SIX QUANTUM PIECES Ne wi WO worta scientiticA FIRST COURSE IN QUANTUM PHYSICS Valerio Scarani ‘nee at eliotn cys earl Unowayt Spe ane : Chua Lynn & Liu Shi Yang Mp eeiatena anne Spor Cover and iustatons by Haw ling Yan WP worta scientific nemnosscecas wcssesJoe ee te te be hash. fay quaeren mers Mote te Qn ss = cay pity Wn ease ig x ea ne ee st ar nen erin a oe Te peri fm nhs Hone pn th he Cap Silent in Sse ats Bae kes ote sn way ein on a Intcing Quast Phir with Plaza Paden of Light Bea - LLL Defias dba meats © 1LL2 Sere of plans LL Palrcaton eto ain “LL _PolrinngBaamspinters ae measurement devine Portion of One Pea 121 Dosciig ae photon ‘ 122 Computation sng Dire aatation 12. The mania of protities . Deseiting Two Photons . . 12 Clase apc stents 122. Four stale pons 3 13 Allie states of xo photons | 14 The oeaning of enanghaent ‘Traloeniton of Sat oo Summary . o ‘The Broce Viewa et as Fa an uu ua Quanta Cryptogray pein Pade eee ‘Ty ls of Quant Key Disbtion ‘Tn USL Proto . 21 The ate ofthe psa 222 Seatain fn quanti mowers ha Patra the weet ey Mur Ciclo Prossing BA Error emotion - 242 Privy nonlin "The Drow View 261, "The power of ve aa the power of quanta 262 Peoclical quam ryptogrnty 1263, Information they Rov nd ber Reading Saline to he eres A Quast Chsing The No-Choning Torn ‘Ts Conia of Quant Sa pial Cloning of Quetan States (tir Quantum Chang Process Sine Ens and Quam Ching << Sunmary 5 "The Inacer View ‘SZ "Relation wih geal elon : ‘372 Relaton with beaadeatiag fy tdecornmaatin Retro nd uber Reading, Solin to the Brees 48 A ba pes a a oy ‘7 a at ante Sninaty os ‘The Dioner View os C1 Bangle eon 4.42 Penal see ton Fer nl Ptr Heng Salton othe Exes unin Corea al Bas egy Fe este SLL Espinal a - 5:12 Soe of etal potane > 53 Mocha fr core? ‘empl a Chas! Espana Bal Than = Stunmaey i ‘The Done View ‘ 551 The danger of word 552 Ineaopate psa quate 553. Tw dommes, te mexegy 534 About loptaes = Fess ad Farther Rede Satton othe Becie ‘The GIVE Argument or Quast Crain ‘Quam Desroon G12 Meaurneat XK G13 Meanrwarat XY-Y Ipesiity af Choe! Meconin for Corton Summaey = G41 Palactnn of Logue adel Refers ct Part Reding Solon othe Exess saeeaeess 2ORR828049% eeeeeIaIsesaAeBuon th Sc Pes Sn 1 Sn stds gc ee it RZ Sta of : hia 42 Selte States has 21" "Two pls iteriensty eer 22 Two rmray evele tee sa Soman ie BA The Bread View rr SL Two ste ig parte ua 8:42 Raunt itereromte: ped NM on simae dre 1 Retro ant Father nding = mt Shahn to the Eerie 1 Link with Mare Tatonl Presets of Quantum Physbs 127 91 The Cogent of Tera Apprecies in 92 Design of Syens wth Penton ad Mameturn == 28 S21 Postion sweatin rs 122 Adding meet weeny relations 1 93 Dynan of Quantum Stes ; 0 834 Sebring equaon: dsp 1 132 Sedge oqo: solution m2 84 Summey I 1 5 The Baer View a 1"hn the pit prtos nthe bead ot Sine the sary dds of the tet ery, guna pe re shaping men sere, ran dept Buttons to oe og! pplication Mover, poplar sence books nd gains enna py eur, bec otf the sec ep ltd ot In epi of all se, schol progr eto ky am men pten, Why’ thin so? “Tne obstsenhe prsettinof quanto pis ew hase ‘i tha ano make tm mage of guatum phen A tO ‘he rae an he stth, though Incenmte,eoeveys seth DNA out ble on be drown abd conveys en te ration "he ety sarc em wk he ede, gs sls be downlod egos ven fret, ven f he cast Hooks Ha to Wr ralking oni one oul actly tre ange of wha a om eat seven tele wee tle from spe, Eve i thes 8 having au one cr git nts tating aca thes et erat nice asimatigs of the sole wae. "Tew ee tcl quar ces nique price cn be en in diferent gon of pu the poston and momenta of trl age aeer spy deb; xen tore uhinabl, tho it cal, maa can la al ne nv ropctin adene "he It dco of rk ba opt wp path ori the ‘ata Several expanse shor th abl ioe ums ate Tho ta ntl ple dra, tthe exer penn can be druwn, Merson, ter rol ye fat Ht of mens Aha ea anal "Thier ert cart quan Gta he ley al 9 nen {oon ttsnee Se deen anil pole o eee wth tin ta quan ory wei that wn ja de othe te ofthe wren reat! oko pit? a of Car. Me ‘all po to pe a, sonra ae, more "es pe Aeon eb eo. Nowa me ka ned any pte dic Meat ear byw iin ware ef wet Cay Jat ap wo he espe ey ‘you vo to arn nate pis te bo eon to day ty bg Fr thos weno to tke the wort (nee er wt Tale, have tlw maketh tight a le et ey In tho tl” pred ym on ha athena. Ti test wl me mr youn expr of aan physio: Hf mak or You to haw lino of th export and inating omits ‘Wo won! et emelidy ehis emond by eck dein our owt colle ‘Pron Lynn and Shi Yang to high schol studonts ana other beginners nan pie nr oe of ret diet tps to ae alto inks. Inthe, weave lt rt tbe mtn such hat fate cd. However fr thse who say tl ave aes, Sno te long aie, Fmt, the win trouble you may fe te notations an foals ‘wo in this bok, The Dir otto fr vets, ete proc te ny soon cmpltly uals to sou. However, dow be put of by ‘nly 9 wh oe thse tans, al yo we ‘hey my tt ag at eyo Seon oth high sch eel yo may stilt be fair wth oe expt preenl he nich tb eter space, trata ion hg Forth, woe ie oe keaton a he a he senpetvn gtr, wo Wi ton The Bree View”. ‘feat son oe lnfontion yest ser those wet Telia Sr yout gp, Ha, jt oem onthe mn tet the fi re octuly oto, xine a he nected ec, aD it rll oth ma conten of hi boo. The sae gro or he at bp sae he pat “ond te Pee ae pl or Posen woxk Heo exoe frthe, “Til dae sur cnt wk thrgh mt a alt of ee exerci Ahistok, While we lave wen he hone wh thatthe ex an ad he witht the exes, mong theo the ea atl elp You feels our ubderstating, Weve cho kept thi diy a able leek tat of the caret sould be slg frwad amd do ste ciel watheot preaches alle bee tat yo wen en ening this book, and ha his a ould mace ne pyr to allow bglnvet to weston the Dic eons of mst ps Hopefully mld se compel 0 10 ftir your explora nthe gamatan wor! ‘rom Valero to teachers "The sulage of peceting qt pyc ie igh sol I oxy Ahi clog Eling, tape ane. At the memset f wrt, Tm no arcating tat quran pes bane part ofthe seer Ilan: thie aay prove fe tow mec, Dt fr opal aes o soma tty mode sts, En conned tt ty "The psa callengs the fli fo prisons th dots with orcting that cane! be fly gragd. fr whlch tw waa ase 0 dwn Allow me son rts on hi re poi it, thee #4 miuadestading to be deel. The ins of nope arta pisos snmatzs tebuted 0 “he lake of mathe hate on. The arguncat mises the pon erp He mses 28 Ie seer cli tha one de oust the tathntln bere pei, Mont the wold — indeed, x4 caunerenanp, thnk of Che wesend pst Tey traning quanta plies Idee a he sa in ut welt wt the aa Ue ‘utara tas can forte he bt sip ‘Sal oe send ul eoveying the sags a “oly er stand quit ply Ta walle very demir for pats Tino plc dpi. Acta, nome of ws nerd yon Pleo wl at we en pong eos conan hl, het tht mgood be acd, bene are dete Ahern ae as re hi tho proc mening of the sare thr yc tc! eri, ii bm main cage to Deore Now, nich «level of nkereaing ea ead nly By psa ‘iy When we each quanto lyse, wo mast ke the seats Si He eying ng al pee wont ofthe rh expendi: then tn he o ely sien te eerie that fais hee, wt ye Meet Bob o¢ Renan Nil eae concerning his spc tet: Ham abst eet ht Shostak the wy ou ed qu ‘Mio ding ea niet days, You may even the wt appro Alamein, been doe ot Bt fru tha Jou were expect Witte inn hase wien pec at ctr de oii ho gp ete ce std eesti ad eis ne Tab ot let tia in contacting me with qutins, ‘els ston: the lage longing, tis tet pray fit pyre Chao te ultimate i. Acknowledgments especial ta Me Tan Kian Cn, he hod of depart Physics in NUS High Schoo! (Shgane), fr having enourgel md tl his reed om he sta Me So Gann Kh, the hed of deprtnnt of Physic in Rahs rn (Sine), hs vn ws wey tad Fak oan ety i a he nse. ‘Drrig the wring fs test, Ly al Shi Yang have benef sn upton wih Kann Shera Le Phe Tk, Cais Lim, ayn Ho and Wen Vina (Ceate for Quant Tcunoges NUS, Snape "Tin apron to qantas yi highs underweatiat ost in Calg Stel, Psion (Swale, bk i 2005, Vaksio Aho Me Pack Manne andi stents Teaco Baron, Berane Twp, Ein Kies, Gall Money, Nes Thanh Hew snd Que PylonA User's Guide i eri ain tara otal x caplere 1-7, excepting te sections “the Dewuler View” ail “Tfreners ao Pastor Reading, wick ean Iveapped i wie ag ‘his ext sw conse in quanta pls nd Soa be unde sh, In pt, the tet daily awe: ates appear one ar lr. Monee, sn of te nots ao bjeiay cl. Even i tree made ft o expan ach pale may abe eto ‘ese the. "The leat wy Uo alt mins to pt them nto paten. Th Ss wiy merle ar prop dh al ston nat the aoa copter Bren you have the es fw ving eno verti ty todo tho estes, ant fy don't nage to sl an rere ren the ston, ten ome bak tly ae, “The addtional eater copeles the actions “Te Brer View” ad aeons nat Further Toning” of haps 1 aod the whe of dp or and “Tha tects are normally not sonal For boners they are mat ta agen pespetin fr farther tex Taya so mt ft Teer ond oe nol rnc ol geen on resentation, which sq vgn rion ‘Spec abot Heeenos as urber ealie pet heey prod thts; ow ag aban shit PART 1 Notions and FormalismIntroducing Quantum Physics with Polarization Polarization of Light Bean AA Defivition a baste measurement cuit of elec a tage els hat can ea in anya ton perpendicular tose neon of propaga. The polation ix hn tion of in ete ld elton, To was hi apie, which nn mal wth peel de 1 leur or eran tcure. This profil allows te pl oot a er, trast nly ght polar certain cretion ‘We ean Hn pad it tg este thigh » pote to any th fer eatin: passing hough odor, whi "This nag has ntatons however, ean nly lar a pal to the door ea ps rot we se cote tte ‘tho vr cannot. I comparison, plain a he dri 28 orl een eae ll raked oa ago te polar ste congener! athe aie tn anid, Whe Oe pespnditlar competent sweet or isp as Tagine «pla ith ks al este the vertical retin. Ye oa it hao, with a intensity 7 ad polation an angle Trio the vert. Lt the tanaated componet be J, andthe ret oxiponnt be I. Aino plo the wert aso the pala, nes ys veel espa othe a Ab inky «mee of ey he a of coseratin of ees ve the ein Jal le coay hat fa sn, Tus we the sans penn abl, a) ‘niarh ome consort. Slesiting Hato (1 lao Bquaton (1), Swen dats tt hthe=t sy “Two puis unary sue that ky + By = tea lays wrt a ym att by =, aly y= Heat, Tem tae, 0) ATs oat salon Mak’ Lin lel sketromagt theory. : Tt coer» vr fe pines, bth wth hint pation fac [gue 1.1). tthe Seen rans y the ist Fry wt Inthe ena try tune! by te ean? The ane feo, Sry = Sr soning that he noone when he Kish pass Ang the end plac In In —= Th Pe 41 Tepli ithe pate a wows wht happens be scope ie su hats p- Inia ke vera (Plga 12)? The ety Fy ao Seon 1g 12 wept ih ppm pba What pens nex hil pedaor is mse etn ae ow Bee 1.1? We epee dt the dena tensed can dete ot he sane i we mld ae pores, bee ace Hh wold be ed on, is tbre shod weer te a acreae ‘The ck thing atest tranny mol be J, and he nent ranted he hid pre woul be hal at fm the eon tht i, Hr. ene otaes ae not merely ft that Bld tain anata Ayhe ‘This 8 prediction of te lars al eastions deriv ear, and ‘on cay be ck in aboratory. The et That is peau Tne w spring haar when fst enor ws hao sian omens fai ad me bv to rly erations wn fe How emer acne wt weae eevndad hin polrer oo fs a gl att 9 especialy fo the st. How does he itty Arai ly he thi pan depend on rand 3?) Pom Eqn [13) we koe te the seond police wl tenet» ton eu the cy fx tale the ft. Sine te thd pareEN play, whee I ery laoreet a an age = a thn cme fa gh th ein m= he, ih sty eral What tty pa fhe nt planer? Whales polaron? 