SummerTr

aini
ngRepor
ton

Raspber
ryPiwor
kingOnI
oT

Sof
coni
ndi
apv
t.Lt
d.
(
EMBEDDEEDDEPARTMENT)
 Cont
ent
s

1.I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOEMBEDDEDSYSTEM

Br
iefi deaofEmbeddedsy stem
NeedofEmbeddedSy st
em
Hi
storyofEl ectr
onics
Hardwar eClassif
icati
onofEmbeddedSy st em
RI
SC VsCI SC
HarvardandVon- Neumann( Pr
inceton)Ar chit
ect
ure
MicroprocessorVsMi cr
ocontr
oll
er
Pr
ogr ammi ngLanguageofEmbeddedSy stem
Di
scussaboutLowl evel&Highlevelprogr amminglanguageofEmbeddedSy
stem
Memor yDescript
ion

2.BASI
CINFORMATI
ONONRASPBERRYPI
-3

Acr edi tcardsizedPC

Plugsi ntoaTVormoni t
or
I
nexpensi ve(i
sh)~$35each
Capabi l
it
y :
Progr ammi ng
El
ect ronicPr oj
ect s
Office
PlayHDVi deos
Essent ial:
Raspber ryPiboar d
Prepar edOper atingSy st
em SDCar d
USBkey board
Display( withHDMI ,DVI,orComposit
einput
)
PowerSuppl y
Highl ysuggest edext r
asinclude:
USBmouse
I
nt ernetconnect ivi
ty-LANcabl e
Power edUSBHub
Case

3.LAGUAGESFORRASPBERRYPI

I
nstal
ledbydef
aul
tont
heRaspber
ryPi
:
C
C++
Java
Scrat
ch
Ruby

4.I
NTERNETOFTHI
NGS

M2M (Machinet
oMachine)

Int
ernetofEver
ythi
ng(
CiscoSy
stems)

Worl
dSizeWeb(
BruceSchnei
er)

Sky
net(
Ter
minat
ormov i
e)

5.I
oTKeyFeat
ures

Themostimport
antf
eatur
esofIoTincl
udear
ti
fi
ci
ali
ntel
l
igence,
connect
ivi
ty,
sensor
s,act
ive
engagement
,andsmall
deviceuse.

6.I
oTAdv
ant
ages

TheadvantagesofIoTspanacr
ossever
yar
eaofl
i
fest
yleandbusi
ness.Her
eisal
i
stofsomeof
theadv
antagesthatIoThastooff
er

Impr ovedCust omerEngagementCur rentanal y t

icssuf ferfr
om bl ind-spotsand
signifi
cantf lawsinaccur acy;andasnot ed, engagementr emai nspassi ve.I
oTcompl etel
y
transformst histoachieveri
cherandmor eef fectiveengagementwi thaudiences.
Te chnologyOpt imizati
onThesamet echnol ogiesanddat awhi chimpr ovethecust omer
exper i
enceal soimpr ov
edev i
ceuse, andai dinmor epot entimpr ovement stot echnology.
IoTunl ocksawor l
dofcr i
ti
calfunctional andf ielddat a.
Re ducedWast eI oTmakesar easofi mpr ov ementcl ear.Currentanal y
ticsgiveus
super f
icialinsight,
butIoTpr ovidesreal-wor ldi nformat i
onl eadingt omor eeffecti
ve
managementofr esources.
E nhancedDat aCollect
ionModer ndat acol lect i
onsuf fersf r
om i t
sl i
mi tat
ionsandi ts
designf orpassi veuse.IoTbr eaksitoutoft hosespaces, andpl acesi texactl
ywher e
humansr eall
ywantt ogotoanal yzeourwor l
d.I tallowsanaccur at
epi ctureofev eryt
hing.

7. I
oTDi
sadv
ant
ages

ThoughIoTdeli
ver
sani
mpressi
vesetofbenef
it
s,i
tal
sopr
esent
sasi
gni
fi
cantsetofchal
l
enges.
Hereisali
stofsomei
tsmajori
ssues

Secur it
yI oTcreatesanecosy stem ofconst antlyconnect eddev icescommuni catingov er
networ ks.Thesy st
em of ferslit
tlecont rol despi
teanysecur itymeasur es.Thisleav esuser s
exposedt ovari
ouski ndsofat t
acker s.
PrivacyThesophi sticati
onofI oTpr ovidessubst anti
alper sonal dat
ai next r
emedet ai
l
withoutt heuser'
sact ivepartici
pat ion.
Compl exit
ySomef i
ndI oTsy stemscompl i
catedi ntermsofdesi gn,depl oyment ,and
mai ntenancegivent heiruseofmul ti
plet echnologiesandal argesetofnewenabl i
ng
technol ogi
es.
Flexibil
ityManyar econcer nedaboutt hef l
exi
bi l
ityofanI oTsy stem t ointegrateeasi l
y
withanot her.Theywor r
yaboutf indingthemsel v eswi thsever alconfl
ictingorlocked
systems.
Compl i
anceI oT,li
keanyot hert echnol ogyi nther ealm ofbusi ness,mustcompl ywi th
regulations.I
tscompl exitymakest heissueofcompl ianceseem i ncredi bl
ychal l
engi ng
whenmanyconsi derst andardsof t
war ecompl i
anceabat tl
e.

8. I
nter
netofThi
ngs-Har
dwar
e

Thehardwareutil
i
zedinIoTsy
stemsincl
udesdev i
cesforaremot
edashboard,devi
cesforcont
rol
,
serv
ers,arouti
ngorbri
dgedevi
ce,andsensor
s.Thesedev i
cesmanagekeytasksandfuncti
ons
suchassy st
em acti
vat
ion,
act
ionspeci
fi
cati
ons,secur
it
y,communicat
ion,
anddetecti
onto
support
-speci
fi
cgoalsandact
ions.
 I
oTSensor s
Wearabl
eElectr
onics
St
andardDevices

9.I
nter
netofThi
ngs-Sof
twar
e

IoTsoftwareaddressesit
skeyar easofnet workingandact i
onthroughpl atf
orms, embedded
systems,part
nersystems,andmi ddl ewar e.Theseindivi
dualandmast erapplicati
onsare
responsi
blefordatacoll
ecti
on,devicei ntegrati
on,real
-ti
meanalyti
cs,andappl i
cati
onandpr ocess
extensi
onwi t
hintheIoTnetwork.Theyexpl oiti
ntegrat
ionwithcri
tical
busi nesssystems(e.g.,
orderi
ngsystems, r
oboti
cs,scheduling, andmor e)intheexecuti
onofr elatedtasks.

Dat
aCol
lect
ion

Thissof twaremanagessensi ng,measur ement s,l

ightdatafi
lter
ing,li
ghtdatasecurit
y,and
aggr egationofdat a.I
tusescert
ainprotocolst oaidsensorsinconnect i
ngwi t
hr eal
-t
ime,machine-
to-machi nenetwor ks.Theni
tcoll
ectsdat afrom mul t
ipl
edev i
cesanddi str
ibutesiti
naccordance
wi t
hset t
ings.Italsowor ksi
nreversebydi st
ributi
ngdataov erdevices.Thesystem eventual
l
y
transmi t
sal l
collecteddatat
oacent ral
ser ver.

Dev
iceI
ntegr
ati
on

Soft
waresupporti
ngint
egr at
ionbinds(dependentrel
ationships)al
lsy st
em devi
cestocreatet
he
bodyoftheIoTsystem.Itensuresthenecessarycooper at
ionandstabl enet
workingbetween
devi
ces.Theseappli
cat
ionsar ethedefi
ningsoftwaretechnologyoft heIoTnet
wor kbecause
wit
houtthem,iti
snotanI oTsy st
em.Theymanaget hev ari
ousapplicati
ons,pr
otocol
s,and
l
imit
ati
onsofeachdev i
cet oall
owcommuni cati
on.

Real
-Ti
meAnal
yti
cs

Theseappli
cati
onstakedat
aori nputf
rom vari
ousdevi
cesandconvertiti
ntoviableacti
onsor
cl
earpatt
ernsforhumananalysi
s.Theyanalyzeinf
ormati
onbasedonv ari
ousset t
ingsand
desi
gnsinordertoperf
orm aut
omat i
on-r
elat
edtasksorprov
idethedatarequi
redbyi ndust
ry.

Appl
icat
ionandPr
ocessExt
ensi
on

Theseappl
icati
onsextendt hereachofexist
ingsyst
emsandsof t
waretoallowawider,mor
e
eff
ecti
vesystem.Theyintegrat
epr edef
ineddevi
cesforspeci
fi
cpurposessuchasallowi
ngcer
tai
n
mobil
edevicesorengineeri
nginstrumentsaccess.I
tsupport
simprovedproduct
ivi
tyandmore
accur
atedatacoll
ecti
on.
 EMBEDDEDSYSTEMs
Wear eli
vingint heworldofembedded.Wear esur r
oundedbyt heembeddedpr oduct
sandour
dai
lyl i
feishighlydependsonthepopularfuncti
oningoft hesegadgets.Televi
sion,CDplayerand
Radioiny ourlivi
ngroom.Mi cr
owav e,Washingmachi ne,Induct
ionburnersinyourki t
chen.Pal
m
devices,
cardr eadersandmanyot herendl
essdev iceswhi chmakey ourlif
eeasi erandhandy.
Apar tf
rom theseanumberofembeddedsy stemsar etakingcar
eoft hecaroper ati
onsandmost
ofthet i
mewet endtoignor
eallthesecontr
oll
ers.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Anembeddeddev icecanr angef rom ar elati

v elysi mplepr oductf orex.at oastert ocompl ex
missioncr i
ti
calappli
cationssuchast hoseusedi nav ionics.At ypicalembeddeddev icewil
lhav e
bothhar dwareandsof twarecomponent s.Thehar dwarecoul dbemi crocomponent ssuchas
embeddedmi croprocessorormi crocont r
oller.Mi cr ocontroll
erisr elati
vel
ysmal l,hasaonchi p
memor y,anI /Ocontroll
erandot hersuppor tedmodul est odopr ocessingandcont r
oll
ingtasks.
Thesof t
war econsistsofappl i
cati
onst hatper for
m dedi catedt asksandmayr unonRealt ime
operati
ngsy stem whichwi llbeexpl ainedl ateri nt hisuni t
.EmbeddedSy stem maybeei theran
i
ndependentsy st
em orapar tofal argesy stem.I tisspeci al
i
zedcomput ersy stem butnota
generalpurposewor kstati
onl i
keadeskt oporacomput er.Suchki ndofsy stemsi shousedona
si
nglemi cr
oprocessorboar d wi t
hpr ogramswhi char est ored inROM ( Read OnlyMemor y )
.
Embeddedsy stem isusuall
yacompact ,port
ableandmasspr oducedel ect
ronicdevi
ces.Int he
earl
yday s,embeddedsy stemswer edesignedusingmicroprocessorslike8085.Butnowaday s,we
areusingawi der angeofprocessor
sfrom othermanufacturers.Beforewewantt othebasicofan
embeddedsy stem,weshoul dseeawi derangeofi t
sappl icati
ons.I nfact,almostal
lmoder n
el
ectroni
cdev icesusesomesor tofembeddedsy st
em t echnologyinsidethem andweal ways
come acr oss such dev i
ces:DVD pl ay er
s,airconditioners,pr i
nters,attendance machi nes,
headphone,digitalcamera,ATM machi nes,wewi l
lseesomeexampl esofembeddedsy stem in
secti
on1.Nowi tistimetogiveaproperdefini
ti
on.

Defi
nit
i EmbeddedSyst
ons: emsaredevi
ceswhi
char
eusedt
ocont
rol
,moni
tororassi
stt
he
oper
ati
onofanequipment
,machi
ner
yorpl
ant
.

Thet er
m cont
roldef
inesthemainfuncti
onofEmbeddedSy
stem becauset
hei
rpur
posei
sto
cont
rolanaspectofaphysical
syst
em suchaspr
essur
e,t
emper
atur
eandsoon.

Al
sot
het
er moni
m tor
def
inest
hepr
ogr
essofact
ivi
ti
es.

NeedofEmbeddedSy
stem

Anembeddedsy st
em isaspeci al
-pur
posecomputersyst
em designedt oper f
orm oneoraf ew
dedicat
edf unct
ions,of
tenwi t
hr eal
-ti
mecomputingconstr
aint
s.Iti
susuallyembeddedaspar tof
a compl etedeviceincl
udinghar dwareandmechanicalparts.I
ncont rast,ageneral-
purpose
comput er
, such as a per sonalcomput er
,can do many di ff
erentt asks depending on
programming.Embeddedsy stemscont r
olmanyofthecommondev i
cesinuset oday.

Sincetheembeddedsy
stem i
sdedi cat
edt ospeci
fictasks,designengineer
scanoptimizei
t,
reduci
ngthesi
zeandcostofthepr oduct
,orincr
easingther eli
abi
li
tyandperfor
mance.Some
embeddedsyst
emsaremass-
produced,benef
it
ingfr
om economi esofscal
e.

Physicallyembeddedsy stemsr angef rom por

tabl
edev i
cessuchasdi git
alwatchesandMP4
play
er s,tolargest at
ionaryi nstal
lati
onsl i
ketraff
iclight
s,factor
ycontrol
ler
s,ort hesy st
ems
contr
ol l
ingnuclearpowerpl ants.Compl exi
tyvar
iesfrom l
ow,withasingl
emi cr
ocontroll
erchi
p,to
veryhi gh wit
h mul ti
ple units,peripheral
s and networks mounted i
nside a l
arge chassi
s or
encl
osur e.

Ingeneral
,"embeddedsystem"isnotanexact l
ydefi
nedt erm,asmanysy st
emshav esome
el
ementofpr ogr
ammabili
ty.Forexample,Handhel
d comput ers share some elements wi
th
embeddedsy st
ems-suchast heoper
ati
ngsyst
emsandmi croprocessorswhi chpowert
hem -but
arenott r
ulyembeddedsystems,becausetheyall
ow di
fferentapplicat
ionst obeloadedand
peri
pher
alstobeconnect
ed.

