bandwidth [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Configuration in MHz 1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18
Configuration in RB 6 15 25 50 75 100
14
Triplet received Interpreted as
000 0 (error free)
001 0
010 0
100 0
111 1 (error free)
110 1
101 1
011 1
15
5.3 Modulation Scheme and Coding
LTE introduces the use of different modulation schemes, depending on the
uplink and downlink. In appendix C on page 68, OFDM and SC-FDMA will
be discussed more thoroughly. In this section the two modulations schemes
and AMC are described.
5.3.1 AMC
When HARQ has declared a failure in retransmissions, it hands the packet
over to ARQ and AMC takes over. It attempts to match the transmissions
from the HARQ process to the channel conditions in order to choose the
appropriate coding. During good channel conditions AMC would employ a
higher modulation, such as 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
which uses less redundancy in the transmission. This would results in a
larger transport block to be carried in the allocated channel. However,
if the channel suffers from poor conditions, AMC would choose a lower
order of modulation. Such a modulation would be Quadrature Phase-Skift
Keying (QPSK). With QPSK more redundancy bits would be sent to in
order to improve the probability of reception, but then employing a smaller
transport block. If the packet error rate is very low, it would imply the the
modulation depth is to high or to much redundancy is used. This results
in a smaller transport block size, and thus ultimately reduces throughput.
Moreover, if the packet are large, then the packet error rate would be high,
and again result in reduced throughput.
In order for AMC to work it is required that the eNB is informed about
the channel quality, seen by the UE. This is done through Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI) information, reported by the UE in the uplink. The CQI
index and its corresponding modulation scheme can be seen in table 5.3 on
the facing page.
16
CQI Index Modulation
0 Out of range
1 QPSK
2 QPSK
3 QPSK
4 QPSK
5 QPSK
6 QPSK
7 16-QAM
8 16-QAM
9 16-QAM
10 64-QAM
11 64-QAM
12 64-QAM
13 64-QAM
14 64-QAM
15 64-QAM
17
Figure 5.6: Subcarrier allocation in OFDM and OFDMA. By assigning
different OFDM sub-channels, FDMA is achieved.
18
Figure 5.7: Transmission of a series of QPSK symbols in both OFDMA and
SC-FDMA
19
Figure 5.8: Simplified signal generation of SC-FDMA and OFDMA
5.4 Summary
In this chapter details of the Physical layer has been described. At first
an architectural overview of the physical layer in LTE has been given.
The Physical Layer consists of several error correction mechanisms, which
enables the opportunity for a low probability of error. The use of both
OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink is only possible since
the introduction of powerful and small DSP(Digital signal processor). This
give a range of improvement by access mode seen in OFDMA and low power
consumption as in SC-FDMA.
20
Chapter 6
Concepts Of Interference
6.1 Noise
One way that interference can be regarded as, is noise. Noise comes
in different forms and can be defined as an unwanted and random
signal or disturbance. It can originate from different places, and given
a communication system, can be introduced either before or after the
decoder/encoder. In this section, two types of noise will be considered.
These are Johnson-Nyquist noise and Gaussian noise.
21
where,
This means that some noise signal will be directly added to the transmitted
signal.
22
6.2 Interference
When dealing with communication systems interference will always occur,
in some way or another. It can be anything in which alters, modifies or
disrupts the signal as it travels along a channel. In this section, mainly
Co-Channel Interference (CCI) and Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) will be
regarded.
6.3 Intermodulation
In non-linear systems, all signals will produce second and third order
products around their centerfrequencies. Given two frequencies f1 and
f2 , these will produce second order products at 2f1 , f1 + f2 , 2f2 and the
inverse. However, since the second order product are situated far away from
their main frequencies, they will no immediate significance, and can thus
be filtered away. On the other hand, with second order products removed,
third order products are still in range of the signal of interest. Figure 6.1
on the next page shows how the problem of third order products still are in
effect.
23
Figure 6.1: Intermodulation distortion from third order product
RX2 TX1 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1785
1805 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1825
1815 1920 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1845
1825 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1890 1880 1865
1835 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910 1900 1885
1845 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1905
1855 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1925
1865 2020 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1945
1880 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000 1990 1975
All frequencies that are in red, are those of interest. From the table
it can be seen that in the case of having a TX1 in 1730-1785 MHz, and
at the same time having an RX2 at 1805-1825 MHz, will directly results
in third order intermodulation distortion on the RX1. In figure 6.2 on the
facing page the two times downlink from a second provider RX2 minus one
uplink from first provider TX1, will create intermodulated interference on
the downlink of first provider. This is in contrast to figure 6.1 where the
entire 1800 MHz downlink becomes intermodulated with the uplink area in
the 1700 MHz frequency area.
