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    André Guedes
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    Metafísica, ontologia, filosofia contemporânea.

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    Metafísica, ontologia, filosofia contemporânea.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    165 views10 pages

    Loux, Michael & Crisp, Thomas - Metaphysics - A Contemporary Introduction

    Uploaded by

    André Guedes
    Metafísica, ontologia, filosofia contemporânea.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 10
    er ets) Preface to First Edition Metaphysics isa die with long sty ar onthe cue of tt i tay th diiplin abeen osive itet wya Thss ise concep tons soca deen methodologies ad even ire abet mater wth ist chs fom ang these fle conceptions, Fa eon yoke ‘kei the roc {hve chosen ofl a ey ol aio on ht fam fe sad Packt Ariss) tht ieee maps the eng | Frome an acount being gus beng Ons conception apy he tot gral te dps, am so Wet the mae and ste ‘fal tht hore Conn pot he dlireton he esr oF ting Cacpees the mest grr or hast kids ur wh an texas On thir concen of metaphysis what fe taps ‘tegoval estues pci cah, and wit th 3 se ey genet a are relted o eih fherT tsa, weve tyes he ‘iagrot abr the cep stireof elt. Tiy have dso! ost tne caspoes he metpncian ht rep, an even whore hey hive ‘teced bute capris beled incu metaphyseal ene hey ave ‘agro att he Caractere wh the stg oat the eae of pty th te the ani ecgor gether mens have genie 0 debs tat li ot he very crea the peop “acre, hone dts the oso is bk Thetis to dates, we examine oe of oie nd est det ‘ofthe eb ove caters he deur the exer and mae of Seems Here, the coma qicsan ie whether our metaphyseal theory most eral diet ejects In Chapt Oe, we exate the ws of ese (Galle “mespysial reais") who ser the question mative and ik ‘Caper To, ne consi ascoas roided nelle nos) ‘who defend tv swe to the qs. In Chap Tvs we tu a ‘Samiti of etre and mcs of rl eco pcr. Asan, the question i whet the objets n question conse abst or eduel Imepstea cate I Chayer Fou we eamine ets aout ensen and sate ofa amy of compe ete. The empl Hee ian wtp Tests hve led pretion” bt we cone dos oer it apes 1 betes am eer eaters “het sts of fla an! evens Net we cose one festa of propesions. the ht har They ean be Said | fe posable, neces, publ coin, he et a hey ate abet 1 Sha a ald the “dale "Th fof proposing hs bee the oc of much ent wore metas A eral ere this eas en the aim thatthe cone of possible wold ens ws to shed pt oh | he mtr of modi tm Caper Five eda he deem scm eset meptscins hve pven of ecco sie ward an the ways hse “rus ve lowed nhs of modality In el chat, wera te testo of far once pacar Hee cs om eter {Ffaitar ejers Om obese thes tht pts ough tne the ‘nrc metaphysical que het ew et nein thi ae ‘tent objets. In Cape Sis, we cone no eppsingaecouss of tm foal peste an expe the clues between metal aoa the te of tie and maps accouns ofthe hte and sactire oF The pis considered inthis ook reese only aston om the ss that pov ental when phlsophes aren We the caters ob ssl give the veal ocd sense of wha caps ndesoe a sep Tn to thnk he stan a wars mepsclses at Nae Dane ‘on hor ed at ths book Ia than wel Tenn Merck nd Miche! Re, who rod ston ofthe book and gate hep commens. Frank ‘kaon sa Jonathan Lowe ho read the bo fr Road, sve me fo ‘umber of mises owe hem my grit, Most fall, watt hank Marian Davi and Dean Ziman. wo pve me iyi cts of an ‘ey draft of te manic 1am tart oe calenges sete nd eerous they. Thank, tal 1 Mayr Jascwier whose hilo atl even my compte Introduction Overview Pounders have dire bout theme of metaphysis. Aisle and he redevals give two difirem acsums of he Siipline Sometines, hey Chrstr ia the temp To seni the et cams prt, Go or ‘ing Tiny beloved, ever tat thse to sharers