From sev
eralexamplesl
i
stedear
li
ert
heseSy
stemsar
eext
remel
ycommoni
nthehome,v
ehi
cl
e
andtheworkplace.
 AtHome:Washi ngMachines,dishwasher
s, ov
ens,cent
ralheati
ngsy st
em, bur
glar
salarms,
etc.
In Mot or Vehi
cle:Engine management ,security(locking or anti
theftdevi
ces),air
conditi
oning,br
akes,
radi
oet c.
InIndustr
y&Commer ce:
Machi necontrol
,fact
oryautomation,r
oboti
cs,

Hi
stor
yofEl
ect
roni
cs
Thehi
stor
yofel ect
ronicengi
neer
ing
i
sal ongone.
El
ect
roni
cs
i
sdefi
nedas" Thescienceand
technol
ogyoft heconduct
ionofel
ectr
ici
tyi
navacuum,agas,orasemiconduct
or,anddevi
ces
basedthereon"
.

Electr
onic engi neering
as a pr ofession spr ang f r
om t echnol ogical impr ovement s in
thet
elegraphindustryint hel ate19t hcent ur
yandt heradio andt he tel
ephoneindustri
esi nthe
early20t hcent ur
y .Peoplewer eattractedt oradi
obyt het echni calf ascinationitinspir
ed,fir
stin
receivi
ngandt heni nt r
ansmi t
ti
ng.Manywhowenti ntobr oadcast ingi nt he1920swer eonl y
'
amat eurs'intheper iodbef oreWorldWarI .
Themoder ndi sciplineofel ect
ronicengi neer
ingwast o
al ar
geext entbor noutoft elephone,r adio,and
televi
sionequi pmentdev elopmentandt helarge
amountofel ectronicsystemsdev elopmentdur ingWor l
dWarI I
ofradar,
sonar,communi cat
ion
systems,andadv ancedmuni ti
onsandweaponsy stems.I nt hei nterwary ear
s,t hesubjectwas
knownasr adio.Thewor delectronics
begant obeusedi nt he1940sand,i nt hel ate1950s,the
termelectr
onicengi neeri
ng start
edt oemer ge.

Theel ect ronicl aborat ori

es( Bel
lLabs i
nt heUni tedSt atesfori nst ance)createdandsubsi di
zedby
l
ar gecor por ationsi nt heindust ri
esofr adi o,television,andt elephoneequi pmentbeganchur ning
outaser iesofel ectronicadv ances.I n1948, camet het r
ansist orandi n1960, t
heintegratedcircui
t
tor ev
ol utionizet heel ectronicindustry.
Int heUK,t hesubj ectofel ectronicengineeringbecame
disti
nctf rom elect ri
calengi neeringasa university
degr eesubj ectar ound1960.Bef orethistime,
studentsofel ect ronicsandr elatedsubj ect sliker adioandt elecommuni cati
onshadt oenr olin
theel
ect ri
calengi neer i
ngdepartmentoft he univ ersi
tyas no uni versi
tyhad depar t
ment s of
electr
oni cs.El ectricalengineer i
ngwast henear estsubj ectwi thwhi chelectronicengineeringcould
be al igned, al t
hough t he si milari
ti
es i n subj ects cov er ed ( except mat hemat ics and
electr
omagnet ism)l ast edonl yforthefirsty earoft het hree-
y earcour se.

Electr
onicengineeri
ng(evenbefor
eitacqui
redthename)hasfacil
i
tat
edt
hedev
elopmentofmany
technologi
es i
ncludi
ng
wir
eless
telegr
aphy,
radi
o,
tel
evi
sion,
r
adar,

computers
andmicr
opr
ocessors.

Comput
ers
A
comput
er
isaprogr
ammablemachi
net
hatr
ecei
vesi
nput
,st
oresandmani
pul
atesdat
a,and
pr
ovi
desout
puti
nauseful
for
mat
.

Althoughmechani calexampl esofcomput ershav eexistedt hroughmuchofr ecordedhuman

history
, t
hefir
stel ectroniccomputer swer edevelopedinthemi d-20t hcentury( 19401945).These
wer ethesizeofal arger oom,consumi ngasmuchpowerassev eralhundr edmoder npersonal
comput ers(PCs) .Moder ncomput ersbasedoni ntegr
atedcircuit
sar emill
ionst obill
ionsoftimes
mor ecapablet hant heear lymachi nes,andoccupyaf ract
ionoft hespace. Simplecomput ersar e
smal lenought of itintosmal lpocketdev ices,andcanbepower edbyasmal lbatt
ery.Personal
comput ersintheirv ariousformsar eiconsoft heInformati
onAgeandar ewhatmostpeopl ethink
ofas" comput ers".Howev er,t
heembeddedcomput ersfoundi nmanydev icesf r
om MP3pl ayers
tof i
ghterai
rcraftandf rom t
oystoi ndustri
alrobotsarethemostnumer ous.

Theabi li
tyt
ost oreandexecut el
istsofinstruct
ionscall
edprogramsmakescomput ersextremel y
versati
le,di
stinguishingt hem from calculator
s.TheChur chTuringthesi
sisamat hematical
statementoft hi
sv ersat
il
ity
:anycomput erwi thacer t
ainmi ni
mum capabil
i
tyis,inpr inci
ple,
capableofper for
mi ngt hesamet asksthatanyot hercomputercanperf
orm.Theref
orecomput er
s
rangingfrom aNetbookt oasuper comput erareallabl
etoperformthesamecomput at
ional t
asks,
givenenought imeandst oragecapacit
y.

Mi
cropr
ocessor
s

In 1969,
Ted Hof fconcei
ved t he commer cial
mi cr
oprocessor
at
Int
el
and thus igni
ted the
devel
opmentoft heper sonalcomput er.Hof f'
si nventi
onwaspar tofanor derbyaJapanese
companyf oradeskt opprogrammabl eelect
roniccal cul
ator,whichHoffwantedtobuil
dascheapl y
aspossible.Thef i
rstreali
zati
onoft hemi croprocessorwast heI
ntel4004,a4-bi
tprocessor,i
n
1969,butonlyin1973di dtheI
ntel8080,an8- bi
tpr ocessor,makethebuildi
ngofthefir
stpersonal
computer,the
MITSAltai
r8800, possi
ble.Thef i
rstPCwasannouncedt othegeneralpubl
i
cont he
coveroftheJanuary1975i ssueof
PopularElectronics.

Manyelectr
onicsengi neerstodayspeci al
izeinthedev elopmentofprogramsf ormi cropr ocessor
basedelect
ronicsy stems,knownas embeddedsy stems.Duet othedet ail
edknowl edgeoft he
hardwar
et hati sr equir
ed fordoi ng thi
s,i tis normal l
ydone byel ectronics engi neers and
not
soft
wareengi neers.Sof t
war eengineerstypicall
yknow andusemi croprocessorsonl yata
concept
uallevel.El ect
ronics engineers who exclusivelycarr
youtt he r ole ofpr ogr ammi ng
embeddedsy stemsormi croprocessorsar ereferr
edt oas" embeddedsy st
ems engi neers",or
"f
ir
mwar e
engi
neer s".
Component
sof
an
Embedded
Syst
em
An
embedded
syst
em
has
thr
ee
mai
ncomponent
s:

Har
dware
Sof
twar
e
Ti
meoperat
ing
syst
em

1.Har
dwar
e

Power
Supply

Processor
Memor y(RAM, ROM)
Timers
Serial
communi cati
onpor
ts
Input/
out put
cir
cuit
s
System appl
icati
on
specif
ic
cir
cui
ts

2.Sof
twar
e:

Theappl
icati
onsoft
warei
sr
equir
edt
oper
for
mt
he
ser
ies
of
tasks.
An
embedded
syst
em
has
sof
twar
edes
i
gnedto
keepi
nvi
ewof
thr
eeconst
rai
nts:

Av
ail
abi
l
ity
of
Sy
stem
Memor
y

Av
ail
abi
l
ity
of
pr
ocessor
speed

The
need
to
li
mit
power
di
ssi
pat
ion
when
runni
ng
the
syst
em
cont
inuousl
y
inCy
cles
of
wai
t
for
ev
ent
s,
run,

st
opand
wake
up
 3.Real
Ti
me
Oper
ati
ng
Syst
em:
(
RTOS)
It
super
vises
the
appl
icat
ionsoft
wareandi tprovi
desamechani
sm t
oletacomput
err
unapr
ocessasper
schedul
inganddot heswitchingfrom oneprocess(t
ask)t
oanot
her
.

Bl
ockDi
agr
am ofEmbeddedSy
stems:

Embeddedsy stemsar
eexecutedbyamicr
ocontroll
er,
whichcommunicateswi
ththesensor
sand
actuat
ors.I
tmeansthatauserofanembeddedsy st
em isnotabl
etochanget
hefunct
ional
it
yoft
hesy
stem
thr
oughmodi fy
ingorr
epl
acingthesof
twar
ebecauseitiskepti
nROM.

basi
ccomponent
susedi
nEmbeddedSy
stem ar
easf
oll
ows:

Mi
crocont
rol
l :I
er tmoni
tor
sandcont
rol
stheenv
ironment
.

s:
Sensor I
tcol
l
ect
sdat
afr
om env
ironmentt
hroughi
nputdevi
ces.

Act
uat
ors:I
tdi
spl
ayst
hesy
stem'
sst
atust
hroughout
putdevi
ces.

Ti :I
mer tpr
ovdesr
i esponsewi
thi
nacer
tai
nti
mef
rame.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofEmbeddedSy
stem
Someofi
mpor
tantChar
act
eri
sti
csofembeddedsy
stem ar
e:

1)EmbeddedSy
stemsar
edesi
gnedt
odosomespeci
fi
ctaski
.e.
,i
tisnotagener
alPur
poseki
ndofa
syst
em.

2)Sof
twar
eforEmbeddedSy
stemsi
sst
oredi
nROM orf
lashmemor
y.

3)Knowledgeaboutbehav
iouratdesi
gnt
imecanbeusedt
omi
nimi
zer
esour
cesandt
omaxi
mize
robust
ness.

RI
SC VsCI
SC

Ar
chit
ect
ureofCent
ral
Processi
ngUni
tdr
ivesi
tswor
kingabi
l
ityf
r hei
om t nst
ruct
ionset
archi
tect
ureupon
whi
chiti
sdesi
gned.

I
nst
ructi
onSetArchi
tect
ure(I
SA)canbedefi
nedasaninter
facetoal
loweasycommunicati
onbet
ween
t
heprogrammerandthehardwar
e.
ISApr
eparesmicr
oprocessort
orespondtoal
ltheusercommandsl
i
ke
execut
ionofdat
a,copy
ingdata,
delet
ingi
t,edi
ti
ngi
tandsev
eral
suchanddi
ver
seoper
ati
ons.Somemaj
or
ter
mst hatar
eoft
enusedinISAare:

Inst
ruct
ionSet:I
tisagr
oupofi
nst
ructi
onst
hatcanbegi
vent
othecomput
er.Thesei
nst
ruct
ionsdi
rectt
he
computerinter
msofdatamani
pul
ation.

At
ypi
cal
inst
ruct
ionconsi
stsoft
wopar
ts:
OpcodeandOper
and.

Opcodeoroper
ati
onal
codei
sthei
nst
ruct
ionappl
i
ed.I
tcanbel
oadi
ngdat
a,st
ori
ngdat
aet
c.

Opr
andi
sthememor
yregi
sterordat
auponwhi
chi
nst
ruct
ioni
sappl
i
ed.

Processorshav
ingidenti
calI
SAmaybev er
ydiff
erentinorgani
zat
ion.Pr
ocessor
swi
thi
dent
ical
ISAand
nearl
yidenti
calor
ganizat
ionarest
il
lnotnearl
yidenti
cal.

CPUper
for
mancei
sgi
venbyt
hef
undament
all
aw:

Ther
ear
etwopr
eval
enti
nst
ruct
ionsetar
chi
tect
ures:

Compl exInstr
ucti
onSetAr chitectur
e( CISC):TheCI SCappr oachat tempt
st ominimizethenumberof
i
nstructi
onsperpr ogram,sacri
fici
ngthenumberofcy cl
esperi nstructi
on.
ItSuppl
iesalargenumberof
complexi nst
ruct
ionsatt heassembl yl anguagelevel.Duri
ngt heear l
yyears,memor ywassl ow and
expensiveandtheprogrammingwasdonei nassemblylanguage.Sincememor ywassl owandinstr
ucti
ons
couldber et
ri
evedupt o10t i
mesf asterfrom alocalROM thanf rom mai nmemory,progr
ammer stri
edto
putasmanyi nstr
uctionsaspossiblei
nami cr
ocode.

ReducedI nstructi
onSetAr chitect
ur e(RISC):RISCdoest heopposite,
reducingt hecy cl
esperinstr
ucti
onat
thecostoft henumberofi nstruct
ionsperpr ogram.
RISCi satypeofmi cropr ocessort hathasar el
ati
vely
l
imited numberofi nst
ructions.Iti s designed to perform a smallernumberoft ypes ofcomput er
i
nstruct
ionssot hatitcanoper at
eatahi gherspeed( per f
orm moremi ll
ioni nstructionspersecond,or
mill
i
onsofi nst r
ucti
onspersecond) .Earli
er,computersusedonl y20%oft hei nst r
uctions,makingtheother
80% unnecessar y.Oneadv antageofr educedi nst
ructi
onsetcomput ersi st hatt heycanexecut etheir
i
nstruct
ionsv eryfastbecauset heinstructi
onsar esosimpl e.
 Har
var
dandVon-
Neumann(
Pri
ncet
on)Ar
chi
tect
ure
Har
var
dAr
chi
tect
ure:
Harvar
darchi
tect
ure:
computer
shavesepar
atememoryareasforpr
ogram i
nst
ruct
ionsanddat
a.Therear
e
t
woormor ei
nter
naldatabuses,whi
chall
owsimult
aneousaccesstobothi
nstr
ucti
onsanddata.TheCPU
f
etchespr
ogram inst
ruct
ionsonthepr
ogram memorybus.

Thenamei sori
ginat
edfrom "
HarvardMarkI"arel
aybasedol
dcomputer.
Thec omput
erhastwoseparatememor i
esforst
ori
ngdataandpr
ogram.
Processorcan complet
e an inst
ruct
ion i
n one cycl
eifappropr
iat
e pipel
i
ning st
rat
egi
es ar
e
i
mplemented.
I
nthefi
rststageofpi
pel
i
net
hei
nst
ruct
iont
obeexecut
edcanbet
akenf
rom pr
ogr
am memor
y.I
n
 thesecondstageofpipel
inedataistakenfrom t
hedatamemoryusi
ngthedecodedinst
ruct
ionor
address.