24
Figure 6.2: intermodulation interference
is met.
This means that intermodulation distortion will directly occur on the high
band-edge of RXs downlink area, given the case that some signals are gen-
erated on the high band-edge of the frequency area dedicated to uplink, at
the same time with a signal on the low band-edge on the frequency area
dedicated to downlink.
6.4 In Denmark
With Hi3G and TDC together, offering LTE downlink on 1805.1-1836.9 MHz (og Telestyrelsen
2009a, 2010), and Telia having the downlink on 1856.3-1879.9 MHz (og Telestyrelsen
2009c) and uplink on 1761.3-1784.9 MHz, this phenomenon is very much ev-
ident.
25
RX2 Telia TX 1750 1760 1770 1785
Hi3G 1805 1860 1850 1840 1825
Hi3G 1815 1880 1870 1860 1845
TDC 1825 1900 1890 1880 1865
TDC 1835 1920 1910 1900 1885
In table 6.2 the direct impact of the twos providers downlink frequencies
is highlighted in read. In the case where a number of UEs are in the same
cell, the Telia users downlink throughput is significantly impaired, if there
are a number of TDC and/or 3 users uploading large amounts of data. The
expectation is to reproduce this phenomenon with different signals level and
modulation to see the impact of intermodulation distortion in a real life
measurement. A range of different frequencies will be used to observe the
effect of intermodulation distortion.
6.5 Summary
In this chapter, different aspects of noise and interference, has been
discussed. It can be seen that inorder to be able to perform more indicative
measurements it is neccessary to include the these different aspects of noise
and interference. In the following chapters, two types of measurements will
be performed. The basis of these measurements are introducing noise to the
channel. However, the type of noise that will be used is based on inserting
some attenuation. A more optimum way of doing this would be to introduce
a better defined noise or interference channel, such as superimposing a
AWGN channel model, or emulate CCI or ISI.
Moreover, during a previous internship at Agilent Technologies, it was
noticed that a phenomenon indicative of Intermodulation Distortion may
be present. Through the analysis seen in section 6.3 on page 23 showed that
theorethically this could occur. Thus creating a basis for an Intermodulation
Distortion measurement.
26
Part II
Measurements
27
Chapter 7
Introduction
Two main types of measurements were performed. The initial tests were
made in order to establish what channel condition which are being dealt
with, as well as to confirm that the network responds as expected. The
second type of measurement was made to determine what would happen in
case some unwanted signal would move in on the center frequency and cross
it.
28
Figure 7.1: The basic construction of a -20dB directional coupler
29
on. By first determining an initial measurement inorder to gain a standpoint
on what to do next, the attenuation measurement was performed. This
measurement gave indications that in accordance to the background theory
from chapter 5 on page 10 some changes in throughput should be seen, when
some distortion is added to the channel.
Afterwards, the Intermodulation Distortion measurement was set up. Based
on the analysis in section 6.3 on page 23 the following case study is asserted.
Physical Throughput
Physical throughput can be defined as the actual throughput of data being
transmitted in the physical layer. It is measured in kbit/s.
30
Reference Signal Receive Quality (RSRQ)
Given RSRP and RSSI, the RSRQ is an important measure, since it is
defined as a ratio between RSRP and RSSI. A mathematical expression of
RSRQ can be seen in equation 7.1
RSRP
RSRQ = #RBdB + (7.1)
RSSI
= 10 log10 (50) + (RSRPdB RSSIdB ) (7.2)
CQI
The CQI report, uses measurements performed on the downlink conditions,
inorder to report to the scheduler on which combination of modulation and
coding would have resulted in a 10 % Block Error Ratio (BLER), if this
combination had been used. In figure 7.3 the method how the UE reports
CQI to the eNB is shown.
Figure 7.3: UE reporting CQI to the eNB, which afterwards sends a request
of which modulation and coding the UE should use next.
31
Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
After the CQI has been reported, the eNB responds with an MCS index.
MCS is an index from 0 to 31 which indicates to the UE, what the
modulation and coding it should transmit on next.In figure 7.3 on the
previous page the UE receives the MCS index and on the basis of this
information, the data can be transmitted back with the chosen modulation
and coding.
32
Chapter 8
Initial test
Before being able to determine how LTE will react when the connection is
introduced to a blocker, it is neccessary to determine how it reacts when LTE
begins to suffer from a bad channel conditions. Therefore it is neccessary to
find out, a method of introducing noise in the channel. One way to do this,
is by attenuating the signal from the base station to the UE. Doing this
will hopefully result in LTE attempting to perform rate adaption, by either
changing the modulation scheme, requesting retransmission or in some other
manner, inorder to sustain a reliable and stable conenction.