So ene snd the same dinpline The atonal ofthe severceaty an ipo ‘ure, by coma, epundel the scape of mete They tok 1 be “Snsred ot tly wth the exence and notre of Go, i also wth the “snton Retwen mid an by he mrlity ofthe sul, ad edo The enpicst and Kant were etic of both Atti and atonal conceptions of meses, aging tat fey sek o arsed the ots of otmetpinsical knowledge sam to delineate the mos geet! Suctues ‘two nour thought aout the world. This Kati conception of metaphns- ic conimaes to enjoy poplary among contemporary posers ho ita tht metas fa sn he uration ef ou concept Shere er conf famewark. These plosopers pel ate wth Kant hat the stirs of the rd a sn fw acces oa, ad that meaphysiine mua be cant fo dese the sce four Wiking, “he cs for ths Kann conssption of metaphysis ito, owever, aii thse uh oe sia poles wh charac ou tap aha th ‘wel Btw greet Resin oe atonal metaphysics nt Seed rom thst, we ms concede the concer wpe sr let tops fora tet in metapyc. h Book, e lflo the Arsen Sarason of metas as a seine cencered Wh Bene gu ein ‘Tat hnoctrteon sees rae othe stam ete mt emer Se cr clones ner wi things fall a fo deine he aon Ut Bol ‘nar ose cep ‘The Nature of Metaphysies—Some Historical Reflections es ot a5 a that mstapyis is one looks works in tah, ‘ne finds gute diflren charctation of be deine, Somctines ese ‘aratsizations sek oe desing, w vie wih an ass f Wha loses who hve ben called tasers do. Somes. ey ae mtv: thy rose at 0 ent ot phoebe ah ob thing wea tay db mcophysic at dene or erm, se chance ‘rans ive ssh diferent xcomts of the sujet mater and meth toro o eta the neural haere Hcl oink ta they ist he chrseviang diferent diciines. Disagreement abou th nate of epistolary. Pesos hve ben tring todo someting ey hve called taps fr more an 2:00 yeas ‘ater and approaches. Bu he ely of weniing a uigue sujet mater fe methoolgy Tor means a spy race tthe ong sy The dsipine Even son, the py sot jst wh mess 1 supped wo be ‘The erm ‘caphysic’ at the nae ofthe dil taken fm he ie ‘oon of Arse’ treaties Arse msl never eles th tee y st fame he mmo ws confer hy ier thkes Arse ale he dscipine {at wor in the wets fist phosophy o hog. andthe kos hat thea of te dnopline widow, Noni, the sneer of thee eva makes resale to ppose tht what we ll metas | the srt of ting Svein tht ete Untntay,Araale dors ot sve {sings acount of wha be apf hr ome sete, els it ‘wath fate eens a knowledge offi cose Ti sages at Inepinacs is ne ofthe department dipines ipine wh sujet tr dine ht once yy ether iclne Whit jot mater ented by the expron “fia cur Pe, mabe of ie things: ut cea here God or the Loved Mover. So what ssoqiy ‘ame be eled mets a spine conered wih God ard Arise tes ura ed it at he dling Tete tht ret lite, Unite various as tht re ossred wih pedution ade vats Friel sires (his, oneness) whose ete dition oF ima tin mts a gah ppehomin of ath Torss oe sate tots eget stages wih the mabeatil Sess andthe vatoas Pcl sees The fret ake giantess the sje male sere ‘uae, he cae of athe and cms quis ite ee of rors) an the her ze carer ih the aire and state the Ineo pal substances (Boh Iving and molvng tht make wp th Fatal word Meas soa, ha ateral satay a sit tmutr® Anh eager btwee the ciple se feat mar pve Ietphsie a irgnng swe Unie te ther Sins, Ses not snp acta 2 ian Unmoved Mover usd th word of atu is apart metaphysis bat nee Aral aks tht we fe & tne Gspine ony where we ves dstinive sutet mathe coi 1 tb es tha Maps| ‘an be seta tee «spline or ht erage in ol i they scsed ‘reayng ou one of he projets om the agenda of he eine But Are ated Yo dere tps a he vest of fs eanen He alu lush the sce ta stubs feng gabe” [Athi characterization gets ese ex metaphysis tams oto Be at tse ‘purine dace wah special sujet mater of tr own I ae tetera Sine, oe tht conse al the obj hat he are. On ths cha beter, thn, metaphcs