Mos tofthemoderncomputingarchi
tectur
esarebasedonHar
vardar
chi
tect
ure.Butt
henumberof
stagesinthepi
pel
i
nev ari
esfrom sy
stem tosyst
em.

VonNeumannAr
chi
tect
ure:
Von Neumann ar chi
tect
ure:
computershavea si
ngl
e,common memor yspacein which bot
h
pr
ogram inst
ruct
ionsanddat aar estor
ed.Ther
eisasingl
einter
naldat
abust hatf
etchesboth
i
nstr
ucti
onsanddat a.Theycannotbeperfor
medatt
hesametime.

I
tisnamedaft
erthe
mathemat
ici
an
andear
ly
computersci
enti
st
JohnVonNeumann.
Thecomputerhassingl
estor
agesy st
em (
memor y
)f orstor
ingdataaswellasprogr
am t
obe
executed.
Processorneedst wocl ockcy cl
est ocomplet eani nstr
ucti
on.Pipeli
ningtheinstr
uctionsi
snot
possibl
ewi ththisarchit
ectur
e.
Inthefirstclockcycletheprocessorgetsthei nstruct
ionfrom memor yanddecodesi t
.Inthenext
clockcyclet herequireddataist akenfrom memor y.Foreachinstruct
ionthi
scy cl
er epeat
sand
henceneedst wocyclestocompl eteaninst
ruction.
Thisisar el
ativel
yolderarchi
tectur
eandwasr eplacedbyHar v
ardarchit
ectur
e.
 Mi
cropr
ocessorVsMi
crocont
rol
ler
Thet er
mmi croprocessorand mi cr
ocontr
oll
er
haveal waysbeenconf usedwitheachot her.Bot
hof
them havebeendesi gnedf orrealtimeappli
cati
on.Theysharemanycommonf eaturesandatthesame
ti
met heyhav esignif
icantdif
ferences.BoththeIC
si.e.,t
hemicropr
ocessorandmi crocont
rol
l
ercannot
bedisti
nguishedbyl ooki
ngatt hem.Theyareav ai
labl
ei ndi
ff
erentversi
onstart
ingf r
om 6pintoas
highas80to100pi nsorev enhi gherdependi
ngont hefeatur
es.

Mi
cropr
ocessor
A mi cr
opr ocessor (abbrevi
ated as P or uP) i s a comput er electroni
c component made
fr
ommi niaturi
zedtransi
storsandothercir
cuitel
ementsonasi nglesemiconduct ori
ntegrat
edcir cuit
(I
C)
(microchiporj ustchip).Thecentr
alprocessinguni
t(CPU)i st
hemostwel lknownmi cr
oprocessor ,but
manyot hercomponent sinacomput erhavet hem,suchast heGraphi
csPr ocessi
ngUni t(GPU)ona
vi
deo car d.I nthe wor l
d ofper sonalcomput er
s,t het
erms microprocessorand CPU ar e used
i
nterchangeabl y.Atthehear tofal
lpersonalcomputer
sandmostwor kstationssitsami croprocessor .
Microprocessor salsocont r
olthel
ogicofalmostalldigit
aldevi
ces,fr
om cl ockradiostof uel
injecti
on
systemsf oraut
omobi l
es.
Mi
crocont
rol
ler
s
Microcont roll
eri s a comput eron
achi
p optimised to controlel ectr
onic dev i
ces.I tisdesigned
specif
ical l
yf orspecif
ictaskssuch as controll
i
ng a speci fi
c system.A mi crocontroll
er(
somet i
mes
abbreviatedC,uCorMCU)i sbasicall
yaspeci al
izedform ofmi croprocessorthatisdesignedt obe
sel
fsuffici
entandcost effecti
ve.Also,ami crocontrol
l
eri spartofanembeddedsy st
em,whi chi s
essentiall
yt hewhol ecir
cuitboard.Anembeddedsy stem isacomput ersystem designedtoperfor
m one
oraf ew dedi catedfuncti
onsof tenwithreal
ti
mecomput i
ngconstraints.Iti
sembeddedaspar tofa
compl etedev i
ceoftenincludinghardwareandmechani calpart
s.

Examplesofmi
crocont
rol
ler
sar
eMi
crochi
p'
sPI
C,t
he8051,I
ntel
'
s80196,andMot
orol
a'
s68HCxx
seri
es.

Mi
crocont
rol
l
ersi
ntegr
ateanumberofcomponent
sofami
cropr
ocessor
syst
emont
oasi
ngl
emi
crochi
p:

TheCPUcor
e(mi
cropr
ocessor
)

Memor
y(bot
hROM andRAM)

Somepar
all
eldi
git
alI
/O

Themicrocontr
oll
erseest
hei
ntegr
ati
onofanumberofusef
ulf
unct
ionsi
ntoasi
ngl
eICpackage.
Thesef
unctionsare:

Theabi
l
ityt
oexecut
east
oredsetofi
nst
ruct
ionst
ocar
ryoutuserdef
inedt
asks.
 Theabi
li
tyt
obeabl
etoaccessext
ernalmemor
ychi
pst
obot
hreadandwr
it
esdat
afr
om andt
o
thememory.

Thediff
erencebetweent hetwoi sthatamicrocont
roll
erincor
porat
esf eat
uresof
micr
opr
ocessor(CPU,
ALU,Registers)alongwi t
ht hepr esenceofaddedf eaturesli
kepresenceofRAM,ROM,I /O port
s,
count
er,etc.Hereami crocontr
oll
ercontrol
stheoperat
ionofamachi neusingfi
xedpr
ogr
amsst oredi
n
ROM thatdoesn'tchangewithl
ifet
ime.
 Pr
ogr
ammi
ngLanguageofEmbeddedSy
stem
I
nembeddedsy
stemst
her
ear
emai
nlyt
wot
ypesofpr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguagesar
eused

Assembl
yLanguage
EmbeddedC

Assembl
yLanguage:

Anassembl ylanguageisal i
stofpr ocessorinstr
ucti
onswr i
tt
eninasymboli
c,human- r
eadablefor
m.Each
i
nstructi
onconsi st
sofanoper at
ionsuchasaddi t
ionalongwithsomeoperands.E.g.
,addr 5,r
2,r4might
addt hecontentsofregi
stersr2andr 4andwr i
tetheresul
ttor5.Suchar
it
hmeticinstr
ucti
onsareexecuted
i
nor der,butbranchinst
ructi
onscanper for
m conditi
onalsandloopsbychangi
ngt heprocessorsprogr
am
countertheaddr essoftheinstr
uctionbeingexecuted.

Aprocessor
sassemblylanguagei
sdenesbyi t
sOpcodes,addr essi
ngmodes,regi
ster
s,andmemor ies.
The Opcode di
stingui
shes,say,additi
on f rom condi ti
onalbranch,and an addr
essing modedenes
howandwheredatai sgather
edandst ored( e.g.,fr
om ar egist
erorfrom apart
icul
arMemor ylocat
ion).
Regi
ster
scanbet houghtofassmall
,fast,easy -
to-accesspiecesofmemory.

EmbeddedC:

ACpr
ogr
am cont
ainsf
unct
ionsbui
l
tfr
om ar
it
hmet
icexpr
essi
onsst
ruct
uredwi
thl
oopsandcondi
ti
onal
s.

Instr
ucti
onsinaCpr ogram r unsequenti
all
y,butcont r
olowconst ructssuchasl oopsofcondi ti
onalscan
affectt
heorderinwhi chinstructi
onsexecute.Whencont rolreachesaf uncti
oncalli
nanexpression,contr
oli
s
passedtot hecalledfunction,whichrunsuntil
itproducesar esult,
andcont rol
retur
nstocontinueev al
uati
ng
theexpressiont hatcal l
edt hef
uncti
on.C deri
vesi t
st ypesf r
om t hoseapr ocessormanipulatesdi
rect
ly:
signedandunsi gnedi ntegersrangingfrom by t
estowor ds,oat i
ngpoi ntnumber s,andpointers.These
canbefurtheraggr egatedintoarraysandstructur
esgr oupsof namedel ds.

Themajor
it
yofsof
twareforembeddedsyst
emsisst i
l
ldonei
nClanguage.Recentsur
veyi
ndi
cat
est
hat
appr
oxi
matel
y45%oftheembeddedsoft
wareisst
il
lbei
ngdonei
nClanguage.

Memor
yDescr
ipt
ion
Temperatur
eloggerusi
ngraspber
ryandpush
not
if
icat
ionsfrom t
heserv
ertoyourAndr
oiddev
ice.
I
nshort
,weuset heRaspber
ryPitorecordt
emperatur
eonatr
iggerandthenpushnoti
fi
cati
ons
fr
om t
heserv
ertoy ourAndroiddevi
ce.Youcanalsofi
ndallt
hepr oj
ectf
il
esfortheAndroi
dapp
bel
owthi
stutor
ial.Hereiswhatyouwi l
ll
ear
nfrom t
hispr
oject
:
 1.Set
ti
ngupaRaspber ryPi
2.Usi
ngatemperatur
esensor(DS18B20)
3.Usi
ngaPIRsensor
4.Usi
ngatemperatur
eandPI Rsensort
ogether
5.Set
ti
ngupandwor kingwithawebservert
ost oredat
aandr unotherappl
icat
ions
6.Usi
ngPython,
PHP, andMy SQL
7.Usi
ngGoogleCloudMessaging(GCM)servicetosendt emperat
urenoti
fi
cati
ontoan
Andr
oidappwhent hesit
uati
onari
sesandtodi spl
aystoreddata

Wehav edi
vi
dedthewholeRaspberr
yPi I
oTproj
ectint
otwopart
s.Thefi
rstpartconsi
stsof
set
ti
nguptheRaspberr
yPi andi
nter
faci
ngitwit
hthesensor
s.Thesecondpartcoversbui
ldi
ngt
he
Androi
dappli
cat
ionandconnect
ingitt
otheserver
.

Requi
redMat
eri
als

1.RaspberryPi
2.SDCar d(mini
mum recommended4GB, woul
dbeamicr
oSDcar
d)
3.DS18B20Temper at
uresensor( pr
efer
redKeyesmodel
)
4.PIRMot i
onSensor
5.Jumperwi r
es,br
eadboard
6.WorkingLaptopwit
hinternetconnect
ion
7.Routerandether
netcables

Not
e:Wel
lber
emotel
yaccessi
ngtheRaspber
ryPi
st
ermi
nal
thr
oughSSH,
soy
ouwon
tneedadedi
cat
ed
moni
tor
,mouseorkey
boardinanypar
tofthi
stut
ori
al.

Youwoul
dal
sowantt
odownl
oadt
hef
oll
owi
ngsof
twar
e:

1.Win32DiskImager(Wi
ndowsuser
s)
2.PuTTY( Wi
ndowsusers)
3.AdvancedIPScanner
4.WAMP/ LAMP/MAMPser ver(
Thi
sproj
ectwasdoneusi
ngaWi
ndowsl
apt
oponaWAMP
ser
ver)

HowDoe
sitWor
k?

Ther aspber
ryPii
sinter
facedwithatemper
aturesensorandPIRsensorandreadsdatafr
om it
throughitsGPI
Opins.Aftert
his,
thedatai
srelayedt
oawebser verandsubsequent
lypushedto
yourAndr oi
ddevi
cethroughtheGoogleCl
oudMessagi ng(GSM)servi
ce.Abri
efoutl
ineofthe
process:

Raspberrypi

Int
erfacetemperaturesensor(DS18B20)andPI
Rsensor

Storedatafrom sensorsinawebser v
er

GoogleCloudMessagi ng( GCM)servi
cetosendtemper
atur
enot
if
icat
iont
oanandr
oidappwhen
sit
uationari
sesandt odisplayst
oreddata

Youar
ewor
kingwi
th:

DS18B20
Raspber
ryPicanonlyhandl
edigi
talsignals.TheDS18B20isadigit
altemperatur
esensor.I
nthe
aboveKeyesmodelofthesensorthatweused, thelef
t-mostpi
nisGround,thecent
erpinisVcc,
andtheri
ght-
mostpinisOutput
/Datapin.Thesensort hatweusedcamewi tha4.7Kohm resi
stor
connect
edbetweenVccandt hedatapin.Youmi ghthavetoconnectanexternal
oneincaseyours
doesnothaveit
.Itr
equir
esaninputvoltageof3.3V

ThePIRsensordetectsmotionusingInfra-
redrays.Itis
i
mportanttoknowt hatt
hismotionsensorhasadet ect
iondel
ayofabout3seconds( adjustabl
e)dur i
ng
whi
cht hepinstat
estayshighandthesensingdist
ancei sadj
ustabl
efrom 3-7met er
s.Italsocomeswi t
ha
l
ockti
me( inourcase3seconds)whi chi
st heminimum timeint
ervalbet
weent woaccept edsignals.It
r
equi
resani nputvolt
ageof5V.Pinspecif
icat
ionsaregivenonthesensoritsel
f(pict
ureont heri
ght )

S
ett
ingupt
hePi
fort
heRa
spbe
rryPi
IoTPr
oje
ct

I
fyoualreadyhav eaRaspber ryPisetup,moveovertothenextsteptostar
twi
thyourRaspberryPi
I
oTpr
oject.Otherwi
se,
downl oadtheRaspbianOSf oryourPi.Ther
earemanyotherdist
ri
buti
ons
y
oucanuse, butRaspbianr emai
nst hemostcommonandconv eni
entf
orbegi
nners.Ext
ractt
he
.i
mgf i
lefrom thedownl oadedzipfolderandwri
teitt
oy ourSDcard.

ForWi
ndowsUser
s:

I
nser
ttheSDcar
dreaderwi
tht
heSDcar
dinit
.Figur
eouttheDri
veassi
gnedtoi
t.
RunWin32Di
skI
mager(youmayhav
etorunt
hisasadminist
rat
or)
,sel
ectt
heext
ract
edi
magef
il
e
andthedr
ivel
ett
er.Beverycar
eful
toselectt
hecorrectdr
ive,
youdonotwantt
ouni
ntent
ional
l
y
dest
royot
herdata.I
tshouldl
ooksomethingl
iket
his:
 Cl
i
ck
Wri
te
.Wai
tfort
hepr
ocesst
ocompl
eteandej
ectt
heSDcar
d.
Si
denot
eWhi l
eonthi
sstep,wegotst
uckbecauseourSDcar
dbecamer
ead-
onl
yduet
oat
iny
l
ockontheSDcardr
eadert
hatwehadignor
ed.Watchout!