1 mil eta he ete as ad sty sa. In mshi, i ery int to tod set fae 98) hat BEL ere cocina, av welhnren, ine ccs of ch det Coapcely ator. Silat when ste polation, ear 1 Meaty tw eetingnalplarotion deto a rout (2) at eh” (V7). Any ivi cn he chine fo hen, Vl be the © veo of arene sat Tally ret by a polis that Sly Teast iui cane decibel vector, Lt abel he wit otra the veri al Biota eins ot Gy and Sy rope Hal Note tat partion dled by the inc ala whith ee Td oct, oy edition sla wich the Bld pins a a ven line, Tle, dens he mane pleriaon my, and snaly far. ‘Wile this acto veer one ch desea posible paiion “eto ithe et ld eat eto it ak a ge with ts polation B= ewsady tuna i) SES Sy LS ton te ain woes abe ‘The platen ton 0 fy the oe that lly ete by | ete ha ally rami. Bye M Bys = ~soaty Hamad an ‘he mack we mde te prevans pent ‘bsg af ome pp ‘oall pation win: —t serie Uh te porate Note Due that ela sas dott = away sna dre ities ylation tn connie —sinady = 2 Aukd Polarizing basm-aplitere ae menrurement devices Wi posto oh th base wnssremae of polation, wig a polar le Fr what fos tw rather oni oko aaa Aric that eure polaron, manly he placing taper Pie tw). Ll tho plat thi dee spl it nto ewe beams scordig Uoits plain or inane, hora plaza tae td sre polrzatn rected. emt, hte te wee bth nk Tekan o sbrul the ese wisps: ent, eta madera inetion. Thicke ny oot ban Pe LA Pg tanape itn ipa» rel ‘Note tht one canot rotate the dev al oa lng a ig ‘4 Toner ¢o meant polation lng ay abitrary wo poling Teamrplers tebe complmented with plrston vats. "Thiet sre billy sab of ita atria that cab cio kn dt petra the cationLAL nsrncting ylation: tomegphy “We cee this etin wth an portant ck on resi We ‘sedan msieent we at only alien olarzaton 1 Jardin fons te etiognl one. One igh aM here ex Snansreneni th wo yve mace deal infra or tas one Ave wn disney betwen the a ae psi ol ‘a eto ‘ns gee this ot pote; the meses hae wo sid opt Hee, besa et ates ch re Fel rset of plrzton ean bem: ons jut ha to et wt ths bu no eer bes witht flight, "Thin Hon with hlsruspest sors. On bc of the bens plariatin fan be assis sons 4 ivent iertin Tpstelr HU taal Inn's nn, imo measures ace unt completely determine flint ylation he longer stows Sch a mcsirene, fia whic the pletion ceton canbe Sly recat, all re 1g 18 Tommy oe raion Tie aan soo ens he mem wk ha ad Fs hf ae in Putin (1.6), 1.798 Compare he ith si" This ston mas the ans ona pie 412) Polarization of One Photon 1.2.1 Describing one photon During th devsopent of mda pyle Eta yazatl ett ‘tally compre fp allel pts, fant th dane! wane ‘cory, emplin the ptoclese fact The dvlopent of gant Ds lari tho ation ofthe photon Fete sk th text, cat sone that Hike nde” of photos. Tn polio be, ach phot mt have he sae pion. f- ‘hf plays abl cried he whole ben et be a, ‘hat ch photon ert Now, when deting with a sige photon, «irae mat i wl tha hen ding with the we Dec. Nut fa of ition tsa +snac th sao of platatin ofeach photon ween ae Je) =conaley sia). Ti reton el the Diu ntti, ad we sal carty stay it ww wwe Wl be ws ought te we ote1) + na) dos ot peep itd ea waters sw tae wht al the ns ve polar os ut whe ey re ast a he Hb hy ae ale and aa ong al ‘Te appro the notion of prebabiiy n physi eis ca Tle att oat one wertanding, we propose ‘eon val Bese cn) DT en anan lj) ata Wo wrt th ela eet wy le) = sina) ~ esol) (2) tif) =o) in IV). Comput the probit 0) sd Pla) 9) Sry, ay =1, (71) = cay ‘a (V9) ia as i hat we fre dsc eer, we Kae tt fr bea th ant ree te etna eben Mens tht i as Init ym feat wt dow ach quay a a the Blof photons? htm lb parce weaving wt De flr evo etter eect. Give ths oo repent “the roby at hn pon rast Ths we cn eae thot the rte ple eg hough orzotl wl etal plies, ff an nil pati re, PGnting # gen 0) Paadig Vg 9) Ih eh wo numbers am up oa they sow x robabitis, The Tile ba rt biter polaron tat 8) a Pango e063) = sb aa) “Tilt eqn called Bors efor protiies Adieu arent bain depend nly on the difernce he Aor the agin ad nd tom th nel aes rer ni ole ang to th hota oss og ple Tor ith vais crit tah ante the ares deer the prot of rani iso 8, at Pn) = eta) PUR) = wa? a8 a5 1.23 The meaning of protaiities Lew scion greter dal the eating of protien are Inrenets snp pote. Comer a fo pitts with olrton Ja) = eosols)+sna(V, ming towards pole ected th he “uta diction. Let ws Gist pret Ue elf his expert Be the cover aol, we ca eerie the tasted an! Sled Inert tobe (0)Me 14 Den pan 1h ler word, we con proc the sani probably ofthe bean afr mint of potas of el Ni tw steer ar eid plton- Each photon plaid eto} ont identi! tock ete, ‘When ono ton encoun {he polar, what wil happen ko? WH H pom oe wl be Felt? Wine about the nxt phn? ‘The auver me do ot Foe Aowgh we a the tte Ftihavione may piotons, we tvs no way of redting a ne of lod pot, Uneaten ag the anne, th il ud te at tere Sere sen msm win ec an hal woul determin weber o ct woul pass hr "he nse gal, no. I has ben expertly een tha thre In no ts ecko. In fc, we enn prt the bebo fe |v! pt enue the ifamation Is ely een he i the fi pice b (us ae qt why ons ih be ped? Dove ths mean Uae tre rund? Doe Gd pay’ cha? Tenay esrpiing, at ewer ny: The ere trie ‘Tomo this pin lors we ean cng his stuaton to sme wale Jan insta of radon oat ally Le, sw sin Soni to weather potter. Ts noe yt mabe har een Bipot pois to prc the conn bree, tl ot ence lens, owe reve ifrathn atl res, ‘Te none gunn pliomena vr deen We me ‘espe pletion o yor pane tn, be hee nyo tll wheter or ot lp hh th pao. Th ie on belly re "This wn nay nine ranma Doseebing Two Photons vay inte ea oa ge photon, we mee ale rie the tate sl fie asa rao hair the enya ih ler to appro what falls, cor Bs compa apts ikaw ply phyel stan i compte i ean ewe a fons of sw or wore subse For eample, the Barth and Mace ein sn the pa proper the Eat fe eed to ston and pes (0); stall fe he Ma (2%, e)- Ta the [ropetics ofthe campos ser ea be deve fom tho at of te (arrive). The ae tne the Bath atl Moon iterates ht, In tine the eli ofeach pm dees he ae fa festa ay net he Hats nw wet ied pst aed fer ily Rr the Mow Tray sen ny ded in hia pes. Ban quam py th Sot ea Hes he proper cu lyst may’ ot be melded 1.82 Four sates of two photons Conse now compeste stan of to photons, Bah pitas ck Ie baently poland, or both verily othe int et hls the wind very; a the opposite. These statins ae water se [af 2), V) OV), J) [V3 ad V7) [ropes The symbol (© fa mahipttion hewn tts wn the eon pre dtd we-(QJom=()- amwnowo-() t 4), as ‘ ge es mmo f= ‘Te note Chat this muito oo ant, Le HF) 17) pal. his vation yu eal he yt rain ft otto Pe is tion a the sec 7" ely ot: hese a “the Bint photon iV a the seo Apart em hs, the eo rect hava th tl proper of nk. Vr tics, we sal wee) 2) 8) JEFF, conven at ew Ugo eis ok bem 138 AU the states of to photon Provmly, we st that the general capreson fr the Hear pleat ote of see pete a) ~ eal) | sina), and way dice» Walid wate Sindy inthe ce of wo photons, the ost orl sae Takes he fe Io) = olay + wary evan +arV). on) To ep the serotonin Pa pail, ea Ino he normalisation al +P = 1, Comers ty choke of oe satiting ta abate erin represents Tat om stay some amps, We tart wth iH) + TV) = el) +AU), ay where 6 cos and ¢=sine. Thine repent he tntion in whi {he ft photons planta of [2] me he sco photo bas pelesetin of fo) — D4}. Tet otal ok nares (4) + VV) nest he shoal ali orem oak pon nga wD polarization: “Gut ov¥) tanto aD +A, 020 Falta + Ja IVY) A cast ene) “FH Fon PV)- ay hi aly, et ha ues = sty = Bop 0 the condo mane set Fa ie tow sat the rtf eu nent at on she Momo, +1VV) A ders a pia sate, wwe ne wr Wu mi sh ne rt ph wo der ian pen spi. Sen ab ag itn tht th nn or omg es te wtcn ti prt tw art site re sta Bc cry he a nny oats mat ese 2) ea ene jot fem size sm 17) v= Hama +n +709 1 joy =luvns avin si. joo =n ans) Be iy ea ces ngungs? Witte hat ar ot aang ac anexpc product singe tt, 13k The meaning of entanglement ‘What dvs entangle men? Let us srs exp tht we are st Ing stat fhe deep ofthe sate, noes dna. The Feth fn te Noo mento erie indore he motion of ea othe, but ‘ests tere vos} that a ech te oe ean ein ate 1 the Ears ad sate to Ue Mowe, On he cater. an aang tate Aversion in whieh a given ie and wut any enonia aE ‘ent a rel testo eta pote Ut shee tots woh he dete al fli eps We enh wh tg xe 4.5, Cairo) and or) a linn Equation 1.19), ht Sulit Fates) = hea vy}. 120) “Wat pens tt pions teste ss ote ha the polation of th two phan ae ala the se at ‘it vanes, Way Gt al polarization are prety erate Hameo hicoteltioa tot one cock pots berg a wl Aiwa, br expe, ae peta the te io) haw Ina auyhv tesane poliaon. Rel tht fr tng torn, fk pot comat bdr sparsity. Thay be centers Taye chong ih photon donee have wedded peer, their [opens ae sored sch tha tae elt statr ane wel Mig tess exp, thie seats that although we en say that Whe lon 2), fo ema toe te tert dently Tf al Ts we me th preset of erat te proper ‘ong photon 14 Transformations of Stator Wo tne dscumed how to se tte ad prediet the roms ofthe Ineonveenes. Ancor portant one ee atratin of te, tv he poetic he ch tater obey it wee ote tha ees oes sous th Ivaopsial ome Inter word Cero way hw sats ca be ‘stings ster Can by measur the sing polaris or pole Tr split his porta bac ber, Boras ae of probe wll osteo pt ess hat ne ferns probit i atin of ween phys hat canst Terns te ate revere This wens ae a tate) una Peak alo be earned oj) A expe He ee roaton a «wer em breathy a rot he Arete ont bn all reves esr on ll vcore laden related to rotten, Hirer di to Wien roves tic in quantum phys ll trosir- at be Bar a hee the peop of wear A tomsfruatin Pi ina fn al pas of eta, Ws ‘it Wa) = 0) +78). (35) A tumsnotin 0 nity i pers esr prc af ay (orlen = (olen (29) pronto nary i thet diet pt of Wier her, ee eth thereon behind the est fying hes pee. “Awan to Ban's rl, stats ae pected dating ur ofthe “ditinuishabity” of the two sts tn ptm a8 ow, tw ae wht nou happen i Hot peeve Ime IP hatte a rr sah hat» dress he att ats become mate dings, which cori the atin the mrazement opti. Ind, ere priming te ee we cal apply the ranean. If tad Increase yn eorlty tpl thatthere cata eed raat ic denen ‘hs teeny eaing option Eat doe od to drt th polarity meng in tnetie ected pit interstes. Tor sale photons, ter poaiation ate ae¢ lett whieh eck pon dn st lat ene wei. Reverie ans Tintin eal pone or sate Uv ab ina an wary 146 The Bronder View thn, wr psn sn of the one tational ati eaten ‘posted Thee eto, probity nl th dg of ed. aa Vetere Dnoanocrc ans rr tod heed Peete cent ecm cna eet Bilal ovis traces Ercan (0) 0(') am Thi in ssn, (*) wien sam (2), (8) a |) sets. Tew in (37 nb wet "salar a9 Woe ts ty a ke ai ah. woe 8 fh) sale ts tem tc ai th feta nt et os taeda) aby et (aa) Goa) af a tial ch cra Posted ome 162 Probabiity Many ent no ty cy ne ramen, the ess of sing cin teem de That iy Laie wpreditale ythe sort eens ny he gi rtp ier in ‘er ths cs fg 0, Bil of ay ees, onus fsa he arb proces es. The the proportion ios a event sry oer ne mee Maianatealy we dt tobe fw event A SUS, asp BAa ROSS ds the iatraction of Saal sts the yrparty Pad Py ik Sn Sy ats pepe Py aod inet Bj Pe Instn Pi sas ower is sap, inate rishi bes dw. anti ea tn sens daa hae welded prope. 17 General Refreneos ular books ov quatin ys = GC, hr, Saeabing & Lak at Ga Conds (Prinerton University Ps, Prine, 28) © Soar, Quant Physics Art ravunter (Onl Unies Pr, Ord, 206). On clase opioe Hat, Opie (Adon Wes, San Franco, ena) Mh nts ce ion 2.2 Staiticn from quantum measurements a Jay ialvnly set, ete enor comet nor pv apie ere, We sty th eve te Toma exec | Brercioe 22. Thee we «ota of 16 pombe mesma ete forall client combination of ban own ty Lice and Bob site ih often ent enor m2 pletion ese Ths te Shown in the table an the nest yelp eft ela, whe Jethe prota o oben tho wt in th en ea i | Ae sed he anh polit tae th Nt hp of aie wh dese an esis with yee, verify tha Alc wd Bol id ste n commit ey ace ta vei ow camer the rate of ve. We sol nmr ts atk that Eve cu t,t this requis ee thc gc beyond espe of cis ot Fo the puree of trating the pein, me nt ee atc called te regen. Thi tek I eed Tnving Bred the seas Bor se memes photon sen by Ale 1, ie would then snd to ob photon fe). Now evn If Bo cose Ae sane hie Abo, aly, he may ge he rer oe Now the itantion x more completed. Alize em ne btn ft nro stars, oan sean ten the Ze X bans ed efter Lor, Wes that total so we i ann thei Tees teh Ae a kath ene ‘raion thy wh we ve tl ve TE eos len! rho eNO Ce cee the ale haw grin un ev and we her. Wen ehh hyn he a ‘iii ap od ae ba nce of Bob an B's norton on Ae’ pave, Uti Ta > Tes, the uation fea yo extent eet hy ete amtay. Za < Fae Boe ‘ereiae 2.8. Compete the tae bel: Phi the poi Tn ta rh ton na he ay wl tbe eed | of Be earring the plato sated td et ed fly the tr, bt fo stable rare of infra, he sort er ton, re Ph tity of Bb rig Ny shrtr th ry the ator Hibs poarraticn sta inthe Ek eu tna Er’ poton Pra i she proebity of Bob rca the pat tated Po tate en 0 ET ther words i Ue vaw ey consists of N bit, te length of the sere Ailes sents | “Eve [Pie | “Bob [Past T Phnet Swill be rN hits if r > Wand D otherwise. mr fzsmot teem ey he fale ec een hs ssh aod | pm) fzam| + fzsmlo| o pm) [esto] * [2p pm) fs] |2a83 fe) |e) [2th | a2 | ar 3 i fo) [xsia) 2513 sb etc iv mr ne my [xsi] |2aeh yews fe on ng i y_[xSt5] |2h} tals oren csc pn aceon © ee see i foe enon cow mh fa Bee) bs [zoe] [ech Bee tet anit ty [zona] [eam Tho mi ht Ni dH don't hse, ; ny Jesna) [2sh} tha yen haat i ts ny foes] [Zam | rr (HE, na). Wy QB Hy [xo] |2sh} thas hy [xno] [2m Io tt ot nin 2) ha Bae ny [sho] _|23h3 than eng yt a pan ay er lw ac ip yea a (0) Wy ie nensary oe tbs? What wold appen Alje tl Bob deco oe jt one bre toe th ton? (2) Tow do Ace ah etc the reef Es? vit the convention that Ogg = 0. Ist Q = 254 am empire Ta