examines the hems tht cme the abet tial fr the other scene What dtntve nou metagyc te n hich exis hse jets, examines er a pra pape the am he perspective othe big beings ings thatexst omens (Gubler brings ors extn enon to iy propos ‘reas ey exit jit ase ze begs rents Acorg seks fuses me rey the concep of Being. But abo very eta ‘Sere hte nay oF tein, free, sitary at Gasnary Waeey te cvethog that thee And cena to metapy ss unestood a ue ‘ene sth delineation of wt Arte calls caporie. These ae he ght ‘rr pens kins ut which ngs fil Wha the meas sp Foe odo to en thae ght ds speci the nes pci ‘xchcatpay ano erie elon tht the iret catego, Sty dng thm, the metphysian speedy povies wh map of he ‘So ms mt tht dren asus of wha mata Ariat ‘on the one hs, tere the es of depstmenal dipline concen ‘oui the fa cases pater God, ho he the, het th | ‘ofa unvoral er ore gtr dpe whose aks erie thins frm the especie of ht being beings or exes and vo provide a genta ‘eign een ese to coneepon of metpycs Is die to unde Sind wa sale dip con eH deprmont ante rite ‘Shims apare of te appearance of tension ee, ad thes pass obo a te teson ony appre On the one on, be gees hata sence of est ferret ae preps by ane oer oes ty may’ exh an he seems reed ws Dat since the ing eee «hig is pinay | th way, he cence ta ssa eames wil jab he sence ta vee "ues tens gy Bin On he the, he som 0 hl hat ay Spine st ‘hamins everthing iso sis being wil umber God ato he eS ‘seks ochre eraceiaaon of meapnsis. an ike Arise the medicals Bleed that the to conceptions of metaphysis ae read in ingle dil, ne a ti bth to delineate the cago site a elt and to ean te ‘xience adnate of he Divine Subtane. Butwhen we reach he mah ‘al wring of the Coster rationalise of the sensei and eiphecth ‘eure, we met wh compton a eases ha expands the ope a the mpi eters. Altioaph hey rected many ofthe details of ri toes meta ty, dey speed tht he poof dong meses | to seni ad characterize the most general kinds of things thre are an he ‘pce har eecnee 1 the Die Setance and His cous ole esta Ferofthtaak Nonetees ops Sot pre seme he Arsen Freipipnca agenda came tobe ened oper oben metapycl guy For Ate, be examination of change pyc ejety, the Sines of "he aap Secon living asl nonlving hing an he Meieton of hat | {ps scone rater tan metpscs Bate anasto wh titi dope whee Arson pcs dled bythe ee ‘uhematal and experineil soon of the new phys, owt of ese {ue 1 taps. As they sow ing, cpl was concerned oot Spy withthe ener ar tr of Gob i te Sinton heen freedom of the wil Semone shoo in he Arislian rabtion woul be pues new ne ofthe tem ‘cag and wd ly charge thin he hd ft facealss, what sipescd to be singled wih ingle sjet ma te tunscuto ete examation oa egepage of wna tps ie, ‘aol were sete to ths ss of ehreandHey sug To pov =| Taal rhein eepiy Youn wihin piso Wa timely emerge is genera apo the metaphyseal The aim was Tha te fa nls mater for metapncs, berg. So the mt Pisin Saks to previle an acount of te ate of Digs Ba ete =| "are of ere perpesives fom hich one cn prove sah an Bsn, ad coesponding to these cif perspcves ae diet subsiplins| ‘hin meaphyses Fs ne can extn bing fo the perapectine fein jot ha—tene Since hs epsen the mos seer perp om | ich oe an cone bg the Bac of metas tl cores eae Som ths pospocuve vas dubted genoa! meuplpis, But the atoms Ins that we can also exami Beng fom a varie of mare seized ‘atorlsts alld spec capac Ths, we can cose being as is fund tn chargeable things we cmt conser ben rm the perspective o Feing angie To Jose eee neoulng We can a corse, ing a Tod vata Begs ie uses, To conse being fo tis penpetve i Yo prs that bah of sel mets the rte fale ational prc” Fira we cin exami bans ab the Die case, and to examine bing i His ligt Yo engage i neal hey. Prey cle te oat tons af eer tases and oat ‘elo coment the Araotlan