ForLi
nuxUser
s:

Rundf-hont
hecommandli
ne.Thi
swi
l
lli
stoutt
hedev
icescur
rent
lymountedonyourdev
ice.
I
nser
ttheSDCar
dreaderwi
tht
heSDCardini
tandr
undf-hagaint
ofigur
eoutthedevi
cename.I
t
ll
besomet
hingl
i
ke/
dev
/mmcbl
k0.
Unmountt
heSDCar
dwi
thumount/
dev
/mmcbl
k0r
epl
aci
ng/
dev
/mmcbl
k0wi
thy
ourowndev
ice
name.Youmi ghtwantt of
ormatt heSDCar dwit
hFAT32(usesudomkdosf s-F32-v
/dev
/ mmcbl k0)justtobesure.
Now, wri
tethe.imgf i
letoyourSDCar dwithsudoddbs=1M if=
/home/ l
inux/
2016-
05-27-r
aspbi
an-
j
essie-l
it
e.i
mgof =/
dev/mmcbl k0.Edi
ttoaddthepat
htoy ourextr
actedfil
e(aft
eri
f=)andyour
devi
cename( aft
erof =)
.Waitfortheprocesst
ocomplet
eandej ecttheSDcar d.

ForMacuser
s:

Connectt
heSDcar
dreaderwit
htheSDcardi
nsi
de.
Fr
om theAppl
emenu,choose
AboutThi
sMac,
thencl
i
ckon
Mor
einf
o
;ify
ouar
eusi
ngMacOS
X10. 8.xMount ainLionornewer ,thencl ickon Sy st
em Repor t.
Clickon USB( orCardReader ifusi ngabui l
t-inSDcar dr eader )thensearchfory ourSDcardin
theupper -ri
ghtsectionoft hewi ndow.Cl i
ckoni t,thensear chf ortheBSDnamei nthelower-
ri
ght
section;i
twi l
llooksomet hinglikedi sknwher eni sanumber( forexampl e,di
sk4).Makesur eyou
takeanot eoft hisnumber .
Unmountt hepar t
iti
onsot haty ouwi llbeal lowedt oov erwritet hedi sk.Todothis,openDiskUtil
i
ty
andunmounti t
;donotej ecti t,
ory ouwi l
l havet or econnecti t.Not et hatonMacOSX10. 8.
x
Mount ainLion,
VerifyDisk( beforeunmount ing)wi lldisplayt heBSDnameas/ dev/di
sk1s1or
similar,
allowingy outoski pthepr evioust wost eps.
From thet erminal,r
unt hef oll
owi ngcommand:
sudoddbs=1m i f=path_of_ y
our _image. imgof =/ dev/rdiskn
Remembert oreplacenwi ththenumbert haty ounot edbef ore!
Ifthi
scommandf ai
ls,tr
yusi ngdi skinst eadofr disk:
sudoddbs=1m i f=path_of_ y
our _image. imgof =/ dev/diskn

Aft
erwr
it
ingtheimagefi
let
oyourSDCar
d,i
nser
titi
ntot
her
espect
ivesl
ot(
att
hebackofy
ourPi
)
andwearereadytoboot
!

He
adl
ess
lyBoot
ingyourRa
spbe
rryPi
IoTS
yst
em

Getti
ngadedicatedmonitor,mouse,andkeyboar
dt ousey ourRaspber
ryPimightbecomean
unnecessar
yhassle.Accesstot het
erminali
ssuff
icienttogetmostthi
ngsdone.Soweeliminate
theneedforextr
ahardwarebyl oggi
ngintothePiusingyourpersonall
apt
opthroughSSH.Latest
versi
onsofRaspbiancomewi t
hSSHenabl edbydefault,
theref
ore,y
oucanrunPi r
emotel
yeven
whileset
ti
ngitupforthefir
sttime.
 Getar
out
erwi
thDHCPenabl
ed.Thi
sisnecessar
ybecausewewantourPi
tohav
eauni
queI
P
addr
esstobeablet oconnecttoi
t.Connectbot
hyourLapt
opandyourPitother
out
ervi
aether
net
cabl
es.YourLaptopandPi nowshareaLocalAreaNet
workandcanident
if
yeachot
herusi
ngthei
r
uni
queIPaddress.

TouseSSH,
weneedt
heI
Paddr
essofy
ourPi
.Runt
heAdv
ancedI
PScanner
.Thi
swi
l
lli
stoutt
he
I
Paddr
essesofal
ldev
icesony
ournet
wor
kandt
hei
rmanuf
act
urer
.You
l
lseesomet
hingl
i
ket
his:

ForWi
ndowsUser
s

UsePuTTYt
oaccessPi

sTer
minal
.RunPuTTYandsi
mpl
yent
ert
heI
PAddr
essdet
ermi
nedi
nthe
abov
est
ep.

Subsequent
ly,
youwillr
eceiveal oginprompt
.Uselogini
daspiandpasswordasraspber
ry.
Si
de
NoteForfir
st-t
imelogi
n,youll
r ecei
veawarni
ngforasecuri
tyal
ert
.Cl
ickon
Yesandproceed
Youhavenowopenedat er
mi nalsessiononyourRaspber
ryPiwhi
chcanbeaccessedthr
ough
yourWindowsLaptop.



ForLi
nuxandMacUser
s

Openy
ourt
ermi
nal
windowandent
ert
hef
oll
owi
ngcommand:
ssh192.
168.
0.101-
lpi(
Putt
heI
P
addressofy
ourPiaf
terssh)
.Ent
ert
hepasswordasr
aspber
ry.Youcannowaccesst
hePi

s
ter
mi nal
onthet
ermi
nalwindowofy
ourhostcomput
er.

Pleasenotet
hatt
hecur
sorwon
tmov
efor
war
dwhi
l
eent
eri
ngt
hepasswor
dduet
odef
aul
t
setti
ngs.

I
nit
ialConf
igur
ati
on:

Ent
ert
hecommandsudor
aspi
-conf
igi
nthet
ermi
nal
windowandgetst
art
edwi
tht
hei
nit
ial
confi
gurat
ion.
Goto>Raspi -
Confi
g>expand_
root
fs>OKtoconf
iguret
hePi tousetheenti
respaceontheSDcard
(ot
herwiseonlyasmuchspacewillbeusedupastheOSr equi
res)
Apartfr
om theabove,youcangothrought
heotherav
ail
ableoptionsandconfi
gureaccor
dingt
o
yourneeds.

Woohoo!YourRaspber
ryPi
isnowr
eadyf
ory
out
ogocr
azy
!

I
nst
all
ingaWAMP/
LAMP/
MAMPS
erve
ronYourLa
ptop

Youcani
nstal
lWAMP/
LAMP/
MAMPSer
ver
sfol
l
owi
ngt
hist
utor
ial

orsev
eral
other
syoucanf
ind
ongoogl
e.

Wewer eworki
ngonaWi ndowsLaptop, t
hereforewehav etheBit
nami WAMPSt ackloaded.Ther
e
areotherdevel
opmentenvir
onmentsav ai
labletoo.Someoft hefur
therstepsar
especifi
cto
Bit
nami WAMPSt ack,youcancust
omi zethem accordingtoyourserver
s.
Whi l
einst
all
i
ngBitnamiWAMPSt ack,youwi llbepromptedtocreateaMy SQLr
ootaccountby
enteri
ngapasswor d.Makeoneandrememberi t.

Note:Si
ncet
hisproj
ecti
spurel
yforl
earni
ngpurposes,ourser
ver-
sidecodesarebot
hinPyt
hon
andPHP.Youwill
havetoconfi
gureyourApacheservert
orun.pyfi
les,
though.Youcandot
hisby
edi
ti
ngtheht
tpd.
conffil
eint
heapacheinstal
ldi
rect
ory.

I
nBi
tnamiWampst
ack,
youl
lhavetomaket hesameediti
n3fil
esint
hef
oll
owi
ngl
ocat
ions:
o C:\
Bit
nami\
wampstack-5.
6.22-
0\apache2\
conf
\htt
pd.
conf
 o C:
\Bi
tnami
\wampst
ack-
5.6.
22-
0\apache2\
conf
\or
iginal
\ht
tpd.
conf
o C:
\Bi
tnami
\wampst
ack-
5.6.
22-
0\apache2\
conf
\bi
tnami\bi
tnami.
conf

Sear
chf
ort
hel
i
ne:
Opt
ionsI
ndexesFol
l
owSy
mLi
nks
andadd
ExecCGI

Not
e:
YourDocument
Rootdi
rect
ory
,andal
lyourCGIscr
ipt
sshoul
dbesav
edi
nthi
sdi
rect
ory
.

Sear
chf
ort
hel
i
ne:
#AddHandl
ercgi
-scr
ipt.
cgi

.Uncommenti
tandadda
.
py
int
heend.
 o Rest
arty
ourApacheServ
er
toappl
ytheconfi
gurat
ionchanges.
o Now,saveat
estpythonf
il
einyourDocumentRootDir
ect
oryandruni
tony
ourbr
owsert
o
checki
fthi
ngsareworki
ngcorrect
ly.Youcanchecktheerr
orl
og(C:\Bi
tnami\wampst
ack-
5.6.
22-
0\apache2\
logs\
err
or.
log)forhindr
ancesandcorr
ectt
hem asrequi
red.

Cr
eat
ingaDa
taba
sea
ndTa
blet
oSt
oreTe
mpe
rat
ureRe
adi
ngsa
ndGCMRe
gIDs

Logi
ntoPHPMy
Admi
n(ent
er:
local
host
/phpmy
admi
n/i
ntheaddr
essbarofy
ourbr
owser
)usi
ng
thepasswor
dyouenter
eddur
ingi
nstal
l
ati
onofBi
tnami
WAMPSt
ackwi
thuser
namer
oot
and
creat
eanewdatabasecal
l
edt
emplog
.

Now,
creat
etwot
abl
esi
nthatdat
abase

o t
emp-
at-
int
err
upt:
thi
swi
l
lst
oreal
lther
ecor
dedt
emper
atur
esaswel
last
hedat
eandt
ime
oft
het
ri
gger
.(3Fi
eldsDat
e,Ti
me,
Temper
atur
e)
o

o
o r
egi
ds:
thi
swi
l
lst
oreal
ltheRegI
Dsoft
her
egi
ster
eduser
s.(
1Fi
eldRegI
D)
o
o
 o

Younowhaveal
ltheessent
ial
sinpl
ace.Let
sgetst
art
edwi
tht
hedev
iceandsensorset
-upand
getdownt
othecodes!

I
nter
faci
ngaTemper
atur
eSensorf
ort
heRaspber
ryPiI
oTPr
oject

Connectt
het
emper
atur
esensort
oyourRaspber
ryPi
assuch:

ConnecttheGroundPinofthesensortophysi
calpi
n6oftheGPI
Oboar
d.
ConnecttheDataPintophysi
calpin7oftheGPIOboard.
ConnectVcctophysical
pin1(3.3V)oftheGPIOboard.

Fora
bet
terunder
standi
ngofpi
nsandnumber
ingconv
ent
ions,
ref
ert
othi
simage:

Youwill
hav
etoaddone-wi
resuppor
ttoworkwit
hthesensor.Edi
tthe/
boot
/conf
igf
il
ebyrunni
ng
thecommandsudonano/boot
/conf
ig.
txt
andadddtov
erlay
=w1-gpiot
otheendoft
hefi
le.
Nowr
unt
hecommandsasshownt
ogett
hecur
rentt
emper
atur
edet
ect
edbyt
hesensor
:

28-
021502c3a0f
fist
hedev i
cenameassi gnedtothet
emperat
uresensori
nourcase,
edi
tthe
commandcd28-021502c3a0ffaccor
dingtoyourdevi
cename.

t
=27062meansthatt
hecurr
enttemper
aturei
s27.062degr
eeCel
sius.
YES
inl
i
ne1si
gni
fi
est
hat
aval
idt
emperat
urehasbeenrecor
dedi
nt hef
il
e.

I
nter
faci
ngt
hePI
RSensorwi
tht
heRaspber
ryPiI
oTSy
stem

Connectt
hePI
Rsensort
oyourRaspber
ryPi
assuch:

ConnecttheGroundpi
nofthePIRsensortotheGr
oundPinoft
het
emper
atur
esensor
.
ConnectVccpintophysi
calpi
n2(5V)oftheGPIOboard.
ConnectOutputpi
ntophysi
calpi
n11oft heGPIOboar
d
 Makeafi
lecal
ledtr
igger
.pybyrunni
ngthecommandsudonanot
ri
gger
.pyont
hecommand
l
ineof
t
hePi
ster
minalandsavethefoll
owingcode:

#!/
usr
/bi
n/ envpyt
hon
i
mportos
i
mportRPi.GPIOasgpio
i
mportti
me
i
mportdatetime
i
mportgl
ob
i
mportMy SQLdb
fr
om t
imei mportst
rft
ime
i
mporturl
li
b

defpr obe_temp(tempfil
e): #Ret
urnst
amper
atur
eval
ueatt
het
imeofi
nter
rupt
tr
y :
fi
le=open( t
empf i
le,
'r
')
l
ines=f i
l
e.readli
nes()
fi
le.cl
ose( )
except :
returnNone
status=l i
nes[0][
-4:
-1]

i
fstatus=='YES':
tempstr=li
nes[1][
-6:
-1]
tempval=float
(tempstr)/
1000
ret
urntempv al
el
se:
pri
nt"Err
orinreadingfi
le,pl
easet
ryagai
n"

defmai
n()
:

PI
R_I
nput=11#PI
Rsensorconnect
edt
opi
n11
gpi
o.set
mode(gpi
o.BOARD)#diff
erent
ialnumberingofboar
dpi ns,
needt
ospeci
fywhi
chconv
ent
ionbei
ngused
gpi
o.set
up(
PIR_I
nput,gpi
o.I
N)#speci
fyi
ngphysicalpi
n11asi nput

os.syst
em('sudomodprobew1-
gpio'
)#l
oadst
heker
nel
os.syst
em('sudomodprobew1-
therm'
)
status=li
nes[0]
[-
4:-
1]

i
fstatus=='YES':
tempstr=li
nes[1][
-6:
-1]
tempval=float
(tempstr)/
1000
ret
urntempv al
el
se:
pri
nt"Err
orinreadingfi
le,pl
easet
ryagai
n"

defmai
n()
:

PI
R_I
nput=11#PI
Rsensorconnect
edt
opi
n11

gpi
o.set
mode(gpi
o.BOARD)#diff
erent
ialnumberingofboar
dpi ns,
needt
ospeci
fywhi
chconv
ent
ionbei
ngused
gpi
o.set
up(
PIR_I
nput,gpi
o.I
N)#speci
fyi
ngphysicalpi
n11asi nput

os.
system(
'sudomodpr obew1-gpio')#l
oadstheker
nel
os.
system(
'sudomodpr obew1-therm')
dev
icename=gl ob.
glob('
/sy
s/bus/ w1/devi
ces/
28*'
)#usef
ulonl
yifonl
y1t
emper
atur
esensori
sconnect
ed

i
fdev i
cename=='
':
pr
int"CheckDS18B20connect
ion,nodevi
cer
ecogni
zed"
el
se:
w1tempfil
e=devicename[
0]+'/w1_sl
ave'

pri
nt"ProcessIni
ti
ali
zed.
\nWai
ti
ngforInt
err
upt.
..
"
tr
y:
whil
eTr ue:
cur
rent_stat
e=gpio.i
nput
(PI
R_I
nput)#Checksfori
nput

i
fcur rent_state:
print"Currentst ateofinputatpi n11i s",cur
rent_stat
e
temper ature=pr obe_temp( w1tempf i
le)
url='http://192.168.0.100/write-to-database.py
? temp='
+str
(temper
atur
e)
result=ur l
lib.ur
lopen(url)
ti
me. sleep(2)
print"\nRecor dedTemper aturei s",(temperature)
ti
me. sleep(2)
print"\nWr i
tingt oDatabase. .
."
ti
me. sleep(2)
print"\nProcessFi ni
shed.\n"
print"\nProcessI ni
ti
ali
zedAgai n.\nWai t
ingforInterr
upt
..
."
exceptKey boardInterrupt
:
pass

i
f__name_
_=="
__mai
n__
":
main(
)

Not
e:
Remembert
ochanget
heI
PAddr
essi
ntheURLt
othel
ocalI
Paddr
essofy
ourser
ver
.

WhatThi
sCodeDoes:

Thecodechecksthecurrentst
ateoftheinputpininawhi l
eloop.WhenthePIRsensordetects
moti
on,t
hecurrentstat
ebecomes1andt heiftheconditi
onbecomest r
ue.
w1tempfi
leisthefi
le
namewhichstoresthetemperatur
einthelastcharacter
sofitssecondl
ine.Notet
hatthedev i
ce
nameforaDS18B20wi llal
waysbeoft hetype28-xxxx,i
nthecaseofmult
ipl
etemperature
sensors, eachwi l
l haveitsownuni quename.Thef unct
ionprobe_tempr eturnsthevalueof
recordedt emper atureindegreesCel si
us.Next,arequestismadet otheserverandthe
temper aturevaluei ssentthroughtheGETmet hod.Wellgettotheserversidescripttohandl
ethe
requestinami nute.Thenett imesl eepis6seconds, meaningtheifl
oopt akesat otalof6
secondst oexecut e.Thiswasdonebecause, wit
ht hedetecti
ondelayandl ocktime,theminimum
waitbet weenr egisteri
ngt wodiff
erentsignal
sbyt hePIRsensorcamet o6si nourcase.

Let
ssum upal
lthatwe
vedonet
il
lnow

SetupaRaspberryPiforthefir
sttime.
UseSSHt oremotel
yaccesst heterminalwindowonanot herdevice.
Setupawebser v
eronanext ernalcomput ertohandlerequestsandst or
edatainMySQLdat
abase.
ConnectaDS18B20t otheRaspber ryPiandrecordt hecurr
enttemper at
ure.
ConnectPIRsensorandDS18B20t otheRaspber ryPianduset hem toget
hersoonl
ywhenthe
for
merdetectssomething,t
het emperatureisrecorded.

S
erve
rS
ideS
cri
pti
ngf
ort
heRa
spbe
rryPi
IoTS
yst
em

Wenowhandl
etheser
versi
descr
ipt
stodot
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Getthet
emperatur
ev al
uessentbytheRaspber
ryPi.
Recordt
hedat
ai nadatabasealongwitht
hedateandti
merel
evantt
othedata.
Displ
ayt
hedatainatabularf
orm.
Sendpushnot
ifi
cati
onstoregi
stereduser
swhenthetemper
atur
eexceedsacert
aint
hreshol
d.

Downl
oadMy SQLdbmoduleforpyt
honandmakesurei
tisofthesamebi
tnessasyourpyt
hon.
Iny
ourDocumentRootdi
rect
orynot
edbefor
e,cr
eat
eanewf i
lecal
led
wri
te-
to-
dat
abase.py
and
sav
ethefol
lowi
ngcode:

Notet
heshebangusedinthefi
rstl
ineofthecode.Edi
titas-
#!
<Patht
othepythonenvi
ronmentinyoursyst
em>

#!
C:\
User s\Ar
adhanaKumar
\AppDat
a\Local
\Ent
hought
\Canopy\User
\Scr
ipt
s\py
thon.
exe
#Serversidecodetor
eaddat
asentbypithr
oughGETmet hod.

i
mportcgi,cgi
tb
i
mportos
i
mportti
me
i
mportdateti
me
i
mportglob
i
mportMy SQLdb
f
rom t
imei mportst
rft
ime
i
mporturll
i
b

#Creat
einstanceofFieldSt
orage
f
orm =cgi.
Fiel
dStorage()
#Getdatafrom cli
ent
t
emp=f orm.getval
ue('
temp')

pr
int"
Content
-t
ype:
text
/ht
ml\
r\n\
r\n"
pr
int"
"
pr
int"
"
pr
int"
DataStor
age"
pr
int"
"
pr
int"
"

t
emper
atur
e=f
loat
(temp)

#Aler
tuseri
frecor
dedt
emper
atur
eisabov
eat
hreshol
d(30degr
eesi
nthi
scase)
i
ftemper
atur
e>=30:
 push=' 1'
message=' Alert
!Currenttemperat
urerecordedis' +str
(temperatur
e)
url="htt
p://l
ocal
host/sending-
push-not
if
icati
ons.php?push="+push+"
&message="+message
response=ur l
li
b.ur
lopen(url
)#sendsurlrequesttoanotherfil
eresponsi
blef
orsendi
ngGCM al
ert
s
dat a=response.read()
printdat a
el
se:
printtemp

#Codetowr i
tetherecor
dedtemper
atur
eint heMYSQLdat abase't
emplog'andt
abl
e't
emp-at
-i
nter
rupt
'
db=My SQLdb.connect(
host
="l
ocal
host
",user="
root
",passwd="r
aspber
ry",
db="t
empl
og")
cur=db.cur
sor()

whil
eTr ue:
dateWr it
e=t ime.str
fti
me( "
%Y-%m- %d")
ti
meWr ite=time.str
fti
me( "
%H:%M: %S")
sql=( """
INSERTI NTO` temp-at-
int
errupt
`(`
Dat
e`,
`Ti
me`
,`Temper
atur
e`)VALUES(
%s,
%s,
%s)
;"
""
,
(
dateWr i
te,t
imeWr i
te,t
emper at
ure))
tr
y:
cur.execute(*sql
)
db.commi t
()
pri
nt" \nProcessfini
shed"
except :
db.roll
back()
pri
nt" \nProcessFailedtoCompl ete"

cur.close(
)
db.close()
break

Whatt
hiscodedoes:

Whent heRaspberryPisendsarequestt otheserver,

thi
sfil
eident
ifi
esandstoresthesent
temperatur
ev al
ueinav ari
abl
e.I
ncaset hev aluei
sabov eoursetthr
eshold,i
tsendsaURL
requesttoanotherf
ileonthesameser ver,whichsendsaGCM pushnot i
ficat
iontoal
lregi
ster
ed
users.Thecodeisresponsibl
eforenteri
ngt hetemperat
urevalueaswellasthedateandtimeof
themomenti twasr egi
ster
edint
ot hetableinourdatabase.

Now,t
odi spl
aythetableinatabul
arform,downloadthi
sfi
le:

temp-r
eadings.
phpfr
om her
eand
savei
t.
Onenter
inghtt
p:/
/local
host/
temp-readi
ngs.phpi
ntheaddressbarofyourbrowser
,youshould
seeatableli
kethi
sf ory
ourRaspberryPiI
oTpr oj
ect:
I
nte
rne
tofThi
ngsTe
chnol
ogya
ndPr
otoc
ols

IoTpri
mar i
l
yexpl oit
sst andardprotocolsandnetworkingtechnologies.However,themajor
enabli
ngtechnologiesandpr otocolsofI oTareRFI
D, NFC,low-energyBluet
oot h,
low-ener
gy
wirel
ess,l
ow-ener gyradioprotocol
s, LTE-A,
andWi Fi
-Dir
ect.Theset echnol
ogiessupportthe
specif
icnetworki
ngf unct i
onali
tyneededi nanIoTsystem incontrasttoastandardunifor
m
networkofcommonsy stems.

NFCa
ndRFI
D

RFI
D(radio-
frequencyi
dent
if
icat
ion)andNFC(near
-fi
eldcommunicat
ion)pr
ovi
desimpl
e,
l
owenergy,andv er
sati
l
eopti
onsforident
it
yandaccesstokens,
connecti
onboot
str
appi
ng,
and
pay
ment s.

RFIDtechnologyemploys2- wayr
adiotr
ansmit
ter-
recei
ver
stoident
if
yandtr
ackt
ags
associ
atedwi t
hobjects.
NFCconsi st
sofcommuni cati
onprot
ocolsf
orelect
roni
cdevi
ces,ty
pical
l
yamobi
ledev
ice
andast andarddev
ice.

Low
Ene
rgyBl
uet
oot
h

Thistechnol
ogysuppor
tsthel
ow-power
,long-
useneedofI
oTf
unct
ionwhi
l
eexpl
oit
ingast
andar
d
technologywi
thnati
vesuppor
tacr
osssystems.
Low
Ene
rgyWi
rel
ess

Thistechnol
ogyr epl
acest
hemostpowerhungr yaspectofanI oTsystem.Thoughsensorsand
otherelementscanpowerdownov erl
ongperiods,
communi cati
onl
inks(i
.e.
,wirel
ess)must
remaininli
steningmode.Low-
energywir
elessnotonlyreducesconsumpt i
on,butalsoext
endst
he
l
ifeofthedev i
cethroughl
essuse.

Ra
dioPr
otoc
ols

ZigBee,
Z-Wave,andThr
eadareradioprotocolsforcr
eati
nglow-r
atepr
ivat
eareanetworks.These
technol
ogi
esarelow-
power,butof
ferhighthroughputunl
ikemanysimil
aropt
ions.Thi
sincreases
thepowerofsmalll
ocaldev
icenet
wor kswithoutthetypi
calcost
s.

LTE
A

LTE-
A,orLTEAdv anced,del
iv
ersani mpor
tantupgradetoLTEtechnologybyincr
easi
ngnotonly
i
tscoverage,butalsoreduci
ngitslat
encyandraisi
ngitsthr
oughput.I
tgivesIoTatr
emendous
powerthroughexpandingitsrange,wit
hit
smostsi gni
fi
cantappl
icati
onsbeingvehi
cle,
UAV,and
si
mil
arcommuni cati
on.

Wi
Fi
Dir
ect

WiFi-
Dir
ectel
i
mi natestheneedforanaccesspoi
nt.Ital
lowsP2P(peer-
to-
peer
)connecti
onswith
thespeedofWiFi,butwit
hlowerlat
ency.WiFi
-Di
recteli
minat
esanelementofanetworkthatof
ten
bogsitdown,anditdoesnotcompr omi
seonspeedort hr
oughput
.

I
nte
rne
tofThi
ngsCommonUs
es

I
oThasapplicationsacr
ossallindust
riesandmarket
s.Itspansusergroupsfrom t hosewhowant
t
oreduceener gyuseinthei
rhomet olargeorgani
zat
ionswhowantt ost r
eamlinetheiroper
ati
ons.
I
tpr
ovesnotj ustuseful
,butnearl
ycri
ticali
nmanyindustr
iesastechnologyadv ancesandwe
movetowardst headvancedautomationimaginedi
nthedistantf
uture.

Eng
ine
eri
ng,
Indus
try,
andI
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
e

Appli
cat
ionsofI
oTi ntheseareasi
ncl
udeimprovingpr oduct
ion,marketi
ng,
ser
vicedeli
ver
y,and
safet
y.I
oTprovi
desast rongmeansofmonitor
ingv ari
ouspr ocesses;
andreal
transpar
ency
creat
esgreat
ervi
sibi
li
tyforimprov
ementopportuni
ties.

Thedeeplev elofcont
rolaff
ordedbyI oTal
lowsrapidandmoreact
iononthoseoppor
tuni
ti
es,
whichincl
udeev entsl
ikeobviouscustomerneeds,nonconf
ormi
ngproduct
,malf
uncti
onsi
n
equipment,probl
emsint hedistr
ibut
ionnet
work,andmor e.

Ex
ampl
e

Joanrunsamanuf actur
ingfaci
li
tyt
hatmakesshi
eldsformanufacturi
ngequi
pment .When
regul
ati
onschangeforthecompositi
onandfunct
ionoftheshi
elds,thenewappropriat
e
requi
rementsar
eaut omati
call
yprogrammedinpr
oductionr
obotics,andengi
neersarealer
ted
aboutthei
rappr
ovalofthechanges.
Gove
rnme
nta
ndS
afe
ty

IoTappl
iedt
ogovernmentandsaf
et yall
owsimpr ovedl
awenforcement,def
ense,cit
yplanning,
andeconomicmanagement.Thet
echnol ogyfi
ll
sinthecur
rentgaps,cor
rect
smanycur r
entflaws,
andexpandsther
eachoftheseef
forts.Forexample,I
oTcanhelpcitypl
annershaveacl ear
er
viewoft
heimpactofthei
rdesi
gn,andgov er
nment shaveabett
erideaofthelocaleconomy.

Ex
ampl
e

Joanli
vesi
nasmallci
ty.She
shear
daboutar
ecentspi
kei
ncr
imei
nherar
ea,
andwor
ri
esabout
cominghomel
ateatni
ght .