The goal with this initial measurement is to gain some insight into the effects
on throughput, SNR, and RSSI among others. Especially identify what
happens, when some attenuation is introduced into the communications
path.
Inorder to realise this measurement, some different equipments and
measurement tools are needed. In table 8.1, an overview of the equipment
which has been utilised is listed.
33
with 10 dB intervals, except at the maximum attenuation. At this point the
total attenuation was 39 dB.
Figure 8.1: Test setup for measurement the impact of different attenuation
while downloading in the 1800 MHz band.
With the attenuators in place, what this means is that generally less
power which is radiated on the antenna will be transferred to the dongle.
To perform these measurements it is neccessary to create some traffic,
because it is imperative to make sure that as many ressource blocks are
allocated, since the resource blocks aloocates the amount of bandwidth
available. Basically, it is neccessary, to attempt to force the eNB to schedule
as many resources as possible. When a connection has been established,
the measurements are performed. The first measurement is made with no
attenuation. This is to have control measurment as a comparison to the
ones made with attenuation.
Two sets of measurements with the attenuators were performed over the
course of two days. They were performed in 2011 on December 8th and
December 11th , and will be referred as Meas-1 and Meas-2, accordingly.
Common for all plots in the following chapter, is that the time in minutes
are plotted on the X-axis.
In Meas-1, a simple explanation as to why each measurement run stands out,
regarding to time duration is that during the measurements it was deemed
that a 4 minute measurement was more then enough. So inorder to have
time for other measurement they were shortened. Since these were static
test, it seemed not to make any difference. Of course, this goes against
34
common measurement practice, and in hindsight probably should have done
otherwise, these measurements were preliminary tests, meant to be used as
a basis for planning future measurements. Meas-2, which was performed a
few days later, are based on experiences from Meas-1.
In Meas-2, a second control measurement was performed.
8.2 Observations
After performing the measurement 1 it could be seen from figure 8.2, that
the attenuators clearly had some effect.
35
Figure 8.4: Reported CQI index from Meas-1.
However, looking at the other KPIs, they show that perhaps only 10 dB
attenuation does not force LTE as far down the BLER curve, in order to
force LTE to attempt to uphold the connection, by performing rate adaption.
The same can seen as well in the results from Meas-2. In figure 8.6 on the
facing page can the throughput from Meas-2 be seen.
36
Figure 8.6: Throughput from Meas-2. It is measured in kbit/s.
By looking at plots of SINR in figure 8.7 and CQI in figure 8.8 from
Meas-2, most of the same observations can be made, as those seen in Meas-
1.
37
would not occur, the control measurement should have been done another
way. This will be discussed in the final conclusion in chapter 10 on page 57.
However, when looking at figure 8.8 on the preceding page, one may notice
that suddenly around 3 minutes into the measurement the CQI index begins
to rise. Recalling figure 8.6 on the previous page, throughput begins to fall,
around the same time. This may seem unexpected, but when looking at the
RBs in figure 8.9, drops significantly to slightly above an average of 40 RBs.
While the same goes for the RB allocation in Meas-1 which is seen
figure 8.10.
38
Figure 8.11: Measured RSRQ from Meas-2.
According to RSRQ the receive quality is much better then the others,
so even though less bandwidth is available, the UE increases the modulation
as seen by the CQI index in figure 8.8 on page 37 perhaps due to the better
receive quality. RSRQ from Meas-1 can be seen in figure 8.12.
In this figure it can be seen that RSRQ almost does not differ between
each measurement run, in contrast to figure 8.11 from Meas-2.
8.3 Summary
In summary of the observations in the attenuations measurements, be
concluded that a clear affect on Physical layer throughput can be measured,
when introducing attenuation into the channel. By adding attenuation of
0dB,10dB and 20dB the performance is close to each other. 30dB and
39dB attenuation decreases the throughput drastically and some of the
correlations between the RSSI, RSRP, CQI and SINR is striking.
39
Chapter 9
Intermodulation Distortion
test
9.1 Introduction
In section of intermodulation distortion 6.3 on page 23 it has been shown
how certain frequencies affect the upper 1800 MHz band. In this section
the purpose is to investigate the effect of intermodulation distortion by
adding a intermodulated distorted signal with different level of attenuation
and modulation to the traffic. The SMIQ 06b is an signal generator able
to produce a 5MHz signal with a range of different modulation applied
to the signal. In these test the focus was to see; first the effect of the
intermodulation distortion and subsequently to see the impact of the level
of attenuation of these intermodulated distortion signals in LTE.