conception of meses a te tev nner sence tt ste hing ue ns 9 deparenal ‘Ssipline concord th et cae, wheres the clam that metaphysis nee ses ology and tinal pyclgy a ranches exes he new ed road spe social wth mets i he atonal Shee Buti tre is sabjeet mate i anasto id fom Ariss. Arsole's approach o taps ses ho Bon eats In hs deineton of he clegres, he Ra sought to romain ft our easel conepton a he word Ashe fad Sec hrs, the lly fea ‘rma booms ste ilar objects of nmnon sensing Gadorthe Limorcd Mover he al bon ans show the cnt bet is phlsopieal account and oar prephisophial belies abou the canal ‘ruse ofthe wold The ert wana ley conrtive meats The ‘acta aries of the rans ty centr ee ating bles Sau Inthe has mess rests abstit speculative systems a ‘ered Fam any recogni commana ptr the rl Hee, ne I oy osm the naks of Uunker lie pera ce Leb to appecie the extvgaee of raat taps “hha sacs peulie nat frat metaphysis mae ‘natal re forte eens of enprcit hinker. The eminent that any clam 1 krowledge reqs usifcton by ffrence 10 sary ‘pero; an they argued tht sine mo expen Col eve jos the ‘Seon: maine up oni mpi sem erate clas to be roving Sei oleae a te natu of eat wet spurious Inde ‘he empresas ess mae he soge tas th he hrstere se tons ofrcnalt meaphyscs wee wa ming, The emp hed ta Sl four concept epson ae erie fom the sores sensor xeric. According they sed tht an ase has gui copie nals 0 esplanan tm of uty sensory cotens. Since he lis of ‘he font metaphysis di ot pss hs te he empires conde Tn ewok of Kar, we meet with fer erm of the mph ote In Kan’ sso, aman Kw roles hs ne of con pt te othe bus cognitive ces ad he a a ee exp fone Theseory aaa te elects on ou sugective ses acu fa world {steal ots aalies Ted ge str or ran ty way ofthe Sete concepts, an the esl a bjt of tnd So what ell | lbet of knowledges nt a thing eter 1 and independ of 0 sognie Imahiny sth rod of he appleaon oi coexists to subjective sues i someting Wat as is seis ness to swe ‘ap ony as ets sony a appears ows An ajo of kre the, egies the sensory conten the emp at mor ged The ‘ois must be uid and ered by concep sues that do ot fave ther rigin inverse experience Kar, however an 0 as ast | the senery emis costae an cj of knowlege ony when. sired by the mse comes eae conceal cise ida bt of kr ‘stge ony uber ty re applied othe senso’ conten or Wich hy provi prays of ony tad operat, Now. os Kas eps, wheter f the rasta Arslan saves testa kom nat es eeed he spe of hman ses ‘expences To amer quis fr whch see epee abe ‘toring saonen gusts abut th nora fhe oul te nse ‘Gal an eso of wl pros knee aoa ese mates In De tempo pie tps nnd, hve the men aan ys tte conceal suche tl utils Grrl os cf ll, tus tie os a work nak about sober, and eens. Ba se the rele satires ie ey hen hy pli oth a ‘huey expres, ep tn of se striae Pon. tal quatons of meaphya neve! deliver the Inouedge empha [Poms Gen thay eosin nahin operates conned Ter trowedge can seve be stil a te metal cc The cas cups ans to make go tjand De iso ena Klee Acco tly the can er be ste soete knoe n metas “Ting oat theatre of raion metaphysis Kant cal ramcondent rexopiyier He conta tnscenn means ath ht he allt el ‘eis. Ctl metaphysis, etl sa eft epee ema herp Wheres tance tps eet chaerize ea a ‘rnces ese experince, cel meus hs a ask he dea the most genera estes of or toh a nl. ests oe the mos geal soos mo in operation of the woe, he a toms at ctan aneng the concep sm he perpen a he ‘ect employment. Te poet et y ccal Means pecs tbe Frocet Kant ks msl ae crying ot hen eves ut om sn Keats compton of etaphyial eerie whut tc i ie ety tn acer th st genera tres fou hog ad experienc hn coin od defers un doy Thse pooner ls a Imepinacs + deco erie hoes he haateration of ou ‘Cincpal chee or conc! ame A these piesa ee gs $y thou ge experince we mia fe solves te pgiton a 8 sia {evo hoy