Locall
awenf or
cementhasbeenalertedaboutthenew hot
zonet
hroughsyst
em flags,and
they
veincreasest
heirpr
esence.Areamonitori
ngdeviceshavedet
ectedsuspi
ciousbehavior
,and
l
awenf orcementhasinvest
igat
edtheseleadstopreventcri
mes.

Homea
ndOf
fi
ce

I
nourdail
yli
ves,
IoTprovi
desapersonali
zedexperi
encefr
om thehomet ot
heoff
icetothe
or
gani
zati
onswef r
equentl
ydobusinesswit
h.Thisi
mpr ov
esouroveral
lsat
isf
act
ion,enhances
pr
oduct
ivi
ty,
andimprovesourheal
thandsafety
.Forexample,
IoTcanhelpuscustomizeour
of
fi
cespacetoopti
mizeourwork.

Ex
ampl
e

Joanworksinadv
ert
isi
ng.Sheenter
sheroff
ice,
andi
trecogni
zesherf
ace.Itadj
ust
stheli
ght
ing
andtemperat
uret
oherprefer
ence.I
ttur
nsonherdev
icesandopensappl
icati
onstoherl
ast
worki
ngpoint
s.

Heroff
icedoordet
ectedandrecognizedacol
leaguevi
sit
ingheroff
icemul
ti
plet
imesbef
oreshe
ar
ri
ved.Joan
ssystem openst
hisvisit
or
smessagesautomati
call
y.

He
alt
handMe
dic
ine

IoTpushesust owardsourimagi nedf ut

ureofmedici
newhichexploit
sahi ghlyintegratednetwor k
ofsophist
icatedmedicaldevi
ces.Today ,I
oTcandramati
cal
lyenhancemedi calresearch,devices,
care,
andemer gencycar
e.Thei ntegrati
onofallel
ement
sprovidesmor eaccur acy,mor eattenti
on
todetai
l
, f
asterreacti
onstoevent s,andconstanti
mprov
ementwhi lereducingt hetypicaloverhead
ofmedicalresearchandorganizat i
ons.

Ex
ampl
e

Joanisanurseinanemer gencyr oom.Acal l

hascomei nf oramanwoundedi nanaltercati
on.
Thesystem r
ecognizedt
hepat ientandpul lshisrecords.Ont hescene, par
amedi cequipment
capt
urescri
ti
calinf
ormati
onaut omaticall
ysentt othereceivi
ngpar ti
esatt hehospit
al.Thesystem
anal
yzesthenewdat aandcurrentr ecordstodel i
veraguidingsolution.Thestatusoft hepati
ent
i
supdatedev er
ysecondinthesy stem duri
nghi str
ansport.Thesy stem promptsJoant oapprove
syst
em acti
onsformedici
nedi st r
ibut
ionandmedi calequipmentpr eparati
on.

I
oTMe
dia
,Ma
rke
ting
,&Adve
rti
si
ng

Theappl
i
cat
ionsofI
oTi
nmedi
aandadv
ert
isi
ngi
nvol
veacust
omi
zedexper
iencei
nwhi
cht
he
syst
em anal
yzesandrespondstotheneedsandinter
estsofeachcustomer.Thisi
ncludest
hei
r
general
behavi
orpat
terns,
buyinghabi
ts,pr
efer
ences,cul
tur
e,andothercharact
eri
sti
cs.

Ma
rke
tinga
ndCont
entDe
live
ry

IoTfuncti
onsi nasi
milaranddeeperwaytocurrenttechnology
,anal
yti
cs,andbigdata.Exi
sti
ng
technol
ogycol l
ect
sspecifi
cdatatoproducer
elatedmet ri
csandpatt
ernsov ert
ime,however,t
hat
dataoftenlacksdept
handaccur acy
.IoTimpr
ov esthisbyobservi
ngmor ebehavior
sand
analyzi
ngthem dif
fer
ently
.

Thi
sleadstomor einfor
mat i
onanddetail
,whi
chdeli
versmorerel
iabl
emetri
csandpat ter
ns.
I
tall
owsor gani
zati
onstobet t
eranal
yzeandrespondtocust
omerneedsorpr ef
erences.
I
timprovesbusinessproducti
vit
yandstr
ategy,
andimprovestheconsumerexperi
enceby
onl
ydeli
veringr
elevantcontentandsol
uti
ons.

I
mpr
ove
dAdve
rti
si
ng

Cur
rentadvert
isingsuf
fer
sfrom excessandpoortar
geti
ng.Evenwithtoday'
sanal
yti
cs,modern
adv
erti
singfai
ls.IoTpr
omisesdiff
erentandper
sonali
zedadvert
isi
ngrathert
hanone-si
ze-
fi
tsal
l
strat
egies.I
ttr
ansformsadv er
ti
singfrom noi set
oapracticalpar
toflif
ebecauseconsumer s
i
nteractwithadver
tisi
ngthroughIoTrat herthansi
mplyreceiv
ingit.Thi
smakesadv er
ti
singmore
functi
onalandusefultopeoplesearchingt hemarket
placeforsoluti
onsorwonderi
ngifthose
solut
ionsexist
.

I
oTEnvi
ronme
nta
lMoni
tor
ing

Theappl
icati
onsofIoTinenvir
onment almonitori
ngarebr
oadenvironmental
prot
ecti
on,
ext
remeweat hermonit
ori
ng,watersafety,
endangeredspeci
esprot
ection,
commercial
farmi
ng,
andmore.Intheseappl
icat
ions,sensorsdetectandmeasureev
erytypeofenvi
ronmental
change.

Ai
randWa
terPol
lut
ion

Currentmonitori
ngtechnologyforai
randwat ersafetypri
mari
lyusesmanuallaboralongwith
advancedinstruments,andlabprocessi
ng.IoTimprov esont
histechnol
ogybyreducingtheneed
forhumanl abor,al
l
owingf r
equentsampling,i
ncreasingther
angeofsamplingandmoni tor
ing,
all
owingsophisti
catedtesti
ngon-sit
e,andbindingresponseeff
ortstodet
ecti
onsy st
ems.This
all
owsust opr ev
entsubstanti
alcontaminati
onandr elat
eddi
sasters.

Ex
tre
meWe
athe
r

Thoughpowerf
ul,adv
ancedsyst
emscur r
ent
lyi
nuseal l
owdeepmonitori
ng,theysuff
erfrom
usi
ngbroadi
nstruments,
suchasradarandsat
ell
i
tes,r
athert
hanmoregr anul
arsolut
ions.Thei
r
i
nstr
umentsforsmall
erdetai
l
slackthesameaccurat
etarget
ingofst
rongertechnol
ogy.

NewIoTadvancespr omisemorefine-gr
aineddat a,bet
teraccur
acy,andfl
exi
bil
i
ty.Ef
fecti
ve
for
ecast
ingrequi
reshighdet
ailandflexi
bili
tyi
nr ange,inst
rumentty
pe,anddeployment.Thi
s
all
owsearl
ydetecti
onandearlyresponsest oprev entl
ossofli
feandpropert
y.

Comme
rci
alFa
rmi
ng

Today'
ssophi
sti
cat
edcommerci
alfarmshaveexpl
oit
edadvancedt
echnol
ogyandbiot
echnology
forqui
tesometi
me,howev
er,
IoTintr
oducesmoreaccesst
odeeperautomat
ionandanal
ysis.
Muchofcommer
cialf
arming,
li
keweat
hermonit
ori
ng,suf
fersf
rom alackofpr
ecisi
onand
r
equi
reshumanl
aborint
heareaofmonit
ori
ng.I
tsaut
omationalsor
emainsli
mited.

IoTall
owsoperationstoremovemuchoft hehumani nt
er v
ent i
oninsystem funct
ion,f
arming
anal
ysis,
andmoni t
ori
ng.Syst
emsdet ectchangestocrops, soil
,envi
ronment ,
andmor e.They
opti
mizestandardprocessesthr
oughanal ysi
soflarge,
richdat acol
lecti
ons.Theyalsoprevent
heal
thhazards(e.g.,
e.coli
)fr
om happeningandallowbet tercontr
ol.

I
oTMa
nuf
act
uri
ngAppl
ic
ati
ons

Manuf acturi
ngt echnologycur r
entl
yinuseexpl
oit
sstandar dtechnologyalongwithmoder n
distr
ibuti
onandanal yt
ics.IoTintr
oducesdeeperi
ntegr
ationandmor epower ful
analy
t i
cs.Thi
s
openst hewor ldofmanuf act
uringinawayneverseenbef ore,asorganizat
ionsbecome
full
ydevelopedf orproductdeliver
yrathert
hanaglobalnetworkofsuppl ier
s,makers,and
distr
ibutorslooselyti
edt ogether.

I
nte
lli
gentPr
oduc
tEnha
nce
ment
s

Muchli
keIoTi ncontentdeli
ver
y,I
oTi nmanufact
uringal
lowsricherinsighti
nr eal
-t
ime.This
dramat
ical
lyreducesthetimeandr esour
cesdevotedtothisonearea, whichtradi
ti
onal
lyrequi
res
heavymarketresear
chbef or
e,dur
ing,andwellaf
tertheproductshitthemar ket.

IoTal
soreducestherisksassociat
edwithlaunchi
ngnewormodifi
edproductsbecausei
t
prov
idesmorereli
ableanddet ai
l
edinformati
on.Theinf
ormati
oncomesdirect
lyf
rom marketuse
andbuyer
sratherthanassortedsourcesofvari
edcredi
bil
i
ty.
Dyna
micRe
spons
etoMa
rke
tDe
mands

Supplyingthemar ketrequi
resmaintai
ningacertai
nbalanceimpactedbyanumberoff actor
s
suchaseconomyst at
e,salesperf
ormance,season,suppli
erstat
us,manufacturi
ngfaci
li
tystat
us,
distr
ibuti
onstatus,andmor e.Theexpensesassociatedwithsuppl
ypresentuniquechall
enges
giventoday'sglobalpart
ners.Theassociat
edpotenti
al orr
eall
ossescandr amatical
l
yimpact
businessandf uturedecisi
ons.

IoTmanagest heseareasthroughensuri
ngfi
nedetailsaremanagedmor eatthesy st
em l
evel
rat
herthanthr
oughhumanev al
uat
ionsanddecisi
ons.AnI oTsy
stem canbetterassessand
contr
olthesupplychain(wit
hmostpr oduct
s),
whet herdemandsarehighorlow.

Lowe
rCos
ts,
Opt
imi
zedRe
sour
ceUs
e,a
ndWa
steRe
duc
tion

IoToffersarepl
acementfortradi
ti
onall
aborandtool
sinaproducti
onfacil
it
yandintheoveral
l
chainwhichcutsmanypreviouslyunav
oidabl
ecosts;
forexampl
e,maintenancechecksortest
s
tradi
ti
onall
yrequi
ri
nghumanl aborcanbeperfor
medr emotel
ywithi
nstr
ument sandsensorsofan
IoTsystem.

IoTalsoenhancesoper ationanal
yti
cstoopt i
mizeresourceuseandl abor,
andelimi
natevari
ous
typesofwast e,e.g.
,energyandmateri
als.Itanal
yzestheenti
reprocessf r
om t
hesour cepoi
ntto
i
t send,notjusttheprocessatonepointinapar t
icul
arfaci
li
ty,
whichal l
owsimprovementtohav e
amor esubst anti
ali
mpact .I
tessent
ial
lyreduceswastet hr
oughoutthenetwork,andretur
nsthose
savingsthroughout.

Thi
sXRSrelayboxconnect
sallt
ruckdevi
ces(e.
g.,
diagnost
icsanddr
ivercel
l
)tot
heXRSf
leet
managementsuppor
ti
ngsoftwar
e,whichall
owsdatacoll
ecti
on.
I
mpr
ove
dFa
cil
it
ySa
fet
y

At ypical
f aci
li
tysuff
ersfrom anumberofheal t
handsafetyhazardsduet ori
sksposedby
processes, equipment,andproducthandli
ng.I
oTaidsinbettercontr
olandv i
sibi
li
ty.Itsmonit
ori
ng
extendst hroughoutthenetworkofdevicesfornotonl
yperformance,butfordanger ous
mal funct
ionsandusage.I tai
ds( orper
forms)analy
sisandrepair,
orcorrect
ion,ofcr i
ti
cal
flaws.

Pr
oduc
tSa
fet
y

Ev
enthemostsophi st
icat
edsy stem cannotav
oidmal
funct
ions,nonconf
ormingproduct
,and
ot
herhazardsfi
ndi
ngtheirwayt omar ket
.Someti
mestheseinci
dentshavenothi
ngtodowi t
hthe
manufact
uringpr
ocess,andresultfr
om unknownconf
li
cts.

I
nmanuf act
uri
ng,I
oThelpsinavoi
dingrecal
lsandcontrol
l
ingnonconf
ormi
ngordangerous
pr
oductdist
ri
buti
on.I
tshighl
evelofvi
sibi
li
ty,cont
rol
,andint
egr
ati
oncanbett
ercont
ainany
i
ssuesthatappear
.

I
nte
rne
tofThi
ngsEne
rgyAppl
ic
ati
ons

Theoptimizati
onqual i
ti
esofIoTinmanuf actur
ingalsoappl ytoenergyconsumpti
on.IoTall
owsa
widevari
etyofenergycontrolandmoni t
oringfuncti
ons,withappl i
cati
onsindevi
ces,commercial
andresi
dentialenergyuse,andtheenergysource.Optimizationresul
tsfr
om thedetail
edanal
ysis
prev
iousl
yunav ail
abletomostor gani
zati
onsandi ndiv
iduals.

Re
side
nti
alEne
rgy

Theri
seoft echnologyhasdr iv
enenergycostsup.Consumerssearchforwayst
or educeor
cont
rolconsumpt ion.IoToffer
sasophisti
catedwaytoanalyzeandoptimi
zeusenotonl yat
devi
celevel
, butthroughouttheent
ir
esy st
em ofthehome.Thiscanmeansi mpl
eswi tchi
ngoffor
di
mmi ngoflights,orchangingdevi
ceset t
ingsandmodify
ingmulti
plehomesett
ingstoopt i
mize
ener
gyuse.

IoTcanalsodiscoverprobl
emat i
cconsumptionfrom i
ssuesli
keolderappli
ances,
damaged
appl
iances,orfaul
tysystem components.Tr
adit
ional
ly
,fi
ndingsuchproblemsrequir
edt
heuseof
oft
enmul ti
pleprof
essional
s.