40
Figure 9.1: Test setup for measurement the intermodulation on 1800 MHz
band
9.3 Observation
In this section three measurement will be evaluated and compared with
the theory of LTE Physical layer from chapter 5 on page 10. All the
information that is being used in the following subsection can be found
in the measurement journal at the end of Appendix chapter.
9.3.1 13-01-2012
By selecting two frequencies 1869.7 MHz and 1870.2 MHz the impact
of intermodulation distortion was measured. The only variable in these
measurement was the attenuation on the signal (that used 1869.7 MHz and
1870.2 MHz) generated from the SMIQ. The intermodulated signal from the
SMIQ was set to a level of attenuation of -80dB from the start and every
minute decreased by -20dB ending with -40dB after 5 minutes.
41
Figure 9.2: Throughput in 1869.7 MHz
42
Figure 9.4: RSRQ in 1869.7 MHz
The same observation that was made during throughput can be seen in
RSRQ in figure 9.4. First after -60dB the RSRQ value decreased to -13. But
in figure 9.5 the RSRQ decrease later in the measurement and drops down to
-25dB. Since RSRQ is a relation between RSRP and the RSSI the conclusion
is that the reference signal power dos not vary in contrast to RSSI. In RSSI
on figure 9.11 on page 45 the increase of received signal strength is more
than 10dB. This decrease the quality of the channel by almost the same
amount.
43
Figure 9.6: Resource Block in 1869.7 MHz
Resource block from figure 9.6 and figure 9.7 is stable on the 49 resource
blocks. This indicates that the above fading was not because of some other
UE was using the same eNB. From table 5.1 on page 14 it is seen that the
maximum of resource block is 50.
44
Figure 9.9: SINR in 1870.2 MHz
In the beginning of the SINR measurement see figure 9.8 on the facing
page and figure 9.8 on the preceding page the signal to interference and
noise ratio is positive at a level of 15. After two minute at -60dB the SINR
decrease to almost -15. This indicates that the interference and noise ratio
has increased in both the measurement.
In figure 9.10 and figure 9.10 RSSI starts at -58dB to -56dB and by
increasing the intermodulated distortion signals power, the total received
signal strength increase to.
45
Figure 9.12: channel quality indicator in 1869.7 MHz
Channel quality indicator in figure 9.12 and figure 9.12 reports the
strength of the signal that the UE has to the eNB. In these two measurement
we see how the channel quality decrease when increasing the intermodulation
distortion signal. In figure 9.12 the decease is much greater ranging from
64-QAM and to QPSK, according to table 5.3 on page 17. However, in
figure 9.12 the increase at the end comes from the RSRQ index that rise in
level at the end.
9.3.2 14-01-2012
In this measurement setup the goal was to see if the modulation of the
intermodulation distortion signal from the SMIQ 06B signal generator, had
any impact on the performance on the network. The center frequency in
Telias 1800 MHz ban is1868.2 and it was used to start the measurement by
moving the intermodulated distorted signal from the center of the frequency
and out of the range of Telias bandwidth. Every minute the intermodulated
distorted signals was moved 1 MHz up in the frequnecy band with 8 steps.
All the steps was performed with a -40dB on the intermodulated signal.
Figure 9.14 on the next page illustrate the concept in this measurement.
After 8 step with 1 MHz each the intermodulated distorted signal is out of
the bandwidth of Telias downlink frequency.
46
Figure 9.14: Intermodulation distortion on TELIAs 1800 MHz band
starting at the center frequency and move 8 steps with 1 MHz each
In the first measurement figure 9.15 the throughput decrease by all types
of modulation. The only difference is that the higher modulation order
16QAM and 64QAM has a slighter greater throughput but is affected by
the intermodulated distorted signal seeing an increase of the throughput at
the end of the measurement. In section Intermodulation 6.3 on page 23 the
direct effect of the distortion on the Telia downlink frequency is seen.
47
Figure 9.16: RSRQ with different modulation on the intermodulated
distorted signal
RSRP level in figure 9.16 show in this measurement that both the
16QAM and 64QAM modulation has a higher level.
48
Figure 9.18: SINR with different modulation on the intermodulated
distorted signal
In the SINR on figure 9.18 the first real indication on that the type of
modulation on the intermodulated distorted signal has no effect. The SINR
is only effected by the moving of the intermodulated distorted signal throug
the half bandwidth. At the end of grafe the SINR value increase above zero
and increase almost to 10. This shows that the signal strength is better than
the interference and noise that is present.