wth Fea ca a eet eyo ext?24 More on Clasial Post-Processing | ee tas pcecent rr ren (00) ot ter cle Bt wes etn ere ey et ea eager rey Sie orem tay tarmac, co ios care fet ii cone peppy Tb ny naomi aed falrnatien BAA Broor correction We wart ot the pine whine Aen and Bob eat base re ey of 8 Wie fern atl (acral the fo hos ae ot Mee. Le iy se the ita gl gen by 3) The gl to pre sore earl Tee mle EC proce: Alc nd Hota tx cron ite (ov) a 0s), compate A= 0 og ad I= by wd eee the fete 1A = they kept tit = as, by md aca te Troms AB, hey dard otk ite. The ing exe sh Du ths prose en ned Ines the erations, at the expan fixing ne tan Half the bt In rai, mach tore ee ries ae we that compare the parity of ager ck aad do ak Ala th whole block when an eo od Hea a ae eh pray that Aes and Bob's it ve these value ‘bined come ‘OF couse, tte 9 eve to a to stings have Bore ore Pore the eration recs he nth vow -[Jorro-vA]¥. as 1 Suppose» = 085: heron erations we ee oan pI = 0.0 What ent a the na sen eso i he il nat 7 1) Sune question nial ve p= 8. ‘Why drecaoe dcr the secu bi when A~ BY (Suet aoe get Ev) : 2 Privacy amplification pane nth Als Bb ane caret al ee eon: es = 1 Bese oe inematon om Aa ite Henayar> b 29) Iya to dees He's nfaaton Allee ant Boca apy the flo PA pros fre, Aller nt Bs start y taking to suet (exe) and (ys) aa eonpating A = a, 3.09 wal B= 6 by ow sie ns st are alte etal ae A= B Then, hey Ast = Eve want to gem he ne a by mig c= Oe thee som res new gs we hee tal ke int prety me dabei rocco edoo 25 Summary Ife bate racy of were cunt rytcgrpy inves the hon dad ucts ly dnirtion. Ine DS prea Ace mela te Teneo hy vs photo polar dierent tan a Bb akon Globes coo thet Inns Tor menazernt, Aerts ecg af ph Hn Alb tl ob poy the iter wh yl he nae ale [Wat roconctinion). Any intervention by Eve ca b detected er eat Babe bie 1 hirer rate wick nal cai poten Fete ert sn ery ientin) cn the be apd West 20. ‘The Broader View 7 201 The power of Bee and the power of quantum Quuatesertgraty hs to den wth ery uu tani. Nor Bolly npn re intrest i daring wt netelly dono fr. am erytegrapy on ors, ha oc ny thing Be cnt have dae. Bs por isp oe nt oly the laws of pin. Sar the emt ae nee ter th hh ft ete pert copy of manta stat a the neni Inthe tea; bt nytt wt fe pepe ae hed od secu ae the et oan, seen pe folly ecg ions of ptr Hw fart ca om these Inroptsend tack tbat we desib ate ex ‘uss wd mara! tol wed 4 spe wi ae new mat be venti mot, shy ae aval fe my pote oc instance tc of he DM pena wh sal pot, hyn tat He age pie nro an ete va oye = =a Q = (1 = Q) t=) 3) pc Mey a ig ~ Dv Beco ero fr Q > 11% (compare with sl of tetra tek tae). ‘Thera tre Alestol, He mM Inv we! he ower te peta wer tack otros the by etl: Alo nl Dot sold at theo lB me inerinty, we hoo tw tht ey can etaced Qe 11% ithe err rate hw tin eb, water ve igh hone Bo hae eatin tha ber on Ar tng 12 Practical quantum eryptography the yp @ ore fy ral experiments well Blow 5 he ows cues mish ive the npn ha vesting an ow un the BS protocol deta «fly sere hy. Bue tm ni ist of lal ne we have do nd mtr tis teary blue ie wun th A's utes pace per peas, Te sachet ad set expire rather wae Dat re ef Hoe singe piston soo, Te we ey al att be reared, al ptt Ale Un Hh ere ero tat ply portant rks fr nt, thee hehe) ‘hen, wes eveything wall charter tt is nd tet tra to Al's and Bob's nes ae wily tes aril. OF he, wo lave tated ta thee bones an pile, ttf pact esc ae ty relly pitt? “Tako ntact ery fet se ratan af QKD (ws nt wor sopbistctl Ua wt ede ‘pn cho tedhng Lb onl tho, when Bob aged ie tent bs the evs sam ie Tie gave ie othe amos pn ha he stp ma lly ero agate ened! Thi ae te sy sila, by no serosa dot ae sh eval a Qo sretines, some Kas mre ale aes Thw wnat ck ft sity con pro ve bi ne al als ete i een of rsah on of eho ain Pion iv fon stn er cons oc notion thoy a ete hl be of pa watt Selly by Shanon i BG the bs a al Ae ormotention nl data posing. The ist potion otis ty Iathenotin a enrepy balls nso anette rent ‘Tw eviony of» Veen ach ha «hea bapa wil probaly i tai wth poy 1p, gion the qe (1A) = Play (~p)ogat =D). (2M) ‘Now, nie that ant (22) as ns = 1~ (QQ faim theurestaity of Bb on Ake’ bt dst the eo Ql rable dition for Bob infra, ‘ ‘Wea dive he te expan oats it Alleles inet iyo link wh entry therm Tie wl hed ws far wey fone quant pl, and aes lly eeu tat one i hae i tt! sgt A you ore bol of quant plpsicy and went try something che Be geo or ly or youre, info Chery cr ometsing ok te 27 Refornoes and Purthor Reading Bay ring CAL, Bonwets, G. Deaward, A. Hor, Sete American 267,50 ‘ase Rose: © Ginn aly Roy, Mod. Phys 74 145 (2002. Sena tly Re, Md Phys 815 101 (20). Sigs for poets Txpeinenes nga crypogrphy seamualy eny tee: we hae tected te that atl enon spl her AWE Bert a, Phys Ray. Let, 81, 3285 (198). ©, Korero Nate 419, (0 282), Solutions to the Bxortion 2.1 prove the ater war hy onset ae lectins of is of Ma (Bieorae opo TTL Bis of [OTOL 7 ¥=Mak}olr}rpo Mexexfopolitr ho ast ro, we hat Hb ca btn the ng mamaage M Pecorino dedi operation 0K Went als wn the ee tt i 40, th coreeponing, In can be ot 1 sly fr when Mi Thon we eo 1 dos cont anion on 4 wn on 2:2, Starting et 0 una =1 Pin) =a poin= 3 rem 4 ing snr elation, the able cam belle as ow ‘Alara [Bab ers and We | Prob Ty) Zbl 7 hy zon 1 1) x0) 1p hy xoi) 12 Tae Zp.) TA in) Zoi) ue foo) x0) 1 In xi) o 7} ZB.) 1 hy zo) ho) xm) hy X[k) 1 In bass resonate, ascents daw wg eet bas ae dis je Hence al the meacremeats with prolly j woud be dissed1) A hry oth ws aly ge ba ex ne he sae bas to ‘nv tht set by Al, twos eae wo deter al ‘he its On hay bas ar wed, Be ond only se tiene a aw Al al einem very th ae wl ee eto actly deter bale the et Here esr Eat ing totes prevent Ee fom brown he ky cxpletely IW Al ply seni one of her is, Ba at erpaze Be or asl vn lh hat of Alf ch ts ee drt despite che ie ass ing ed, ten Here tn yeaby tha Evel ter rte Alon ut the meat Bb. For example, tian a Fee in Bf the al the pens pg the ein oe Prue = PWV) =A pan 0), al wuld se thi Pra = Pon) Prat = Phe Poa =0. the 1 (1) Pe ~ fy steve ha a the me bac Ace to Be le to Eee SPI = en ber it pct Be coos the ort bal af he te Pa = Pl bm vera (2) Comer the eae a wid Ato wes, (Che i eH) these for pnt Ps Poa = {itt Tete: Bc te oy ‘Mice sends [Ewe [Price [Bob] Paw | Phinat - a em ee ot a= Efe 0.) 20) 1 | zai) @ 0 LD Pall owes) 0.) 2|} | 0 | 240) ] 1 o (9) Fou — 1+ 4 dawa() + (2 — 4) lows — 3) my /zsis| s [zsea] e | & inacalbcige 08 my [eH] am [| am | ay es a et etc Dob my [eK |e [SRS | te | ah fy tread rr pss erly Be Ths Qe ZS a ESE ae | Bsa can pesotstnorooe to oy Lea La Loe | ae | a moe tases ee a= wea hy | zi gang} 1 | ¢ ‘A fr Even Part (1) sony hos al he it that heer ny | zh zam)e| cores Th hy | 23m) zomg]. | 4 hy fxs | ya [zp | aye | ya Fane = 00h iy | xs] va [zn | ae | va hy |xsup| ua [250 | a | ya oy Leno] va |e) |e | va (6) Wg = Fehon Equation (22) 14 Qo @ + 1) lost -Q)~ Ire‘Ansa Q hat Hob menses eT Pern cot, cl bce be gta no inrton fen Aetrine ss GIA Ben cero eg = Ba, aa fy and as # by na + plea hua) = OW ape hsp > woh [frsc-a) (4) Wetec yt Py Solin = 05 sd dng am orion wee id ha = 1s ri roa xn = O98 > O48, exit pace (6) Mepeting the tei he eins pat, wo il that outed probaly since "= OM >, aN) 4 is th non, fp J, thes hee ia equ prbabiy thatthe Mts at mn oF fae, Ths Bub eae dein wth a ie te Ml p=, the sation vob fr a ice nae ha le ase wong, thas Bob can airy mgs all hs so acca By Be ste homesite twit sft st es Eve gals iat Hee. ‘nthe procalre ew anda dea th sever it, ane only fh ot tho ve, by Hat he or Even ‘enh He Bs thew of te tw Wt his sm dows wt ve ee ‘fern oat et i, Ths y nearing the eo iy ‘Ao ut ab esate that Eve dos not gin ees aration we Ahey ann thd rns ion 26. te, = of, hin mn that ter een The me 4, ad og ~ ee oF 6, 04 ad 4) = nla mais) + ales kag) = va? $ ltr nny rts we fst ase ta eevee ins 40% fl enn 0. Then a= (4) a(t Pi wu cme te itn oP (2) Wee tneChapter 3 Quantum Cloning “ne previous dupe, es Unt Eve eon ing de EFar br, wook! be nce tobe ae tome ever pret cook of ech itn in Alice sent. hen she ou ent ow copie al determine hesitation of he photon, whe wean ok one af he eid ns. Tn his way, se could ald deertion cempletl sno al the Eich trees won bin hese plriation tte a the Cat ‘ise wat. ently fr Aloe nd ob ae unfree for Exe, wih pet bing cat backed One ower to ake the fe [pmol (eal ong) The nto ne ti nth pen, 1 "The No-Cloning Theorem DA plicit vente «photon In wn vlcow portion sate a Stl Fe 2 prepare sowed pom the ne stat To he ‘reparswerphton in ae ma |) ieee a ak ice St yper rely fr the Impact ntenaton tae eae No he Wel Si9ele a ‘The flloving exe pos that ich a pert denrctanes be done. Erie face cal the naclontg Shoreao ri fi) 41) tae Uae te st be fn, ne © the help of ion ste hat won pay the ee of ah Beigel rieelelaey. ap ere [fs the nial stat ofthe machi, [¢) ie Hate [hid may depend on 0) ‘Wo me hat pret lang canot he achive. On th ae stn ‘he etre} 2) 1) wih the rence state ok change a le certay pombe sne amos dng tig Tee the te estes, hea er a inal Soi pre ‘Hot errs taste me lve can eet he tei) iho tly atti the rg ste. To nd th prod, we Ae wht wren slieve th eles lg, a we wl ha asics pis lle oa to rontne utter cing prota 42 ‘hive! Cloning of Quantum Stat Ingo that we bv «photon with state |) anda rnc pa ln easly chnen sae. We ps hse to phn ato a mahi Tk bo hat nly ives neo the pons tat we peti. a plo as ef babi mea wh tts fo) and a # probabil egg wh state [fT we cw ha the sate [ae De Iti elaeono the poten with ei state) at een i tn oral pon “Tw pretty of obtaining the state) fo the back va be 6 = SIP jo We eauot comput this exact fa bia aa [howe sig ta all ple pa ate) are poh tho sunny (0). wi tke al eles ‘ant fad cn bp hats average. Tins or thie Mn probobity ting he ihe tte the tp em a qm fr beh = fe Pie ale called he fio te cing Mb slog procedar serbed re bo el that there no ra Inte Wei wt pinay litt eloe the photon a al Wve wat opin cloning pots, we acre hat at tr than tha va doing Optinint Cloning of Quantum Stats othe ee wh fs propos Ht aeons photon wears [ato wo pons with polarization si to oa, aed jv hie Tak ranoraton tenets eto eee phot wise state one wants oe (A, the photon ao whieh the ec (Rand cine wich a en hd pt (4). oven, am AU are atialy set 2 I the vompueatol hts ec vnanen > YSonenin © YE en +n) pany > FE + yf (Wen + wo) ‘Wo em val (x Bute 32) that wk pret onng, this as gation Woks the sane for ary input tate Q) = cos) + iV), wane» FFionvite + YE (uiv + wI9}Iw. a) hee) = sin) cmd). The eli ofthis procedures beterOl) = avd) al open the ages up Vey that ‘he ts howe wn part Hn thea Is “ey bt tre evan Wise jst shown nt the tansy as te se a ial prt potion tate Let do cw may ot |W) I). Ater the tameuntin, the thee pts ae ‘owned nthe bs: ng (33 complet the lowing {able withthe potato a all he pte oes: Prong 2 ao Tiny rnin ann ‘an er | en P ravi (4) Vet that the potato fing te Est ton i the Init sate JF) {This meas Cat te site of the st Plt eect the earn (6) Ney that the By of hing, the psy fxg he sec hte i the dese ste ao 4 Othor Quantum Cloning Procedures “The Dns Hier honing pro that weaves pil wen Ae prowl for 1» 2 synmtes ues at Let explanthe ting hose words ad the eorepning e seeriations ‘nt of tig oo oy wn yg ee nea ete er NM hing starting ra Veoh ant potcing > vee ‘The aang of tyme hal che output cope the sae iii. Oe en aly coer eon king, a whieh xe ony ry tae ifen iy For th 1-> 2 ae, the este ence fence clonng ore dang wag a reaping thn. one af Mn poten th pect ity a he ther ha erage a [nce eter we pent arr jute Istae af thew tw ayer stati). Thy sng of eer i tt all te int was re copkl ely wil One rn ter ato dopendent ong in which se alee elon ter ha hr Fa tnt, ey ge, es Be frovedop ole HIS she Rvs hat Allee a Bb te gee 1 ng oly Sure e hw states se ray wa a cpm the bes, We cannot de iat tis wes of dent paced ate. A a bs we coe H+ A sate wae ling ercse 5.3, The oss Melty fr» M geetec iver Hong nt ben fond to be i seven ae Frou — MEMS 09) IW) Very tht foe = 1 and. = 2 ne finds = Fw proven bore (2) Bir M = +1: wey that Fy tends 0 wien ap oui itn es expecta {@) Same question or AF = 23 | Stimulated Bmtelon and Quantusn Cloning to anion fa paton bythe deny fan leet i a aon, net tate ote hand tte Ty the bse of my he i> ‘pp ta he pte eat wth no pleted polation Heer ssuption, wrong nso bere slay he; (The prodatty p10 have “kn Momo, wo ne ‘at In tbe stat 1) a ot angst Th eli gto ae alee resent (0) The probity of emiting J) howe ens 2p (ponte ‘nos tte) ne ay Cha Ce eon of 9 ota Instn) wnat hy the yn of ater ton in wae lin. (Of soar