Comme
rci
alEne
rgy

Energywast ecaneasi l
yandqui etlyi
mpactbusi nessinamaj orway,giv
ent hetremendousener
gy
needsofev ensmal lor
ganizati
ons.Smal l
erorganizat
ionswr estlewit
hbalancingcostsof
businesswhi l
edeliveri
ngapr oductwit ht
y pi
cal
lysmallermar gins,
andwor kingwithl
imit
ed
fundingandt echnology.Largerorganizat
ionsmustmoni t
oramassi v
e,compl execosyst
em of
energyuset hatoffersfewsi mple,ef
fecti
vesoluti
onsf orenergyusemanagement .

Asmar t-
meterst
il
lrequi
resareadert
ovisi
tthesi
te.Thisaut
omatedmeterr
eadermakesvi
sit
s
unnecessar
y,andalsoal
lowsenergycompaniest
obi l
lbasedonr
eal-
ti
medatainst
eadof
esti
matesoverti
me.
IoTsimplifi
estheprocessofener gymoni t
ori
ngandmanagementwhi lemaint
ainingalowcost
andhi ghlevel
ofprecisi
on.Itaddressesallpoi
ntsofanor ganizat
ion'
sconsumpt ionacross
devices.It
sdepthofanalysisandcont rol
providesorganizati
onswi thastr
ongmeansofmanagi ng
theirconsumptionforcostshavingandout putopti
mization.IoTsy st
emsdiscov erener
gyi ssues
i
nt hesamewayasf unct
ionali
ssuesi nacompl exbusinessnet work,andprovi
desol ut
ions.

Re
lia
bil
it
y

Theanaly
ticsandacti
ondeli
veredbyIoTalsohelptoensuresyst
em r
eli
abil
i
t y
.Beyond
consumpti
on,IoTprev
entssystem over
loadsorthr
ottl
ing.I
tal
sodet
ectsthreatst
osystem
perf
ormanceandstabil
it
y,whichprot
ectsagainstl
ossessuchasdownti
me, damagedequipment
,
andinj
uri
es.

I
nte
rne
tofThi
ngsHe
alt
hca
reAppl
ic
ati
ons

I
oTsy stemsappliedtohealt
hcareenhanceexisti
ngtechnol
ogy
,andt hegeneral
practi
ceof
medicine.Theyexpandthereachofprofessi
onalswithi
nafaci
l
ityandfarbeyondit.Theyi
ncrease
boththeaccuracyandsizeofmedicaldatathroughdiver
sedat
acol l
ecti
onfrom l
argesetsofreal
-
worldcases.Theyalsoimprovethepreci
sionofmedicalcar
edeliv
erythroughmoresophisti
cated
i
ntegrati
onofthehealthcar
esystem.

Re
sea
rch

Muchofcurrentmedical
resear
chr el
iesonr esourceslacki
ngcri
ti
calr
eal-
worldinfor
mation.I
t
usescontr
oll
edenvi
ronments,volunt
eers,andessent i
all
ylef
tov
ersformedicalexaminat
ion.I
oT
opensthedoortoawealthofvaluabl
einformat i
ont hr
oughreal
-t
imefiel
ddata,analy
sis,
and
test
ing.

IoTcandeli
verrelevantdatasuperi
ort ostandardanaly
ticsthroughint
egratedi
nstr
ument
s
capabl
eofperformingv iabl
eresearch.Italsoint
egrat
esi nt
oact ual
practi
cetoprovi
demorekey
i
nformati
on.Thisaidsi nheal
thcarebypr ovidi
ngmor ereli
ableandpracti
caldat
a,andbet
terl
eads;
whichyi
eldsbettersoluti
onsanddi scoveryofprevi
ouslyunknowni ssues.

I
talsoal
lowsresear
cher
stoav
oidr
isksbygat
her
ingdat
awi
thoutmanuf
act
uredscenar
iosand
humantesti
ng.
De
vic
es

Cur
rentdevi
cesarerapi
dlyi
mprovinginpreci
sion,power,
andavai
labi
li
ty;
however,theysti
llof
fer
l
essofthesequal
it
iesthananI
oTsy stem int
egrat
ingtheri
ghtsy
stem eff
ecti
vel
y.IoTunlocksthe
pot
enti
alofexi
sti
ngtechnol
ogy
, andleadsust owardnewandbettermedical
devicesolut
ions.

IoTcl
osesgapsbetweenequipmentandt hewaywedel i
verhealt
hcar
ebycreati
ngal
ogi
cal
syst
em rathert
hanacol
lect
ionoftools.I
tthenrev
ealspatt
ernsandmissi
ngelement
sin
heal
thcaresuchasobvi
ousnecessaryimprovementsorhugeflaws.

TheClearPr
obeport
ableconnect
edultr
asounddevi
cecanuseanycomputeranywher
easa
support
ingmachi
ne.Thedevicesendsalli
magi
ngrecor
dstothemastersyst
em.

Ca
re

Perhapst
hegreat
estimpr ovementI oTbringstohealthcarei
sintheactualpracti
ceofmedicine
becausei
tempower shealthcareprofessi
onalstobetterusethei
rtrai
ningandknowl edgetosol
ve
probl
ems.Theyut
il
izefarbet t
erdataandequi pment ,
whi chgi
vesthem awi ndowi nt
obli
ndspots
andsupport
smoreswi ft
,preciseactions.Thei
rdecisi
on- maki
ngisnolongerl i
mitedbythe
di
sconnect
sofcurrentsystems, andbaddat a.

I
oTalsoi mprov
esthei
rprof
essi
onal dev
elopmentbecausetheyactual
l
yexerci
sethei
rtal
ent
rat
herthanspendi
ngtoomucht i
meonadmi ni
str
ati
veormanual t
asks.Thei
rorgani
zat
ional
deci
sionsalsoi
mprovebecausetechnol
ogyprovi
desabet t
ervantagepoi
nt.

Me
dic
alI
nfor
mat
ionDi
str
ibut
ion

Oneoft hechal
lengesofmedical car
eisthedistri
buti
onofaccurateandcurr
entinfor
mat i
onto
pat
ients.Heal
thcareal
sostruggleswithgui
dancegi venthecomplexit
yoffol
lowingguidance.I
oT
dev
icesnotonlyimprovefacil
it
iesandprofessionalpract
ice,
butalsoheal
thi
nt hedail
ylivesof
i
ndi
v i
duals.

IoTdevicesgi vedir
ect,24/7accesst othepati
entinalessint
rusiv
ewayt hanotheropt
ions.They
takehealthcareoutoff aci
li
tiesandintothehome, of
fi
ce,orsocialspace.Theyempower
i
ndivi
dualsi nattendi
ngt otheirownhealth,andal
lowprov i
der
stodel i
verbetterandmoregr anul
ar
caretopat i
ents.Thisresult
si nfeweraccident
sfr
om mi scommuni cati
on,improvedpat
ient
sati
sfacti
on, andbetterpreventi
vecare.

Eme
rge
ncyCa
re

Theadv
ancedaut
omat
ionandanal
yti
csofI
oTal
l
owsmor
epower
ful
emer
gencysuppor
tser
vices,
whichtypical
l
ysuf f
erfrom theirl
imitedresourcesanddi sconnectwi t
ht hebasef aci
li
ty.Itprov
ides
awayt oanalyzeanemer gencyinamor ecompl etewayf rom milesaway .I
talsogivesmor e
provi
dersaccesst othepat i
entpriortotheirarr
ival
.IoTgivesprov i
derscrit
icali
nformationfor
deli
veri
ngessentialcar
eonar ri
val.I
talsoraisesthelevelofcareav ai
labletoapat i
entreceivedby
emergencypr of
essionals.Thisreducest heassociatedlosses,andimpr ovesemer gency
healt
hcare.

I
oTBui
ldi
ng/
Hous
ingAppl
ic
ati
ons

IoTappli
edt obuil
dingsandv ari
ousstructur
esall
owsust oautomaterout
ineresi
dent
ialand
commer cialt
asksandneedsi nawayt hatdramati
call
yimprovesl
iv
ingandwor ki
ngenvir
onment
s.
This,asseenwi t
hmanuf acturi
ngandener gyappl
icati
ons,
reducescosts,
enhancessafety
,
i
mpr ovesindiv
idualproduct
ivi
ty,andenhancesqualit
yofli
fe.

Envi
ronme
nta
ndCondi
ti
oni
ng

Oneoft hegreatestchal
lengesintheengi
neeri
ngofbuildingsremainsmanagementof
envi
ronmentandcondi t
ionsduetomanyf act
orsatwor k.Thesefactor
sincl
udebuil
dingmat
eri
als,
cl
imate,bui
ldinguse,andmor e.Managingenergycostsreceivest
hemostat t
ent
ion,but
condit
ioni
ngal soimpactsthedurabil
i
tyandstateofthestruct
ure.

IoTai
dsinimprovi
ngstructur
edesignandmanagingexist
ingstruct
uresthr
oughmoreaccur
ate
andcompletedat
aonbui l
dings.I
tprov
idesimport
antengi
neeringinf
ormati
onsuchashowwella
mater
ial
perfor
msasi nsulati
oninapart
icul
ardesi
gnandenv i
ronment .

He
alt
handS
afe
ty

Bui
ldi
ngs,evenwhenconst r
uct
edwi thcar
e,cansufferf
rom cer
tai
nheal
thandsafet
yissues.
Theseissuesincl
udepoorperf
ormingmat er
ial
s,f
lawsthatl
eavethebui
l
dingvul
nerabl
eto
ext
remeweat her,
poorfoundat
ions,andmore.

TheBoss220smar tpl
ugall
owst
heusertomonitor,
contr
ol,
opt
imize,
andaut
omat
eallpl
ug-
in
devi
ces.User
sempl oythei
rmobi
l
edeviceordesktoptovi
ewperf
ormancei
nfor
mat
ionandcontr
ol
devi
cesfrom anywhere.

Cur
rentsol
uti
onsl
ackt
hesophi
sti
cat
ionneededt
odet
ectmi
nori
ssuesbef
oret
heybecomemaj
or
i
ssues,oremergenci
es.I
oToffersamorer el
iableandcompl et
esolutionbyobser
vingi
ssuesi
na
fi
ne-gr
ainedwaytocontr
oldangersandaidinpreventingthem;forexample,i
tcanmeasure
changesinasystem'
sstatei
mpact i
ngfi
resaf et
yratherthansi
mpl ydetect
ingsmoke.

Pr
oduc
tivi
tya
ndQua
lit
yofLi
fe

Beyondsafetyorener
gyconcerns,mostpeopledesi
recert
aincomf
ortsf
rom housi
ngor
commer ci
alspacesli
kespecif
icl
ighti
ngandtemperatur
e.I
oTenhancesthesecomfor
tsby
al
lowingfast
erandeasiercust
omi zi
ng.

Adj
ust
mentsal
soapplytothear
eaofproducti
vi
ty.Theypersonal
i
zespacestocreat
ean
opt
imi
zedenvi
ronmentsuchasasmartoff
iceorkitchenpr
eparedforaspeci
fi
cindi
vi
dual
.

I
oTTr
ans
por
tat
ionAppl
ic
ati
ons

Ateverylayeroftr
ansportat
ion,I
oTpr ovi
desimprovedcommuni cati
on,
cont r
ol,
anddata
di
stri
buti
on.Theseappl i
cati
onsincludepersonalvehicles,
commer ci
alvehicl
es,t
rai
ns,
UAVs,and
otherequipment.I
textendsthroughouttheenti
resy stem ofal
ltr
anspor
t at
ionel
ementssuchas
tr
affi
ccont r
ol,par
king,
fuelconsumpt i
on,andmore.

Ra
ilsa
ndMa
ssTr
ans
it

Currentsystemsdel i
versophi
sti
catedi
ntegrat
ionandper
formance,however,
theyemployolder
technologyandappr oachestoMRT.Thei mprovement
sbroughtbyIoTdeli
vermorecompl et
e
controlandmoni tor
ing.Thi
sresult
sinbett
ermanagementofov er
allper
for
mance,maintenance
i
ssues, maintenance,andimprovement
s.

Masst ransi
topti
onsbey ondstandardMRTsuf ferf
r om alackoft heintegrat
ionnecessaryto
transf
ormt hem fr
om anoptiontoadedi catedservice.IoTprovidesani nexpensi
veandadv anced
wayt ooptimizeperfor
manceandbr ingqual i
ti
esofMRTt oothertransportat
ionopti
onslikebuses.
Thisimprovesservicesandservi
cedeliveryinthear easofschedul i
ng,optimizi
ngtransportti
mes,
reli
abi
li
ty,managingequipmentissues,andr espondingt ocustomerneeds.

Roa
d

Theprimaryconcer
nsoftraf
fi
caremanagingcongesti
on,reducingaccident
s,andparking.I
oT
al
lowsust obett
erobser
veandanaly
zetheflowoftraf
fi
ct hroughdevicesatall
traf
fi
cobser vat
ion
point
s.Itai
dsinpar
kingbymakingst
oragefl
owt r
ansparentwhencur rentmethodsofferli
tt
leif
anydata.
Thissmartr
oadsignrecei
vesdat
aandmodi
fi
cat
ionst
obet
teri
nfor
m dr
iver
sandpr
event
congest
ionoracci
dents.

Accidentstypical
l
yr esul
tfr
om anumberoff actor
s,however ,
traff
icmanagementimpactstheir
frequency.Constructi
onsit
es,poorrerout
ing,andal ackofinformati
onabouttraf
ficst
atusareall
i
ssuest hatleadtoincident
s.IoTprovi
dessol ut
ionsintheform ofbetteri
nfor
mationshari
ngwith
thepublic,andbetweenv ar
iousparti
esdirectl
yaffecti
ngroadt raf
fi
c.

Aut
omobi
le

Manyint heaut
omot i
veindust
ryenvi
sionaf utureforcarsinwhichIoTt echnologymakescar s
smart
,att
ract
iveopti
onsequaltoMRT.I oTof fer
sfewsi gni
fi
cantimpr ovementstoper sonal
vehi
cl
es.Mostbenef i
tscomef r
om bettercontroloverrel
atedinfr
astructur
eandt heinherentfl
aws
i
nautomobi l
etranspor
t;however
,IoTdoesi mpr ovepersonalvehi
clesasper sonalspaces.IoT
bri
ngsthesamei mprovementsandcust omizationtoav ehi
cleasthosei nthehome.

