Advantages of CDMA and Spread Spectrum Techniques over FDMA and TDMA in Cellular Mobile Radio Applications Peter Jung, Member, EEE, Paul Walter Baier, Senior Member, IEE Abstract—In this paper, a unified theoretical method for the . Consequently, fr constant B{), P Azcreates rapily with decreasing var(7} whichis equivalent to increasing diversity. Fig. 7 shows typical plot of Py as 2 function of E>} with the diversity a0 parameter forthe cas ofcoberently detected binary orthogonal frequency shit eying FSK) (16), [17]. For infite diversi, the minimum error probably P. is obitned. AS a conclusion it can be State tha the variance var(7) is teduced by diversity, which rests in a decreasing eror probability P Tn contast to pure FDMA, the schemes of pure TDMA and of pure CDMA and SSMA ate approaches to keep down the variance var{) of 7 at receivers operating In time-variant, frequency-stetve channels, as long a8 By is considerably larger than the coterence bandwidth Bg of the chanel, However, CDMA and SSMA have a number of adtiona advantages which are not encountered in TDMA, “Those advantages ae + The Eyelidean distances between symbols are virtually ‘invariant to time displacements ofthe symbols, Le, the distances do not decrease rapidly when time-dspaced versions ofthe symbols are faced. Therefore, problems of intersymbol interfefence (11) and co-channel interference are les severe in CDMA and SSMA than in TDMA [2}, 017}. + In order to msntsn the required temporal order among the symbols, a complicated system ofanization is no essary in TDMA, but not in CDMA. and SMA [2), 07, + CDMA and SSMA permit CW-like operation of the teansmiver power stages which leads t0 favorable cir culty (2), (27) ‘VI. urrie ADVANTAGES OF CDMA AND SSMA ‘The invariance ofthe Euclidean distances between symbols to time displacements entails a number of further advantages ‘of CDMA and SSMA. One main edvantge is that coherent ‘multiple transmission and reception ean be realized (cf. (17D. In Fig. 8, three base stations B';,»5 and one mobile station (MS are depicted. In conventional systems, the mobile station7 is (EHe Fig. Coherent upc tansmision (CMT) and tsetion (CMR. [MS communicates with one of the base stations BS, 25 and is handed over to another base station, if, by doing. s0, the ‘communication quality ean be improved. In coherent multiple transmission (CMT), the base stations BS, surrounding the mobile station MS simultaneously ttansmit to the mobile station MS. All signals ariving at the mobile station MS are coherently combined by coherent sultipl reception (CMR). CMR in the uplink is obtained if the signal transmitted by the mobil station MS is simultaneously received by several base stations and if the received signals are coherently combined to obtain the message (see Fig. 8). [As a presupposition for CMT and CMR, reliable and fast ‘digital communication between base stations is required, €8. via opticl-iber links. However, it should be emphasized tha this digital communication between base stations does not have to fufll exact analog timing conditions if exact time standards, eg, Rubidium clocks, ate available at the base Stations ab shown in Fig. &. In this case, the signals transmitted to the coherent combining instance can be supplied with the information of their absolute time of arival at the base stations, Ths information canbe used to perform the coherent combination digitally ‘CMT and CMR are used to improve the exploitation of the transmitted power and therefore reduce the necessary teansmited power and the electromagnetic load ofthe ar. The achievable gains by CMT and CMR are shown in Table I. With CMT there is also a reduction of the carier-to-interference ratio C/T by approximately 3 dB due wo the diminution of the transmission power in the base stations BS, 2:5 by factor 3 [17}, With CMF, only three base stations in the fst tier [17], contribute to the interference, whereas without CMT there are six interferes. The