oF epresemstons Tl Hoy of resem conte | ing he a pcre of how ings ae Ws a kind of stay etl about te ‘rand or plein The sory asa dstinave ste onpnized| ty ay fry serra cnces an thew hoe concen eed npn called amewodk proces) Thea ofeaphsis ising fs dense tat satire mt rl gee osu ionpber who endorse thi ea of «saoepil scheme sone framework do natal gree on th sat enjoyed ty pcre of the werk ‘Aihough thay mo ehdane the dels af Kat's ov acu 9 haan “Somes, sme poponents of he sao cance sche gre with Kant ‘ta there single nchaging tre a unre ring tat an be Sled hana knoledae or expetcns Oikos enpsie the dhamic td Isr charaster of human tout and hy spk of aerate conc Frameworks The ce reat one cangs sch asthe sent revolt that ae Newton mectanen cle ty relatnty ery. scan mee ‘one cont scheme ete i ve a ow an dee pce oF te ‘tol For hikers of the foe so taps as a sole nd uncangine ‘hele he usk of meayysis scare atest ply the ‘etfs at wo in heaters scbome hat hae taal aed 2 ‘ne our tens at pcan te word hiosphes of bath sorts sand surely oppose wo hose who dee amoe eatin re Katanconepoe of rcs Phlesoper wh take te ‘ion of 3 cance scheme sry wl tke macs he concred| Seth er way or ways represen th wd, Whete hy lm he sujet Inter of stays fo the Re onthe Aron age alow the ‘Biol i exis the ene of mcs Ho vale tps ke the ‘nintods bien. th immorality f th sola dem of the lpi Inger fo view tpn re Kantian ems ae tags Be ‘siti uncom of fe ene tnd suction) inode sete of human tuts, however, soning te ire fom ‘aq athe rte of the wold gt i ma OF sone ore ‘eles ht he satire of ur thought elles miro the sta of tbe ‘wrth one might clam ha Be esis of tet ingress the Sane But phiosopbes who are arated by ako ence Sees 0 not Spal uve te They slain tat metic ha saet mati be ‘teu far concept scheme or scheme pestle, ie Kat ey ‘hi th the nr realy smegma oe "Why do th ik hs? Betaise hey soe with Kar ht or thot ho ‘thet ays meine y the cael Stress which We Trcet tht wold Aa oy tok of uhingeteal yCopnite faults, must apply conspire the thing sing some Way oF ‘ther, at tlonging Wo ste Mindoro charcterned in some way bu then, ‘shat gasp ot he ta realy snp of my ht aoa IC What aa the beta once or epee i tha he objet ‘my thought serething ht a prt eas he prod of he oneal ‘represen apart ring bern dong te hiking. What have ‘St the hing a inl, ute i 8 gues ey ll of ior pate Tense of ‘Now, sme of tore bo sake teen of a onsets mewn te consi schonery he might ell hen) go fater ad ata the Vey Sea of an bjt separa tom an independ of he conceptual heme by ‘whch we om au reeset sincere” O ths ada vel at tere nists concep mews ce evar Thee nthing more the sores wet the picts we contact What well the extn of | ‘bet simply a mater of meting’ ging i ys ad wha cll, the the ow eli js amar of he srt components #0) fing chro eheing ih each oe “Ths moe rl vein of te concep Scheme acount i vesion of {rete rely weld at here sting at th res hat aa teins cons then wht are et 5 ofthe aman bens who ae Spas aly dng the constuing? thy ae ely tre Bg the orttng te {U5 nthe case hat te ating bat ess th ot conse {note soe that fo evi junto be a hare aa oy on he ber Ie hana beings a jt fuer carers the ci, the eal theese hat here ae uy aries ha get ld Or st a ite story tlhe sors get nt” And te ne ory he sry th fe ena ‘or et tl ja ome more a? ‘A The suggested. ot all cosepil Schemes ese the moe eal ‘es weve fee dicts Dt even he chen wh cones ht hee ‘ky ht any such ems ashe may actly be can cutie the objets of ‘metas tay sch t,he el ss are rage any ay sf tnconcet sare we ing berm attest he Tose "Suture consi id of seen ht bars fom acs o thing 8 hey relly are, Aesordngy, even the morte oneal scheme ll ey hat ‘poe todo what the radon meas wae to do-io prove notes of th lima ste fread wl lam Da te ‘ea eerie with he generality. stoma, and