49
In figure 9.20 on the previous page both BPSK and QPSK stays together
and decrease from 8 and down to 3 and up again. 16QAM and 64QAM more
or less independent on each other. The range from 16QAM starts at 5 CQI
and decrease down to 3 and moves up to 8. 64QAM stays in the range of 8
to 5.
9.3.3 15-01-2012
This measurement is an semi reproduction of the measurement above (14-
01-2012). In figure 9.21 the basic of the measurement setup is displayed.
In this measurement the whole bandwidth of 10 MHz is affected by the
intermodulated distorted signal. This gives a range from 1863.21873.2MHz
that the intermodulated signal is moved through. The x-axis increase in
1 MHz every 30sec. This was don because of the length of the measured
range of 16 MHz and to ensure that the 5 MHz modulated distorted signal
of 5 MHz was out of the 10 MHz bandwidth from Telias downlink range.
The measurement was executed in to level of attenuation -40dB and -60dB.
50
Figure 9.22: Throughput with -40dB attenuation
The throughput from both figure 9.22 and figure 9.23 decrease when
the intermodulated distorted signal is crossing the Telias downlink 10 MHz
range. At the end of both the measurement the throughput increase to
1314M bit/s
51
Figure 9.25: RSRQ with -60dB attenuation
RSRQ in figure 9.24 on the previous page and in figure 9.24 on the
preceding page dos not give any indication on how the modulation and
attenuation level effect the measurement.
The only interrested thing in figure 9.26 and figure 9.27 is that in
figure 9.27 the BPSK measurement (red) dos not stay at the 49 Resource
blocks. The eNB can have some other UE using the channel and therefore
52
only in this time period down crease the Resource blocks.
The SINR value in figure 9.28 and figure 9.29 differ from each other.
In -40db the interference and noise level is hight and therefore the ratio
between the signal strength and the disturbances from interference and noise
is influencing the measurement. At the end of figure 9.28 with -40dB the
SINR value increse to 15. The -60dB in figure 9.29
53
Figure 9.31: RSSI with -60dB attenuation
The RSSI in figure 9.30 on the preceding page indicate the strength
of the added intermodulated distorted signal. In contrast to this is in
figure 9.31 the signal strength from the intermodulated distorted signal not
a contributor to the increase of all the received signal strength.
Both in figure 9.32 and figure 9.33 there is no direct effect on which
modulation type is used and the level of noise and interference that the
receiver is experienced. Both is decreasing and increase after leaving the
Telia bandwidth.
9.4 Summary
In the results from the 13-01-2012 the attenuation level of the intermod-
ulated distorted signal influence the measurement significantly. Both in
54
1869.7 MHz and in 1870.2 MHz the throughput decrease while increasing
the signal power from the SMIQ 06B to the LTE dongle. RSRQ decrease
(in 1870.2 dramatically) while RB stays untouched at 49. SINR moves from
approximately +15dB to -15dB. MCS index increase in both measurement
op to 20 and stabilising.
From the results 14-01-2012 the no major impact on the difference modula-
tion types that was use on the intermodulated distorted signal affected the
LTE signal. Only the level of the intermodulated distorted signal affected
the performance on the network. The power level of the intermodulated
signal was visible in the RSSI measurement.
In the last measurement form the 15-01-2012 the whole Telia 10 MHz band-
width was used to cross with the intermodulated distortion signal from the
SMIQ. Two levels of attenuation on the intermodulated distortion signal
was used and the impact of the signal was visible both in throughput and
in SINR
55
Part III
Assesment
56
Chapter 10
Final conclusion
The goal of this project was to examine how LTEs physical layer through-
put was affected by outside disturbance on the channel. These disturbances
could stem from different sources, and was in this project regarded as distur-
bances from noise and interference from other communication technologies,
present in the same frequency band.
During initial studies it was noticed that in the case stated in section 7.3
on page 29, is indeed real, and can be approximated in real-life on a deployed
LTE network. This can directly be seen in figure 9.12 on page 46. As the
attenuation of the blocking signal decreases, it can clearly be seen that the
CQI index falls from what appears to be a 16-QAM modulation, and as the
blocking signal becomes more distinct, CQI index drops to a level indicating
QPSK or the like. E.g. a lesser efficient modulation.
57
a prior internship at Agilent Technologies.
58
Chapter 11
Perspective
59
network only will be better. LTE supports an 4x4 MIMO connection and
this will increase the throughput dramatically in urban environments since
the best condition of multipath.
The use of IFA antenna in the measurement is maybe a problem to
represent a standard UE since the design of the IFA direct emphasize
download frequencies in the 1800 MHz band. Normally this would not be
the case and other antenna designs would be used to accommodate tx and
rx antenna in the big range of 17001800 MHz band on one antenna. By
using the IFA antenna only the downlink communication is preferred and
dos not reflect an normally UE device.