tin vepencet of th ts, Dente ee td Md ting wo gle Che 1-7 ha "Thi fet, ai Metal Vy Hn in 1617, th bes for te pity of Ue lt ‘Ta felt of hie procs f, a en bowed the flloving exe fs, whic these a6 that of opto ea. tat, the me Bit motes vad tndatedeabaicns ba relation of tinal bain a Orbe psn nas oom oa die pe fen eo nie phy Tigi ola eo t prelyf ig fon ae ie enn pi ay a ce wien soccet poo nas be Pet mise I oo pnw mens ters Tet ba yy th posi ong ee mat 86. Summary ‘The tchnng theorem sts that pee ong of quacum states Tod Clases proce can only core ltt, ce potty i the right sie a the outpt Gut ps ali Weber ty $n the ema Bk ery dot wel a oman and stilted elon pte, nur View Relation with bilopent cloning Hang aa eperton cn mole (ibe DNA}: rel ae quant bet Bt the, why pert led ning ke tin loin ore cole at peta pri, at eon ST me float is eocced n qtr chjecta — some uy eon tell yo that seeing imately, 0 qu oy aor, oe shout ey ast Hd ot os aetna te raion el theatre fe sel, thei ate Any amnion nthe chain eter Adenine, Cain, a, or Tiyan: the are prey dtngsabl ot eee pcb i og the ration ad epi Note Ut, forint ein states pre ang of ss fas ety sting stats) poe £2 Retation with brodasting i telecommanicaion tpg ae downed eit y millon of pple. Are the posal Shere subjected to eho nung 7 Mh cr ofthe ace shew for th previo oe: i telco atom, quant ject nrc el cry nly aa rat Tastee, photon ean 5073 nin ee 1 Caen ih given lime bin Sl, he wo-oning there plage abe a pnt ven if nies ge tse Mae Ted wn te den frtion foe rn nr thermal fo the eer tthe er het to gine eon Hay photons arent ad the ope Has eof good i heel lve las amor of net aliens order ier a bee sy, tests be mpi ear he yea ane wee sat emo, ad eve lene tbat ated eeson faxes nocampilby apotaacous ein. Let we be moe proche” An anpifing wen belly conc of nt orepired i eae te ready Wo dey ad ene pons te We “eeeinns te ‘ane nas oa thi tks Bu of nw th sry dey ‘ths eat gh wn “Teco ever wy to ee thet sual ‘well ata the te of spt cio ts nl et ensue of a ceing thr quem pl 4 Reforenom and Further Reading asus = V, Sear al, Rew. Mod. Phys. 77, 125-1356 (2) © Nd Ce. Fave, Progen Opis, wo 8, Blk Wal (a ve, 208), p Stns or payers 8. Pla, Ph: Re. Let 88, 107901 (2) © WTA Tine Pe Rew Lt 8, DATA (200 0. Solutions to the Exercises Solution 8. (1) Assuming that the termation is pote Sr) gg 0 Dae et tren |} = (+1) — 1) 01m) ~ Sih e1m +1¥ 6 Ke) a0) = duno +y9N) sate 1) pty bad, the eng tte sa be Inet Bun =H Ye SMH +) an = 30m «rv way PY t hich sot the sae (26) Hen, we have prove in there Teonforation that ean perl ele poo 1 the evo ston, we Hist ae at tar Hal fr) ekg tw bal [ht) + i @ nh @ Mean, Meim eis Moree. om, let tora |) = 4, WRN Fe CanunaN + WiMEy). 8) Wo tl oahnte|+) 9 }4). 690 fo omarion: Fealinn = Stan + ivy san + pry) oar. coop Genyin (28) and (8), we ace that the oy way [FE [MCV fn [§() cam ss thse gaits fo hams to be We ace Snead that pont eying pete re th the Bal fa ns yen, Won 22. ) Ug hla, Ii) aaa + sma) coon (yim «(ney swan) see (YF « 9 v0 +2) fpeosrain + fTeme(avyy +H) ) a {Bema + y[Eewe( rian steven)nh os a (3), we P wast 5 Fieve eee Ve oro) eng 9 ol ing a = lain + any)(ono + 1) 4(W4 Ne : Ba, Prone in ere + fawn 9) (our — a9) (on — ev) hv ul stat) he ne pon ate nit Es eivi+ sland wamy cine Insta ee bay fh Sry he eyo fbsnorre + fama(van wre) fatten ists (tty 29) iki on of hw on uni na dey) Ou tthe hn, oe) (8) hom Hopton (3), oben he Eoin abe ner [Oat [ totes) fy py ply ng en are fs ys Ae Ten ate > [ima | %o we a fini | 0 ogee 4 | lnivyivy ye =i = |inyimin | a | |imimn) ys + | inom | a a |mnm| (4) nthe “Onto” ean above, loska at tho St ofthe wep Ao ea tte, wea up the probabil ont ih Ativan) fone 1) (8) inition to the previs question, weal wp the probs of ll ‘atmos withthe eon pata) (bers, 28a)‘Chapter 4 Quantum Teleportation craton su oem 8 futon fac Sten. Home, ate fh plex avs inven nese os plc ee ope prota tht enables kplan af afarmaton fom one stove, with ny die interaction trae of ae. Thi ‘hat Bat ck ota w photon with eran plasiztin tte Alice without Ale setally esi the plata sng fh phiton over Hew pale? Tn hice, we sal exe the quantum eeprtason prota A Teleportation Protocol Tet ws start with mst of te photons A, B and CA e prepared by api eae is sl Ht ea Hob pete. Our ol now ots th state phton “hs pt C wig he stp in Figure 1 Tuam the tleeetiton otal rks flows: Ae takes hot A and Band peroneal he (Bl Inwsenent, Tho ee ofthis carmen so sont entangle potions nd C. Maree, plato C at thi lt nw sate lated to rit tt |). a art eee) ext Ale oS Wo ‘ie offi to Ba wv tn appear tara 1s photon C. Let us po te ths poco! deta hou he flingStep 1: Entanglement Speen sae, in which B id Care enon el fates he Xa Tae nang (sean Iie ttec= 416" auld) +HnA¥, 4 fletitenamh Sananyhe 4 Liv sitanaty) canta + fi Aa(omavy say hf sa dow aca Bl ttn, ie) = Sein =H), ie) = Scan ma). iv) — Ee canv) + in), w= Sennen) a ete Step 2: Measurement Alle potn Bi otto Alc, he pets ont easement oft atin of photons Xn 1." alled lca esl of hs mssrement eo ofthe Bl sen non (2.2. ions Band C were aly ang he Bell este wo ls Bhp thse of photon C. he table nr, wee Ut is a for pede resing sate Hin C ner the Dll eet AB Have, lye of thee Dis ct) + sin V), i Ue oaoe a te ego ae of photon Jy). Techie ieprtton, Bb as bt pero aaa ot itn C, For ean i Alc mene (8) an phtows A, photon C nl be nthe steed) in 1} Ts btn Db could prt he treatin 2) > [P20 = |), V9 + [ECV = IV} on Foe his trameaton toe pmbl, ma be waite, whic ens at the alr pod te sere Beorcte 42, (2) Ney te (ZITA) = (NA THT) = (WIN) and (TRIE) = (IV). Ta shows tt the easfrmaton Is ltry ae ce pie. (2) Now, the wttoracons tat by eo) +n ane ‘orb V)— snd) St j)- Vth hn two tasformen House amity We cn now con by sunsonising he teleportation proto (i redraw Hel meant tone AaB (9) we he re of the i) pene the ate mitaryeration ala wt, ae 1 in print net tpt wy qi tate ie tho peer feng ex Qa nate however patie this ha only Bon dane fr pn |-4) = elt + aing|¥) Ja) = enV) nla, be wore > an sttary angle, et PC) wal PL) te the pray ‘suring [+ 9) and | ~) espe. Bob recive the to bits of = Faemation fn Ab, the state are chs eapeted fr I) but if doen ol hin ok compete eae ots psvallos the lore of fran withotay et nr tra of the tlptation prozac, Alice aad ok ae opmetvly ye pons Bad blogg to a estan el sete Abr teleport the state of am eit pan Ato Bob's € by fot pertrming Bel warren ef photons A and B ‘hes the meant otto Do, who pvr aay tnnsrmation om ptm Cv compete the epeeaton Brew of ti sep eeprom eat ew tose rato te ha at ) Ft, sl the eww sn A inn earl inti ste} = fi) Aer got dsr! tv set PU) Ph. (2) Ut me sone hat ie role Hest ne | et 1 wr not et to the ato non Cee So unr trata we or! bebe mew nae) a F} (8) ant pone 2 he ome ich pao parle stat) = (0) Bn eos ng rt se pr aati Aon eatin, he oem be et an ‘ht retin tere ei 7 se Dena of he ‘Dattte crete ate of poten C change Sen anc 1 ror eng or Met ree an ir nt) ae Bok rn i tt Senin an ey) fm Wh thn inn ttn sok tn er thn eat A The Broader View 441 Brtangtement swapping he question ne want to ans ee what bape he pies tobe spre nko blogs a etapa? Te unthon ste (2: photon A atest neta with pea D, Thee FEW [its 110} = 17). Tie tention ary een enuyiny = oi eran) = viv) ATanIPWW)) = 0) = +r) =n, Sp eaea Ss uiay Deen enquiry = ea = manyreay = (WIV) = 1 m(anyriv) = =H) = aac, wee at the wo transnational, Thi ne ‘a with he hfoation onthe eteome of Aas nese bins AB, Hl em esr tom Ct ob the vial sao poten A om 4.4. 1 At th eto te eto the sate of pon C the sme a the In state tan A wei. Hen Rej=lnieae mye Se steal eu ne Bie ale sheaier tiie + sin ee pn he bby fing) 7h Pein) dont Lat = pena deat batt (9) 6 Ae ofthe proto, state poten Ce ). Hee Po = Pa) = KVP ay, + Wie oping etary imation, praien He ae + FIP ane" Yanlte Wale4) Thin ot ole basse he ay ransvestons a ot p> farm, P+) ad 2-7) are te se fr |) al 0) ca he seer the ealelatone shee, ‘Th Bob wu not i le Ti paret the potions [a V7). To pent th tain ln, eration aboat Ue Helltee earrenet oA ha 1) ‘be et (hah shea ight signal by Alice to Bo tha the appeopite wary Uaifomation em be done He gous Iedeprtatn cont expe send nw te Solution Werle = expan! he expen athe to bla (vim +n ¢\avey) sway) ‘Net sing the ein fhe Dll ts in Eton (42), ary exp aa spit the expresion on th isle to er heey SEND cLAgsIoAL INFORMATION 9 =] aChapter 5 Quantum Correlations and Bell’s Inequality “ Ick one of the nator feats of gona pion ouwaureorve a) Fat hare itredeced ii etna Grey oi meted how Ineouures ow ne area into. Here we prot va poly tbe ma vous commune oat of eetacghenn the corte Intent aves fren on sferied pipe ene Sich pasty ws ist noted by Bsa, Podabky nd Ros mH) ha 185; they foe aud sed cane up with an agus to iil hw dat uta hr a ot th hae dade to plete. Whi EPI lod pt he fine on soning eater ig tert mh subse pl by Bao ae twin ca cy in 190 by al Hee we ly ey ech iit by el a eestry othe EPR per le in chap 9, Bt Quantum Description Wiudneitean experts that demonstrate quan conan Ietren to engl photon +1 a apt 1 -1|-+4) = oma) + sina, [=a}= oaaiV) = dual), 1+) = cone + sina), Ip sev) ser) BI ring cae cxty tne w singe acacremer of och photo, bel fate thn proc cng ato he pte soc thay fre Peeatteent Go we gre ineralion shout he pan oighal Silesia peso mearamnest cutcomes fo cach pl of ta holon We ae ra(a) aad rt co to eee enti ane by Ahn respstives If Alc o Bb mse | +) fe [4 8), ey wl ern wala) = HL ors) = 41 fie [=a 0 |= fh, they wi rovond 1. Then the foe pote haeaiere ten wl tel (4), (4)—)s (4) al (>). Mh expert con be card ont br wnay rn wis Ae at ob wee the ont After he expr, te Sn he eee (het enc fhe oar mse teas oc, oer e He proba, resample the etion of murat vid Talo) = and 79(3)— 1 wll oat no probably PCa), ite the sigur toe apd the ~ to. Slay thy a er Port bn 3}, PC fy and P(—— a3). tien 1.2 Source of entangle photons Wo coasider tat he ose prepa sit sate dfn by 9 = San) — IAN) a) fring acto ptr 1, eto prone hat i tate ata Thich plies bred Allo nd Hob eexpea seventy P+ laa) Wireeecg): 6 “This cans thst we Ale or Bab as down dhe metres sil, te wil were tht the two onto see equal Talo ets. hr piel, ato or Bb nerves Bally ot Ty wht the ther person dT rst bot Srprsings we jee en heer 42 Wa etal photons cannot eae 0 Brie isa owes the teeth Chath hy shave tt sss, Ae wl ind Hat the pb ofeach ote b dependent 0 toh Ali rests b The phtonrseing Aloe roduom it ontame pining on what owarenont the ol photon Bb nas! ‘Nott wort nae nomen of ee cede in which le ad Bab tube tir canteens Natron ter dntance gt tthe tme interval ete ie metres, Tose fukn inp da tt foc the qa colton tw healed potas: event Hy were ssa the sane tine, of ln apr, ay wal Stl sw thie! lie! Na, we tor oie ofthe degre y whi te potas ae octal: the coretation coin, dele Blase) = Pleo) ral) ~ Plead erai3))-— (3) ‘hivcan hn rng ovals, —L ta. A vale of 1, lo kaon 1 snteeoreatin, sea thal wh one photon wes am ota, the her won! ale ie the pate ost. On he haa ale ff oe pate sareatin, eas tat the x photons wil bays se ‘he neon Por the robs in Eton (5.2), the correlation cuties en les) = esa 6B18 Mochoniam for comeations? Bet arse tn lS ar ena ie i iy snot th ery an Meum pro way pat he tii | Sa allemenpse apes ge ce ne Bi ects ono ra nc eeseactto coin ve nantysnea te Bien ssn oa ene {inne paints mcs se eno a Attempts at Classical Beplonations ‘Hae ae only two pose cl ech Ha exp orate ete tat event (1) Correlation by communication Theft pre ech Un he poms sug commie vith enh ter by exthansng nals Fr xan, pon A whieh Ts ensiel fst, ey sed spe Infra ant te teste ‘nl eae () to pon B, wi wold espace steers. (2) Correlation by pre-established agreement ‘peer pose mechanism is pestasl agreent ine both tons were po the same tere, they cml be eae ‘Wo be eon hate photon pds ote hat comet ih Aha prod hy dh cc pton even ty are ery far apt Hw oe oman art aba wha Uy WM a ofr wy ‘nome they eee hv har word we waste tater rafal ralelh eal) -} all rar) ‘Tho ss specify th ote fr eh pss essere ast are av commonly Lown a idan arab, or exale Ax ne Xo tes hr) = ri) forall ewe a= 3, he te tel ales sve oppose eal wn seat nce ue eta ‘Ths ids vais can repeoduce Ce pete nari a ‘he fst of se chins can br experinenally ed ot: We have yen the chs for thin awe lee tata ence The at ha wl drt wth ec en ce aed “Broreise 5.3, Props an expereatlaangonunt ha eee ‘cnet ty common, 5.3 ells Theorem : Intoereane wart termine wes photon colt at the soarce ig Hiien vuoi a pre-established agent? This yroblem pueda lysis fr alnat 0 years, til eb gions tet as opel by ol 5 ll