latter situation is considered in [5] rant Mot Gans ay CMT AND CM ‘Anon at BS. 3.3 Onsidiecmal Deetintl(0") Upln ts ae Especially when directional antennas having_an angular bbeamvidth of 60° are used by the base stations DS} 3, which is feasible in the configuration shown in Fig. the gains are considerable. Additional favorable features of CMT and CMR. fare reduced shadowing and the possiblity to locate the mobile station MS. Vil. Coxc.usions In the present paper, unified theoretical approach to the calculation of the normalized cellular radio capacity for snultiple-access schemes in cellular mobile radio applications has been introduced in the ease of AWGN channels. The considered multple-access schemes FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SSMA are theoretically equivalent for AWGN chan- nels, However, there are significant differences among these riultiple-access schemes for fading multipath radio channels, ‘These differences have been discussed in an illustrative way, revealing several advantages of CDMA and SSMA over FDMA and TDMA. In addition to the already presented advantages of CDMA and SSMA, there are futher benefits + graceful degradation: + ess timing organization than ‘TDMA; + reduction of ISt and sel-interfeence: + additional gain by CMT and CMR: possibilty of positon location of MS; Jess bandwidth expansion due to Doppler spread than DMA; less bandwidth expansion due to forward error correction than FMA‘ independence of actual channel state; and + potential exploitation of military research results ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘The authors wish fo thank Dipl-Ing. Markus Nafhan ang KKarl-Heinz Eckfelder for thee support during the preparation of this manuscript. REFERENCES [NY 8.8, Rhee, (2): Speci! se on igi Coa Teco, EE Trane teh Teco v4, 13 BER simon TR Giors, RA. Seba, a BK. Lei Spend pe trum Comma Vian i” Roche, MD. Compute See DLN tal *Meanie of spect eficeney in and mobile rai: TEE Trans Elecroma, Compas, EMC, pp. 286-258 197i Gi Couper sod RW Netson, "Aspens tech fo ihesacny ble communication.” TEEE Trac. Veh. Tena, Wey Tea? -Specram teeny io cl cin, 0 8, 9p 9-75, 188 WEY Le, tmate of camel capac in Raleigh fing en ‘ment TEBE Tan Wh Tecmo, vo 3, pp. 187-182, 1980 el 8 HI 1 coIT] Ks, Gihousen, LB Jacobs, R, Pav ALL Viet LA, West fd CE. Woesey, “Oa the caps «sill CDMA sper? IEEE tans eke etna, vol 0 py, 303-312, 9 18 aka nd ial Sie Pcs New Yo: Wie 11 RG. Gates ration hand Rel Commanicasion New (00) WEY! Lat, Mob CettarTecommunication Stems McGee i 98 1016", gt! Command Ea, Now ik McGaw [12] $n 1 Jone, Modern Communication Prine. U3] TS Raypapiet, 5. Seidel, R Singh, “9O0-MEz nalipath popags: ‘in menses fr US. iil ela apne IEE Pre, Vek Tec 39, pp, 138-139, 190, 11a WENT "Nil Comat geen. New Yok ust RS) Kenedy. Fading Dupersve Communication Chanel. New 106) RW. Brad Wienges “Wide and sem." ACARD EPP ban-pening ttn, Pre, Rome, Joe 180, |u7) Peling ad Waser COMA sn shea pect echniane ss DMA tad TDMA in calor mon ri splstins to Ca Pro Bh uN, Stags, Germany, Sep 9a pp. 604A, 191 Peter Jung (391-92) wa orn 1964 in Gs many Prom 943 wt 1983 be eased phys tnd ‘lect engecing tthe Univers Of Kar ID (eng apes a 1, ps gees Cente (2k) of the Une ares, wee wns eaage inthe dele ‘nd implosion of Vita Eales for mo ‘ie odio aplcons. 1992 fe youd the RE Communications Resch Groat pesetreseah inte ate gel frosting ch se upve intrnee calc and mil aces Iebniues Yer mie rao sy DJ sen member of VDE-GME, VDE-OTG and AES, Paul Waller Bier (M%2-SM7) wes bore Imai Germany. He eed the Di Tg. dere in 983 andthe Drlng See ie 16st the Minh tite of ecslog), AES, be joined the Te Lavoraiones of Siemens AG, Munich, where he ‘eine casing preterm cgi Sec eh an ie for Bh commetiaina he Uiveray of Kateri, Ine alo Syston nd spl rauespn procesing, De Bier a member of VDEATG and of he Gora URS, etn 194s wl BS, be sed kel cagceig ‘ search Group. His present esearch tress ate See psig fr