One of the interesting aspect in the intermodulation distortion in LTE
on the upcoming transmission to the released 800 MHz band. In this band
the television is sending its long range and with another power level than
the LTE network dos. Perhaps some intermodulation distortion will occur
if not certain requirement is met.
60
Bibliography
61
IT og Telestyrelsen. Tilladelse til brug af frekvenser til oprettelse
og drift af radioanlg i DCS1800, December 2009c. URL http:
//www.itst.dk/frekvenser-og-udstyr/frekvenstilladelser-mv/
tilladelser-udstedt-efter-auktion-eller-udbud/
1800-mhz-frekvensbandet/filarkiv-tk3/Tilleg%20nr.%204%20til%
20TK3%201800%20frekvenstilladelse.pdf. Article.
Moray Rumney, editor. LTE and the evolution to 4G: Design and test.
Agilent Technologies, 2nd edition, May 2009. ISBN 978-988-17935-1-5.
Jim Zyren. Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer,
July 2007. URL http://www.freescale.com/files/wireless_comm/
doc/white_paper/3GPPEVOLUTIONWP.pdf. Freescale Semiconductor.
62
Part IV
Appendices
63
Appendix A
MIMO
In figure A.1 the simplified MIMO configuration sends the data in half
of the time (Grey sends DA and Blue sends TA) by sending it parallel and
making use of the both the antenna. In this case the throughput is being
increased by a factor of two. To illustrate the increase of link range A.1
Tx0 and Tx1 both sends first DA and then both sends TA. This increase
the range but decrease the throughput to the same speed as a singe antenna
configuration.
But MIMO is more complex than that. One of the main principle in
MIMO is multipath see figure A.2 on the next page. Multipath change
the property of the wave and is very location specific. Rx0 and Rx1 has
different multipath property. At the transmitter side (Tx0 and Tx1) each of
the antenna is operating at the same frequency but transmitting different
streams of data. At the receiver side we.. are able of differentiate between
the two streams and then recombine the data into a single serial stream. This
is don by using Digital signal processors (DSP). But it is only possible when
64
the signal is arriving in different interval of time called Signal diversity.
Signal diversity is caused by object like buildings, cars, train, people, natural
obstacles and so on, and that the signal is not only taking a direct path
between the transmitter and receiver. In this way of diversity of signal
arrival makes it possible for the DSP to unscramble the signal (Way 2009)
65
Appendix B
66
Code-Division Multiplexing (CDM) is a relatively new scheme in communi-
cation, which inherents some security features. In CDM, tranmisison chan-
nels use the same frequency, coherent in time. The seperation of channels
is done by assigning each channel its own code (Schiller 2000). This is an
advantage, due to the fact that the code space is huge, in comparison to the
frequency space (Schiller 2000). Different codes have to be assigned to each
receiver, and therefore provides a form of security. On the other hand, CDM
has the disadvantage of requiring a more complex receiver. It must know the
code and be able to separate the channel with user data from background
noise combined with other signals and environmental noise. In adiition to
this, the receiver must be precisely synchronized with the transmitter, in
order to perform the decoding correctly.
67
Appendix C
Figure C.1: Channel access using FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA in relation
to each other. (Flintoff et al. 2000)
68
The last methods where channel access is separated in space, can be
descibed as when each set of terminals are in close proximity, but at a
distance from all other terminals.
C.2 OFDM
The scheme is an digital multi-carrier that use many closely-spaced
subcarriers to transmit data. The main principle is to use numerous closely
orthogonal sub-carrier signal to modulate the data. The modulation on
each subcarrier is the conventional format like QAM, Binary Phase-Shift
Keying (BPSK) or QPSK The use of many subcarrier performs similar to
conventional single-carrier modulation. The OFDM is used from television
to audio broadcasting and network systems. The way OFDM works is to
use a square wave phase modulation represented by a sinc or sin(x)x that
is convolved in the range of the subcarrier frequency. In figure C.2 the
spectrum of multiple truncated modulated OFDM subcarriers with constant
amplitude. The constant amplitude modulation is used in BPSK and QPSK.
69
Appendix D
Modulation schemes
D.1 BPSK
BPSK is the simples form of Phase Shift Keying (PSK). The use of two
separated (180 ). The BPSK modulation is the most robust form because
it takes the highest level of noise. A drawback is of course that it is only
able to modulate a 1 bit/symbol. In the figure D.1 the two phases of the
modulation is representated.