a 164, Many rasta of Histor ve since beet foetal hae w wil acto the CHSH nab, dese! Caner, ora, Shins ad Hol i 18 ‘We san ty ming the expvinetal predic deri erie Provo hen the cr ois fo pets Ales and Hob ar e008 neste ba Now, they eo betwen fo drt west soe alo fr Ake 3 ad for Bol Sipps that the poganeexehange sn giant atthe see sont fhe etme that te’ wo wad produce ‘This gunn fo Chen fering he en ane A= (Ay, A le rate) ral) rat2) 2008)in singe run oft expert (9) cannot Ye ensue. ade we ote that Ale wd vet tenet A ang bs hel Toss stay for Bd. This ple brn hy cat only prtiem 99 meen! oack photon. Nevertire Infornaion aot 13) enn be obit repent the experi with any pl | ‘Photons he serge ae Sean be deters (8) BloA) + BtoB) + Bloat) Ble). (82) I 46. Vary Faqtion (5.7) by meting, thot Baercse F (9) = (ralodra + eal ents) (ale ri) — eae ea Hint Ww destin fe average (2) = By oo TE 6s) Ving the eument expeineal tp, Ali al By ca bt al tomato contcnts in Equal (6:7), a ence inate (9) Ll the emnpinn fiden eric corec. en (5) the oerags ale arabe hat cn ale nly He wks + ot 2, So ily, ss 0) ‘Tie rion called Bats noun ‘Wi th id wo tower th pone ws en ain la econ fr thr colt Debussy cat Hh ean bea poste mechan. I mt, we wl a to cues hat estalaie aroemect atthe sore denn expan quantum ‘When ono ints the parameters fo te shove experienc Al ety tt Bes ep en be vated or etn a anzemet tsrs,w nthe flotneere, aR Rg aa HH lla oer es KS) = 2 Tu cones, the coreation tween ean tons re not de from procnebaindwgrements a the we de alae do in, Etre nea eli inact orsaons with ok othe evn i eh re a pt, tt any for onan Bion sini cnttit quanti carats that count be capo Uy daniel mecanians of commnleton or hie via Te ter Ts bx test sn Bes thorn whi etn tat ae able to nae Baie hs roving tt iden bln do xs” B51 The danger of wore Fain wespecte phetomenon a the visti of Hels nai, terval ht plied ed ne ang up with tbl express to mere Tn the mun tet, hae et aa eon onl (Oth exprosions awe acta, blr wy es Hera, 9 tation them here forthe mae of thee ws wo if ea me. Mitre, 2 (4.9) ot cal lo! den vel “hcl” renin wold alloca to be derail wing ony infartion en” hoe i ds penn que tery. The “ibe” pat ater pele eee, ‘nthe ert of Bas nat docs oe ae te etn a he ‘e-talitia szoms ast be en! In ther wor the ihn |Das acai eon i of psa gree, et hidden "Th Gt at Del nag viata i fen sari int Txprins. Hoth ave resis foe ns wa eg apo shen, Tay cower or highly controversial) ene othe egne. 1 Vitatin of ta retin, “on! rain” a stn ofthe ‘egrso “the tmp of che precalstee Of marek 1 ful’, te term i peeetyadogute An eget any sine wil {he pikephia! nation of rons wean in pip int th stand whi one tees Inthe extonee a an external won dn be pest of kaon wll thong expe Th srt of mi pane etowen cpa” aod rainalsn® Now, s At mld be bt fetched to cael “Doerwaan” fom the vi ln of He Sepa the ease tat "tere fo exter b (nla be slat a Basi) etc Bw 7 as What cera tee lbp es afer ari, atthe vida of Bl nepali, cot be a "ood reais” as vn lve a eesti geno or els a ut Nor, wy on Sry” one tht qn oes cast be du 1 prema agree flowed by moa hs cay nk it oct ely wee ioe he fern I erty mune. Hever, the tm may ery thee Dan atin ice ot diane” of exe arena othe eer Bite xrtinly no experince erence ac a lel, ay fed or in he ty ‘Th unexperince peru ny be sonia a at ae ps Feats fel lavoro or nei any of te tn expton 008 Aaa about the topos yon we the “wn” od tl se tack yo cit, Ja ee your en die yur on ot charg ome Wsrmrooeceroas wceses 5.52 Incompatible physica quanition ‘Th ilation of Ballet cnt cl ight oa very ga oto jn qt plySoe that of tomate meseneents tore pei fest pho! qanien, Tis ton die bn to the ety yore of que metaaics it were the Goes Hosen nce ‘stone fr posta ni, ta whieh we sa arn ely heer 9. ‘When we ay that wo pia tig A ae a are nempatii, ve ran the flowing sip kt «a pose outset mee sanent of, and note the correspon stat yo). On sacs I genre yale of 4s meetin 14 fe othe sate Jah seer ln re pou he oc sproie, Tes abr expe with span. Lt te Bs pel gy ‘Ae the pliant nthe 1), ) ba ad et thst posal Aquntity 4 be the pletion In auber bay fo inte) Ja) where 2} = om 49). Take tow wae moa oa ttre Of A fr iste, the ate |). We know Eat ein state a | uso to a cto of ats the xa, oth oom {fA can type mith el probaly, Anoier wey’ of icing Hi Se thy fa mate | and") that wold gfe Both one Hf A so + fr A with ery The the 100 pile quate are Inept Tis, tl psi itis nt he gd deft ue oul Fo polar, only on ac ab dterain. When Be sen re empl ogres of eo, i pole am ow fins! quits can be satay detrei (ee eae, eeny Ii angie enn), bt tal ofthe. Fer anc, elton ad Tanti ar neve be saumey dete, El tnt quant pict how dre Ln tht trey the 61 Owe cou are nt me we have fund the ek ene pres the gh hal We te ast ecto ence 1 lok of fata fo tho sats of physi laws. Thre ae ny a Se hls theta ne spore peectly by vlan of Belson al rae ere expt at fer dd oo sot woul bo esp ovat He nel enue ll ep amen cutcome wok! exe Dat “is vate In exports ‘Thelen emt5.8) Tue randomness, true seereny We bev aoe srnglyengh what tbe on of Ball's icquely Irae ee exo pestle rome te pn dow hoe oan wt x pre-and to tees al pai ne Ines Now, ths am hat Ue wale f uh aroement a te fandom nurers. Why? Heal the acon gun nent vb Had anon 1 dtr nthe rae a by a uptime reso «we Morte, Now the wa ali rag the nar, he orth cond ave produced mse before the expert aarti Teorey wnt Bal dncpalty clarke ft! 8 the lion of Dells Inoqllyyoareces the generation of trot rane mands The Man ean be ven je amt vs, ey Cee do des tn alo sere: nbody ele hve the ane Hist. ‘The rent it Aho es i id prey ek! hav tw ol put hil party tory hoe othe wares produce thet wd ene the po doe They ornate fr way rom one ant. Bt then spin, the phone il senting averting pret spe De Inequality vote Nate ow tt Tes tye indent of sat pis: i Ie itd, the et, pied. "Therefore, me nm heeft Fase or tron weney Make wd nk el to know ating owe hw woe sts pone or newton thine ‘ly ofthe odin of quan pse Kean besten «raced : hls in tad uber gern a erypiogzapy. We eae ‘ela thse ter hee tt sae eee pel ly bers on the ext pg Bib About loopholes ‘Ths wha rafter maya sone pt encoun soe meat aba Ilorin te expt nt shows lato of Bal iy, iy he tt pete, tt ee wn chat ye al hat we he dea. Wo deve ut re anand to Inch Sr th oer aie the Fit yest na phils the alia ecbiy opal. The pp when the want of Aco a Dal are no hes vty ec vn ofthe experience Secs, who Infra sent the mete cone ty Aloe GMM hae ech Ba a th pee of kre Hob pst fe cw oF vine vera, he lion, owe might atrbo the coats ton wo signal propaeting a the sed li 1 Detection topo. Deets ave Uta line: sometines, ven If photon mv tiny my Be. This obs sets ha the deta’ not ay depend on te keene tt Ding pert, ion he ce othe palate be wean 1 te stilney of the detectors ne we ove SU, nth su neha atc ae he lation of ll ast wil ale rentable toi, ‘The Isom pin in giving Fnter deals here, about how to elo ch opt. ‘The ical lope hs tee coe a sere exerts Ith pons. The deletion lope ts bt led oe wt ly Wh ome Ure beng wry owe to oe ante, th ne experimen ool ct cla the acl opt ‘Tn the teen of wg & Toot ie expen tl ining, May th shri l dat we soe wekscx? Certainly wa! or erpinenal pict a cece i at a Hack bax they know cantly twit wks ee he som fois Ince. Nobody thinks that he prio af qa ier abet tho vation of Bells nant wl br shat 8 won ae ae eer deter! ger, important te elo the detest. pl nthe Hak Pra eon tettioned shor: if you only hove « Macho, then you hn sow awe your det work sn yom aw all th lc Testo be se. Th fice tht ix ope ead toch the acon why quitiusirtiind Hacker aw nt ye aval on the faleSAK thet, Ptr Wok, Sepia HD, pp 2632 —_ Ciba 1987; 2 xn 20), < Reve risk expen: W, itl, G. Wid, Quast fa Gang 1, 32001, Tote nto ith vera ere Vern, Xi 010422 (le ‘ses Sgustions fr projets 6, Wal ot aly Ph Rew, Lt 1, S000 (1808), SW, Tiedt al Pls Rew tt, 3568 (105). Note his exer tk doce nt te pniznin the nara age of Ean 1b Solution vo the Bxereaes Solution 6.2. (1) Pes + o.8) the potty fag the ial iets |) Inthe stat | +0 +3). This we Seta an expen or the ater [eels neo) +sino|Z}) © (oe) + sin) = coves) + vasa JV) inn VA) sina PV). "The potty cn hn cle ing Haare fr probe Aho Petia = earn = Lata 9) penta Tse a on ota ohn He: 1.8. Bel, Spbale ‘nape quantum rucanis (Cambie Wainy res Po) = P= uh BOL nt), PE =o) = Pia) Hf ooata ~ 0) MR ie barons tin pbb nd ap Por i) = PC Pe fai)= P+) rns pon As weet be ppd La paler) = —ra(3), Beefy 1), ements deat) = (eG tal) + PO Hn (rao = EP Ha) + PL +8) HH v9) 4 PCI ; =lo8) jas +P i) From tape (6.3, we a utters In uation (2.2) to bia Bio.) = P+ a8) + Pla ~ PE —loy8) ~ PI +f) 1 1 $p—exerte— ay] - Ht tanta 3) aio ~ (2) Wo po tat Be,3} = (aa}rot a), we mote that rafa}ra() ewe 1 wien ry a1 wh ry 2 Tae alae) = CEDLPE JP) + PE — fd] HELP ~ [a 0)-+ PC a8] = Bsa) Solution 5.3. If Aloe and Bob ar stationed way ar par, sae te emetsa thesneee, n coon th saree aes ab fe pears are traveling lowart then, then there nol roo Tine©-AK, Ele, Piss Wor, epee 200, pp 28. Resour Tce a le taeda Bal: 8, Bal, Sate I supetae fo quien meas (Canlzidge Unive Prom nbd 1957, 2 an 20), {Rete aisle on experienc W. Tate, C, Weis, Quanta ta Comput. 1,3 C0), Lact te with eerlefseeen: V. Sern, eX 0.122 (lo tare 48), Sugstons fr projet , Wid ot al, Phy Row Lt, 0 (1) 2 W. Til oa Pm ew. Ltt, B81, 368 (198). Not this Il emt opal te lang degre fem, oT Sotions to the Bxerlses Solution 6. (1) PC +o.) the potty of ating the rg ingest |W) Inthe tat | +0] +3. Thos we it at an expr the ater +0) 01+ = (coals) + enal¥) 0 (on tt +n V9) = conc) +eeneain EV) ‘sina cs 3} A) + sinasn 7). "Tho potty can hen be cluding Bar's probabil Ah PE +|a.s) =| bass = fino 8) 2 = toma Arai hi ent we bt Poet) = Plas) =H = [OB = PL oA) = Flt Feo ~ 9) FPR Bae SA =D We eat mle tis into tbe exprenions fore roel btn pat (0: P+ fA) = PL-—lonA) =0, P= fuB) = Plot oe) = ‘a eh ret oe pot A oe Two alway be oppo y(a) = ral ) Tron the rots of pct (1), we eee (eala) = eont{a~ 9) Genlet tin) + P64 Ho) SCHIP ha a+ PC +8 (ra = CHP a + P+ CHP + POI Solution 82 (1) ou Bqution (53), wo cam suet the wets i Equation (5:2) Fo) = Poel) + Pola) ~ Pl cata 3 cate (2) To pov tat Bf. 8) na — Spb eeme—s)] P+ las) Geaayro(, ww mt a afar) rua era fg Te Aralabra(3)) = (41)[PC+ + lava) + P(-— lav] AUPE las) + P+ la] = Ba) Solutlon 8.3. If Al nb ae sa ey pty ie Be cas a tne et tists ore We atne exert eal cow high gor festa Solution 4. Wi fat oe at ea ad ging ts arciax pole dani Isnt 309°, wach so ft gle nue the ere eed ‘iwi the tbs nese nthe Yaa? Bi erettien ty wocamemiotion Wisc sw et erations ae again pest Betws eae ph A scala alieotne rent ia peta cont ons formations re nt die to communication ewe he pasos. ale} eatadre() = =A, on (2) Correlation by pre-established agreement rala)eo(2)re() = 2, (oo) ‘Wea supp tht the photos hate “presage Taiplesebeee) = ‘ea tbe sures bout Ue mensereseat rhe hat Ey ol tice abe) rofsheda) Sts Mathematical, ths equlet to the tan levi the mre “wh ortainy: This encom that when oe lyst measure the X bs See ree th ir lit aren the Ye, hee re ean se hat ter pede is 1 = (ealeh rato uly relelrets)}- (622)63 Summary Mle livers, ivcving an cunnge oat of re patch, mt Fete prot tat quant carlton ret died rn peated see 4 ‘The Broader View ‘Th GIVE ayvont ha on pre wel eae o pact the fuenalisn afta pyre. Ravmagy heer, loathe sane 1 rat neal the otoaney of qtr meant do Foe fo peste agreement Yet ante aren or het Fenn, wih lileret Hav, shown Har redo. Isd Fait al nthe ne nose, we rn heen ere Kl Tenth als ack fo more se ape ant to. lsd Patent of Legget's moet at tgp ck othe very deiition of ecanglot ie ache fest oft ta that ett bo ition pot of tose for cuh tan Wess he dftene toro o entangled sa Mtatca: pyc andthe inte of compost Geel rater le i thon: within he tac ths seat haben opts do tu hve wd rere Noo cto tis ast statment dct? Ye mity thi that Dalle noxaniey do that, but actualy preestabintedmrement ix a Hog een than jst te een of some ote propet ‘Amor rod tse was propose by Lezet dprved i seus ork Here we enc ve the st veo pn on oe er and weed ono yA a he yD Lge se that the a ln rene 8 ht plas th owt te awe ye wal ti tht Heat ae of ton sates xgung Wo nal eno tt fs). ke fo my ae ae 0, hs pon ve th sin pndlig too waif pot il 3) ent te hr mn be cops th he sate Jo nb eh mec ok ot volte Bly. nth ed tun thing ha. theca thal to ya Pa ats he iene sone ele ropes or nde Bre mts rer hsb a id. The aon, Tals sn, deena of guna py Unee, we rl Hn sono exept at qa ay fio ane tt) te do th del | References and Further Reading iy routing DIM. Greer ML Hanne, A Zinger, Physi Today, Agu 1965, 2, espa DM, Ghecnberger, M. Heene, A. eigen E Keats fo), Be ‘harem, Quanton Theory. and Concpions of te Users (Kuo, Dor, 189), 0. = ND. Meri, And: Phys. 8 74 (100), Ow Leget’s mad, Graber et a, Notre 446,57 2: C Brace et al Nate Pes 631 GW), i eth: “3-W, Pa ot, ature 408, 516 (200).