comprchensiveness pi [Gs tve ward to lan foe metaphysics ean com ding mote thn the characeiton of the most genera sce oo ence! shame o Schemes. "What wil be the ep otadona metansicn oii ne- Kann cou? Most proba hy willarue hat he nce Sher ee {devin tht thera it rel ici ean bjs of ee pone ‘noun hen he scheme trons spon tht ones ane The cel premise nthe schemes argument gaat radon metas {the ca tat he apeation a cance sets the represen of ‘capt wl on ou th we ed wo employ conecps nou chr thn oF what the seme ells ence ek, and they il cone "ft by he scm’ own prince, ta ema ht Bete can Be ach hi ‘sharing te nae ad aictre of concept scheme So aden Inctapysctre lag ha er someeyon of mths problem, 20 isthe schemes. But vain stay skans wil ist ta ter sa ‘eeper monl ereThat ral tha here ese sleet the orci schemer's scout of cancel epee IF the ence ‘Sheer coc cnn tht teat of concep eesti as SS tom an apcer ating we seek represen hy sd we take seoush te schemes clams abo cancel represen? Tse ns flea are at fare opi representations bs, he, | Feveaing the maura he acy fons reper. the cans Would houeth avy of sone epson “Tran metaphysis wel ono st ta Ne mange think tak about things things hey cel and nto hing sy agen testes we el They il mss that he very ed thing abt o Yel fing ohne respons hat hr are tion te vr haa wed tothe mindindependen.aneugeindepenient ines we ink an ak au thy il ns hat a tring rm asso gs, he once ‘Xe emp nor king eth oles rsp the tgs o whch ey Trot They ae oot sensor bases Bete waned ings ey a, o8 ‘tay ou ots fo objets, cr Ways of ging ass ote, Ad ade thal mph al pe ta tee fm rexono supose ha Pe tebe hen wth he cones vain mts ely oe ergs png eco of hee and general rocie They Wil soacede tat metaphysics can gt hing wrong tht he ean Be ae Imetpica cs:Bthey wl nt Ul he deat ffs fm ee Scr ht than ary er dsepine where we tempt ay hse ties ‘ae Try be dict provide aur characterization ofthe tae of ai, at hat des ot mean poste Defenders of Kantian onset of metaphysics wil insist ht he ies surounting tis debate ae more complex ané me difficult thn he ad tonal metaphssian suggests, an hough we may ial Bind ores scat over he methodology eprops hinges on he much Isa ei 0f the relstonaipetacenthsht and th Tha si Ses a the coe of ay character of beng and, ty any tnd, ‘Couns as mecapnsal Ie however, sch an portant sue ta cane fe rooued inte madcory paragraphs as ck 90 meth The Choretertion ofthe relonahip oo tous or lanauage and the ld feguies separate and exendes weston. andi ts took he colon thopter wl be devoted to that ue There, we wl examine in Sal he ttolenge that plosaphers aa Kanan persion onsen a hey ic often callod~peset othe atonal acount ts eaonship between Tough and the word Inthe meantime, however, eo cnsepton of taps guide wap the sty wl be to asame, tena he Walton, te-Kamianaprash Metaphysics as Category Theory The inthe, wil be to characterize he ste of ely, Sy bow ies = Arve hve ma, leet rion snes dren jst mars th ‘cst and the dea of se that sts Beg ga Being Even heres Single ene snsvering to he So Ms the esa a et apes tote dire The ne of general sce tha tle Beings om he pe specive ft beng begs coesponds 0 what he rates call geet reaps and acetal tsk sige ty he We of asic FHS eases ‘retponds to the tk snined wih tha sch of spec metas the "onli dabed natal tology and we Dave th to cle Bases af ‘echt metapscecosmolgy ich proves choco Othe ‘higs. with the mindy polcm and. pesunaly the poble of fe wil ‘Many racy akon mts cond heat ha | the deci Tne, they mike sues nwt he rts lle spc ‘epics tha fous. Ths guess shal the existence and aie of Ga estos abot te nate of aman beings ad the minty rl, and stn ant freer ofthe sil socpy cer age This pret Srpeepate sates Se tbe seventh cet, thee sits hve al Been

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