D.2 QPSK
QPSK encode two bit per symbols. The main advantage of using QPSK
is that it double the data rate with the same bandwidth compared with
BPSK. In another and very important way of using QPSK is to use the
same data rate as BPSK, however only use the half the bandwidth while
the Bit Error Ratio (BER) is exactly the same in both case. This make the
QPSK an interesting modulation to wireless communication as BER is an
very important factor. D.2 on the next page
70
Figure D.2: QPSK modulated signal, which comprises of 2-bit symbols
D.3 QAM
QAM is both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. In this section,
only the digital modulation scheme is considered. In QAM signal are two
carriers with same frequency but differs in phase with 90 . The first signal is
called the I signal and the other is the Q signal. Mathematical representation
is done by a sine wave and a cosine wave. In the end the two modulated
carrier signal is composed at the source for transmitting. At the receiver
side the carriers are separated and the data is then extracted from within,
by combining the data into the original modulated information.
There are several forms of QAM, however only two of them is used in
the LTE. Figure D.3 shows both 16-QAM and 64-QAM. 16-QAM can
transport four bits per symbol while 64-QAM is able to transport 6 bits of
information per symbol. The drawback, of increasing the bit information,
however, is that the modulations schemes becomes increasingly sensitive to
noise (Rumney 2009).
Figure D.3: The two QAM schemes. 1) shows 16 QAM while 2) shows 64
QAM.
71
Appendix E
Attenuation measurement
report
E.1 Purpose
The purpose of this measurement is to examine effects on LTE Physical
throughput, by introducing attenuation between antenna and USB LTE
dongle. In some test the complete attenuation was 39 dB.
The downloads which are used during the test are listed below in table E.2
on the facing page. These downloads are chosen because it is track the
packets way through the network and track ressources allocated from the
network beyond the eNB.
72
Name Size Filename Server URL
Debian DVD Iso 4.4 GB debian-6.0.3-i386-DVD-2.iso dotsrc.org Link
TheCamp.dk video fil 1.9 GB 00001.MTS dotsrc.org Link
Figure E.1: Measurement test setup for determining the impact of different
attenuation while downloading, in the 1800 MHz band.
E.3.2 Location
The measurements were performed at,
73
Room 4-309
Niels Jernes Vej 12-14
9220 Aalborg st
between the LTE dongle and the antenna. The attenuators were inserted
between the dongle and the antenna coaxial cable. Each measurement was
performed with increasing attenuation, starting from 10 dB to 39 dB. After
the 39 dB attenuation the second control measurement was performed.
Step Action
1 Connect laptop and LTE device, and external antennas.
2 Establish connection to the internet.
3 Verify LTE 4G connection and speedtests are at their
expected levels.
4 Begin download.
5 Perform control measurement.
6 Connect attenuator.
7 Restart download.
8 Perform measurement.
9 Go to step 6, when 39 dB is reached proceed to step 10.
10 Perform second control measurement.
74
RSRQ and assigned resource blocks. Figure E.4 on the next page contains
SINR, instantaneous RSSI, and reported CQI.
75
Figure E.4
E.5.1 Summary
This first measurement run shows clearly how the physical throughput
decreases between each measurement, meanwhile upholding a high amount
of resource blocks. From the plots, it is evident that introducing attenuation
into the system has the expected result of decreasing channel quality. With
the rising attenuation the measured SINR falls as well, indicating that
76
the signal becomes more noisy. It is also seen that with the increasing
attenuation CQI reports a lesser efficient modulation.
77
Figure E.5: Throughput is measured in kbit/s.
78
Figure E.6
E.6.1 Summary
In contrast to the results from december 8th, is can be seen in figure E.5
on the facing page, that a better throughput is actually achieved by
introducing 10 dB. However, as time progresses the throughput stabilises
at approximately the same level, as those seen in figure E.3 on page 75.
This can probably be explained due to settling time.
79
E.7 Conclusion
All in all, the results were more or less expected. The reason as to why 0 dB,
10 dB and 20 dB measurements are so similar is that the connection was so
high up on the BLER curve, thus resulting in no significant difference. In
order to see some distinction it is neccessary to force the quality further
down the BLER curve.
It can be seen that LTE attempts to uphold a high throughput, by trying
to find a proper modulation and coding scheme, as seen in the MCS index.
The CQI reports, show that with a low attenuation a good modulation
is chosen by the eNB inorder to uphold a 10 % BLER. As the attenuation
rises, the eNB, lowers the modulation inorder to counteract errors in the
datastream.
80
Appendix F
F.1 Purpose
The purpose of this measurement journal is to examine effects on LTE
Physical throughput, by introducing intermodulation distortion signal
between antenna and USB LTE dongle. To combine the interference signal
with the antenna and the dongle an coupler of -20dB is used. Due only
one coupler could be borrowed all the measurement were performed in SISO
mode. This decrease the throughput significantly.