(1) P+ + eee i pba a al tt when Allo, Ba ml Chi male ‘i Wo compte ths by rt ang expo Leactasta) (un +1) ( = slay yun san sew) Vana + WHY) WV) +IV¥¥)) Sic (GHZ) = yA) PV}, we ean orp ret Pi Hes) ~ Kb Hof) Th oer pote ean bn veri sar me. (2) hom chotatatiy, wane neo the nce with none Wohl, whch re ae), PCE ~—lean), PC lose) te P(=— fe). By mapping the outa ofthe tre mena ne road of he Tae rei, we that te ee Maye Roeper P+ J, me ve ra(adrala) rele) = (4{-M)/-1) = “Mow wo ye that Baton (64) 5 all wih eta fo he sane. m+) Solution 6:2. (1) We com very thee probe ty ming he stato: Eaton (war ne) «ele = | 0) Tein yan wnt tat a Ege (fora Pet en = Pee en) + t+ en Fite coaster pn = gig loan squat) vary vy) ‘ivan saving eave wv) an hen compte pba ‘Tv cer probate ean be writin sr tanner. Yi peo the est wali by coir ely he ena with nner probate, whch awe P+ +—loyy), PU — +n) PL ‘lea an (~~ lay. We obser bt for PCE yo) ralelen(n ra) = (AK) = = We ean grove this the oder tice probebits, an spe his rowel for raf) rs) am ay ra rete. otion 6.4. Combining (4) and (0.3), we have ale} rel2] = raa)rela). ining (0 a (6:10) ao oe ro(e)re() = rotshrol) ining he shove tw een Btn Ble) = 18). hich ea coertion sve ra) — ry) — 1 Thin we ole cat st (612) ean al the our eons.eye hb ober omer, A al a tne Hs oe ki at Ta quanta pies co hinge haw pe fe spoons polar tobe bern can wee al {boicntal lore ye mere Wen thal thie so Ba ead shrine “nme ie nut pss. We sal a hy Wy ny he isin coring, 1 Measurement and Bntanglomont rey. Rater, we comple om poll which wale rep ha Wil actly be mrs. or cpl, whe we pointer) wheat pss trough te ele ad tthe cet el Ts quate pin, she me Eppes, bt he coping ani ster eu 10 etangenet ‘Wie Sint cose ng plating besitos po u's polation in Fg 71. Ths Beater allows ts wich I honsoutlpoimizaion #7) to bs taosated, emespoa wo at reas poo with «verti poli V7) ate alee, caejHp ow the path that ical, ‘Mathestely, this proces ean be writ (comds)-+inaV))f} > emo) xn d9h. Here wo ct the bees nts pon’ sian (Ue ryt) ta ts path (he pote). Frm thi i ele ta pet the ebabities of meng ach partion hee path [Bxercte 7.1. Fllup the able blo esl of west —[ Prob osrzton [Hin path fs} fo? obataton 1) pt 2) Policia 2) in pth) Polarization Vn path Note that (71) reversible rarmaton at thn stage 20 serene ha al place yt Thi why thi stp mati ella ‘romenneoee «coping betes the tem al ite lane) + ai Wile) 16) ‘Gian tha of} nd JV) a orthogonal we abo want |2} andy) o be ‘egal, bc we wat the to ke pec ding. Tic won allow st dae [ce [V) frm [a yw estan ‘Not thai stp) dV) ave to be tag To ‘engl a nose nlstingsbale) sates nee eouple to wo ‘hogy tte ofthe pointer, cau be el the low exe, ete otc fen Sit Km i ch sol, bade wal fe 12 Decoheronce Tre previous esti, we hve de! panini a snc bea-ptr. In acta it, presence ale A Ic hugh he enn "This pone alld eer TR deo Gren i evr dcp Ge evr en Oe 8 eax pense wpe sae, ih i wl rut wi he evo Totter wat ofthe srt ily sal Oh yan il dite into the eminent ab ay thal th ete Ta th ermal prorat, wo Ment th aoa the pier. We comer flew vation he Taney fs ie, ta vie va om abe 20) and |B) ar wo tate the vine, bl awe er otha. We expr the wo sales xing oto Trai) 9b mowing them tent) = VATE) + VTA ag ler) = VDE) + YT=NPIB) Torsinney of mttion, we wo ot epic rt tb depen Pot. [Ev on,ony may woe, what doth arate ne Hw ‘(6 ane wt ie? Phew ae he qa a ing to Wisconvent dee th ela rod ener sate oC ‘esnva nsx = (Ey) ay plays ah peta ee wha ‘alow Reet 13 ‘Wo kno hat tly, # =, th eviomnet Ae tate "Thos we can wre tha [y} = [Ev} = Te} at = xereto 7-4, Find and heey at =, nl xpos |} nthe si (15) [EN As ae progres, the environ tales, |) a! 6), en fro being. thes stat to taming cent deren 3 ty Inezact mare wit he system Thine ko ae ey longtime, 2) an |) wil become toa Brereloe 7.5, Pi Xd or ths ce Naw we defn feton oy with ep t ing) — 4", har illo the cece in” Into th Herston with te ‘nvm wong, X shoul decease ply ities wih ee {atl be sh ‘Bxereoe 7.6. Plot his anton, Vel thet the als fat = (and a? +0 nrespod Lo nse se preioae fw waees We now hve a en of hw the encom wesw tre eh the etm, Woe ab en hat elated to te dese of the ‘yen’ iedrcton wil he eoiroument. Next we al vetgts how Aecoernce nts he oats of ttn mac ts ‘Suppose tht thoi tte ofthe steno) en) 4 stud }(2). ‘Thoth ioeraction vik the eran a et he fp ha at ime, wo chow onan ths parenting Tea) =f) + no|¥) a =n) = easel) ~ aut, Ui tion (71, eat aon tha Ew protien of eal ead Pia,d) = (Locanda sna) Poa d) = [UL ~ emeorda ~ yanabvnan), OR nce we cn dei the pit fea alco fn of Plant + Male) esa? + (elon, = OD (2) Compe expsly P¢+o8,3) = [Vins + T= Tanna? 6) +|vi=Rantcua+Viaindaal | 1 = F014 ewem2n + yn aiade) (8) ure fr the Ht How ws the trgpnae ets = }(1 + ce2e) and 2a eons = wn Noli te oul term bn deca the evant (2) Finds salar exeson fr PCo[A), ao sey Mak Peale.) =1 Petal), (2) Wate xy PCat) and Pol) fr a= a le ‘ee rol efter of # ory = Le faame pos the prot ofthe pala gneve a c= ‘ata 0,8 yas sgt inthe pis exe for apa an obi sada tons wth ying ample depen When x — 1; wo how tht his espe the inl ale ote ‘stan, witout any dearer. Tit cue come: oan pide, which mente dat nev lite ae the at beri, Oo the ote extreme, =Deorreapods a comsatpobellt aml eae ltr cts, Tha, ral to hy leva intereeee hace we “The sity of tse ingens a a) Hers, Pane the mann probaly fal vals of we wie tas ~ ine [P20 A]. Slay: Pn 59 [(402)}. cat, ca be we Gat Vy Bxereiee 79. (a) Vey dat =. (2) Rua the previ pos of probabil, the viiiy nn ha 8 raph meunng, el that Pyar = 28 and Pog = How do you rad te uy ram the pos? Jn prema, the dese propery of stem coupe to ot, lending to canon for unt state Delve fs Ferme pretnecscaat in cheat ier wh the einen This came the ssn al evn to eo wi ne, eligi dec of the abit TA The Broader View TA The menewrement problem We be dete fal cate to a somewhat deta desspion ofthe rraeanest pote ip qua piso. The sama tat the nsn ‘ wesaemet no sal an elo pyle One ea oink ‘tesa a pce tha jot el poet roe Tamer ha owl ay Li In en hae ha a onan cnt et! to ee pots. 8 wa ca Poeanrensn tly bo The tno agen this gn ae a eet castrate a he meet pron "The cre ofthe ne mena ta be Ube foleviag quam pp ll os no sup ee to dele what a tonaronent devi, Wet et iin tin hoger wh th ein of Go pointe: in ole ha Psi sjtem tat cape to the nate 4 be nme a et tk Sngrmation It the ext, we mopped thr, ta con tig analy al enw do Turse te pte no? You me «per he {Tove pokes Une formalin to ln ven the ober et ‘sot athe platen, Thi wl ge the fll eer “eesvenent joe: od, Le gal hat been prepare ese the detest proce te coe! oth th el ‘ep the detector ort thee te the (eos) +041) alae (08H hue HOI Pate cud HY gag HN VIV Da ‘The lst nba pac ean at, very sar LU GZ al Now, perloaly, serine ne: a amy sag, rou can jt tu oats and teres the tl probit Sth alae ts th ee nlp fet you cho Ue omar bet ares ad etal scram (idk bay ei ref to Hessen ‘Bt tiie ete dora dee rob: doc the at incre coer poet, that one jt has rangle evry te Sie mor pation inching cures? Tie tie standin of Ue all shin tothe tenement poem ope iy Eve in 167 ‘cll th mong interpretation ‘The daring een ofthis met ble: wea he sense robbie, of squaring teh ‘Why do we cevveproebiiGes inthe Bat plat ate of orl “cents by Ue proponents hk aeeretatin, wo say a Tas be ie to hi gion."Th mn neta jt ete aber oe st the meet eompnly epi Ths erika sereaton theo ‘rept this boo: at san py» meee ely ae pi In this vw, tb note a pou male pc sens bat 9 ne te comeig it Chore 5 reat Halberg cals At Ub cd tertng coy any ele of whet con defies Maren, {heerement sparen ade of aona aad atin obey quats py ‘whys inayat suddenly ee th quasi ert? "The ae wena ther ites fr te pee of hit, et sete aly «group of elm epataton, ho ma ans tod end of which called Blnian mec. Bolsa al ‘ox euything i preeabib o clana pis fn eda to nine "hs eae bled to pstlate the existe of alperse “qntom Pate a sorta wn thn ao gyal ho la eta Taoeoulyecrywhove when areata mae this money ronal ide vie the potion le oJ he oe Int f Bonet ct sr penne. Hanan ed, rvnsement tt role tana eerting dizer Hew ‘er this intron very ones erate ede lysed ‘Shes tit are prince tater Tew snc The ota errata measremene able that oul sl Wy ering el Helen's ca, whlch we prtionaie to dee The were ierpettion ere ‘he msaretet probe ly sang chat no eal eset eer ts plac, but Bie int gre antag Wo or obseratlan of pol Isic. Tie Dliantaterpetation sles the meneame rae reel deters, othe pie hamcver af oralating the existence ‘teal atacand wdbacobl psa eet. Ion wee el "at yo dao aly grape quant pss, aoe ow bly eal bas 742 Quantum computing We hn oe sen that decor La Intratnnwh heeoienaeat, in an tie explant the et ha we de serve qo ference of hog ct This wry fart i portant a the sf cto compare day. We dont ae ee ted tis tpi ph, elo ve ome en af a taal ‘etc ft forge te sere sor ee a oo he tn the post: Unt. any at ‘eos on 0 pa, ap {au wat is nero urate To oa compe, the ae prey to lia eve wt ot neta magi ey the tga wae a "ae de a tw tate ope ‘Now oo hake the gical vaas i qn ae 0) and Hoe does thi the lps system that cs rh i ea ‘fron pepo stat) Dy engl wl te a ten Thee operations have aug eater orang 0 sh ‘ong, Tha pracipe, a can nr operons i qh ‘an with lial eating, The qe el? I 190, Pe Shor shone at the awe is ye the polity of a8 on wd entanglement en siete pn opti TE tne at «vn compan won rie for ewer lane i iti nein ee om nah Beech etary a la Totter mote pane tht quate ly a terahertz yroesoes ater, ou bea las yabert2 oe ‘ant negates, Hele vl prt oe eta ‘rach fer ann the foe. lr it sear fer Shr, nb is dy Ile om ton of hep fant spt Ot a th ont explanation: "quot pte wold capt all pace wah a the mune ine, becuse of sperpston” Thisesplanton sev el the bart the mtr: ier, al pose entation moni he pa ‘onthe cotta eis aun that aly ne pee contains td many oes ao ditty nes ‘No, in oer Ho pero the eye of empath Sho evi ows ome eco enetelthowands af quanti te, mip Salas eh of thes adalat to ete he ‘Tie ea forsale expert calle whl ie enotratins | ch contol have mare, ey nly fram fw qe cs {sppeocinately ten, the nner ue withthe eka), ee a ea om osetia (tbe f-netbeaahybse)On {op of di the eration of lth Gace of ant set ae te er canta: deoteece hen plays ane ae ans een {ntemetna thon eviwntet ha wed ontoa Quote Pe ‘Cun dsbornen be harms? Or mise even tare to a rasan lec ag? Cao dong emptor wih er tes tas ely tg? A tas ne ar Ring dead eon ‘arena the moment of writhg, What we ean sy with sarnce lyst End lly ible yo al aqua compte 7.5 References and Further Reading ay rig: + On droterese WCHL Zak, ivy M0072 (he uae ‘erin ofa ate publish in Piss Today, 1991) ~ On quanta computes 5. Lyd, Sette Areas 275, 140 (1855) S-Atrosor, Sete Asean 95, #2 (28) Resurees Onli ee by Guido Baesagaopp ‘ip estan tari gece -Mevew tie M. Sclssbner, Fey. Bld. Pi 76,1267 (204, Barotis t = ML Bran ot ab, Ps: Row Ltt. 7, 187 (196) Solution 7.1 Toc the poaity fhe pan ih plntin (2) to tn ph) we aq te sear pod (ex) Si) ane), whieh ew wc. We a dria ‘the rb ng hi thn Tai ome —[ ay Telcetion th P| lata 7) pai | Panett) nahi) | 0 Puro) a) | see Seton 7.2. Lt fit sant sear pv fan aie the oom, Ue) = Gah +e hain = 3 se ads fo) asaya 42). ‘Nowe we compute the car product of Che tates er tees lo, Sse bow = Ze eenia +90)» (iat =o. ‘Sis the two salar pode are nate hie raat i uta a ene fede Solution 73. y= 2TH Solution 74. ALE—0, [En = [5 "Ts ai) + VT= Ma = ve) + T=), i= VIZR. = 5. Using hve of we bla = "Tica ab be doe ty king tha fy) the aay). Ui unto 78} mca the exes Ln eB 653) |) lo um fin «Fin = yom i ace Unt the ance ha a a potato bing tae fat etal tien 5) 8) Solution 7.5. Af |B) and |) meetin thn ew hae y= By cn eee voA™= L= [YRemoane 4 [vT=Reontooma + VIxind sina i sin? + ens Beam? a + Ay/NEE— A} sin deow n comcn 73 rina yetop es Yount) (4 Kt) Solution 7.7. We cantar the nit sae ocean 4 “foo + sidan 2), Tee) = (con sina 16) (8) We nthe sre matin a shiv, ect tht cae wo |=) Sennen) +a i) sta a owt (Sie + T= HE) Pea) sinty) (Vea) + vT=HeN) — : a be erg hi wet Io) = (View + vI=Reine) ip +(e 4 visne) 1) NB) + We. see os) = VReuee) + yT=Raia 1), a oy) = vT= Keene) + Visit) + [stn tcona— /T=Toenbsina = Go bal AY T= Yet nte) +1 2 nd) 1 ~frvinabsin2e Solution (1) As the ayn itr with Uh nnn, the oii ate) (2) Snttting| ‘ros tan sate haying probing in ir [6 5) Peak ‘Tw to nt P(e tnd the indidal probable be the ? cs In whic he sate oy) a s)he total pba Calta) = HL yn ‘tained by sami these wp.FTA Cnet F-) Solution 79. (1) The man a minim vl of 8 be fnew we + aad reper Th ay, zPART & Beyond the Six Pieces‘We have inde gunn physio ws ylation ad hve sent al the preicsperotiean ng hat legge. I Ch tr iy rv tbe gre of fred Cha sare with pala Tet of bnng Soe lenet pom aplenty Wo a ‘portly tinge. ‘Thi hap il show be the ae i be pial ta deri re Navi of poten 1 Spin b tn my testo, eh typical example af tw eel a te a Ea roxety oft caneatry paths, otal pons, etn a done Sel Spine as intrinsic magnetic moments “The min fe gnc net, the nee cnt Ha li iy deton the deci In whi he nee pits The ant ‘piel dyonmie bor of pi ard len they te plied | gti Bel the sea of eaten, they rotate ara th a ‘ly th Sell wits ena angular we “The mame “spi benny eng tat something b pining ‘ede to stn signa ths mc, we hve to eb et hy Hise remark. The xin of miguel ar etone wa ‘Seed he ery erty day onc pe: ded, on eto re ‘hg pris iy oerate a agi moment rf ann {nc Huve, thi nechania lene cost ne expkn lf he ered age eet neta! gece rae ws el, Physi‘arte ok or amternesti t wou xpi ta sre ‘ati be de to the pig the let arn ax ths te wae“ The nae ai, even a ene hae ery ‘hat ts expan a pletely ate — header th ok ‘ho ae yoo at sie pele find lee fuss to epi quarun pss. Taunus thespian inten gic mm, dc not dee from rotating charg coer dyna eet It par quan property ofsome pats, Ase the mmber ft sla Yo Ue maser ‘fatbngnal state in general win Std = 25+ othopalates For che reson why Stn of ess 4 al i ef the rou omy standrd textbook, Forth psp of he et st hex in nnd ha opin j has d= 2% ales a then te ee stem 82 Stator of spine 8124 States of ones “Toe sntbenaticl forma i ety thes a or planation oly thehaerpetation ofthe sats The ns coma ban whic as {U8 10) te plata nly writen (1, D} oe {1+ 212), sis interpreted as the spin pointing pws downward the § Aiveton — ofcourse, te eke a which dzecion i ace the #d- retin Is comply aay, jt a he cui what na ace polation ‘Ae thls sng, oe Als an sue Hat res oo eosin for bins: note tht ethosonal guint of pi are asa {opp snd meta ertogpal dictions space! There ng ‘wong with thi you remem tht the quan sate decbew the ropeetin of «sens the tenet jt mn ttn sates of {0 be pcty dirt fan nly choy inde opp iv tions Sti, one het get acne to this sbi, hi ase the ramute for oar ine of plrzton athe dee of feo i ie book ‘One consnqonc of his fact tho flowing, whieh we gw witout fst yo in hs points is the desi coed be ty the sae (8) = om |} -tsnf~ #_ Wom ome a Ph thd Awe, np nus tust be wd the a heats the Helou anelomst¢ny ih 1-+8) med eon 8) 4 eng =). (0) Woe dna xp the ar at Iie enya (82) = (4H Trewin scmpix mbes ar ole, Se bd animes fo) = e+ 2) + ol 16) =f 2) lB then (il = aT Phy {he dees nex onan (2) Wetec the state |= a) ethgenl |. Mit eles ( 9) die th dio 0) = AUT? Far 6 beam af nent partic, a terse of pn ag 8 Aico in dehy udev ella he Str Crack mag. Thi Seder ll eto funn pies ann we ee to tha 1 the tik the ene wile a th ng fo ote Ut ising bape thal we bo intend a bl 8122. Ratan ft ine Sty the eer of is od has ste eemectry mmo te pe "lie tale of went xe ha here ers bw cierto pen he sleetote anand the miles mt ocr same wel rival, nd och etal en sccninoete ato toeetons, Why? ‘cai of Pals elnino, to ete cam av the stata if they a te une otal eye opp iw I be “i the ert "owe Ne hil aly so aarpeisng al meth toda ve ‘snd aval toe a abv ston: eleng whieh dr Yion ae the to spin ppt? Mage gon hat they ds ak the using wept, boone the sore aves eta! The etal sake the male gl tte Ww = Jel+a1—29- 149) ws2s writen, oa tha th spe ope och € eto. Bat this canot be the whee soy, Dremu the #iveton iyo ary ctelos how can Un ectins Lacy @BAERY Te ft, der eto lan {Henke tounge: the siete the eariabe pope a Sit Toos the sae Io every bs Indo, for a ito or ee, ‘he exreion aie) -0-I-mi40 #9 represents the sane slate. Soy espns of the tuo eaow he sate ‘bial point in oposite lets for al dive Exorese 82: Replace the ates 8) x Baton (63) wi uation (61) andthe et fond in Exerc 81 Show tha he ‘sae is Weel othe one df (82), op to a alii ‘complex tuber “Cnt dew ac lay rl Wi ba st San that thre entanglement of pin vitally mp stoma on a etal oe two cetonn Ant ah an Jat she spe ample: Mow ons to srl wt, hat oa ‘ld cnecat ad mareccenetangemeat, silo the gon iced Tar he GH aguas. However, tfc that thre cement te etn that compose he pag ofthis book dos not ae any per to tmerve ths entangle. Fur hetace, nbotykoows ow to each two cman etn sea than Er part ad ees fr lato Bas egal by mewsring i pit Tn stm tangont of pi i wigan: the poe owt entering, Jon Bel serv teat eng the lange ping, abe platnton, an thik ply em oe get ‘at. But the exporineate wee Bly doe with plore 52 Selecta States Polariaton a spin § ost, natal tee ystems. One oaz tines Cureelsytarn ot of morte spate aly ‘ates and thor saeepotnes re ve nn expernent. Ths om hore min ses we, But ar et sone af he mee mena ‘examples of wore stems are bland precy hi wa Hee we Ini ls to of tho pulp fr» roping partie tv gered energy of an et a ot, 21 Two pathe: interferometry Cos 9 soe emitting nf ih Ah previ ete lu td he polation the Be Ba ey, with gM ‘hing eve ipl ean be don ae ea opi Ue bet ito tn ia ‘smneaepatet ior ao ella donn-aptor. ‘Tin oe wal wt fon cei jt Ik ata ind pe Uh fpoctcks nd you wil ace nt met gh nate tp EH ta etl Feet Beye, ‘The can ask sh sme quien Ht we aa a a ng far plaition: lee des on eer hee yl election Une sige photons?” What dor cc poten da? "The spl xperinal [Pigue 81) show hat ech ito outer othe temo on the veleced poly ne never 4 “lho oh pt Ths cn to sete he ie ach pole i thr rated ot ete Bat the way Somat terest. Te oer tet thie eter, we hae to complete the st (Figur 82). Using miro, ae am recombine the tilly spt ow other heat-set Ost ple of ater wth large ntie Ine cab plc neo hp toma easy ang. Sieh stp cll Mash Zener tereomater Let da the eens forthe, int we have ety the dtngucable sates Wo ean di nin photon propa noms ction ? um one props4:82 Macs zaac ut ‘ong eh dvetin Wo rer these two sats a hy) a fy) Note Ath thee ar infil many ote dingy inte ent hor ton thee popagne ote eons i ther sates dam enter tho depo of the Mach Zeer nero, bo we do nt have to Conner thn, Lt this, the tp ie dante ya eect ro. It mtn Seon, we ae tha a ptr ace he ewig ‘ufo 1a) — yt +i, By) yt +h) “The preorof the iugany ii to arte tt the tr rosin i mia Lacy ne to are he dda Est etd Into pth Kelle ply e) +h) wile) ovo ak sae a Bxoreso 83. Voi tte transfomation (8.4) sine itary fe wen, aid won ot be lay he magn rnb eel an the gtd gla me Derk) mien Spl) +e) alee Ste Sa athe omtpt af teat, th pray ag th ian Wosee tht fr p=, Pe) = 1: a he pes wl ponte lag Rvlle for om, Ply) = Teal the pete wl oats at al 5 Bt, act to change ncn tht age te sa Ae photons: therfore, nese ech photon coke he nara Seale om Doth paths tn ter weeds, eck photon det I oth pat "Tadeo is uit srk eft of quantum perp so mish 90 that the Mot-Zatader neferometr fen ent os he ‘Sle st fo deacatate Che qs beanior of «gle parti ‘Wore oe plaratn fr orn tnt thoy 0 sn fis, che sperpon of tw poazation state deine ante deco of plrizton ns he con eth upepeition ftp tts dvs tot deioe mie ptt decal parti Tha tn a we ‘loa ar of ome deat neering he pero as ‘Scena, expen wich eotangent bro tae cumbersome to de> ser ter ot (gh entanenent In t eray se ‘ast ocr we).82.2 Two energy tues cto that ae buts nea om ca taal dre tal of ogy eit wel fat he niin of the spect Me vere the ison adapt ih, one tbe pases ht trggrelthe sewer of quanti plies. One nl the fll quan ‘teary of pion and more der to elt Case ener te foetpend spf hs bk nd wl only he dealt wt spestialy inte st pee. ts jt weep that erate |) 9) sa on weit enh often rete ery hl Asapetal ln not, on can epi ce etry eel ante by ‘Sinn it tthe tube eqn ne pain $0, agin one ‘oni an xparinent nw nl two Tels te mp to ater ke fof ease tae, bt tbe ee came ft play. The two anit tee te easly elle |g) o rou” forthe tte of lame ence) ot “acta” fr thn sate Ligh eng et ave wap at a etetve deel ite But we ae dalg with quasi ates, theses any stat of the form el) re) i ann ple state. What da ch ste a? Jem esate of undefined eon sme for whe We ade ition say we mre tha fo pty oe stats Once apie the mein of sich stats Is hr to exe, tel exstonce lay ‘teed by otwervtons and erly deed experts We dot Ive tine ta erie hee on re (cela ors Bint) the oer oss canst pe futher ha hi tok wl etl oe ‘tn 3 Summary ‘alent yen execs fr which only Imo sais cant peti Aisingabsied. Spina intrae agate property of ktm bt ‘sample of such a wore stn, Slt ilar to polatatns nd ‘be entangle, tt the detection of efongh sso tl a Teng Oller evel stent be cla fon mae bral ens ‘An inertoometer coi of vo posable pat poping pari, ving Go dca pate hn explene bot pa "Te ery Teale ean stro Be il? compl, ling in tate of te ec ona. Those stone exe the esting pheenne of ‘tangent "Tie alco a deed ora ha seme bros Da Hah incomes Cone hs Nach Zbudee itor have de seh fo potas 20 oe may a, what aap? Chay tw cad ql it eens eer te bape nor no {ete pra not wd the pols rao sa Ah wn interteenntr, an the polit he pat ba Tht wnt omen, the Inert, vk tha aes ange ‘se puleton” or stn sponse that oath, toe the deli ne oe pte tht fat he olin ho hs ty et dogo en: th dolar, K chee al ne Pe the sof he ale, cal the nl pola, a ane tht the ration i |) —* Jo) = exe) + ah}. ‘Th the ‘lato stars fl von 4 Jette +9 sp So) “ f oS he wh eee to ete he ai Da teapot wer sho in nh het ih ete ee fe oe dtr To erty inf tan nh te ter i) th {Ge pluton ets th at no tee ner ‘Nei oa th eft a bye a pte th vin nono pa tating he ne ahs a Sis pal doe wil atom amavis ‘trom ir ims nih ese el ol St cept hw xpress ye bee perl ee Seis the ep 842 Romsey interferometry: pulse NMI ond atomic clocks For censneny with the tructre af te pet Book, weve foc on ce pcparation nd eameret of states sa as very ab‘sotion in tie The ry ofthe paar seth «pee reset evr, el ka a Rony interferer, ie ewe iret costes Try terry eo sy seni eth pia lich we th do Bee ‘Conse pin const get el, cl algal lng the {a (detion 2). Seppo tat nes ble ace fat rotation oh spi rod the asin ne ean pp fit elation by tye (gees at theca wich the api fom akg eto Nw he pin Its the map Be go, to ger lg wth: atl, ata presonng art the aL the (2,9) plane, wh nat ‘elt propionate ery ofthe mete hl, See er Inter: ante fz ttn around app: where doe he ined wy? ‘Of eourn depends on vt Ir =O, ten het rotations ae ny ‘combined and the spin eds yp along —# Mgr = the spl ae oat tom jos ¢ rotatin wound dbs ot age Rte pin enon long’? fr = x, the spin baw rine rom 9 to yma etalon Seon & ings bck to 3. An ‘The pity of ding the Shin Inthe sae |) 6 «eto of ri nt eo compete {cel vale PG) =? "Note the king ono wi the Mach Zehnke ierteonetar de ert atthe fast rats artuod 2 pay the re ofthe bea Splits the tine rdusng wht the system is ee reese ply the ‘leaf the del. The mai dierent a ths ce, the teen Stim spn sts something tue mre ate Ua the opti a (ere tne diferent pte. Tai eine a coe naar rngtic resonance (NMR). power spetrowopl edque bat kare fees appcatios hall ng. Ezy ane roe ean be app to coegy tte, whit the far rlain inated by «High lo otal fon. Tha the riniploon whic atoms elk ate bile sine the Boqency of eatin 1a betwen Eo eer eel ern very pect aroma of ‘¥e) ie ecu 16 the e+ wh he mae ih pen, 8.5 References and Further Reading Boxy ring 1G. Bagert, LO, Sel, H. Walther, Slate American 271, 85 ‘ava «hers 4 ok Vs Sear, Quantum Phase A Pl Bharaner [Osha University Pres, Ost, 200), Resour ‘Clays 5, 6 Lan 2 of LE: Pym, HD, Leto, MS ‘The Roan Loca om Phys, Nol Cuan enn (NM som Wey, 2a ton 205), fapiod Er eii Di, . Nous, G Hemp, Natt 3955 (1098), SP. Bere ot aly Nature 11, 18 (20), 80. Solutions Lo the Rxercsen Solution 8.1. (1 ta nbc nn, he den 4 en Wy 0 = BO “Tilden ty e= f.d— Snr the dan 1M oa ratty =f, =f sod 0 =f, 6 rey, Sani ta ages to ain (84), tesa Boos Bosasi-9 Bur9-i-9), Burasi-a Aaag-a-9) nee wr rat (2) Th ances 0) nt dene (62Sabatini (41), we obtain ee Solution 2. Sulatiating Enns (1) ad (7) to (3), ad wig fhe ignore ety a aa! f we tan its) = [a +p = - herd eal-3-1-91 42) Sotution 8.8. Baio the transformation, the ala poder of tho tates [ly P= 0. We ea ey tht ee wale procter dhe aaa faion 49) = 0, tne the tnnation presse slr pact sa nr: i removed fo the righ io, wots eat te tart states the ef oth) ad fy) Th