Comme
rci
alTr
ans
por
tat
ion

Transportati
onbenefi
tsextendtobusinessandmanuf acturi
ngbyopt imizi
ngthetransportarm of
organizati
ons.Itr
educesandel i
minat
espr oblemsr elatedtopoorfleetmanagementt hrough
betteranalyt
icsandcontr
ol suchasmoni t
oringidli
ng, f
uel consumption,tr
avelcondit
ions,and
tr
avel ti
mebet weenpoint
s.Thisresul
tsinpr oducttranspor t
ati
onoper at
ingmor eli
keanal i
gned
serviceandlessli
keacollecti
onofcontractedservices.

I
nte
rne
tofThi
ngsEduc
ati
onAppl
ic
ati
ons

IoTi
ntheclassr
oom combi
nest hebenef
it
sofIoTincontentdel
i
ver
y,busi
ness,andheal
thcar
e.I
t
cust
omizesandenhanceseducati
onbyallowi
ngopti
mizati
onofall
contentandfor
msofdel i
ver
y.
I
tenableseducatorst
ogivef
ocustoindi
vi
dual
sandthei
rmethod.I
talsoreducescostsandlabor
ofeducati
onthroughaut
omationofcommontasksout
sideoft
heactualeducati
onprocess.

Educ
ati
onOr
gani
zat
ions

Educationorgani
zati
onsty
pical
lysuff
erfrom li
mi t
edfunding,l
aborissues,andpoorat
tent
ionto
actualeducati
on.They,
unli
keotherorganizat
ions,commonl yl
ackorav oidanal
yti
csduetothei
r
fundingissuesandthebel
ieft
hatanalyti
csdonotappl ytothei
rindustry.

IoTnotonl
ypr
ovidesvaluabl
einsight,butitalsodemocr at
izesthatinfor
mat i
onthr
oughlowcost
,
l
ow-powersmall
devices,whichstil
lofferhighperformance.Thistechnologyaidsi
nmanaging
cost
s,impr
ovi
ngthequal i
tyofeducation,professional
development, andfaci
li
tymanagement
i
mpr ov
ementt
hroughr i
chexami nati
onsofkeyar eas

Studentresponse,perfor
mance,andbehavior
I
nstructorresponse,perf
ormance,andbehavi
or
Facil
it
ymoni tori
ngandmai nt
enance
Datafrom otherfaci
li
ties

Datai
nformsthem abouti
neff
ecti
vest
rat
egi
esandact
ions,whet
hereducat
ional
eff
ort
sorf
aci
l
ity
qual
it
ies.Removi
ngtheseroadbl
ocksmakest
hem mor
eef f
ecti
ve.

Educ
ator
s

I
nf ormati
onprovi
dedbyIoTempower seducat orst
odeli
verimprovededucati
on.Theyhav ea
windowi nt
othesuccessofthei
rstrategies,thei
rst
udents'per
specti
ve,andotheraspectsofthei
r
performance.I
oTreli
evesthem ofadmi nist
rati
veandmanagementdut i
es,sot heycanfocuson
theirmissi
on.I
tautomatesmanual andcl er
icall
abor,
andfacil
it
atessupervi
singthroughfeat
ures
l
ikesy st
em fl
agsorcontrol
stoensurest udentsremainengaged.

AschoolinRichmond,
Cal
i
forni
a,embedsRFI Dchi
psinI
Dcardstotrackthepr
esenceofst
udent
s.
Eveni
fstudentsar
enotpr
esentforcheck-
in,
thesyst
em wi
l
ltrackandlogthei
rpr
esenceon
campus.

IoTprovi
desinst
ruct
orswitheasyaccesst opowerful
educational
tools.EducatorscanuseIoTt
o
perfor
m asaone-on-onei
nstruct
orprovi
dingspecif
icinst
ructi
onaldesignsforeachpupil
;for
example,usi
ngdatatodeterminethemostef f
ect
ivesupplementsforeachst udent,
and
autogener
ati
ngcontentfr
om lessonmaterial
son-demandf oranystudent.

Theapplicat
ionoftechnol
ogyimprov
estheprof
essionaldevelopmentofeducator
sbecauset
hey
tr
ulyseewhatwor ks,andl
earntodevi
sebet
terstr
ategies,
ratherthansi
mplyrepeati
ngol
dor
i
neffect
ivemethods.

I
oTalsoenhancest heknowledgebaseusedt odev i
seeducat
ionstandar
dsandpract
ices.
Educat
ionresearchsuff
ersfrom accuracyissuesandagenerallackofdata.I
oTi
ntr
oduceslarge
hi
ghqualit
y,real
-worl
ddatasetsintothefoundat i
onofeducat
ionaldesi
gn.Thi
scomesf r
om IoT'
s
uni
queabili
tytocoll
ectenormousamount sofv ari
eddataany
wher e.

Pe
rsona
liz
edEduc
ati
on

IoTfaci
li
tatesthecustomi zat
ionofeducati
ontogiveev er
yst udentaccesstowhatt heyneed.
Eachstudentcancont rolthei
rexperi
enceandparti
cipateininstruct
ionaldesi
gn,andmuchoft hi
s
happenspassively.Thestudentsimplyuti
l
izest
hesy stem, andper f
ormancedat apri
maril
yshapes
thei
rdesign.Thiscombi nedwi t
horgani
zati
onalandeducat oroptimizat
iondeli
vershighl
yeffecti
ve
educati
onwhi l
er educi
ngcost s.

I
nte
rne
tofThi
ngsGove
rnme
ntAppl
ic
ati
ons

IoTsupportsthedevelopmentofsmartnati
onsandsmar tci
ti
es.Thisincl
udesenhancementof
i
nf r
astr
uctur
epr evi
ouslydi
scussed(e.
g.,
healt
hcar
e, ener
gy,
transpor
tati
on,et
c.)
,defense,
and
alsotheengineeri
ngandmai nt
enanceofcommunities.

Ci
tyPl
anni
nga
ndMa
nag
eme
nt

Governi
ngbodiesandengineerscanuseI oTt oanal
yzet heoft
encompl exaspectsofcit
yplanni
ng
andmanagement .I
oTsimpl i
fi
esexami ni
ngv ari
ousfactorssuchaspopulationgr
owt h,
zoni
ng,
mapping,wat
ersupply,t
ransport
ati
onpat ter
ns,foodsuppl y
,soci
alservi
ces,andlanduse.I
t
gat
hersdetai
leddataintheseareasandpr oducesmor ev al
uabl
eandaccur atei
nformati
onthan
cur
rentanal
yti
csgivenit
sabili
tytoactuall
yli
vewit
hpeopl einacity.
Smar tt
rashcansinNewYorktellgar
bagecol
lect
orswhentheyneedtobeempti
ed.Theyopt
imi
ze
trashservi
cebyensuri
ngdri
versonlymakenecessar
ystops,anddr
iver
smodi
fythei
rrout
eto
reducefuelconsumpti
on.

Intheareaofmanagement, I
oTsupportsciti
esthroughit
si mplementati
oninmajorser
v i
cesand
i
nfrastr
uctur
esuchast r
ansportat
ionandhealthcare.I
talsoaidsinotherkeyar
easli
kewat er
control
,wastemanagement ,
andemer gencymanagement .I
tsreal
-t
imeanddet ai
l
edinformati
on
faci
li
tat
emor epr
omptdeci si
onsincontrasttothetradi
ti
onalprocessplaguedbyinf
ormationlag,
whichcanbecrit
icali
nemer gencymanagement .

Standardstateservi
cesarealsoimprovedbyI
oT,whi
chcanaut
omateother
wiseslowpr ocesses
andt r
im unnecessar
yst at
eexpenses;f
orexampl
e,i
tcanaut
omatemotorvehi
cleser
vicesf or
test
ing,permits,
andlicensi
ng.

I
oTalsoaidsi
nurbani
mprovementbyskippi
ngtest
sorpoorresear
ch,
andpr
ov i
dingfunct
ional
dat
aforhowthecit
ycanbeopti
mized.Thisl
eadstofast
erandmoremeani
ngfulchanges.
Cr
eat
ingJ
obs

IoToff
ersthor
ougheconomicanaly
sis.I
tmakesprevi
ousbli
ndspot
sv i
sibl
eandsuppor
tsbet
ter
economicmonitor
ingandmodeli
ng.Itanal
yzesi
ndust
ryandthemarket
placet
ospot
opport
unit
iesf
orgrowthandbarr
ier
s.

Na
tiona
lDe
fens
e

Nati
onal t
hreat
spr ovediver
seandcompl i
cated.IoTaugmentsarmedf or
cessyst
emsand
serv
ices,andoffer
st hesophist
icati
onnecessarytomanaget hel
andscapeofnat
ional
def
ense.I
t
supportsbett
erprotecti
onofbor der
sthr
oughi nexpensi
ve,
highperf
ormancedevi
cesforr
ich
contr
olandobser vati
on.

I
oTautomatestheprot
ect
iont
asksty
pical
lyspr
eadacrosssever
aldepar
tment
sandcount
less
i
ndi
vi
duals.I
tachi
evesthi
swhi
leimprovi
ngaccuracyandspeed.

I
oTLa
wEnf
orc
eme
ntAppl
ic
ati
ons

I
oTenhanceslawenf or
cementorgani
zati
onsandpract
ice,andi
mprov
est
hejust
icesystem.The
t
echnologybooststr
anspar
ency,
distr
ibut
escri
ti
cal
data,andremov
eshumanint
ervent
ionwhere
i
tprovesunnecessar
y.

Pol
ic
ing

Lawenf orcementcanbechall
enging.I
oTact sasaninst
rumentoflawenforcementwhi ch
reducesmanual l
aborandsubject
ivedecisi
onsthr
oughbetterdat
a,inf
ormationshari
ng, and
advancedaut omati
on.IoTsy
stemsshav ecostsbyreduci
nghumanl abori
ncer t
ainareassuchas
certai
ntraffi
cvi
olat
ions.

IoTai
dsincreati
ngbet
tersol ut
ionstoprobl
emsbyusi ngtechnologyintheplaceoff
orce;f
or
example,
li
ghtin-
per
soninv esti
gati
onsofsuspiciousacti
vi
ti
escanber eplacedwithr
emote
obser
vati
on,l
oggedfootageofv iol
ati
ons,andelectr
onicti
cket
ing.Ital
soreducescorr
upti
onby
removi
nghumancont r
ol andopi ni
onforsomev iol
ati
ons.
Thi
sdar
tpl
ant
edinatr
uckgat eprevent
sdanger
ouscarchases.Apatrolcarl
aunchesthetr
acki
ng
dar
twhi
chpi
ercest
hevehi
cle.Thenthemainsyst
em r
eceivesalldat
aneededtolocatethevehi
cle.

Cour
tSys
tem

Currentcourtsyst
emsut il
i
zet r
adit
ionalt
echnol ogyandresour
ces.Theygenerall
ydonotexploi
t
moder nanalyti
csorautomat i
onoutsideofmi norlegal
tasks.I
oTbringssuperi
oranal
yti
cs,bett
er
evi
dence, andoptimizedprocessestocourtsy stemswhichaccel
eratepr
ocesses,el
imi
nate
excessiveprocedures,managecorrupti
on,reducecosts,andimprovesati
sfact
ion.

Inthecri
minalcourtsy
stem,thi
scanresul
tinamor eeff
ect
iveandfai
rsyst
em.Inrouti
necourt
servi
ces,i
tint
roducesautomati
onsimil
artothatofcommongov er
nmentoff
iceser
vices;
for
example,I
oTcanaut omateforminganLLC.

I
oTcombi
nedwithnewr egul
ati
onscanremovelawyer
sf r
om manycommonl egalt
asksorr
educe
t
heneedf
orthei
rinvol
vement.Thi
sreducescost
sandaccel er
atesmanypr
ocesseswhi
choft
en
r
equi
remont
hsoft r
aversi
nglegal
procedur
esandbureaucracy.

I
nte
rne
tofThi
ngsCons
ume
rAppl
ic
ati
ons

Consumersbenefi
tpersonal
l
yandpr of
essi
onal
lyf
rom theopt
imi
zati
onanddataanal
ysi
sofIoT.
I
oTtechnologybehav
esl i
keateam ofper
sonal
assist
ants,
advi
sor
s,andsecur
it
y.I
tenhancesthe
waywelive,work,
andplay.

Home

I
oTt
akest
hepl
aceofaf
ull
staf
f

Butl
erIoTwaitsforyoutoret
urnhome,andensur
esyourhomer emai
nsfull
yprepar
ed.I
t
monitor
syoursuppli
es,f
amily,
andthest
ateofyourhome.I
ttakesacti
onstoresol
veany
i
ssuesthatappear.
ChefAnI oTkit
chenprepar
esmealsorsimpl
yaidsyouinprepar
ingt
hem.
 NannyI oTcansomewhatactasaguar di
anbycont r
oll
i
ngaccess, provi
dingsuppli
es,and
al
erti
ngtheproperindivi
dualsinanemer gency .
GardnerThesameI oTsy stemsofaf arm easil
yworkforhomel andscaping.
Repair
manSmar tsy st
emsper form keymaintenanceandr epai
rs,andalsorequestthem.
Securi
tyGuardIoTwat chesov ery ou24/7.Itcanobservesuspi
ciousindivi
dualsmiles
away,andrecogni
zet hepot ent
ial ofminorequipmentproblemstobecomedi saster
swell
befor
etheydo.

Thi
ssmar t
,connect
edstovefrom Whi
rl
poolal
lowst
wodi
ff
erentheatset
ti
ngsont
hesame
sur
face,
remotemoni t
ori
ng,andremot
econtrol.

Wor
k

Asmar toffi
ceorotherworkspacecombinescust
omizat
ionoft heworkenvir
onmentwi t
hsmar t
tools.IoTlearnsaboutyou,y
ourjob,andthewayyouworktodel i
veranopti
mi zedenvir
onment .
Thisr esul
tsinpracti
cal
accommodat ionsli
keadj
ust
ingt
her oom temperat
ure, butal
somor e
advancedbenef i
tsl
ikemodify
ingyourschedul
eandthet
ool syouusetoincreasey ouroutputand
reducey ourwor kti
me.IoTactsasamanagerandconsultantcapableofseeingwhaty oucannot.