The downloads which are used during the test are listed below in
table F.2 on the next page. These downloads are chosen because it is track
the packets way through the network and track ressources allocated from
the network beyond the eNB.
81
Name Size Filename Server URL
Debian DVD Iso 4.4 GB debian-6.0.3-amd64- debian.org Link
DVD-1.iso
Debian DVD Iso 4.4 GB debian-6.0.3-amd64- debian.org Link
DVD-2.iso
Debian DVD Iso 4.4 GB debian-6.0.3-amd64- debian.org Link
DVD-3.iso
Debian DVD Iso 4.4 GB debian-6.0.3-amd64- debian.org Link
DVD-4.iso
Debian DVD Iso 4.4 GB debian-6.0.3-amd64- debian.org Link
DVD-5.iso
PES 2012 Demo 1.24 GB PES2012DEMO.zip gamershell.com Link
CABAL Online Episode 1.14 GB CABAL_Online_ gamershell.com Link
VII: Saints Requiem Saint_s_Requiem_Full_
Client Client.zip
Figure F.1: Test setup for measurement the impact of different attenuator
size while downloading in the 1800 MHz band
F.3.2 Location
The measurements were performed at,
82
Room 4-309
Niels Jernes Vej 12-14
9220 Aalborg st
83
Step Action
1 Connect laptop and LTE device.
2 External antenna is connected with the coupler and the LTE device.
3 SMIQ 06Bsignal generator is connected to the -20dB on the coupler.
4 Establish connection to the internet.
5 Verify LTE 4G connection and speedtests are at their expected levels.
6 Begin download.
7 Perform control measurement.
8 Start SMIQ 06B and select the given modulation and level of attenuation
9 Restart download.
10 Perform measurement.
84
Figure F.3: TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB with different level of attenuation
85
Figure F.4: SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI with different
level of attenuation
86
Figure F.5: TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB with different level of attenuation
87
Figure F.6: SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI with different
level of attenuation
F.5.1 Conclusion
The attenuation level regulated by the SMIQ 06B influence the performance
of the throughput dramatically. In almost every KPI the increased of the
attenuation from the intermodulated signal makes an impact. However, only
88
RB remains stable at approximately 49.
Figure F.7: Every 1 minute the frequency was increased by 1 MHz. The
extra time was to insure that the interference signal was out of range.
2
Moving avarage function in MATLAB
89
Figure F.8: TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB with different frequencies
90
Figure F.9: SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI with different
frequencies
F.6.1 Conclusion
In this measurement we see that the throughput between the QAM(16 and
64) and BPSK and QPSK differs from each other. 16QAM and 64QAM
has a higher throughput and RSRP level of -13 to -14. But in the other
91
KPIs the difference between them is not visible. In the CQI index BPSK
and QPSK follows each other all the way and both the QAM(16 and 64)
differ over time. From the RSSI measurement the modulation had no impact
on the total received power. Its clear that the start signal power level is
around -60dB and by increasing the frequency on the intermodulated signal
(and thereby crossing Telias 10 MHz bandwidth) the -60dB40dB gives
an increase of the total power by 20db above the -60dB start total power
received.
Figure F.10: Every 30 sec. the frequency was increased by 1 MHz. The
bandwidth was 10 MHz and the extra time was to insure that the interference
signal was out of range.
3
Moving avarage function in MATLAB
92
Figure F.11: TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB
93
Figure F.12: SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI
94
Figure F.13: TP in kbit/s, RSRQ and RB
95
Figure F.14: SINR in dB, MCS index, RSSI in dB and CQI
F.7.1 Conclusion
The difference between the modulations impact on the performance on the
LTE network was not as significant than first expected. From figure F.11
on page 93 the throughput range of the different measurement was between
0.5kbit/s. But as the intermodulated signal was moved through the Telias
96
10 MHz bandwidth first the throughput decreased and at the end of the
10 MHz the throughput increased again. To verify this the RSSI start at
-60dB and moved slowly up to -42dB. This indicated that the total received
power has increased by +20dB (-60dB40dB). On the second recorded
measurement with -60dB intermodulated signal the SINR only dips under
0dB in contras from the first measurement were the SINR get close to -
20dB. The RSSI moves from -62dB and up to -59dB. This comes that the
-6460 gives a 4dB increase of the total power. Overall the modulation
from the intermodulated signal had no impact on the performance on the
LTE network. RB from the last measurement had some strange problems
to connecting to the eNB. This had only been seen this time and therefore
must be something from the server.
97
98