the nar pod fer {ho trsirmaton would 1 sted of 0, ad tho ersrestion wold tt be ary. Chapter 9 Link with More Traditional Presentations of Quantum Physies ving ec the ead of bk fe the te a shaper that would elt ea apg to tre widened fpprenche to qoute pl Ths king lll ho led fellowing the tational thd wl ay bn ‘non of tions wove fea” o “pert Wl ‘egies a wel, who should at hae ho a i eth let ear, they wish og beyond this intone luda compete in Bld Contry othe previ oct chap not sont otters aad tes wl be gre witht per pa ether «eid to int Yous the naa a eA excl texts tt lw nee taditnal ape, 9.41 ‘The Content of Traditional Approsches ‘noms, tational approaches de fom ours nw nin nts if choca fst ges of fs. Gar spp cated 6 spe exanple of « lyse! dys of fiefs, ely prt [as we have ten ye previ per he mane tats yt any “tote tem, Le dyer fGen th tha ely {x0 orthogonal stats canbe dete. Tete eit of etn tense ‘si more thn vo seg tate, ba ong tes re ely Tiny of em, the main Goes we el, ores, crveely te Dortant dees offend Iie pasion ed nomenon dei toms wit idly many tegen tate Ts thee ean, wi he ‘hep authori sacar ail read (prt, he wt ofats sl seta pa), the manipeain eae some specie tools: Tha dpe fe wth ht cnesaing athena fool ar ely engi ti adit aprones. Then ff the wanefcton and Helene anceteiny lalions sppene tase Inportenar of demic. noe txt weve feo the pep tion he memset of nnn sytens Oni avery Le nuuber of psa phenomena be esi nhs eanewoek ‘sally the one we pred order Lo ute Ehe al. ote lof arm plo ne has ici ems Le. the ev Inte thao of plist doe to thle mal Ierscson. Wyn the steady of dyna tht bess Ihe Plne’s cna se Seige’ ution spose, Catone can tat speaking of ery levy anit relies and sac tons We dete the net two seins to ach of these apes. 8.2 Description of Systems with Position and Momentum Wil se hat ony mest of polarization ls oly xo parsile esl wiih we dnutl aa hege we wet ed to die 10 ‘wthigyal tte |] aad |"). Ween ryt flow the ae roe fora tearete of ton (simply of tat, weenie ere ouedimennalprcban). A ase of plton ea a pele silanys Ct ar ul: weal eer arin nota tet ‘thon meneiemert etree. The gt of th nid a bat ‘hsp son led ots pe: The ey ot en tio, ct in ving ogy tier athe eel 9.2.1 Position, wavefunctions 1 plain, we hve sera that ac sae |) amet Yo etar ‘wi two eames. Thule, tw deat that “egw wet” Ie {he eal fatare now ne jt have to Bo vets with cmtansly ‘oy componeas! This soca wry eid fit, kd ane wold ot Js law wo st an ey with enews yee Bat vets ret dence eraye you det define 9 mathctal eject the ‘nay gon dw Um lee of popes Mathomutrnn define Westone ae ‘ements ot on whieh two pert ae nd on betwen Ig fia jot fotos! Te, Is) a gs) wt bjs ia) = f+) a «fon es 0 wb he fof) wa fon, Ts fein a eon i mola "Wot now that tte) ofan stem psig la sa degtsof ecm can be lien a incon 0), i a "hese econ mist empl ee cnx er, Tea dhe of he wets dein tae= [renee an Note that ths wo libs the wal scalar pret of ecto Hye {hin of athe nex ofthe component a0 MN ‘oxy eonponentso lta the sm of the vat NW ses the yet trots we man hs pila ope Tite? mame sil eee potty tang) oe tat the Hae |e} Br intel over etary ution ean Wo iy hile te mesma hen 1 hs git pete functions that one can wt dei tn ats 1 tt El 1 tcmary and iat tbat The Tete ety fae 1; thr set of fneticnr i deer vector spice fr the pale “A hit, we cn explain why slr hdd ths be Gong wet big to tole, ‘Te ale Spr ot plone Teche iy anton that ser eye it ty The ld shtneton (21) would the oly eat, tit alo no the eet i [Sez x. So, strep to quitun sate neil 10 wn iniatl pein locaton, Ths ae a fee ule tthe ute ets dese ae gels docs tet ay dep pron he they “Arenas teem} The fetta preset a0 as awe call were fontion oe esas eon thea kes ae gover yan equation that ago thon tt et ‘lon of wave fe page 13 Only some parties inerretatna ‘fgaantum plas try to fin apse mening inthe “ane at Bice av rate convinced hat the soapy ely Sra. The ae an at, hong a In ery ak we2.22 Adding momentum; uncertainty relations the wena, weve dsr ate hat has th dg ook "pestis We ea hav dae the stn enstrartion for "ment" se woul ee otenFaetons 9). Naw, te oder eth Sereno edn, ose would be vmpd owe xp). his eo the mow fore stabs qt pe Ua thi et, anak sv sufi esos o expan Why, et ores oa thes they ar ‘Besealy, poston and momentam cana etree spartly: only toga do ty dee he degre offen of psa syst, Tae Sere, a ystomwith pio and monte edb by ie ate Ish The hie of ing the resentation v=) othe reprectation Sip) sini to the ein of bas to repre overt 42) and 819) ‘dein the sre tate, cotinine om a prope ff he onten Jne afr orinry vests a space te en ae Felted Ty vrai, tbve two teens elated Uy 0 tanforation called the Fre rangform, ‘This maomatol ston tants ito the ply fet that po ston an nest ee vot quant Thiet i xtroely ‘ellksowe atl en misquoted. Sac emer of eet tates ‘ily ate, pinto dace them Hare lee ate the rer version thre state of patch eh tht oth pein a ‘nortan ae arp dei. More satiate te be the sed ‘the wanton nr and pete spo oft ware ection, thea 2 arap2 4, 2) shoe = hea he Plane’ stot 8. Dynamics of Quantum Systems I ome tet eve sid ey ie about dyna. In ection LA, we peated cht dynes a sumed co be eerste or late ste, just the ease clase ply capt Twos dling with a case of ‘ otloted tom, but te tne dependence was adm pot thre ‘pla witht any tien. Tone appro onthe ote, ‘ring dye inthe ply fom the very belaning, “As wal dytntnis are doveribed by wd orate ae ge ing) = HOC) ‘The sl objet a the uation the Hato per Pw cote! the "anion? Bel aig oa att to Ks Tg a the ton frat eqtion eH OY envy tet, thi erly ste! a ing neta i ‘nt to ion, whi eon ne, Bt | ‘ie, ain bet th evotation equation of the sta ab i a tn tie. 1 his tatenet sons son, js rexunn e dfain athe “ant: che mathematic! ebjet that stl che lyse peek the spa a vn ne i parten,ehe state a eM ont al he nang ail cols. Tl he cla ate tea he? en by S() = fat «sna ‘eke to show thal Newlo' oquton tla fio fee 3. Tow, was on cedcary mum, kin of wc a veal be ween Io) eaten 6 vrhce we wl 1/6= i But Hf ot 9 er, Fa iio Trtens Le. when [fj isa rector off compress, df wenld boa dX ‘ati Porth eof pon elton, general si a mati call peat "The Hazon oper aot typical of quant ply: a ynanice we Tt pn Ch aa of eal mania bl gene td ion (pei) ding Ue aietenth entry. For | ale wth poston and momentum subject oa commer ie he oat opratar est tho uno he Katie potential ers naZ eve 9 “The se rm inp in qt pls: however the obec pal 2 se to loge ube, bat operate (gecralaed mat) thao ee dos to work thew eepecentaton of states 2), rin anc, tcl bec mane, bt p beac —ih tbe dati‘vin pron aeration ha en et thn hae ree Aniasnetngrmat: fr many ean operator the se forthe ery, ti the proving emp terre sometine Isley i that te Han pert th eg Bu ven wha the Atwochjecte nnd mally it ening i ery ier very ‘opty ofthe se whi he Hanlin operator ees the wc Dlreover, ee ar ess wht the un etter denny dott sited 9.3.2 Sehrédinger equation: solution ‘Theis 20 reson to explain in det re wa eget eel ‘an operat canbe sled this ext what tational apres to ‘cast ples feu on, soe ean say ee to tose AS wed ele, ti jt tate thee nto ay pol. We oes om Haas operators int do rt depend oa tine; fF dees on ine as the ee ‘in somo meaning problems (ex. en tom ven hy et), What we ics bate des twp dsy ‘The man ies are simpler to sate Rep mlod the Se: Amerson est whee H fa mati Thar to sve the dient ‘suntion ne le» tp a happen nhing to do with i dg ‘lise Hn i nde gems and the coreaponding ert Daca of some proper that Hs sty he agence el ‘mumbee nd the cigmetrs fr a si ‘Wi das this nip? Suppo tha fy) ian eget f 1 fi the sdquvabe Ee: Fama, tt mam tt He) ~ Elbe. Sapp nt "se iil tate ofthe ss x pect [O() = oe Then we a {enlice the sprsoe 17 ith the mer Ey in the Shingo mption ‘ap we innnetaly ve che soln an Eatin (8 4a) — (09) "But we si that cho goes frm obs, therfore any nl eon thon canbe writen a e009 — Soeatoin) on) win ses tha "This proce gratis wo the ate desanl ease "Nw tha mt md ep pe: we a cag hal We ae ‘veel solo ft Senge ann, when al tb He relat ths ation ery et st sets impel Solve ae tere to oatration betwen th wo sale we MA ‘rma tat a the egal an inert fH, UA HW) = 1) te, thelto of e dential an anid or tothe nee teh er. Thi the ean why. “Ag oid ete stl od ee) eer nn Ta fling sae ct a el nl stb Boe plato = 1 quote wel (Che mat ila mode of av stow, exhib age ceils agate ete bie (lk the tesa ee). : Maroc olan, = B+ Sn { Hiycroges sor, Lan et ote the Cob pea af pot Usfortanaay in ac of thee cae, Equi (08 naling adie foyent ret, Alea eho next inp om, ein, 6 wwe set stnigteal way there ae ow two cron ate toy the Cont strain of the nates Pkt Ut ntl Cob Fo pn, nth doa term fie to aps eet. 24 Summary A syste tat he dye from “pst” al “nent can be desert bye) aml ip} rept: Homee, bt cin the‘so neato a he propio Uh spt wl an aay ‘hl cei in th tay pele. Fh Sein ation Schrstinger ation woes dagrnaliie the Hain operator Hl 95. The Bronder View 9.5.1 The original Binsteln-Podotekt- Rosen argument Tasers who have sore kel of the qua dept of postion su moment, ab fo prc o the erespnding operates xe frente at esplation of te gaa EPR popes [A Ehtis, B. Poll, Rowe, Ps Rev. 47,17 (1) Ass allaown, the posion and the moment p of « pari sve incompatible peal quanti. EPR natn tat, hy aking 0 tc an intersting rrngomsnt ca be found Lat ~ 4 @ Fad a= 75 belle posite nl momento he Bt pride, where Fi te det pert, ad int at gp = 9 apy — 1 ph the ton and mention oft gael pari Using up] = te yt ek tt th qs (4 ~4) and (+P) a ori i porto, oe na contra hat sgt ft (an ~ 90) = 290 an (pa ae om 1 tro what thee oitions man, The are to pst, each whe canbe found ereeywhee a sor, ut te Be partie fad pect 4, the Secu price wl aroma be fo a ost Zn = 54~s Sit te mopeutan ofeach patel ca tae ay ‘al, bt I eet of nt au to ep the net the on will acer be —p. Note tho he aeraity ration ae tilted by tis esening Uw measrenwts repeat, bh te p wil ho fret and actualy, sie Wey cold tb ny as, se end hae gy = Se "Nw is prety sou o drive the BPR eualng Spon the po- sition of the Bat pele menered Uh we abo ea the pation {he ood one (or more reco the pdtion where the son a weld Tn ben fond. But onthe tend prt, we en mare te oa ‘an and doing ww len abo the momenta of the fst peti ‘Theva we ao the pston and ment of oth pled ess sone nase om extagen be repre Wt ‘etablael agree Ad once kok hy fn (A ah sm ho lao wht we te etl anes ds by EPG {here ater mses oth wa t,o et an fa Uh ‘att stent sacha the alate eplaaton lt Now fone pom ce a ea rained tei hy Ma cals ven Ine mie crt ane pei Hal BY ‘egress i's unftute Ut EPR cite he pin, vet ore Dots reply defen ofthe stata Interptation of quai ‘showin of gat Chat dc wr ho 10 bale ‘rope sprite that, abr tela war ost Bats inequality eo ase Bex ee by ho tn Mi pt enh Ett Mena What we norway {id act bpp at wy, an won Hl nor th Sugita testo that fla rial ppc {LE Balham, Quant Meancr: Modern Deorent (ul Sei, 155). I Shu, Matere Quant Mesum (Aaizs Weshy, 18),js hs ad OO a Concluding Remarks Congratulations having ch the page ft Boks ‘ht his hse in sing yon an ineshntin ta e ivquaton ple Hee wr sauce Ue ey pol pe he wader wil ener «+ Fi ant geen exilim deanir No veg ‘hinge woke ete ve epi! lie pla ‘nay Tou yon to alee Paying wth ain’ feat that Go das py ho ‘Seed, evfenghren! can ens incompaite gion sea Se thong th tl steam wd, the ga aloe ‘ue. Baal ston can ei wii att thal dy ‘Ml esl expat, Boca of the ah, kaw by now te dal i ‘ses nonnttveyatthe kel of qt sates, This the aso why quan physics maybe ately eal emp Ina nab the eon wy son lew jth ete ‘lee Is weeds oe ust set tht wl be expe ay Ty the neat sare thor, ete one ere Fon ts bok, oa any aso bave noted tht tee steno quantum pgs, by every vee of th strange” hve i "lel peat neat es meron ae ‘ly end random save gration, Sate verso cee ‘hecemena sch col ad tlt hae fod ay in qt syrups Inst any allo Aegean rly bbe, ha ae oped 9 ew ‘esti: nwt tea cn aio,“Theo oa wae 0 inthe ok ye hi ak es your te into th el. i etn 8 ‘stn ey, 8h a, 28, 51, mo ” ing ror aki hn 0-90 toetang bones ae Scae 8 “Sc mechs, 175,02 erm, 2-8 eatery, 9-102 ago eda, 1-21 emmy e122 Sat jnterpetaton, suing | HP net 7,14 Meco sd sabia ioc pil quai 7 Isom tery. 0 tcp tne, 19 24 act, 10 12, eet woe 025 ‘oto 88 ‘henion st teats a ba, 4 sng rede arpa, 8 met nerpctation 10 ‘bins mechan, 04mati ‘ic gle rn ‘nti 14 Polisi 35 peak Eegeation Senge agin, 181-189 ‘ae sn 118 ‘hm He ight 117-108 sundeed snpra, ‘tll ei, ‘ain St si oaSIX QUANTUM PIECES A FIRST COURSE IN QUANTUM PHYSICS World Scientific wn wordslenticcom